Journal articles on the topic 'Yi tian liang zhu'

Abstract Background: Anlotinib, a novel multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that effectively inhibits VEGFR, PDGFR, FGFR, c-KIT, c-MET, and RET, monotherapy has been proven effective in HER-2 negative metastatic breast cancer, but its efficacy in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unknown. This phase 2 study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding anlotinib to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients (pts) with primary TNBC. Methods: Pts with clinical stage II/III TNBC were to be treated with 5 cycles of anlotinib (12mg, d1-14, q3w) plus 6 cycles of taxanes (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 or nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2, d1 and d8, q3w) and lobaplatin (30 mg/m2, d1, q3w), followed by surgery. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response (pCR) in the breast and axilla (tpCR; ypT0/is ypN0) and the secondary endpoints include pCR in the breast (bpCR; ypT0/is), event-free survival (EFS), invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Exploratory study included biomarker analysis and efficacy comparation based on FUSCC classification (IHC-based). Results: From Jan 2021 to Feb 2022, a total of 24 pts were enrolled. The median age was 50 years (range, 26-64), 54% were postmenopausal, 75% were nodal involved, 29% had stage III, and 79% were Ki-67 high (≥30%). At the data cut off time of 30th Jun 2022, all 24 pts received at least one dose of study treatment and underwent surgery. Overall, 21 pts received five courses of anlotinib. Two pts discontinued anlotinb for safety reason, and one pt discontinued anlotinb due to missed dose in cycle 4. After surgery, 14 out of 24 pts achieved a tpCR (58.3%; 95% CI, 36.6%–77.9%), and the bpCR rate was also 58.3% (14/24). Of the 18 pts with the node-positive disease at diagnosis, 15/18 (83.3%) became ypN0. Based on the FUSCC IHC-based subtypes, the tpCR rates were 66.7% (6/9) for BLIS subtype, 80% (4/5) for IM subtype and 0% (0/4) for LAR subtype, respectively. Next-generation sequencing revealed that the most commonly mutated genes in these pts were TP53 (19/21, 90.5%), MYC (7/21, 33.3%), BRCA1 (5/21, 23.8%), PIK3CA (4/21, 19.0%), BCL2L11 (4/21, 19.0%), and RB1 (3/21, 14.3%). Subgroup analysis showed that the tpCR were 71.4% (5/7) and 42.9% (6/14) in MYC-amplified and wild-type pts, respectively, and 80% (4/5) and 43.8% (7/16) in BRCA1-mutated and wild-type pts, respectively. All of 24 pts in the safety population showed at least one treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Grade 3 or 4 TEAEs occurred in 14 pts (58.3%), and the most common events were leucopenia (29.2%; n=7), neutropenia (29.2%; n=7), thrombocytopenia (20.8%; n=5), anemia (16.7%; n=4), hypertension (12.5%; n=3), and oral mucositis (8.3%; n=2), respectively. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusions: The addition of anlotinib to neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed manageable toxicity and promising antitumor activity for pts with early-stage TNBC. The study is still ongoing, and the enrollment has been completed. Clinical trial information: ChiCTR2100043027. Funding: Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. L. Corresponding author: Dr. Xiaowei Qi, qxw9908@foxmail.com. Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing. Citation Format: Yan Liang, Jing Liu, Tao Luo, Jia Ge, Hao Tian, Guozhi Zhang, Linjun Fan, Lin Ren, Li Chen, Peng Tang, Kai Zhu, Xiuwu Bian, Jun Jiang, Yi Zhang, Xiaowei Qi, Peng Tang, Kai Zhu, Xiuwu Bian, Jun Jiang, Yi Zhang, Xiaowei Qi. Phase 2 study of anlotinib combined with taxanes and lobaplatin in the neoadjuvant treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: efficacy, safety and biomarker analysis from the SWH-B006 (neoALTALL) trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-10-01.

Abstract The tension between the literary styles of Liu Xiaochuo 劉孝綽 (481–539) and Dao Qia 到洽 (490–527) can be understood as a debate between poetic genius and a more scholarly focus, signaling a confrontation between the capital's literary camps in the Putong reign 普通 (520–527) of the Liang Dynasty 梁 (502–557). The major difference between the literary camps lies in the consideration given to natural poetic talent versus erudition in writings. When Xiao Gang 蕭綱 (503–551), Liu Xiaochuo's supporter, became crown prince in 531, his own conflict with the scholarly group including Dao Gai 到溉 (477–548) and Zhu Yi 朱异 (483–540) probably prompted his “Letter to the Prince of Xiangdong” 與湘東王書 (Yu Xiangdong Wang shu). In this letter Xiao Gang displays his literary view deemphasizing scholarly learning and erudition in poetry. By comparison Xiao Yan 蕭衍 (464–549) and Xiao Yi 蕭繹 (508–555) valued scholarly learning still more and regarded literature as a relatively insignificant talent or minor accomplishment. Xiao Gang represents a departure—by placing literary talent above scholarship, he catered to the fashion among the Liang Dynasty's nobility for reciting poetry and writing fu 賦 (rhapsody) while “rarely taking classical studies as their profession” 罕以經朮為業 and thus elevated the social status of belles lettres.

In one word, Luo Qin-shun criticized the philosophical syncretic attitude of Zhan Ruo-Shui as being similar to Yang Xiong and despised that Zhan Ruo-Shui was inferior to Yang Xiong. Yang Xiong made a third claim that good and evil coexist. Yang Xiong was criticized for his half-hearted attitude that none of these occasional thoughts could be determined. Luo, Qin-Shun criticized Zhan, Ruo-Shui for presenting a third eclectic plan, but rather for his own motive, he insisted on an eclectic combination of Chen, Xian-Zhang and Cheng-Zhu. In fact, Luo, Qin-Shun despised that the academic motivation of Zhan, Ruo-Shui was less pure than that of Yang Xiong. Arranging the eclectic attitude of the philosophical medicine greatly expanded my mind and insisted that Tian-li should be embodied in all things in the world. It is said that if you reach a great heart, your heart will reach the middle-right, and if you reach the middle-right, your heart will naturally activate and respond to it. He claims that he is the orthodox of Neo-Confucianism because his body certification Tian-li was approved by Chen, Xian-Zhang. Internally, he notices the body of the mind through perception, recognizes Tian-li of all things through reason, and as a result, the mind and the outside are united inside and outside. In other words, it looks like a mind study that ostensibly realizes the body of the mind, but in reality it is so similar to the scholarship of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi. From the Cheng-Zhu perspective, the theory of Li-Qi one combine has already had the idea of looking at in two from the word combine, and there remains the problem of excluding that is not middle-right in the theory of middle-right. Even from the logic of human anmal nature theory, we do not clearly distinguish between heaven earth nature and temperament nature. Luo, Qin-Shun points out this point. From Mind study point of view, the discussion about the whole of Chen, Xian-Zhang is also avoided by Ben ti. This point is a problem for Luo, Qin-Shun. It limits the philosophy of Zhan, Ruo-Shui in that it is not hazy from the Cheng-Zhu side and cannot show a deep inner layer difference from the psychological side.

Background: To explore the prescription rules of famous ancient physicians in the treatment of threatened miscarriage. Methods: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions for threatened miscarriage were screened out of Fu Ren Da Quan Liang Fang by Ziming Chen, Yi Zong Jin Jian by Qian Wu, and Fu Qing Zhu Nv Ke by Qingzhu Fu. Data were standardized and analyzed through the TCM inheritance auxiliary platform. Results: A total of 29 prescriptions for threatened miscarriage were screened. Dang Gui, E Jiao, Gan Cao, Chuan Xiong, Bai Shao were the top five frequently prescribed Chinese herbs. The common herb–herb combinations used by Ziming Chen contained E Jiao, Dang Gui, Chuan Xiong, Ai Ye, Cong Bai, and Sang Ji Sheng. Ren Shen, Gan Cao, and Bai Zhu were the common herbal groups used by Qingzhu Fu. Huang Qi, Shu Di Huang, Bai Shao, Dang Gui, and Gan Cao were one of Qian Wu’s core prescriptions, with Dang Gui and Chuan Xiong being the others. According to the analysis of four Qi, five flavors, and meridian tropism of the prescriptions, herbs with the warm nature, or with the sweet, pungent, bitter flavors topped the list of application. The top six meridian tropisms of high-frequency herbs were: liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, and stomach meridian. Conclusion: Based on the principle of restoring the balance within the organs and enriching Qi and blood, clinical treatment of threatened miscarriage involves invigorating the Chong and Ren channels, nourishing Yin, dispelling cold and wind, generating and activating blood, regulating and harmonizing Qi.

<p>《莊子．人間世》述及「就不欲入，和不欲出」一段，俱備「倫理學」的探討價值，相較於儒家的倫理觀，《莊子》於人間秩序的行為依據乃根據於其形上本體的和諧意涵，而非自經驗範疇制定一套名言體制而為人所把握，換言之，自禮樂制度的反省中，《莊子》於兩難視域中另立一套價值依據，意即藉由兩行的「為一」思想而消彌彼我成心立場，進而達致物我相諧，共成一天的存在理境。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>In the treatise Renjianshi, Zhuangzi introduced the passage &quot;&quot;jiu bu-yu ru, he bu-yu chu&quot;&quot; (while seeking to keep near to him, do not enter into his pursuits; while cultivating a harmony of mind with him, do not show how superior you are to him) that touches upon a question interesting to examine from an ethics perspective. Compared to the general Confucianist point of view, the basis of action in the human domain as expounded in the treatise is based on metaphysical-ontological harmony and not empirically determined by a system of nominal designations subject to artificial manipulation. In other words, the treatise seems to be navigating a conundrum by creating a reflectionist value system that is separate from but also responding to the ritual-musical order. The reflectionist notion can be described as entrenched in the &quot;&quot;wei-yi&quot;&quot; (being one) concept embodied in the &quot;&quot;liang-hang&quot;&quot; (parallel ways) approach, which leads to eradication of any self-other binaries and achieves object-subject harmony. The state of being can then be understood as gong-cheng-yi-tian (joined into one heaven).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

e16117 Combining radiation therapy with anti-PD-1 for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, single-center, single-arm clinical study Jian-Xu Li, Ting-Shi Su, Xiao-Feng Lin, Yi-Tian Chen, Shi-Xiong Liang, Bang-De Xiang; Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China Abstract Research Funding: Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology Development and Application Project (No. S2019039), Guangxi, China. Background: Based on the results of recent studies, the PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have been approved to treat the patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by the FDA. Radiation therapy (RT) can enhance responsiveness to PD-1 monoclonal antibody by potential mechanisms. A phase Ⅱa study was conducted to assess the safety and the efficacy of combining RT with anti-PD-1 for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: Patients with advanced HCC were eligible. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) were adopted, and the dose of radiation were Dt-PGTV 30-50 Gy/10fractions. Camrelizumab (200mg) were given intravenously every 3 weeks since the first day of RT until disease progression, or intolerable toxicity. Adverse events (AEs) and objective response rate (ORR) were summarized to assess the safety and efficacy. Results: From April 2020 to November 2020, 17 patients were enrolled (median age 54, range 32-69). 15 (88%) patients were male. 14 (82%) had ECOG performance score of 0. All the patients had Child-Pugh score A. 16 patients staged as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging C or China Liver Cancer staging Ⅲ. Extrahepatic metastases were identified in 11 (65%) patients. 13 (77%) patients were Hepatitis B virus infected. 15 (88%) patients had previously 2 lines or more chemotherapy. 9 (53%) patients had Alpha-fetoprotein level≥400 ng/ml. The ORR was 47%. The best response assessed by RECIST 1.1 was partial response (8 patients). Four patients had grade 3 immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase (n =1)，decreased hemoglobin (n =1)，decreased platelet count (n =1)，decreased neutrophil count (n =1). All grade 3 irAEs were mitigated with proper treatment. None treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusions: In this study, RT combined with anti-PD-1 had an acceptable safety profile and indicated an effective treatment option in patients with unresectable HCC. Clinical trial information: NCT04193696. Clinical trial information: NCT04193696.

Abstract Objective: Benign breast disease (BBD), especially benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD), is related to increased breast cancer risk. However, few studies have examined whether conventional breast cancer risk factors influence risk of breast cancer among women with BBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of lifestyle factors with risk of breast cancer among women biopsied for BBD within a multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study in China, in order to provide scientific basis of health guidance for BBD patients and lay the foundation for primary prevention of breast cancer. Methods: A multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted. Patients with BPBD (n=608) and patients with non-proliferative breast disease (NPBD) (n=366) were collected from 23 hospitals in 11 provinces during April 2012 to April 2013. A face-to-face survey, baseline data and fasting blood was collected with all study subjects. Serum adiponectin levels were assayed using ELISA. After 10 years, the cumulative incidence rate of breast cancer in the two groups was counted through follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the association between specific factors and risk of breast cancer. Results: After 10 years’ follow-up, 388 BPBD and 240 NPBD cases were included in the final analysis (Table 1), of which 16 (4.12%) and 3 (1.25%) developed breast cancer, respectively. The cumulative incidence of breast cancer between the two groups was significant difference (P=0.041). Compared with women in the NPBD group, BPBD group were more likely to be central obesity (with higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) (OR 24.98, 95% CI 1.845-336.203, P=0.015) and less likely to have physical activity (OR 0.626, 95% CI 0.416-0.943, P=0.025) and less often to eat carrots (OR 0.616, 95% CI 0.398-0.953, P=0.030) (Table 2). Subgroup analyze indicated that, physical activity, eat carrots and ham sausage, body weight, BMI, waist circumference and WHR were statistical differences in premenopausal BPBD patients, while only physical activity (OR 0.423, 95% CI 0.269-0.665 P &lt; 0.001) was the independent risk factors. Meanwhile, among the factors of Tea consumption, Glycemia, Body weight, BMI, Waist circumference, WHR and HMW/total adiponectin ratio in postmenopausal group, only HMW/total adiponectin ratio (OR 0.041, 95% CI 0.002-0.820 P=0.037) was statistically significant factor. These stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis results are shown in Table 3. Conclusion: In patients with BBD, physical activity may be the protect factor for breast cancer carcinogenesis in premenopausal women while lower HMW/total adiponectin ratio is a risk factor for postmenopausal women, which can provide direction for primary prevention of breast cancer. Table 1. Pathological types of all subjects. Table 2. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Table 3. Stratified multivariate Logistic regression analysis by menopause status. Citation Format: Chao Zheng, Dandan Ma, Linfeng Zhao, Maolin Guo, Shude Cui, Fuguo Tian, Zhimin Fan, Cuizhi Geng, Xuchen Cao, Zhenlin Yang, Xiang Wang, Hong Liang, Shu Wang, Hongchuan Jiang, Xuening Duan, Haibo Wang, Guolou Li, Qitang Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Feng Jin, Jinhai Tang, Liang Li, Shi-Guang Zhu, Wenshu Zuo, Fei Wang, Lixiang Yu, Fei Zhou, Yujuan Xiang, Mingming Guo, Yongjiu Wang, Wenzhong Zhou, Shuya Huang, Zhaohui Li, Yajie Zhou, Lijuan Hou, Xinyi Yang, Xuan Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Zhigang Yu. Lifestyle factors are associated with breast cancer risk in women biopsied for benign breast diseases in China: 10-year results of a multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-31.

Background:Bone remodeling is a constant process maintained by the balance between osteoclast-triggered bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. In inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the pro-inflammatory environment favors osteoclast differentiation and skews the balance towards resorption, leading to progressive bone erosion and bone loss. O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification, which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine molecule to the serine or threonine of the target protein. The modification is accomplished by a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Unlike other glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation occurs in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus. Although O-GlcNAcylation is one of the most common modifications, its role in bone homeostasis is still poorly understood.Objectives:We aimed to investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in osteoclastogenesis under pro-inflammatory milieus. We also focused on dissecting the signaling pathways affected by O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation.Methods:We examined the levels of O-GlcNAc during in vitro osteoclastogenesis by western blotting. The levels of O-GlcNAc in tissue from RA patients and experimental arthritis were detected by immunofluorescence. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockout were used to manipulate O-GlcNAcylaiton during osteoclastogenesis. RNA sequencing was performed to study O-GlcNAc-mediated pathways.Results:We demonstrate the dynamic changes in O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclastogenesis. The elevated O-GlcNAcylation was found in the early differentiation stages, whereas its downregulation was detected in the maturation process. TNFα elaborates the dynamic changes in O-GlcNAcylation, which further intensifies osteoclast differentiation.Targeting OGT by selective inhibitor and genetic knockout restrain O-GlcNAcylation and hinder the expression of the early differentiation marker Nfatc1. Inhibition of OGA, which forces high levels of O-GlcNAcylation throughout the differentiation, reduces the formation of multinucleated mature osteoclasts. Consistent with our in vitro data, suppressing OGT and OGA both ameliorate bone loss in experimental arthritis. We detected a reduced number of TRAP-expressing precursors and mature osteoclasts in the mice subjected to OGT inhibition. While inhibiting OGA only lowers the number of TRAP+F4/80– mature osteoclasts without affecting the number of TRAP+F4/80+ precursors.Transcriptome profiling reveals that O-GlcNAcylation regulates several biological processes. Increased O-GlcNAcylation promotes cytokine signaling and oxidative phosphorylation. The downregulation of O-GlcNAcylation is essential for cytoskeleton organization and cell fusion.Conclusion:We demonstrate that the dynamic changes of O-GlcNAcylation are essential for osteoclast differentiation. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential of targeting O-GlcNAcylation in pathologic bone resorption.Disclosure of Interests:Chih-Wei Chen: None declared, Yi-Nan Li: None declared, Thuong Trinh-Minh: None declared, ZHU Honglin: None declared, Alexandru-Emil Matei: None declared, Xiao Ding: None declared, Cuong Tran Manh: None declared, Xiaohan Xu: None declared, Christoph Liebel: None declared, Ruifang Liang: None declared, Min-Chuan Huang: None declared, Neng-Yu Lin: None declared, Andreas Ramming Speakers bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Janssen, Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Gilead, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Novartis, Georg Schett Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Roche and UCB, Jörg H.W. Distler Shareholder of: 4D Science, Speakers bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim, Paid instructor for: Boehringer Ingelheim, Consultant of: Actelion, Active Biotech, Anamar, ARXX, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, GSK, Inventiva, JB Therapeutics, Medac, Pfizer, RuiYi and UCB, Grant/research support from: Anamar, Active Biotech, Array Biopharma, aTyr, BMS, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, GSK, Inventiva, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, RedX, UCB, Employee of: FibroCure

The journal is pleased to publish the abstracts of the six finalists of the 2020 Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society’s student paper competition. The 2020 prize committee was chaired by Vishal Agrawal (Georgetown), Feryal Erhun (University of Cambridge), and Jun Li (University of Michigan). The judges were Adem Orsdemir, Antoine Desir, Anton Ovchinnikov, Anyan Qi, Arian Aflaki, Arzum Akkas, Ashish Kabra, Bin Hu, Bob Batt, Bora Keskin, Can Zhang, Carri Chan, Chloe Kim Glaeser, Daniel Lin, Eduard Calvo, Ekaterina Astashkina, Elena Belavina, Elodie Adida, Enis Kayış, Ersin Korpeoglu, Fabian Sting, Fang Liu, Fanyin Zheng, Fei Gao, Florin Ciocan, Gah-Yi Ban, Gizem Korpeoglu, Guihua Wang, Guillaume Roels, Guoming Lai, Hessam Bavafa, Hummy Song, Ioannis (Yannis) Stamatopoulos, Ioannis Bellos, Iris Wang, Itir Karaesmen, Jiankun Sun, Jiaru Bai, Jing Wu, Joann de Zegher, Joel Wooten, John Silberholz, Jose Guajardo, Kaitlin Daniels, Karen Zheng, Ken Moon, Kenan Arifoglu, Lennart Baardman, Leon Valdes, Lesley Meng, Linwei Xin, Luyi Gui, Luyi Yang, Mary Parkinson, Mazhar Arikan, Michael Freeman, Ming Hu, Morvarid Rahmani, Mumin Kurtulus, Nan Yang, Necati Tereyagoglu, Nektarios Oraiopoulos, Nikos Trichakis, Nil Karacaoglu, Nitin Bakshi, Niyazi Taneri, Nur Sunar, Olga Perdikaki, Ovunc Yilmaz, Ozan Candogan, Ozge Sahin, Panos Markou, Pascale Crama, Pengyi Shi, Pnina Feldman, Qiuping Yu, Renyu (Philip) Zhang, Robert Bray, Ruslan Momot, Ruxian Wang, Saed Alizamir, Safak Yucel, Samantha Keppler, Santiago Gallino, Serdar Simsek, Seyed Emadi, Shiliang (John) Cui, Shouqiang Wang, Simone Marinesi, So Yeon Chun, Song-Hee Kim, Soo-Haeng Cho, Soroush Saghafian, Stefanus Jasin, Suresh Muthulingam, Suvrat Dhanorkar, Tian Chan, Tim Kraft, Tom Tan, Tugce Martagan, Velibor Misic, Weiming Zhu, Xiaoshan Peng, Xiaoyang Long, Yasemin Limon, Yehua Wei, Yiangos Papanastasiou, Ying-Ju Chen, and Zumbul Atan.

Abstract The 2021 International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Electronic Information (AMTEI 2021) was planned to be held on November 05-07, 2021 in Zhuhai, China. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, the AMTEI 2021 conference was held virtually as agencies around the world are now issuing restrictions on travel, gatherings, and meetings to limit and slow the spread of this pandemic. The health and safety of our participants and members of our research community is of top priority to the Organizing Committee. Therefore, the AMTEI 2021 conference was held online through Zoom software. More than 180 participants attended the online conference. AMTEI 2021 brings together innovative scholars and industry experts in the fields of advanced manufacturing technology and electronic information to a common forum. The main goal of the conference is to promote research and development activities in the fields of advanced manufacturing technology, materials engineering, and electronic information. Another goal is to promote the exchange of scientific information among researchers, developers, engineers, students and practitioners around the world. Therefore, it promotes the development and application of theory and technology in this field in universities and enterprises, and also establishes business or research contacts for participants and seeks global partners in future careers. During the conference, the conference model was divided into three sessions, including oral presentations, keynote speeches, and online Q&A discussion. In the first part, some scholars, whose submissions were selected as the excellent papers, were given about 5-10 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. During the conference, we were pleased to invite 13 distinguished experts to present their insightful speeches. Prof. Jiming Liu, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications was invited to present his talk. In addition, we had Prof. Jiang Yan, from North China University of Technology; Prof. Wanlin Li, North China University of Technology; Prof. Lijun Wang, Russian Academy of Engineering; Prof. Yi Cai, Soochow University; Academician. Zhibin He, The International Academy of Astronautics; Prof. Sien Chen, Xiamen University; Prof. Tao Zhang, Beijing University of Technology; Prof. Liejun Li, South China University of Technology; Prof. Junlong Chen, South China University of Technology; Prof. Jizhong Zhu, South China University of Technology; Dr. Zhixiang Liu, Shenzhen Association of IC Industry, China; Prof. Anhui Liang, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China. Their insightful speeches had triggered heated discussion. Every participant praised this conference for disseminating useful and insightful knowledge. List of Committee member are available in this pdf.

Graphene-based composites have received a great deal of attention in recent year because the presence of graphene can enhance the conductivity, strength of bulk materials and help create composites with superior qualities. Moreover, the incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles such as Fe3O4 can improve the catalytic efficiency of composite material. In this work, we have synthesized a composite material with the combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and Fe3O4 modified tissue-paper (mGO-PP) via a simple hydrothermal method, which improved the removal efficiency of the of methylene blue (MB) in water. MB blue is used as the model of contaminant to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of synthesized material by using a Fenton-like reaction. The obtained materials were characterized by SEM, XRD. The removal of materials with methylene blue is investigated by UV-VIS spectroscopy, and the result shows that mGO-PP composite is the potential composite for the color removed which has the removal efficiency reaching 65% in acetate buffer pH = 3 with the optimal time is 7 h. Keywords Graphene-based composite, methylene blue, Fenton-like reaction. References [1] Ma Joshi, Rue Bansal, Reng Purwar, Colour removal from textile effluents, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 29 (2004) 239-259 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/24631.[2] Kannan Nagar, Sundaram Mariappan, Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons-a comparative study, Dyes and pigments, 51 (2001) 25-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(01)00056-0.[3] K Rastogi, J. N Sahu, B. C Meikap, M. N Biswas, Removal of methylene blue from wastewater using fly ash as an adsorbent by hydrocyclone, Journal of hazardous materials, 158 (2008) 531-540.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01. 105.[4] Qin Qingdong, Ma Jun, Liu Ke, Adsorption of anionic dyes on ammonium-functionalized MCM-41, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162 (2009) 133-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2008.05.016.[5] Mui Muruganandham, Rps Suri, Sh Jafari, Mao Sillanpää, Lee Gang-Juan, Jaj Wu, Muo Swaminathan, Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, International Journal of Photoenergy, 2014 (2014). http://dx. doi.org/10.1155/2014/821674.[6] Herney Ramirez, Vicente Miguel , Madeira Luis Heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation with pillared clay-based catalysts for wastewater treatment: a review, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 98 (2010) 10-26 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.004.[7] Guo Rong, Jiao Tifeng, Li Ruifei, Chen Yan, Guo Wanchun, Zhang Lexin, Zhou Jingxin, Zhang Qingrui, Peng Qiuming, Sandwiched Fe3O4/carboxylate graphene oxide nanostructures constructed by layer-by-layer assembly for highly efficient and magnetically recyclable dye removal, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6 (2017) 1279-1288 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03635.[8] Sun Chao, Yang Sheng-Tao, Gao Zhenjie, Yang Shengnan, Yilihamu Ailimire, Ma Qiang, Zhao Ru-Song, Xue Fumin, Fe3O4/TiO2/reduced graphene oxide composites as highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst for the decoloration of methylene blue, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 223 (2019) 751-757 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11.056.[9] Guo Hui, Ma Xinfeng, Wang Chubei, Zhou Jianwei, Huang Jianxin, Wang Zijin, Sulfhydryl-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide and Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Environmental Engineering Science, 36 (2019) 81-89 https://doi. org/10.1089/ees.2018.0157.[10] Zhao Lianqin, Yang Sheng-Tao, Feng Shicheng, Ma Qiang, Peng Xiaoling, Wu Deyi, Preparation and application of carboxylated graphene oxide sponge in dye removal, International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (2017) 1301 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111301.[11] Yu Dandan, Wang Hua, Yang Jie, Niu Zhiqiang, Lu Huiting, Yang Yun, Cheng Liwei, Guo Lin, Dye wastewater cleanup by graphene composite paper for tailorable supercapacitors, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 9 (2017) 21298-21306 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05318.[12] Wang Hou, Yuan Xingzhong, Wu Yan, Huang Huajun, Peng Xin, Zeng Guangming, Zhong Hua, Liang Jie, Ren MiaoMiao, Graphene-based materials: fabrication, characterization and application for the decontamination of wastewater and wastegas and hydrogen storage/generation, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 195 (2013) 19-40 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.009.[13] Marcano Daniela C, Kosynkin Dmitry V, Berlin Jacob M, Sinitskii Alexander, Sun Zhengzong, Slesarev Alexander, Alemany Lawrence B, Lu Wei, Tour James M, Improved synthesis of graphene oxide, ACS nano, 4 (2010) 4806-4814 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1006368.[14] Zhang Jiali, Yang Haijun, Shen Guangxia, Cheng Ping, Zhang Jingyan, Guo Shouwu, Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid, Chemical Communications, 46 (2010) 1112-1114 http://doi. org/10.1039/B917705A [15] Gong Ming, Zhou Wu, Tsai Mon-Che, Zhou Jigang, Guan Mingyun, Lin Meng-Chang, Zhang Bo, Hu Yongfeng, Wang Di-Yan, Yang Jiang, Nanoscale nickel oxide/nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis, Nature communications, 5 (2014) 4695 https:// doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5695.[16] Wu Zhong-Shuai, Yang Shubin, Sun Yi, Parvez Khaled, Feng Xinliang, Müllen Klaus, 3D nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134 (2012) 9082-9085 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3030565.[17] Nguyen Son Truong, Nguyen Hoa Tien, Rinaldi Ali, Nguyen Nam Van, Fan Zeng, Duong Hai Minh, Morphology control and thermal stability of binderless-graphene aerogels from graphite for energy storage applications, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 414 (2012) 352-358 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.048.[18] Deng Yang, Englehardt James D, Treatment of landfill leachate by the Fenton process, Water research, 40 (2006) 3683-3694 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.009.

We review our recent work on optical biosensors based on microring resonators (MRR) integrated with 4x4 multimode interference (MMI) couplers for multichannel and highly sensitive chemical and biological sensors. The proposed sensor structure has advantages of compactness, high sensitivity compared with the reported sensing structures. By using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and numerical simulations, the designs of the sensor based on silicon waveguides are optimized and demonstrated in detail. We applied our structure to detect glucose and ethanol concentrations simultaneously. A high sensitivity of 9000 nm/RIU, detection limit of 2x10-4 for glucose sensing and sensitivity of 6000nm/RIU, detection limit of 1.3x10-5 for ethanol sensing are achieved. Keywords Biological sensors, chemical sensors, optical microring resonators, high sensitivity, multimode interference, transfer matrix method, beam propagation method (BPM), multichannel sensor References [1] Vittorio M.N. Passaro, Francesco Dell’Olio, Biagio Casamassima et al., "Guided-Wave Optical Biosensors," Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 508-536, 2007.[2] Caterina Ciminelli, Clarissa Martina Campanella, Francesco Dell’Olio et al., "Label-free optical resonant sensors for biochemical applications," Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 37, pp. 51-107, 2013.[3] Wen Wang (Editor), Advances in Chemical Sensors: InTech, 2012.[4] Lei Shi, Yonghao Xu, Wei Tan et al., "Simulation of Optical Microfiber Loop Resonators for Ambient Refractive Index Sensing," Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 689-696, 2007.[5] Huaxiang Yi, D. S. Citrin, and Zhiping Zhou, "Highly sensitive silicon microring sensor with sharp asymmetrical resonance," Optics Express, vol. 18, pp. 2967-2972, 2010.[6] Zhixuan Xia, Yao Chen, and Zhiping Zhou, "Dual Waveguide Coupled Microring Resonator Sensor Based on Intensity Detection," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 44, pp. 100-107, 2008.[7] V. M. Passaro, F. Dell’Olio, and F. Leonardis, "Ammonia Optical Sensing by Microring Resonators," Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 2741-2749, 2007.[8] C. Lerma Arce, K. De Vos, T. Claes et al., "Silicon-on-insulator microring resonator sensor integrated on an optical fiber facet," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 23, pp. 890 - 892, 2011.[9] Trung-Thanh Le, "Realization of a Multichannel Chemical and Biological Sensor Using 6x6 Multimode Interference Structures," International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Singapore, vol. 2, pp. 240-244, 2011.[10] Trung-Thanh Le, "Microring resonator Based on 3x3 General Multimode Interference Structures Using Silicon Waveguides for Highly Sensitive Sensing and Optical Communication Applications," International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 31-39, 2013.[11] K. De Vos, J. Girones, T. Claes et al., "Multiplexed Antibody Detection With an Array of Silicon-on-Insulator Microring Resonators," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 1, pp. 225 - 235, 2009.[12] Daoxin Dai, "Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators," Optics Express, vol. 17, pp. 23817-23822, 2009.[13] Adrián Fernández Gavela, Daniel Grajales García, C. Jhonattan Ramirez et al., "Last Advances in Silicon-Based Optical Biosensors," Sensors, vol. 16, 2016.[14] Xiuyou Han, Yuchen Shao, Xiaonan Han et al., "Athermal optical waveguide microring biosensor with intensity interrogation," Optics Communications, vol. 356, pp. 41-48, 2015.[15] Yao Chen, Zhengyu Li, Huaxiang Yi et al., "Microring resonator for glucose sensing applications," Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, vol. 2, pp. 304-307, 2009/09/01 2009.[16] Gun-Duk Kim, Geun-Sik Son, Hak-Soon Lee et al., "Integrated photonic glucose biosensor using a vertically coupled microring resonator in polymers," Optics Communications, vol. 281, pp. 4644-4647, 2008.[17] Carlos Errando-Herranz, Farizah Saharil, Albert Mola Romero et al., "Integration of microfluidics with grating coupled silicon photonic sensors by one-step combined photopatterning and molding of OSTE," Optics Express, vol. 21, pp. 21293-21298, 2013.[18] Trung-Thanh Le, "Two-channel highly sensitive sensors based on 4 × 4 multimode interference couplers," Photonic Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 357-364, 2017/12/01 2017.[19] Duy-Tien Le and Trung-Thanh Le, "Coupled Resonator Induced Transparency (CRIT) Based on Interference Effect in 4x4 MMI Coupler," International Journal of Computer Systems (IJCS), vol. 4, pp. 95-98, May 2017.[20] Trung-Thanh Le, "All-optical Karhunen–Loeve Transform Using Multimode Interference Structures on Silicon Nanowires," Journal of Optical Communications, vol. 32, pp. 217-220, 2011.[21] L.B. Soldano and E.C.M. Pennings, "Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging :principles and applications," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 13, pp. 615-627, Apr 1995.[22] Trung-Thanh Le, Multimode Interference Structures for Photonic Signal Processing: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.[23] J.M. Heaton and R.M. Jenkins, " General matrix theory of self-imaging in multimode interference(MMI) couplers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 11, pp. 212-214, Feb 1999 1999.[24] Trung-Thanh Le and Laurence Cahill, "Generation of two Fano resonances using 4x4 multimode interference structures on silicon waveguides," Optics Communications, vol. 301-302, pp. 100-105, 2013.[25] W. Green, R. Lee, and G. DeRose et al., "Hybrid InGaAsP-InP Mach-Zehnder Racetrack Resonator for Thermooptic Switching and Coupling Control," Optics Express, vol. 13, pp. 1651-1659, 2005.[26] Trung-Thanh Le and Laurence Cahill, "The Design of 4×4 Multimode Interference Coupler Based Microring Resonators on an SOI Platform," Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Poland, pp. 98-102, 2009.[27] Duy-Tien Le, Manh-Cuong Nguyen, and Trung-Thanh Le, "Fast and slow light enhancement using cascaded microring resonators with the Sagnac reflector," Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 131, pp. 292–301, Feb. 2017.[28] Xiaoping Liang, Qizhi Zhang, and Huabei Jiang, "Quantitative reconstruction of refractive index distribution and imaging of glucose concentration by using diffusing light," Applied Optics, vol. 45, pp. 8360-8365, 2006/11/10 2006.[29] C. Ciminelli, F. Dell’Olio, D. Conteduca et al., "High performance SOI microring resonator for biochemical sensing," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 59, pp. 60-67, 2014.[30] Trung-Thanh Le, "Two-channel highly sensitive sensors based on 4 × 4 multimode interference couplers," Photonic Sensors, pp. 1-8, DOI: 10.1007/s13320-017-0441-1, 2017.[31] O. A. Marsh, Y. Xiong, and W. N. Ye, "Slot Waveguide Ring-Assisted Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for Sensing Applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 23, pp. 440-443, 2017.[32] Juejun Hu, Xiaochen Sun, Anu Agarwal et al., "Design guidelines for optical resonator biochemical sensors," Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 26, pp. 1032-1041, 2009/05/01 2009.[33] Y. Chen, Y. L. Ding, and Z. Y. Li, "Ethanol Sensor Based on Microring Resonator," Advanced Materials Research, vol. 655-657, pp. 669-672, 2013.[34] Sasikanth Manipatruni, Rajeev K. Dokania, Bradley Schmidt et al., "Wide temperature range operation of micrometer-scale silicon electro-optic modulators," Optics Letters, vol. 33, pp. 2185-2187, 2008.[35] Ming Han and Anbo Wang, "Temperature compensation of optical microresonators using a surface layer with negative thermo-optic coefficient," Optics Letters, vol. 32, pp. 1800-1802, 2007.[36] Kristinn B. Gylfason, Albert Mola Romero, and Hans Sohlström, "Reducing the temperature sensitivity of SOI waveguide-based biosensors," 2012, pp. 84310F-84310F-15.[37] Chun-Ta Wang, Cheng-Yu Wang, Jui-Hao Yu et al., "Highly sensitive optical temperature sensor based on a SiN micro-ring resonator with liquid crystal cladding," Optics Express, vol. 24, pp. 1002-1007, 2016.[38] Feng Qiu, Feng Yu, Andrew M. Spring et al., "Athermal silicon nitride ring resonator by photobleaching of Disperse Red 1-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer," Optics Letters, vol. 37, pp. 4086-4088, 2012.[39] Biswajeet Guha, Bernardo B. C. Kyotoku, and Michal Lipson, "CMOS-compatible athermal silicon microring resonators," Optics Express, vol. 18, pp. 3487-3493, 2010.[40] Sahba Talebi Fard, Valentina Donzella, Shon A. Schmidt et al., "Performance of ultra-thin SOI-based resonators for sensing applications," Optics Express, vol. 22, pp. 14166-14179, 2014.[41] T. T. Bui and T. T. Le, "Glucose sensor based on 4x4 multimode interference coupler with microring resonators," in 2017 International Conference on Information and Communications (ICIC), 2017, pp. 224-228.[42] Chung-Yen Chao and L. Jay Guo, "Design and Optimization of Microring Resonators in Biochemical Sensing Applications," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 24, pp. 1395-1402, 2006.[43] A. Yariv, "Universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonators and dielectric waveguides," Electronics Letters, vol. 36, pp. 321–322, 2000.[44] Xiaoyan Zhou, Lin Zhang, and Wei Pang, "Performance and noise analysis of optical microresonator-based biochemical sensors using intensity detection," Optics Express, vol. 24, pp. 18197-18208, 2016/08/08 2016.[45] James H. Wade and Ryan C. Bailey, "Applications of Optical Microcavity Resonators in Analytical Chemistry," Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 9, pp. 1-25, 2016.

The curtain rose. The howling of desert wind filled the performance hall in the Shanghai Grand Theatre. Into the center stage, where a scenic construction of a mountain cliff and a desert landscape was dimly lit, entered the character of the Daoist priest Wang Yuanlu (1849–1931), performed by Chen Yizong. Dressed in a worn and dusty outfit of dark blue cotton, characteristic of Daoist priests, Wang began to sweep the floor. After a few moments, he discovered a hidden chambre sealed inside one of the rock sanctuaries carved into the cliff.Signaled by the quick, crystalline, stirring wave of sound from the chimes, a melodious Chinese ocarina solo joined in slowly from the background. Astonished by thousands of Buddhist sūtra scrolls, wall paintings, and sculptures he had just accidentally discovered in the caves, Priest Wang set his broom aside and began to examine these treasures. Dawn had not yet arrived, and the desert sky was pitch-black. Priest Wang held his oil lamp high, strode rhythmically in excitement, sat crossed-legged in a meditative pose, and unfolded a scroll. The sound of the ocarina became fuller and richer and the texture of the music more complex, as several other instruments joined in.Below is the opening scene of the award-winning, theatrical dance-drama Dunhuang, My Dreamland, created by China’s state-sponsored Lanzhou Song and Dance Theatre in 2000. Figure 1a: Poster Side A of Dunhuang, My Dreamland Figure 1b: Poster Side B of Dunhuang, My DreamlandThe scene locates the dance-drama in the rock sanctuaries that today are known as the Dunhuang Mogao Caves, housing Buddhist art accumulated over a period of a thousand years, one of the best well-known UNESCO heritages on the Silk Road. Historically a frontier metropolis, Dunhuang was a strategic site along the Silk Road in northwestern China, a crossroads of trade, and a locus for religious, cultural, and intellectual influences since the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Travellers, especially Buddhist monks from India and central Asia, passing through Dunhuang on their way to Chang’an (present day Xi’an), China’s ancient capital, would stop to meditate in the Mogao Caves and consult manuscripts in the monastery's library. At the same time, Chinese pilgrims would travel by foot from China through central Asia to Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, playing a key role in the exchanges between ancient China and the outside world. Travellers from China would stop to acquire provisions at Dunhuang before crossing the Gobi Desert to continue on their long journey abroad. Figure 2: Dunhuang Mogao CavesThis article approaches the idea of “abroad” by examining the present-day imagination of journeys along the Silk Road—specifically, staged performances of the various Silk Road journey-themed dance-dramas sponsored by the Chinese state for enhancing its cultural and foreign policies since the 1970s (Kuang).As ethnomusicologists have demonstrated, musicians, choreographers, and playwrights often utilise historical materials in their performances to construct connections between the past and the present (Bohlman; Herzfeld; Lam; Rees; Shelemay; Tuohy; Wade; Yung: Rawski; Watson). The ancient Silk Road, which linked the Mediterranean coast with central China and beyond, via oasis towns such as Samarkand, has long been associated with the concept of “journeying abroad.” Journeys to distant, foreign lands and encounters of unknown, mysterious cultures along the Silk Road have been documented in historical records, such as A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms (Faxian) and The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions (Xuanzang), and illustrated in classical literature, such as The Travels of Marco Polo (Polo) and the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West (Wu). These journeys—coming and going from multiple directions and to different destinations—have inspired contemporary staged performance for audiences around the globe.Home and Abroad: Dunhuang and the Silk RoadDunhuang, My Dreamland (2000), the contemporary dance-drama, staged the journey of a young pilgrim painter travelling from Chang’an to a land of the unfamiliar and beyond borders, in search for the arts that have inspired him. Figure 3: A scene from Dunhuang, My Dreamland showing the young pilgrim painter in the Gobi Desert on the ancient Silk RoadFar from his home, he ended his journey in Dunhuang, historically considered the northwestern periphery of China, well beyond Yangguan and Yumenguan, the bordering passes that separate China and foreign lands. Later scenes in Dunhuang, My Dreamland, portrayed through multiethnic music and dances, the dynamic interactions among merchants, cultural and religious envoys, warriors, and politicians that were making their own journey from abroad to China. The theatrical dance-drama presents a historically inspired, re-imagined vision of both “home” and “abroad” to its audiences as they watch the young painter travel along the Silk Road, across the Gobi Desert, arriving at his own ideal, artistic “homeland”, the Dunhuang Mogao Caves. Since his journey is ultimately a spiritual one, the conceptualisation of travelling “abroad” could also be perceived as “a journey home.”Staged more than four hundred times since it premiered in Beijing in April 2000, Dunhuang, My Dreamland is one of the top ten titles in China’s National Stage Project and one of the most successful theatrical dance-dramas ever produced in China. With revenue of more than thirty million renminbi (RMB), it ranks as the most profitable theatrical dance-drama ever produced in China, with a preproduction cost of six million RMB. The production team receives financial support from China’s Ministry of Culture for its “distinctive ethnic features,” and its “aim to promote traditional Chinese culture,” according to Xu Rong, an official in the Cultural Industry Department of the Ministry. Labeled an outstanding dance-drama of the Chinese nation, it aims to present domestic and international audiences with a vision of China as a historically multifaceted and cosmopolitan nation that has been in close contact with the outside world through the ancient Silk Road. Its production company has been on tour in selected cities throughout China and in countries abroad, including Austria, Spain, and France, literarily making the young pilgrim painter’s “journey along the Silk Road” a new journey abroad, off stage and in reality.Dunhuang, My Dreamland was not the first, nor is it the last, staged performances that portrays the Chinese re-imagination of “journeying abroad” along the ancient Silk Road. It was created as one of many versions of Dunhuang bihua yuewu, a genre of music, dance, and dramatic performances created in the early twentieth century and based primarily on artifacts excavated from the Mogao Caves (Kuang). “The Mogao Caves are the greatest repository of early Chinese art,” states Mimi Gates, who works to increase public awareness of the UNESCO site and raise funds toward its conservation. “Located on the Chinese end of the Silk Road, it also is the place where many cultures of the world intersected with one another, so you have Greek and Roman, Persian and Middle Eastern, Indian and Chinese cultures, all interacting. Given the nature of our world today, it is all very relevant” (Pollack). As an expressive art form, this genre has been thriving since the late 1970s contributing to the global imagination of China’s “Silk Road journeys abroad” long before Dunhuang, My Dreamland achieved its domestic and international fame. For instance, in 2004, The Thousand-Handed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara—one of the most representative (and well-known) Dunhuang bihua yuewu programs—was staged as a part of the cultural program during the Paralympic Games in Athens, Greece. This performance, as well as other Dunhuang bihua yuewu dance programs was the perfect embodiment of a foreign religion that arrived in China from abroad and became Sinicized (Kuang). Figure 4: Mural from Dunhuang Mogao Cave No. 45A Brief History of Staging the Silk Road JourneysThe staging of the Silk Road journeys abroad began in the late 1970s. Historically, the Silk Road signifies a multiethnic, cosmopolitan frontier, which underwent incessant conflicts between Chinese sovereigns and nomadic peoples (as well as between other groups), but was strongly imbued with the customs and institutions of central China (Duan, Mair, Shi, Sima). In the twentieth century, when China was no longer an empire, but had become what the early 20th-century reformer Liang Qichao (1873–1929) called “a nation among nations,” the long history of the Silk Road and the colourful, legendary journeys abroad became instrumental in the formation of a modern Chinese nation of unified diversity rooted in an ancient cosmopolitan past. The staged Silk Road theme dance-dramas thus participate in this formation of the Chinese imagination of “nation” and “abroad,” as they aestheticise Chinese history and geography. History and geography—aspects commonly considered constituents of a nation as well as our conceptualisations of “abroad”—are “invariably aestheticized to a certain degree” (Bakhtin 208). Diverse historical and cultural elements from along the Silk Road come together in this performance genre, which can be considered the most representative of various possible stagings of the history and culture of the Silk Road journeys.In 1979, the Chinese state officials in Gansu Province commissioned the benchmark dance-drama Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road, a spectacular theatrical dance-drama praising the pure and noble friendship which existed between the peoples of China and other countries in the Tang dynasty (618-907 C.E.). While its plot also revolves around the Dunhuang Caves and the life of a painter, staged at one of the most critical turning points in modern Chinese history, the work as a whole aims to present the state’s intention of re-establishing diplomatic ties with the outside world after the Cultural Revolution. Unlike Dunhuang, My Dreamland, it presents a nation’s journey abroad and home. To accomplish this goal, Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road introduces the fictional character Yunus, a wealthy Persian merchant who provides the audiences a vision of the historical figure of Peroz III, the last Sassanian prince, who after the Arab conquest of Iran in 651 C.E., found refuge in China. By incorporating scenes of ethnic and folk dances, the drama then stages the journey of painter Zhang’s daughter Yingniang to Persia (present-day Iran) and later, Yunus’s journey abroad to the Tang dynasty imperial court as the Persian Empire’s envoy.Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road, since its debut at Beijing’s Great Hall of the People on the first of October 1979 and shortly after at the Theatre La Scala in Milan, has been staged in more than twenty countries and districts, including France, Italy, Japan, Thailand, Russia, Latvia, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and recently, in 2013, at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York.“The Road”: Staging the Journey TodayWithin the contemporary context of global interdependencies, performing arts have been used as strategic devices for social mobilisation and as a means to represent and perform modern national histories and foreign policies (Davis, Rees, Tian, Tuohy, Wong, David Y. H. Wu). The Silk Road has been chosen as the basis for these state-sponsored, extravagantly produced, and internationally staged contemporary dance programs. In 2008, the welcoming ceremony and artistic presentation at the Olympic Games in Beijing featured twenty apsara dancers and a Dunhuang bihua yuewu dancer with long ribbons, whose body was suspended in mid-air on a rectangular LED extension held by hundreds of performers; on the giant LED screen was a depiction of the ancient Silk Road.In March 2013, Chinese president Xi Jinping introduced the initiatives “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” during his journeys abroad in Kazakhstan and Indonesia. These initiatives are now referred to as “One Belt, One Road.” The State Council lists in details the policies and implementation plans for this initiative on its official web page, www.gov.cn. In April 2013, the China Institute in New York launched a yearlong celebration, starting with "Dunhuang: Buddhist Art and the Gateway of the Silk Road" with a re-creation of one of the caves and a selection of artifacts from the site. In March 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), China’s top economic planning agency, released a new action plan outlining key details of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. Xi Jinping has made the program a centrepiece of both his foreign and domestic economic policies. One of the central economic strategies is to promote cultural industry that could enhance trades along the Silk Road.Encouraged by the “One Belt, One Road” policies, in March 2016, The Silk Princess premiered in Xi’an and was staged at the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Beijing the following July. While Dunhuang, My Dreamland and Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road were inspired by the Buddhist art found in Dunhuang, The Silk Princess, based on a story about a princess bringing silk and silkworm-breeding skills to the western regions of China in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) has a different historical origin. The princess's story was portrayed in a woodblock from the Tang Dynasty discovered by Sir Marc Aurel Stein, a British archaeologist during his expedition to Xinjiang (now Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region) in the early 19th century, and in a temple mural discovered during a 2002 Chinese-Japanese expedition in the Dandanwulike region. Figure 5: Poster of The Silk PrincessIn January 2016, the Shannxi Provincial Song and Dance Troupe staged The Silk Road, a new theatrical dance-drama. Unlike Dunhuang, My Dreamland, the newly staged dance-drama “centers around the ‘road’ and the deepening relationship merchants and travellers developed with it as they traveled along its course,” said Director Yang Wei during an interview with the author. According to her, the show uses seven archetypes—a traveler, a guard, a messenger, and so on—to present the stories that took place along this historic route. Unbounded by specific space or time, each of these archetypes embodies the foreign-travel experience of a different group of individuals, in a manner that may well be related to the social actors of globalised culture and of transnationalism today. Figure 6: Poster of The Silk RoadConclusionAs seen in Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road and Dunhuang, My Dreamland, staging the processes of Silk Road journeys has become a way of connecting the Chinese imagination of “home” with the Chinese imagination of “abroad.” Staging a nation’s heritage abroad on contemporary stages invites a new imagination of homeland, borders, and transnationalism. Once aestheticised through staged performances, such as that of the Dunhuang bihua yuewu, the historical and topological landscape of Dunhuang becomes a performed narrative, embodying the national heritage.The staging of Silk Road journeys continues, and is being developed into various forms, from theatrical dance-drama to digital exhibitions such as the Smithsonian’s Pure Land: Inside the Mogao Grottes at Dunhuang (Stromberg) and the Getty’s Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road (Sivak and Hood). They are sociocultural phenomena that emerge through interactions and negotiations among multiple actors and institutions to envision and enact a Chinese imagination of “journeying abroad” from and to the country.ReferencesBakhtin, M.M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1982.Bohlman, Philip V. “World Music at the ‘End of History’.” Ethnomusicology 46 (2002): 1–32.Davis, Sara L.M. Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China’s Southwest Borders. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.Duan, Wenjie. “The History of Conservation of Mogao Grottoes.” International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property: The Conservation of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and the Related Studies. Eds. Kuchitsu and Nobuaki. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, 1997. 1–8.Faxian. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms. Translated by James Legge. New York: Dover Publications, 1991.Herzfeld, Michael. Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology, and the Making of Modern Greece. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985.Kuang, Lanlan. Dunhuang bi hua yue wu: "Zhongguo jing guan" zai guo ji yu jing zhong de jian gou, chuan bo yu yi yi (Dunhuang Performing Arts: The Construction and Transmission of “China-scape” in the Global Context). Beijing: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2016.Lam, Joseph S.C. State Sacrifice and Music in Ming China: Orthodoxy, Creativity and Expressiveness. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.Mair, Victor. T’ang Transformation Texts: A Study of the Buddhist Contribution to the Rise of Vernacular Fiction and Drama in China. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, 1989.Pollack, Barbara. “China’s Desert Treasure.” ARTnews, December 2013. Sep. 2016 <http://www.artnews.com/2013/12/24/chinas-desert-treasure/>.Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo. Translated by Ronald Latham. Penguin Classics, 1958.Rees, Helen. Echoes of History: Naxi Music in Modern China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. “‘Historical Ethnomusicology’: Reconstructing Falasha Liturgical History.” Ethnomusicology 24 (1980): 233–258.Shi, Weixiang. Dunhuang lishi yu mogaoku yishu yanjiu (Dunhuang History and Research on Mogao Grotto Art). Lanzhou: Gansu jiaoyu chubanshe, 2002.Sima, Guang 司马光 (1019–1086) et al., comps. Zizhi tongjian 资治通鉴 (Comprehensive Mirror for the Aid of Government). Beijing: Guji chubanshe, 1957.Sima, Qian 司马迁 (145-86? B.C.E.) et al., comps. Shiji: Dayuan liezhuan 史记: 大宛列传 (Record of the Grand Historian: The Collective Biographies of Dayuan). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959.Sivak, Alexandria and Amy Hood. “The Getty to Present: Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China’s Silk Road Organised in Collaboration with the Dunhuang Academy and the Dunhuang Foundation.” Getty Press Release. Sep. 2016 <http://news.getty.edu/press-materials/press-releases/cave-temples-dunhuang-buddhist-art-chinas-silk-road>.Stromberg, Joseph. “Video: Take a Virtual 3D Journey to Visit China's Caves of the Thousand Buddhas.” Smithsonian, December 2012. Sep. 2016 <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/video-take-a-virtual-3d-journey-to-visit-chinas-caves-of-the-thousand-buddhas-150897910/?no-ist>.Tian, Qing. “Recent Trends in Buddhist Music Research in China.” British Journal of Ethnomusicology 3 (1994): 63–72.Tuohy, Sue M.C. “Imagining the Chinese Tradition: The Case of Hua’er Songs, Festivals, and Scholarship.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Indiana University, Bloomington, 1988.Wade, Bonnie C. Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.Wong, Isabel K.F. “From Reaction to Synthesis: Chinese Musicology in the Twentieth Century.” Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology. Eds. Bruno Nettl and Philip V. Bohlman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. 37–55.Wu, Chengen. Journey to the West. Tranlsated by W.J.F. Jenner. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2003.Wu, David Y.H. “Chinese National Dance and the Discourse of Nationalization in Chinese Anthropology.” The Making of Anthropology in East and Southeast Asia. Eds. Shinji Yamashita, Joseph Bosco, and J.S. Eades. New York: Berghahn, 2004. 198–207.Xuanzang. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Hamburg: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation & Research, 1997.Yung, Bell, Evelyn S. Rawski, and Rubie S. Watson, eds. Harmony and Counterpoint: Ritual Music in Chinese Context. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

Diabetes Mellitus has been becoming a disease of the century, and disease incidence is still rising worldwide. It causes many serious complications, especially in the eye, heart, kidneys, brain, and vascular system, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, liver fa­ilure, etc. Moreover, the process of controlling this disease is complicated. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic drugs on the market are facing some problems with a wide range of adverse reactions. Therefore, finding new drugs to treat diabetes has always been a topic that many researchers are interested in, especially drugs derived from nature like microorganisms and medicinal plants. This review is to provide knowledge concerning the effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which are oral antidiabetic drugs commonly used for diabetes mellitus type 2. Besides, we show readers the variety of active ingredients originating from nature, particularly the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus spp., which have many applications in the chemical and medicinal industry. Keywords: Diabetes, α-glucosidase inhibitors, Aspergillus. References [1] W. H. Organization, Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/diabetes (accessed on: May 11th, 2021).[2] J. Thrasher, Pharmacologic Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Available Therapies, Am J Cardiol, Vol. 120, No. 1, 2017, pp. S4-S16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.05.009.[3] W. Hakamata, M. Kurihara, H. Okuda, T. Nishio, T. Oku, Design and Screening Strategies for Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors Based on Enzymological Information, Curr Top Med Chem, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2009, pp. 3-12, https://doi.org/10.2174/156802609787354306.[4] US, Patent Version Number: US4062950A, Amino Sugar Derivatives, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4062950A/en(accessed on: May 11th, 2021).[5] A. S. Dabhi, N. R. Bhatt, M. J. Shah, Voglibose: an Alpha- glucosidase Inhibitor, J Clin Diagn Res, Vol. 7, No. 12, 2013, pp. 3023-3027, https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/6373.3838.[6] P. Durruty, M. Sanzana, L. Sanhueza, Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes - from Pathophysiology to Modern Management, Intechopen, United Kingdom, 2019, pp. 1-18.[7] L. N. Khue, T. H. Dang, T. H. Quang, N. T. Khue et al., Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes Type 2, Ministry of Health, Vietnam, 2021 (in Vietnamese).[8] M. Okuyama, W. Saburi, H. Mori, A. Kimura, Alpha-Glucosidases and Alpha-1,4-Glucan Lyases: Structures, Functions, and Physiological Actions, Cell Mol Life Sci, Vol. 73, 2016, pp. 2727-2751, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2247-5.[9] V. L. Yip, S. G. Withers, Nature's Many Mechanisms for The Degradation of Oligosaccharides, Org Biomol Chem, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2004, pp. 2707-2713, https://doi.org/10.1039/B408880H.[10] B. Henrissat, A. Bairoch, New Families in The Classification of Glycosyl Hydrolases Based on Amino Acid Sequence Similarities, Biochem J, Vol. 293, No. 3, 1993, pp. 781-788, https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2930781.[11] B. Henrissat, A Classification of Glycosyl Hydrolases Based on Amino Acid Sequence Similarities, Biochem J, Vol. 280, No. 2, 1991, pp. 309-316, https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2800309.[12] R. Gupta, P. Gigras, H. Mohapatra, V. K. Goswami, B. Chauhan, Microbial A-amylases: A Biotechnological Perspective, Process Biochemistry, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1599-1616, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00053-0.[13] C. V. D. Maarel, B. V. D. Veen, J. C .M. Uitdehaag, H. Leemhuis, L. Dijkhuizen, Properties and Applications of Starch-Converting Enzymes of The A-Amylase Family, Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 94, No. 2, 2002, pp. 137-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00407-2.[14] N. R. Kim, D. W. Jeong, D. S. Ko, J. H. Shim, Characterization of Novel Thermophilic Alpha-Glucosidase from Bifidobacterium Longum, Int J Biol Macromol, Vol. 99, 2017, pp. 594-599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.009.[15] D. R. Rose, M. M. Chaudet, K. Jones, Structural Studies of The Intestinal Alpha-Glucosidases, Maltase-glucoamylase and Sucrase-isomaltase, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2018, pp. S11-S13, https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001953.[16] L. Ren, X. Qin, X. Cao, L. Wang, F. Bai, G. Bai, Y. Shen, Structural Insight into Substrate Specificity of Human Intestinal Maltase-Glucoamylase, Protein Cell, Vol. 2, 2011, pp. 827-836, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-011-1105-3.[17] L. Sim, C. Willemsma, S. Mohan, H. Y. Naim, B. M. Pinto, D. R. Rose, Structural Basis for Substrate Selectivity in Human Maltase-Glucoamylase and Sucrase-Isomaltase N-Terminal Domains, J Biol Chem, Vol. 285, No. 23, 2010, pp. 17763-17770, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.078980.[18] K. Jones, L. Sim, S. Mohan, J. Kumarasamy,H. Liu, S. Avery, H. Y. Naim, R. Q. Calvillo, B. L. Nichols, B. M. Pinto, D. R. Rose, Mapping The Intestinal Alpha-Glucogenic Enzyme Specificities of Starch Digesting Mal se-Glucoamylase and Sucrase-Isomaltase, Bioorg Med Chem, Vol. 19, 2011, pp. 3929-3934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.033.[19] P. T. T. Chau, P. T. Nghia, Enzyme and Application, Education Publisher, Vietnam, 2009.[20] Researchgate, Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides in Management of Type 2 Diabetes - Scientific Figure, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-of-alpha-glucosidase-inhibitors_fig2_279991207 (accessed on: May 10th, 2021).[21] Z. Liu, S. Ma, Recent Advances in Synthetic Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Chem Med Chem, Vol. 12, No. 11, 2017, pp. 819-829, https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201700216.[22] A. Lee, P. Patrick, J. Wishart, M. Horowitz, J. E. Morley, The Effects of Miglitol on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion And Appetite Sensations in Obese Type 2 Diabetics, Diabetes Obes Metab, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2002, pp. 329-335, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14631326.2002.00219.x.[23] I. Takei, K. Miyamoto, O. Funae, N. Ohashi, S. Meguro, M. Tokui, T. Saruta, Secretion of GIP in Responders to Acarbose in Obese Type 2 (NIDDM) Patients, Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2001, pp. 245-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1056-8727(01)00148-9.[24] X. Bian, X. Fan, C. Ke, Y. Luan, G. Zhao, A. Zeng, Synthesis and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Evaluation of N-Substituted Aminomethyl-Beta-D-Glucopyranosides, Bioorg Med Chem, Vol. 21, No. 17, 2013, pp. 5442-5450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.002.[25] J. B. Yang, J. Y. Tian, Z. Dai, F. Ye, S. C. Ma, A. G. Wang, α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Extracted from The Roots of Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb, Fitoterapia, Vol. 117, 2017, pp. 65-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.11.009.[26] Z. Yin, W. Zhang, F. Feng, Y. Zhang, W. Kang, α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Isolated from Medicinal Plants, Food Science and Human Wellness, Vol. 3, No.3-4, 2014, pp. 136-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2014.11.003.[27] P. Qiu, Z. Liu, Y. Chen, R. Cai, G. Chen, Z. She, Secondary Metabolites with Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from The Mangrove Fungus Mycosphaerella sp. SYSU-DZG01, Mar Drugs, Vol. 17, No. 8, 2019, pp. 483-508, https://doi.org/10.3390/md17080483.[28] S. Munasaroh, S. R. Tamat, R. T. Dewi, Isolation and Identification of α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Aspergillus Terreus F38, Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2018, pp. 74-79, https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm29iss2pp74.[29] R. T. Dewi, A. Suparman, H. Mulyani, P. D. N. Lotulung, Identification of A New Compound as α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Aspergillus Aculeatus, Annales Bogorienses, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2016, pp. 19-23, https://doi.org/10.14203/ann. bogor .2016.v20.n1.19-23.[30] R. T. Dewi, S. Tachibana, A. Darmawan, Effect on α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antioxidant Activities of Butyrolactone Derivatives from Aspergillus Terreus MC751, Medicinal Chemistry Research, Vol. 23, 2014, pp. 454-460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-013-0659-4.[31] M. G. Kang, S. H. Yi, J. S. Lee, Production and Characterization of A New Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptide from Aspergillus Oryzae N159-1, Mycobiology, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2013, pp. 149-154, https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2013.41.3.149.[32] S. Onose, R. Ikeda, K. Nakagawa, T. Kimura, K. Yamagishi, O. Higuchi, T. Miyazawa, Production of The Alpha-Glycosidase Inhibitor 1-Deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus Species, Food Chem, Vol. 138, No. 1, 2013, pp. 516-523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.012.[33] Y. P. Zhu, K. Yamaki, T. Yoshihashi, M. Ohnishi Kameyama, X. T. Li, Y. Q. Cheng, Y. Mori, L. T. Li, Purification and Identification of 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in Okara Fermented by Bacillus Subtilis B2 from Chinese Traditional Food (Meitaoza), J Agric Food Chem, Vol. 58,No. 7, 2010, pp. 4097-4103, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9032377.[34] A. Tabussum, N. Riaz, M. Saleem, M. Ashraf, M. Ahmad, U. Alam, B. Jabeen, A. Malik, A. Jabbar, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Constituents from Chrozophora Plicata, Phytochemistry Letters, Vol. 6, No. 4. 2013, pp. 614-619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2013.08.005.[35] M. Yagi, T. Kouno, Y. Aoyagi, H. Murai, The Structure of Moranoline, A Piperidine Alkaloid from Morus Species, Journal of The Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 50, No. 11, 1976, pp. 571-572, https://doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.50.11_571.[36] M. Hemker, A. Stratmann, K. Goeke, W. Schroder, J. Lenz, W. Piepersberg, H. Pape, Identification, Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of The Extracellular Acarbose-Modifying Glycosyltransferase, AcbD, from Actinoplanes Sp. Strain SE50, J Bacteriol, Vol. 183, No. 15, 2001, pp. 4484-4492, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183. 15.4484-4492.2001.[37] E. Truscheit, I. Hillebrand, B. Junge, L. Müller, W. Puls, D. Schmidt, Microbial α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Therapeutic Potential, Presented at Drug Concentration Monitoring Microbial alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors Plasminogen Activators, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988.[38] Y. Kameda, N. Asano, M. Yoshikawa, M. Takeuchi, T. Yamaguchi, K. Matsui, S. Horii, H. Fukase, Valiolamine, A New Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibiting Aminocyclitol Produced by Streptomyces Hygroscopicus, J Antibiot (Tokyo), Vol. 37, No. 11, 1984, pp. 1301-1307, https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.37.1301.[39] D. T. Tuyen, V. V. Hanh, V. T. T. Hang, D. K. Trinh, D. T. Quyen, Extraction and Purification of DNJ (1-Deoxynojirimycin) Inhibiting α-Glucosidase from B. Subtilis VN9 Strain Isolated from Vietnam, National Biotechnology Conference, 2013.[40] D. T. Tuyen, Optimization and Purification of α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Bacillus Subtilis YT20 Isolated in Vietnam, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 59, No. 2, 2021, pp. 179-188, https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/ 59/2/14928.[41] S. E. Baker, J. W. Bennett, An Overview of the Genus Aspergillus, Aspergillus: Molecular Biology and Genomics, The Aspergilli, Taylor & Francis, United Kingdom, 2008, pp. 3-13.[42] H. C. Gugnani, Ecology and Taxonomy of Pathogenic Aspergilli, Front Biosci, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2003, pp. s346- s357, https://doi.org/10.2741/1002.[43] C. G. Shaw, The Genus Aspergillus, Science, Vol. 150, No. 3697, 1965, pp. 736-737, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.150.3697.736-a.[44] M. T. Hedayati, A. C. Pasqualotto, P. A. Warn, P. Bowyer, D. W. Denning, Aspergillus Flavus: Human Pathogen, Allergen and Mycotoxin Producer, Microbiology, Vol. 153, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1677-1692, https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2007/007641-0.[45] T. R. Dagenais, N. P. Keller, Pathogenesis of Aspergillus Fumigatus in Invasive Aspergillosis, Clin Microbiol Rev, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2009, pp. 447-465, https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00055-08.[46] S. Amaike, N. P. Keller, Aspergillus Flavus, Annu Rev Phytopathol, Vol. 49, 2011, pp. 107-133, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095221.[47] J. Houbraken, R. P. De Vries, R. A. Samson, Modern Taxonomy of Biotechnologically Important Aspergillus and Penicillium Species, Adv Appl Microbiol, Vol. 86, 2014, pp. 199-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800262-9.00004-4.[48] E. Ichishima, Development of Enzyme Technology for Aspergillus Oryzae, A. Sojae, and A. Luchuensis, The National Microorganisms of Japan, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, Vol. 80, No. 9, 2016, pp. 1681-1692, https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1177445.[49] E. Schuster, N. Dunn-Coleman, J. C. Frisvad, P. W. Van Dijck, on The Safety of Aspergillus Niger-A Review, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, Vol. 59, No. 4-5, 2002, pp. 426-435, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1032-6.[50] J. H. Yu, N. Keller, Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Filamentous Fungi, Annu Rev Phytopathol, Vol. 43, 2005, pp. 437-458, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140214.[51] J. F. Sanchez, A. D. Somoza, N. P. Keller, C. C. Wang, Advances in Aspergillus Secondary Metabolite Research in The Post-Genomic Era, Nat Prod Rep, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2012, pp. 351-371, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2np00084a.[52] J. W. Bennett, M. Klich, Mycotoxins, Clin Microbiol Rev, Vol. 16, 2003, pp. 497-516, https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.3.497-516.2003.[53] Q. Zhou, J. K. Liao, Statins and cardiovascular Diseases: from Cholesterol Lowering to Pleiotropy, Curr Pharm Des, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2009, pp. 467-478, https://doi.org/10.2174/138161209787315684.[54] A. W. Alberts, Discovery, Biochemistry and Biology of Lovastatin, Am J Cardiol, Vol. 62, No. 15, 1988, pp. 10J-15J, https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90002-1.[55] H. Tomoda, Y. K. Kim, H. Nishida, R. Masuma, S. Omura, Pyripyropenes, Novel Inhibitors of Acyl-Coa: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Produced by Aspergillus Fumigatu- Production, Isolation, and Biological Properties, J Antibiot (Tokyo), Vol. 47, No. 2, 1994, pp. 148-153, https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.47.148.[56] F. Pelaez, Biological Activities of Fungal Metabolites, Marcel Dekker, United Stated of America, 2004.[57] E. L. Dulaney, Penicillin Production by The Aspergillus Nidulans Group, Mycologia, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2018, pp. 582-586, https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1947.12017637.[58] T. T. Bladt, J. C. Frisvad, P. B. Knudsen, T. O. Larsen, Anticancer and Antifungal Compounds from Aspergillus, Penicillium and Other Filamentous Fungi, Molecules, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2013, pp. 11338-11376, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180911338.[59] Y. Wu, Y. Chen, X. Huang, Y. Pan, Z. Liu, T. Yan, W. Cao, Z. She, alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Diphenyl Ethers and Phenolic Bisabolane Sesquiterpenoids from The Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus Flavus QQSG-3, Mar Drugs, Vol. 16, No. 9, 2018, pp. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.3390/md16090307.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019, Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[2] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, 2021 (accessed on: August 27, 2021).[3] H. Wang, P. Yang, K. Liu, F. Guo, Y. Zhang et al., SARS Coronavirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Novel Clathrin- and Caveolae-Independent Endocytic Pathway, Cell Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15.[4] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K. Y. Yuen., Coronaviruses-Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Options, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 15, 2016, pp. 327-347, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37.[5] A. Prasansuklab, A. Theerasri, P. Rangsinth, C. Sillapachaiyaporn, S. Chuchawankul, T. Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. Chien, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Tribulosin, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 67-71 (in Vietnamese).[11] V. Q. Thang Study on Extracting Active Ingredient Protodioscin from Tribulus terrestris L.: Doctoral dissertation, VNU University of Science, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[12] Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. C. Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang et al., Papain-Like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus terrestris Fruits, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.[13] D. Dermawan, B. A. Prabowo, C. A. Rakhmadina, In Silico Study of Medicinal Plants with Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as The Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Receptor, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 25, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100645.[14] R. Dang, S. Gezici, Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Phytochemicals in Combating Covid-19, The 6th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-6), Izmir, Selcuk (Ephesus), Turkey, 2020, pp. 12-13.[15] G. Jiangning, W. Xinchu, W. Hou, L. Qinghua, B. Kaishun, Antioxidants from a Chinese Medicinal Herb–Psoralea corylifolia L., Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 287-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.029.[16] B. Ruan, L. Y. Kong, Y. Takaya, M. Niwa, Studies on The Chemical Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020500289618.[17] D. T. Loi, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2013 (in Vietnamese).[18] S. Mazraedoost, G. Behbudi, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, Covid-19 Treatment by Plant Compounds, Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/2(1)33.[19] B. A. Origbemisoye, S. O. Bamidele, Immunomodulatory Foods and Functional Plants for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review, Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 2020, pp. 15-26, https://journalajmpcp.com/index.php/AJMPCP/article/view/30124[20] A. Mandal, A. K. Jha, B. Hazra, Plant Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Protease, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12, 2021, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387[21] N. H. Tung, V. D. Loi, B. T. Tung, L.Q. Hung, H. B. Tien et al., Triterpenen Ursan Frame Isolated from the Roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge Growing in Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2016, pp. 58-62, https://js.vnu.edu.vn/MPS/article/view/3583 (in Vietnamese).[22] J. Y. Park, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, H. J. Jeong, D. W. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-Binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5928-5935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.[23] F. Hamdani, N. Houari, Phytotherapy of Covid-19. A Study Based on a Survey in North Algeria, Phytotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2020, pp. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241.[24] P. T. L. Huong, N. T. Dinh, Chemical Composition And Antibacterial Activity of The Essential Oil From The Leaves of Regrowth Eucalyptus Collected from Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2020, pp. 54-61 (in Vietnamese).[25] M. Asif, M. Saleem, M. Saadullah, H. S. Yaseen, R. Al Zarzour, COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties, Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 1153-1161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.[26] I. Jahan, O. Ahmet, Potentials of Plant-Based Substance to Inhabit and Probable Cure for The COVID-19, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol. 44, No. SI-1, 2020, pp. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-2005-114.[27] A. D. Sharma, I. Kaur, Eucalyptus Essential Oil Bioactive Molecules from Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Computational Studies, Res Sq., 2021, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-140069/v1. [28] K. Rajagopal, P. Varakumar, A. Baliwada, G. Byran, Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis Paniculata Against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An in Silico Approach, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x[29] J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, S. Shan, H. Zhou, S. Fan et al., Structure of The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to The ACE2 Receptor, Nature, Vol. 581, No. 7807, 2020, pp. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.[30] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-Cov-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses, Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[31] C. Yi, X. Sun, J. Ye, L. Ding, M. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Key Residues of The Receptor Binding Motif in The Spike Protein of SARS-Cov-2 That Interact with ACE2 and Neutralizing Antibodies, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2020, pp. 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z.[32] N. T. Thom, Study on The Composition and Biological Activities of Flavonoids from The Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis: Doctoral Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[33] Y. J. Tang, F. W. Zhou, Z. Q. Luo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yan, M. J. Wang et al., Multiple Therapeutic Effects of Adjunctive Baicalin Therapy in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis, Inflammation, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2010, pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-009-9172-9.[34] H. Liu, F. Ye, Q. Sun, H. Liang, C. Li, S. Li et al., Scutellaria Baicalensis Extract and Baicalein Inhibit Replication of SARS-Cov-2 and Its 3C-Like Protease in Vitro, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, pp. 497-503, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1873977.[35] Z. Iqbal, H. Nasir, S. Hiradate, Y. Fujii, Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Lycoris Radiata Herb. and The Possible Involvement of Lycorine as an Allelochemical, Weed Biology and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006, pp. 221-227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00217.x.[36] S. Y. Li, C. Chen, H. Q. Zhang, H. Y. Guo, H. Wang, L. Wang et al., Identification of Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activities Against SARS-Associated Coronavirus, Antiviral Research, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 18-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007.[37] S. Kretzing, G. Abraham, B. Seiwert, F. R. Ungemach, U. Krügel, R. Regenthal, Dose-dependent Emetic Effects of The Amaryllidaceous Alkaloid Lycorine in Beagle Dogs, Toxicon, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2011, pp. 117-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.10.012.[38] Y. N. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, X. D. Li, J. Xiong, S. Q. Xiao, Z. Wang, et al., Gemcitabine, Lycorine and Oxysophoridine Inhibit Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Cell Culture, Emerging Microbes & Infections, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1170-1173, https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1772676.[39] Y. H. Jin, J. S. Min, S. Jeon, J. Lee, S. Kim, T. Park et al., Lycorine, a Non-Nucleoside RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, as Potential Treatment for Emerging Coronavirus Infections, Phytomedicine, Vol. 86, 2021, pp. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153440.[40] H. V. Hoa, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Andrographolid and Neoandrographolid from Andrographis Paniculata Nees, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 25-30 (in Vietnamese)[41] S. K. Enmozhi, K. Raja, I. Sebastine, J. Joseph, Andrographolide as a Potential Inhibitor Of SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease: An in Silico Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 9, 2021, pp. 3092-3098, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136.[42] S. A. Lakshmi, R. M. B. Shafreen, A. Priya, K. P. Shunmugiah, Ethnomedicines of Indian Origin for Combating COVID-19 Infection by Hampering The Viral Replication: Using Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 13, 2020, pp. 4594-4609, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1778537.[43] N. P. L. Laksmiani, L. P. F. Larasanty, A. A. G. J. Santika, P. A. A. Prayoga, A. A. I. K. Dewi, N. P. A. K. Dewi, Active Compounds Activity from The Medicinal Plants Against SARS-Cov-2 Using in Silico Assay, Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020, pp. 873-881, https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1953.[44] N. A. Murugan, C. J. Pandian, J. Jeyakanthan, Computational Investigation on Andrographis Paniculata Phytochemicals to Evaluate Their Potency Against SARS-Cov-2 in Comparison to Known Antiviral Compounds in Drug Trials, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2020, pp. 4415-4426, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901.[45] S. Hiremath, H. V. Kumar, M. Nandan, M. Mantesh, K. Shankarappa,V. Venkataravanappa et al., In Silico Docking Analysis Revealed The Potential of Phytochemicals Present in Phyllanthus Amarus and Andrographis Paniculata, Used in Ayurveda Medicine in Inhibiting SARS-Cov-2, 3 Biotech, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02578-7.[46] K. S. Ngiamsuntorn, A. Suksatu, Y. Pewkliang, P. Thongsri, P. Kanjanasirirat, S. Manopwisedjaroen, et al., Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives, Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 84, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1261-1270, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324.[47] D. X. Em, N. T. T. Dai, N. T. T. Tram, D. X. Chu, Four Compounds Isolated from Azadirachta Indica Jus leaves. F., Meliaceae, Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2019, pp. 33-36 (in Vietnamese).[48] V. V Do, N. T. Thang, N. T. Minh, N. N. Hanh, Isolation, Purification and Investigation on Antimicrobial Activity of Salanin from Neem Seed Kernel (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) of The Neem Tree Planted in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2006, pp. 24-31 (in Vietnamese).[49] P. I. Manzano Santana, J. P. P. Tivillin, I. A. Choez Guaranda, A. D. B. Lucas, A. Katherine, Potential Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants Against New Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2): A Review, Bionatura, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1653-1658, https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/2021.06.01.30[50] S. Borkotoky, M. Banerjee, A Computational Prediction of SARS-Cov-2 Structural Protein Inhibitors from Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 11, 2021, pp. 4111-4121, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1774419.[51] R. Jager, R. P. Lowery, A. V. Calvanese, J. M. Joy, M. Purpura, J. M. Wilson, Comparative Absorption of Curcumin Formulations, Nutrition Journal, Vol. 13, No. 11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-11.[52] D. Praditya, L. Kirchhoff, J. Bruning, H. Rachmawati, J. Steinmann, E. Steinmann, Anti-infective Properties of the Golden Spice Curcumin, Front Microbiol, Vol. 10, No. 912, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00912.[53] C. C. Wen, Y. H. Kuo, J. T. Jan, P. H. Liang, S. Y. Wang, H. G. Liu et al., Specific Plant Terpenoids and Lignoids Possess Potent Antiviral Activities Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 17, 2007, pp. 4087-4095, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s.[54] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10224, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[55] M. Kandeel, M. Al Nazawi, Virtual Screening and Repurposing of FDA Approved Drugs Against COVID-19 Main Protease, Life Sciences, Vol. 251, No. 117627, 2020, pp. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627.[56] V. K. Maurya, S. Kumar, A. K. Prasad, M. L. B. Bhatt, S. K. Saxena, Structure-Based Drug Designing for Potential Antiviral Activity of Selected Natural Products from Ayurveda Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Its Cellular Receptor, Virusdisease, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2020, pp. 179-193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00598-8.[57] M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine Weber, S. Schroeder, N. Kruger, T. Herrler, S. Erichsen et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2020, pp. 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.[58] S. Katta, A. Srivastava, R. L. Thangapazham, I. L. Rosner, J. Cullen, H. Li et al., Curcumin-Gene Expression Response in Hormone Dependent and Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2019, pp. 4891-4907, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194891.[59] D. Ting, N. Dong, L. Fang, J. Lu, J. Bi, S. Xiao et al., Multisite Inhibitors for Enteric Coronavirus: Antiviral Cationic Carbon Dots Based on Curcumin, ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2018, pp. 5451-5459, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00779.[60] T. Huynh, H. Wang, B. Luan, In Silico Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism of Clinically Oriented Drugs for Possibly Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease, the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2020, pp. 4413-4420, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00994.[61] D. D'Ardes, A. Boccatonda, I. Rossi, M. T. Guagnano, COVID-19 and RAS: Unravelling an Unclear Relationship, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 8, 2020, pp. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21083003. [62] X. F. Pang, L. H. Zhang, F. Bai, N. P. Wang, R. E. Garner, R. J. McKallip et al., Attenuation of Myocardial Fibrosis with Curcumin is Mediated by Modulating Expression of Angiotensin II AT1/AT2 Receptors and ACE2 in Rats, Drug Design Development Therapy, Vol. 9, 2015, pp. 6043-6054, https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S95333.[63] Y. Yao, W. Wang, M. Li, H. Ren, C. Chen, J. Wang et al., Curcumin Exerts its Anti-Hypertensive Effect by Down-Regulating the AT1 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 25579, 2016, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25579.[64] V. J. Costela Ruiz, R. Illescas Montes, J. M. Puerta Puerta, C. Ruiz, L. Melguizo Rodríguez, SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cytokines in COVID-19 Disease, Cytokine Growth Factor Reviews, Vol. 54, 2020, pp. 62-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001.[65] H. Valizadeh, S. Abdolmohammadi Vahid, S. Danshina, M. Ziya Gencer, A. Ammari, A. Sadeghi et al., Nano-Curcumin Therapy, a Promising Method in Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients, International Immunopharmacology, Vol. 89 (PtB), No. 107088, 2020, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088.[66] Y. H. Lo, R. D. Lin, Y. P. Lin, Y. L. Liu, M. H. Lee, Active Constituents from Sophora Japonica Exhibiting Cellular Tyrosinase Inhibition in Human Epidermal Melanocytes, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2009, pp. 625-629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.053.[67] A. Robaszkiewicz, A. Balcerczyk, G. Bartosz, Antioxidative and Prooxidative Effects of Quercetin on A549 Cells, Cell Biology International, Vol. 31, No. 10, 2007, pp. 1245-1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.04.009[68] N. Uchide, H. Toyoda, Antioxidant Therapy as a Potential Approach to Severe Influenza-associated Complications, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 16, No. 3, 2011, pp. 2032-2052, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16032032.[69] M. P. Nair, C. Kandaswami, S. Mahajan, K. C. Chadha, R. Chawda, H. Nair et al., The Flavonoid, Quercetin, Differentially Regulates Th-1 (IFNgamma) and Th-2 (IL4) Cytokine Gene Expression by Normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1593, No. 1, 2002, pp. 29-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00328-2.[70] X. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Xu, R. X. Tan et al., Houttuynia Cordata Blocks HSV Infection Through Inhibition of NF-κB Activation, Antiviral Research, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2011, pp. 341-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.005.[71] T. N. Kaul, E. J. Middleton, P. L. Ogra, Antiviral Effect of Flavonoids on Human Viruses, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 15. No. 1, 1985, pp. 71-79, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890150110.[72] K. Zandi, B. T. Teoh, S. S. Sam, P. F. Wong, M. R. Mustafa, S. AbuBakar, Antiviral Activity of Four Types of Bioflavonoid Against Dengue Virus Type-2, Virology Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2011, pp. 560-571, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-560.[73] J. Y. Park, H. J. Yuk, H. W. Ryu, S. H. Lim, K. S. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Evaluation of Polyphenols from Broussonetia Papyrifera as Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2017, pp. 504-515, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1265519.[74] S. C. Cheng, W. C. Huang, J. H. S. Pang, Y. H. Wu, C. Y. Cheng, Quercetin Inhibits the Production of IL-1β-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in ARPE-19 Cells via the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 12, 2019, pp. 2957-2981, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122957. [75] O. J. Lara Guzman, J. H. Tabares Guevara, Y. M. Leon Varela, R. M. Álvarez, M. Roldan, J. A. Sierra et al., Proatherogenic Macrophage Activities Are Targeted by The Flavonoid Quercetin, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 343, No. 2, 2012, pp. 296-303, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.196147.[76] A. Saeedi Boroujeni, M. R. Mahmoudian Sani, Anti-inflammatory Potential of Quercetin in COVID-19 Treatment, Journal of Inflammation, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2021, pp. 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-021-00268-6.[77] M. Smith, J. C. Smith, Repurposing Therapeutics for COVID-19: Supercomputer-based Docking to the SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Protein and Viral Spike Protein-human ACE2 Interface, ChemRxiv, 2020, pp. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11871402.v4.[78] S. Khaerunnisa, H. Kurniawan, R. Awaluddin, S. Suhartati, S. Soetjipto, Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study, Preprints, 2020, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1.[79] J. M. Calderón Montaño, E. B. Morón, C. P. Guerrero, M. L. Lázaro, A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Kaempferol, Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2011, pp. 298-344, https://doi.org/10.2174/138955711795305335.[80] A. Y. Chen, Y. C. Chen, A Review of the Dietary Flavonoid, Kaempferol on Human Health and Cancer Chemoprevention, Food Chem, Vol. 138, No. 4, 2013, pp. 2099-2107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139.[81] S. Schwarz, D. Sauter, W. Lu, K. Wang, B. Sun, T. Efferth et al., Coronaviral Ion Channels as Target for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Forum on Immunopathological Diseases and Therapeutics, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2012004378.[82] R. Zhang, X. Ai, Y. Duan, M. Xue, W. He, C. Wang et al., Kaempferol Ameliorates H9N2 Swine Influenza Virus-induced Acute Lung Injury by Inactivation of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, Vol. 89, 2017, pp. 660-672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.081.[83] K. W. Chan, V. T. Wong, S. C. W. Tang, COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese-Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease, The American Journal of Chinese medicine, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2020, pp. 737-762, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500378.[84] Y. F. Huang, C. Bai, F. He, Y. Xie, H. Zhou, Review on the Potential Action Mechanisms of Chinese Medicines in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pharmacological Research, Vol. 158, No. 104939, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104939.[85] L. Xu, X. Zheng, Y. Wang, Q. Fan, M. Zhang, R. Li et al., Berberine Protects Acute Liver Failure in Mice Through Inhibiting Inflammation and Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 819, 2018, pp. 161-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.013.[86] X. Chen, H. Guo, Q. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Zhang et al., Protective Effect of Berberine on Aconite‑induced Myocardial Injury and the Associated Mechanisms, Molecular Medicine Reports, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2018, pp. 4468-4476, https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9476.[87] K. Hayashi, K. Minoda, Y. Nagaoka, T. Hayashi, S. Uesato, Antiviral Activity of Berberine and Related Compounds Against Human Cytomegalovirus, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1562-1564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.085.[88] A. Warowicka, R. Nawrot, A. Gozdzicka Jozefiak, Antiviral Activity of Berberine, Archives of Virology, Vol. 165, No. 9, 2020, pp. 1935-1945, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04706-3.[89] Z. Z. Wang, K. Li, A. R. Maskey, W. Huang, A. A. Toutov, N. Yang et al., A Small Molecule Compound Berberine as an Orally Active Therapeutic Candidate Against COVID-19 and SARS: A Computational and Mechanistic Study, FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2021, pp. e21360-21379, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001792R.[90] A. Pizzorno, B. Padey, J. Dubois, T. Julien, A. Traversier, V. Dulière et al., In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Single and Combined Repurposable Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Research, Vol. 181, No. 104878, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104878.[91] B. Y. Zhang, M. Chen, X. C. Chen, K. Cao, Y. You, Y. J. Qian et al., Berberine Reduces Circulating Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Severe COVID-19, The British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 108, No. 1, 2021, pp. e9-e11, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znaa021.[92] K. P. Latté, K. E. Appel, A. Lampen, Health Benefits and Possible Risks of Broccoli - an Overview, Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Vol. 49, No. 12, 2011, pp. 3287-3309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019.[93] C. Sturm, A. E. Wagner, Brassica-Derived Plant Bioactives as Modulators of Chemopreventive and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2017, pp. 1890-1911, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091890.[94] R. T. Ruhee, S. Ma, K. Suzuki, Sulforaphane Protects Cells against Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation in Murine Macrophages, Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 8, No. 12, 2019, pp. 577-589, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120577.[95] S. M. Ahmed, L. Luo, A. Namani, X. J. Wang, X. Tang, Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Pivotal Roles in Inflammation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease, Vol. 1863, No. 2, 2017, pp. 585-597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.005.[96] Z. Sun, Z. Niu, S. Wu, S. Shan, Protective Mechanism of Sulforaphane in Nrf2 and Anti-Lung Injury in ARDS Rabbits, Experimental Therapeutic Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2018, pp. 4911-4951, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6036.[97] H. Y. Cho, F. Imani, L. Miller DeGraff, D. Walters, G. A. Melendi, M. Yamamoto et al., Antiviral Activity of Nrf2 in a Murine Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 179, No. 2, 2009, pp. 138-150, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200804-535OC.[98] M. J. Kesic, S. O. Simmons, R. Bauer, I. Jaspers, Nrf2 Expression Modifies Influenza A Entry and Replication in Nasal Epithelial Cells, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2011, pp. 444-453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.027.[99] A. Cuadrado, M. Pajares, C. Benito, J. J. Villegas, M. Escoll, R. F. Ginés et al., Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy Against COVID-19?, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2020, pp. 598-610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003.[100] J. Gasparello, E. D'Aversa, C. Papi, L. Gambari, B. Grigolo, M. Borgatti et al., Sulforaphane Inhibits the Expression of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Induced in Bronchial Epithelial IB3-1 Cells by Exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, Vol. 87, No. 53583, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153583.