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Journal articles on the topic 'Yellow-eyed penguin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

ARGILLA, L. S., L. HOWE, B. D. GARTRELL, and M. R. ALLEY. "High prevalence ofLeucocytozoonspp. in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in the sub-Antarctic regions of New Zealand." Parasitology 140, no. 5 (January 29, 2013): 672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012002089.

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SUMMARYYellow-eyed penguins (YEPs) have suffered major population declines over the past 30 years, with no single cause established.Leucocytozoonwas first identified in yellow-eyed penguins in 2005. During the 2008/09 breeding season, a high mortality was seen in both mainland yellow-eyed penguins as well as those on Enderby Island of the Auckland Islands archipelago. A high overall prevalence ofLeucocytozoonspp. in association with a high incidence of chick mortality was observed during this period on Enderby Island. One chick had histological evidence of leucocytozoonosis with megaloschizonts in multiple organs throughout its body. In addition, a high prevalence (73·7%) ofLeucocytozoonwas observed by PCR in the blood of adult Enderby yellow-eyed penguins taken during the 2006/07 season. These findings were different from the low prevalence detected by PCR on the coast of the South Island (11%) during the 2008/2009 breeding session and earlier on Campbell Island (21%) during the 2006/2007 breeding session. TheLeucocytozoonspp. sequences detected lead us to conclude that theLeucocytozoonparasite is common in yellow-eyed penguins and has a higher prevalence in penguins from Enderby Island than those from Campbell Island and the mainland of New Zealand. The Enderby Island yellow-eyed penguins are infected with aLeucocytozoonspp. that is genetically distinct from that found in other yellow-eyed penguin populations. The role ofLeucocytozoonin the high levels of chick mortality in the yellow-eyed penguins remains unclear.

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Richdale., L. E. "BREEDING EFFICIENCY IN YELLOW-EYED PENGUIN." Ibis 96, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1954.tb04126.x.

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3

Seddon, Philip J. "Behaviour of the yellow-eyed penguin chick." Journal of Zoology 220, no. 2 (February 1990): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04311.x.

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4

Sarker, Subir, Ajani Athukorala, Timothy R. Bowden, and David B. Boyle. "Genomic Characterisation of a Novel Avipoxvirus Isolated from an Endangered Yellow-Eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." Viruses 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020194.

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Emerging viral diseases have become a significant concern due to their potential consequences for animal and environmental health. Over the past few decades, it has become clear that viruses emerging in wildlife may pose a major threat to vulnerable or endangered species. Diphtheritic stomatitis, likely to be caused by an avipoxvirus, has been recognised as a significant cause of mortality for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in New Zealand. However, the avipoxvirus that infects yellow-eyed penguins has remained uncharacterised. Here, we report the complete genome of a novel avipoxvirus, penguinpox virus 2 (PEPV2), which was derived from a virus isolate obtained from a skin lesion of a yellow-eyed penguin. The PEPV2 genome is 349.8 kbp in length and contains 327 predicted genes; five of these genes were found to be unique, while a further two genes were absent compared to shearwaterpox virus 2 (SWPV2). In comparison with penguinpox virus (PEPV) isolated from an African penguin, there was a lack of conservation within the central region of the genome. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of the PEPV2 genome positioned it within a distinct subclade comprising the recently isolated avipoxvirus genome sequences from shearwater, canary, and magpie bird species, and demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity with SWPV2 (96.27%). This is the first reported genome sequence of PEPV2 from a yellow-eyed penguin and will help to track the evolution of avipoxvirus infections in this rare and endangered species.

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FRENCH, REBECCA K., CHRIS G. MULLER, B. LOUISE CHILVERS, and PHIL F. BATTLEY. "Behavioural consequences of human disturbance on subantarctic Yellow-eyed Penguins Megadyptes antipodes." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000096.

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SummaryHuman disturbance can have behavioural, physiological and population-level consequences on wildlife. Unregulated tourism is having a negative effect on the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes on mainland New Zealand. Subantarctic Yellow-eyed Penguins are exposed to tourism on Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands group, 450 km south of New Zealand. Restrictions and guidelines for tourism are in place on Enderby Island, but there has been little study on the efficacy of these. We quantified behavioural responses of the Yellow-eyed Penguin on Enderby Island to human presence by documenting movement patterns and behaviour of penguins in the presence and absence of humans, through both controlled approaches and monitoring penguin behaviour in the presence of tourists. We used these data to model the effective approach distances for reducing disturbance. Human presence caused a significant drop in the probability of a successful transit to or from their nest, and significantly increased the time penguins spent alert and decreased the time spent preening. Modelling showed the distance from a human to a penguin is a significant predictor of the likelihood of a bird displaying disturbance behaviour, with the current minimum approach guideline of 5 m not sufficient for preventing disturbance. Our results indicate that the minimum approach guideline needs to be revised if the probability of disturbance is to be reduced. Modelling the appropriateness of minimum approach guidelines by predicting the probability of disturbance is a useful technique that could be applied to other species and systems. Worldwide, management guidelines need to be scientifically evaluated to ensure efficacy and cater for the more sensitive species affected.

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6

Bergen, David J., and Brett D. Gartrell. "Discospondylitis in a Yellow-eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2008-040r.1.

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7

Hunt, Elle. "Yellow-eyed penguin crowned bird of the year." New Scientist 244, no. 3256 (November 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)32140-2.

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8

Seddon, Philip J., and Yolanda van Heezik. "Diving Depths of the Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes." Emu - Austral Ornithology 90, no. 1 (March 1990): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9900053.

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9

Busch, Jonah, and Ross Cullen. "Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of yellow-eyed penguin recovery." Ecological Economics 68, no. 3 (January 2009): 762–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.007.

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10

Young, Melanie J., Ludovic Dutoit, Fiona Robertson, Yolanda van Heezik, Philip J. Seddon, and Bruce C. Robertson. "Species in the faeces: DNA metabarcoding as a method to determine the diet of the endangered yellow-eyed penguin." Wildlife Research 47, no. 6 (2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19246.

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Abstract Context. Diet variability is a significant driver of seabird decline; however, data on seabird diet composition and trends have been affected by changes in precision and resolution owing to the evolution of different sampling methods over time. We investigated the effectiveness of applying a passive molecular diet method using faeces obtained from the endangered yellow-eyed penguin. Aims. To assess the feasibility of applying DNA metabarcoding methods to yellow-eyed penguin faeces to evaluate diet, and to compare the reliability of diet results derived from adults and chicks, and from latrine versus fresh faecal samples. Methods. We collected 313 faecal samples from yellow-eyed penguins resident on the Otago coast of New Zealand from October 2016 to August 2017. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with mitochondrial 16S cephalopod and chordate primers to amplify prey DNA present in the faecal samples, and tested the completeness of our assembled reference databases based on previous diet research. Amplified prey DNA sequences were then assigned to taxa from our reference databases by using QIIME2. Key results. Mitochondrial 16S chordate PCR primers were effective at identifying 29 fish taxa, with 98.3% of amplified sequences being identified to species or genus level in 193 samples (61.7% collected). There was no significant difference in the number, occurrence or proportion of ray-finned fish prey DNA sequences derived from fresh samples or latrines. Mitochondrial 16S cephalopod PCR primers classified 1.98% of amplified DNA sequences as targets, with 96.5% of these target sequences being identified to species or genus level in 48 samples (15.3% collected), and five taxa identified. Conclusions. We recommend the collection of latrine samples to enable long-term monitoring of the diet of yellow-eyed penguins, which will optimise the trade-off between wildlife disturbance and dietary resolution. Further refinement is needed to identify cephalopod dietary components for yellow-eyed penguins, because our cephalopod primers were not as specific as those used for ray-finned fishes, amplifying a large number (>98%) of non-cephalopod species. Implications. DNA metabarcoding offers a robust and comprehensive alternative to other, more intrusive, seabird diet-assessment methods, but still requires parallel studies to provide critical information on prey size, true diet composition and diet quality.

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11

van Heezik, Yolanda. "Patterns and Variability of Growth in the Yellow-Eyed Penguin." Condor 92, no. 4 (November 1990): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368726.

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12

HILL, A. G., L. HOWE, B. D. GARTRELL, and M. R. ALLEY. "Prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp, in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes." Parasitology 137, no. 10 (June 17, 2010): 1477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991910.

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SUMMARYYellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island were identified with a Leucocytozoon spp. of a novel lineage in association with a high regional incidence of chick mortality (n=32, 100% mortality) during the November 2006 to January 2007 breeding season. Fourteen chicks from Stewart Island were examined post-mortem and histologically for Leucocytozoon infection. In addition, a survey of blood to detect Leucocytozoon spp. infections using PCR was performed on 107 yellow-eyed penguins from 4 distinct nesting areas on the South Island (Oamaru, Otago Peninsula, and Catlins) (n=95), and Stewart Island (n=12). The results of the study revealed that 2 of the 14 (14%) chicks necropsied showed severe, disseminated megaloschizont formation in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney and other tissues characteristic of leucocytozoonosis. Eighty-three percent (83%) of blood samples collected from Stewart Island penguins contained Leucocytozoon DNA, whereas samples from the 3 other nesting areas were negative for the blood parasite. Leucocytozoon spp. DNA sequences isolated from blood and tissues of adults (n=10) and chicks (n=7) were similar and grouped with other published Leucocytozoon spp. sequences but in a distinct cluster together with closely related isolates from a Western march harrier (Circus aerginosus) and common loon (Gavia immer). These findings suggest that yellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island are infected with a regionally isolated, host-specific Leucocytozoon spp. which may contribute to the high chick mortality observed during this period.

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13

Ratz, Hiltrun, and Brian Murphy. "Effects of habitat and introduced mammalian predators on the breeding success of Yellow-eyed Penguins Megadyptes antipodes, South Island, New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 1 (1999): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990016.

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The endemic Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes is threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators on mainland New Zealand. Nine colonies in the Catlins (south-east coast of South Island) were studied to measure breeding success, penguin abundance, and predator abundance in three successive breeding seasons (1991/92 to 1993/94). Nest numbers increased in all nine colonies in the three years despite predation (probably by Stoats Mustefa erminea) being the most important cause of breeding failure. Larger colonies with higher breeding success were in small gullies with limited shrubs and bushes rather than in the most intact mature forest colonies hitherto assumed to be optimal habitat for the birds. Penguin nests were concentrated near the forest edge, but predators were not, so the predation risk was not elevated near the forest edge. Fragmentation of the original forest habitat had no observable adverse effect on breeding success. Stoats dominated the predator guild, while Ferrets M. furo and Feral Cats Felis catus were rare. Trapping to kill predators early in the season had no marked effect on subsequent predation losses, but trapping intervention when a predation outbreak occurred curtailed further chick deaths. A simple population model predicts that Yellow-eyed Penguins populations will grow provided the average total chicks loss is less than 43% per season, or at least 0.85 chick per nest fledges each year. This requires predation losses to be less than 34%.

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14

Moore, Peter J. "Breeding Biology of the Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes on Campbell Island." Emu - Austral Ornithology 92, no. 3 (September 1992): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9920157.

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15

Cole, Theresa L., Daniel T. Ksepka, Kieren J. Mitchell, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Daniel B. Thomas, Hailin Pan, Guojie Zhang, et al. "Mitogenomes Uncover Extinct Penguin Taxa and Reveal Island Formation as a Key Driver of Speciation." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 4 (February 5, 2019): 784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz017.

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Abstract The emergence of islands has been linked to spectacular radiations of diverse organisms. Although penguins spend much of their lives at sea, they rely on land for nesting, and a high proportion of extant species are endemic to geologically young islands. Islands may thus have been crucial to the evolutionary diversification of penguins. We test this hypothesis using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from all extant and recently extinct penguin taxa. Our temporal analysis demonstrates that numerous recent island-endemic penguin taxa diverged following the formation of their islands during the Plio-Pleistocene, including the Galápagos (Galápagos Islands), northern rockhopper (Gough Island), erect-crested (Antipodes Islands), Snares crested (Snares) and royal (Macquarie Island) penguins. Our analysis also reveals two new recently extinct island-endemic penguin taxa from New Zealand’s Chatham Islands: Eudyptes warhami sp. nov. and a dwarf subspecies of the yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes richdalei ssp. nov. Eudyptes warhami diverged from the Antipodes Islands erect-crested penguin between 1.1 and 2.5 Ma, shortly after the emergence of the Chatham Islands (∼3 Ma). This new finding of recently evolved taxa on this young archipelago provides further evidence that the radiation of penguins over the last 5 Ma has been linked to island emergence. Mitogenomic analyses of all penguin species, and the discovery of two new extinct penguin taxa, highlight the importance of island formation in the diversification of penguins, as well as the extent to which anthropogenic extinctions have affected island-endemic taxa across the Southern Hemisphere’s isolated archipelagos.

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BOESSENKOOL, S., T. M. KING, P. J. SEDDON, and J. M. WATERS. "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." Molecular Ecology Resources 8, no. 5 (September 2008): 1043–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02149.x.

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17

Muller, CG, BL Chilvers, RK French, and PF Battley. "Diving plasticity in the ancestral range of the yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes, an endangered marine predator." Marine Ecology Progress Series 648 (August 27, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13415.

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In long-lived marine predators such as penguins, foraging behaviour is related to breeding success. Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes are thought to be predominantly benthic foragers around mainland New Zealand, with previous dive studies showing little variation in diving behaviour and minimal change by year or breeding status. This apparent absence of foraging flexibility may be linked to local prey availability and therefore also to foraging success, factors believed to contribute to the current population decline. Here, we undertook the first detailed study of yellow-eyed penguin diving and foraging behaviour in the subantarctic Auckland Islands, part of the original ancestral range of the species that colonised mainland New Zealand. We collected dive logs from 134 foraging trips made by 73 breeders from Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, in the New Zealand subantarctic. Pelagic dives and foraging trips were recorded in the subantarctic population—a foraging strategy not previously published in dive studies on this species. Changes between benthic and pelagic foraging were recorded for individuals within foraging trips, within a breeding season, and between years. Differences in diving behaviour between the subantarctic and that reported for mainland New Zealand are likely influenced by local bathymetry and environmental conditions, and prey availability. However, the subantarctic population shows a greater use of pelagic foraging not evident in the northern population, even in areas that have a similar depth to some mainland foraging areas. This observed foraging flexibility may have implications for breeding success and potentially the long-term population trends of these 2 genetically similar populations.

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Boessenkool, Sanne, Bastiaan Star, Philip J. Seddon, and Jonathan M. Waters. "Temporal genetic samples indicate small effective population size of the endangered yellow-eyed penguin." Conservation Genetics 11, no. 2 (December 3, 2009): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-9988-8.

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Buckle, Kelly N., and Maurice R. Alley. "Bilateral coxofemoral degenerative joint disease in a juvenile male yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." Avian Pathology 40, no. 4 (August 2011): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.586020.

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Buckle, KN, MJ Young, and MR Alley. "Investigation of an outbreak of craniofacial deformity in yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) chicks." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 62, no. 5 (May 20, 2014): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.906332.

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Stein, Aviva M., Melanie J. Young, John T. Darby, Philip J. Seddon, and Yolanda van Heezik. "Evidence for high inter-generational individual quality in yellow-eyed penguins." PeerJ 5 (February 28, 2017): e2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2935.

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Longitudinal studies focusing on lifetime reproductive success (LRS) have been used to measure individual breeding performance and identify commonalities among successful breeders. By extending the focus to subsequent generations we identify a proportion of high-quality individuals that contribute disproportionately to the population over multiple generations. We used 23 years of yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) breeding data from one breeding area to identify the proportion of individual birds that raised successful breeders, which in turn raised offspring. We explored which life-history components influenced LRS, as this knowledge would enable conservation resources to be focused on high-performing individuals in this endangered population. From 2,147 birds marked as chicks, 370 (17.2%) survived to adulthood and recruited to their natal location, of which 219 (10.2%) fledged offspring: 124 (56.6%) of the 219 birds produced offspring that recruited as breeders. Only 102 birds (4.8% of 2,147) fledged first-generation offspring that in turn fledged offspring (second-generation offspring, or grand-offspring). We found that ∼25% of the birds that survived to breed had above-average LRS as well as above-average numbers of grand-offspring, and were more likely to have produced first-generation chicks that recruited and also produced above-average numbers of second-generation chicks. Our findings suggest that there is a core of “super-breeders” that contribute disproportionately to the population over successive generations. Lifespan and age-at-first-breeding were correlated with LRS. We suggest that traits of birds relating to longevity, health (e.g., immunocompetence) and fitness could be examined to identify potential links with high LRS and inter-generational fecundity. “Super-breeders” appear to consistently achieve high LRS and long lifespans in a stochastic environment, demonstrating greater resilience in the face of extreme events.

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Ranum, Andrew, and David A. Wharton. "Helminth and protozoan parasites of the alimentary tract of the yellow‐eyed penguin(Megadyptes antipodes)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23, no. 1 (January 1996): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1996.9518068.

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23

van Heezik, Yolanda. "Seasonal, geographical, and age-related variations in the diet of the yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 17, no. 2 (April 1990): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1990.10422597.

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24

Hegg, Danilo, Thibaut Giroir, Ursula Ellenberg, and Philip J. Seddon. "Yellow-eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) as a case study to assess the reliability of nest counts." Journal of Ornithology 153, no. 2 (October 20, 2011): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0761-7.

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25

Mattern, Thomas, Stefan Meyer, Ursula Ellenberg, David M. Houston, John T. Darby, Melanie Young, Yolanda van Heezik, and Philip J. Seddon. "Quantifying climate change impacts emphasises the importance of managing regional threats in the endangered Yellow-eyed penguin." PeerJ 5 (May 16, 2017): e3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3272.

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Climate change is a global issue with effects that are difficult to manage at a regional scale. Yet more often than not climate factors are just some of multiple stressors affecting species on a population level. Non-climatic factors—especially those of anthropogenic origins—may play equally important roles with regard to impacts on species and are often more feasible to address. Here we assess the influence of climate change on population trends of the endangered Yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) over the last 30 years, using a Bayesian model. Sea surface temperature (SST) proved to be the dominating factor influencing survival of both adult birds and fledglings. Increasing SST since the mid-1990s was accompanied by a reduction in survival rates and population decline. The population model showed that 33% of the variation in population numbers could be explained by SST alone, significantly increasing pressure on the penguin population. Consequently, the population becomes less resilient to non-climate related impacts, such as fisheries interactions, habitat degradation and human disturbance. However, the extent of the contribution of these factors to declining population trends is extremely difficult to assess principally due to the absence of quantifiable data, creating a discussion bias towards climate variables, and effectively distracting from non-climate factors that can be managed on a regional scale to ensure the viability of the population.

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CLARK, RYAN D., RENAUD MATHIEU, and PHILIP J. SEDDON. "Selection for protection from insolation results in the visual isolation of Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes nests." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 2 (October 8, 2014): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000082.

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SummaryThe concealed and widely dispersed nests of the rare and endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes, or “hoiho”, have been considered to reflect an essential requirement for the visual isolation of nest sites from conspecifics. However, this may be a consequence of selection for habitat features that provide protection from insolation, thereby minimising the risk of heat stress. To help improve the understanding of hoiho nesting requirements and the effectiveness of habitat restoration, we aimed to determine whether visual isolation from conspecifics or protection from insolation is the primary driver of hoiho nest site selection. We compared the mean maximum distance of visibility and the mean percentage insolation cover of active nests with randomly sampled unused sites in flax Phormium tenax and Hebe elliptica coastal scrub at Boulder Beach, and in coastal forest at Hinahina Cove, New Zealand, 2006–2007. Results of univariate tests and the evaluation of logistic regression models suggested that the amount of insolation cover was more important than visibility for hoiho nest site selection, particularly in flax and scrub. In addition, Spearman's correlations indicated that decreasing insolation cover significantly increased the visibility of nests in the forest habitat, and had a similar effect on inter-nest distance in flax. We infer that hoiho nest site selection and distribution are influenced primarily by the location and density of micro-habitat features (particularly within 1 m of the ground) that provide optimal protection from insolation, possibly along with other important features such as a firm backing structure. Strong selection for these features results in the typical but non-essential visual isolation of nest sites from conspecifics. Restoration of nesting habitats with a relatively high density and diversity of vegetation and solid structures within 1 m of the ground may eventually provide an optimal availability and quality of suitable nest sites.

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Seddon, Philip. "Patterns of nest relief during incubation, and incubation period variability in the yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 16, no. 3 (July 1989): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1989.10422905.

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Cockrem, J. F., and P. J. Seddon. "Annual Cycle of Sex Steroids in the Yellow-Eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) on South Island, New Zealand." General and Comparative Endocrinology 94, no. 1 (April 1994): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1994.1065.

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Bell, Gemma, Melanie J. Young, Philip J. Seddon, and Yolanda van Heezik. "Effects of unregulated visitor access on chick fledging mass and survival in yellow-eyed penguins." Wildlife Research 47, no. 6 (2020): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19245.

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Abstract Context Wildlife tourism is expanding and can detrimentally affect taxa such as penguins, if not managed carefully. The yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) is an endangered species, with mainland populations projected to decline to extinction in the next 40 years, despite conservation interventions. Their nesting sites are exposed to increasing numbers of human visitors, which contributes to reduced reproductive success. AimsWe evaluated the effectiveness of a breeding colony (Boulder Beach) closure to the public, which was implemented to reduce visitor disturbance. MethodsWe compared reproductive success 5 years before and 5 years during the closure with success at an adjacent site (Sandfly Bay) that experiences high human disturbance, over the same time periods. Key resultsBeach closure did not result in an increase in chick mass or survival at Boulder Beach; however, trends at adjacent Sandfly Bay suggested that, without the closure, chick survival at Boulder Beach would likely have declined. Chick survival decreased at Sandfly Bay across the two 5-year periods, whereas chick survival at Boulder Beach did not decline, but remained constant during the closure years. ConclusionsThe beach closure was beneficial because it appeared to buffer environmental factors, so that mean chick survival remained constant rather than declining. Implications Beach closures might be difficult to implement because of public expectations regarding free access to coastal land in New Zealand, but they should be considered at sites where increasing numbers of visitors are likely to have detrimental impacts on wildlife. Without urgent action, these culturally important animals will likely be extinct on mainland New Zealand within the next few decades. Beach closures may represent an effective management measure to increase population resilience by decreasing the detrimental impacts of visitors on breeding success.

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Boessenkool, Sanne, Jeremy J. Austin, Trevor H. Worthy, Paul Scofield, Alan Cooper, Philip J. Seddon, and Jonathan M. Waters. "Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1658 (November 18, 2008): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1246.

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Recent human expansion into the Pacific initiated a dramatic avian extinction crisis, and surviving taxa are typically interpreted as declining remnants of previously abundant populations. As a case in point, New Zealand's endangered yellow-eyed penguin ( Megadyptes antipodes ) is widely considered to have been more abundant and widespread in the past. By contrast, our genetic and morphological analyses of prehistoric, historic and modern penguin samples reveal that this species expanded its range to the New Zealand mainland only in the last few hundred years. This range expansion was apparently facilitated by the extinction of M. antipodes ' previously unrecognized sister species following Polynesian settlement in New Zealand. Based on combined genetic and morphological data, we describe this new penguin species, the first known to have suffered human-mediated extinction. The range expansion of M. antipodes so soon after the extinction of its sister species supports a historic paradigmatic shift in New Zealand Polynesian culture. Additionally, such a dynamic biological response to human predation reveals a surprising and less recognized potential for species to have benefited from the extinction of their ecologically similar sister taxa and highlights the complexity of large-scale extinction events.

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BOESSENKOOL, SANNE, BASTIAAN STAR, JONATHAN M. WATERS, and PHILIP J. SEDDON. "Multilocus assignment analyses reveal multiple units and rare migration events in the recently expanded yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." Molecular Ecology 18, no. 11 (June 2009): 2390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04203.x.

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Stouffer, Philip C. "Seabird Genius: The Story of L. E. Richdale, the Royal Albatross, and the Yellow-Eyed Penguin by Neville Peat." Journal of Field Ornithology 83, no. 3 (August 24, 2012): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2012.00382_3.x.

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HEEZIK, YOLANDA VAN, and LLOYD DAVIS. "Effects of food variability on growth rates, fledging sizes and reproductive success in the Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes." Ibis 132, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1990.tb01055.x.

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Ratz, H. "Movements by stoats (Mustela erminea) and ferrets (M. furo) through rank grass of yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) breeding areas." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, no. 1 (January 2000): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9518210.

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35

King, SD, GA Harper, JB Wright, JC McInnes, JE van der Lubbe, ML Dobbins, and SJ Murray. "Site-specific reproductive failure and decline of a population of the Endangered yellow-eyed penguin: a case for foraging habitat quality." Marine Ecology Progress Series 467 (October 25, 2012): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09969.

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Massaro, Melanie, Lloyd S. Davis, and R. Scott Davidson. "Plasticity of brood patch development and its influence on incubation periods in the yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes: an experimental approach." Journal of Avian Biology 37, no. 5 (September 2006): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03783.x.

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Mattern, Thomas, Michael D. McPherson, Ursula Ellenberg, Yolanda van Heezik, and Philipp J. Seddon. "High definition video loggers provide new insights into behaviour, physiology, and the oceanic habitat of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin." PeerJ 6 (September 19, 2018): e5459. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5459.

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Camera loggers are increasingly used to examine behavioural aspects of free-ranging animals. However, often video loggers are deployed with a focus on specific behavioural traits utilizing small cameras with a limited field of view, poor light performance and video quality. Yet rapid developments in consumer electronics provide new devices with much improved visual data allowing a wider scope for studies employing this novel methodology. We developed a camera logger that records full HD video through a wide-angle lens, providing high resolution footage with a greater field of view than other camera loggers. The main goal was to assess the suitability of this type of camera for the analysis of various aspects of the foraging ecology of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin in New Zealand. Frame-by-frame analysis allowed accurate timing of prey pursuits and time spent over certain seafloor types. The recorded video footage showed that prey species were associated with certain seafloor types, revealed different predator evasion strategies by benthic fishes, and highlighted varying energetic consequences for penguins pursuing certain types of prey. Other aspects that could be analysed were the timing of breathing intervals between dives and observe exhalation events during prey pursuits, a previously undescribed behaviour. Screen overlays facilitated analysis of flipper angles and beat frequencies throughout various stages of the dive cycle. Flipper movement analysis confirmed decreasing effort during descent phases as the bird gained depth, and that ascent was principally passive. Breathing episodes between dives were short (<1 s) while the majority of the time was devoted to subsurface scanning with a submerged head. Video data recorded on free-ranging animals not only provide a wealth of information recorded from a single deployment but also necessitate new approaches with regards to analysis of visual data. Here, we demonstrate the diversity of information that can be gleaned from video logger data, if devices with high video resolution and wide field of view are utilized.

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Boessenkool, Sanne, Bastiaan Star, R. Paul Scofield, Philip J. Seddon, and Jonathan M. Waters. "Lost in translation or deliberate falsification? Genetic analyses reveal erroneous museum data for historic penguin specimens." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (December 9, 2009): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1837.

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Historic museum specimens are increasingly used to answer a wide variety of questions in scientific research. Nevertheless, the scientific value of these specimens depends on the authenticity of the data associated with them. Here we use individual-based genetic analyses to demonstrate erroneous locality information for archive specimens from the late nineteenth century. Specifically, using 10 microsatellite markers, we analysed 350 contemporary and 43 historic yellow-eyed penguin ( Megadyptes antipodes ) specimens from New Zealand's South Island and sub-Antarctic regions. Factorial correspondence analysis and an assignment test strongly suggest that eight of the historic specimens purportedly of sub-Antarctic origin were in fact collected from the South Island. Interestingly, all eight specimens were obtained by the same collector, and all are currently held in the same museum collection. Further inspection of the specimen labels and evaluation of sub-Antarctic voyages did not reveal whether the erroneous data are caused by incorrect labelling or whether deliberate falsification was at play. This study highlights a promising extension to the well-known applications of assignment tests in molecular ecology, which can complement methods that are currently being applied for error detection in specimen data. Our results also serve as a warning to all who use archive specimens to invest time in the verification of collection information.

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Muller, Chris G., B. Louise Chilvers, Zane Barker, Kelvin P. Barnsdale, Phil F. Battley, Rebecca K. French, Josh McCullough, and Fred Samandari. "Aerial VHF tracking of wildlife using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): comparing efficiency of yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) nest location methods." Wildlife Research 46, no. 2 (2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17147.

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Context Locating cryptic animals is an important aspect of many wildlife management programs and research studies. However, this process can be inefficient, time-consuming and expensive. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) or drones fitted with a camera are increasingly being used for counting and monitoring wildlife; however, these are often not suitable for cryptic species. Very high-frequency (VHF) radio-tracking is commonplace; however, single-channel VHF receivers mean that animals must be tracked individually, or scanning receivers must be used; but this raises the possibility of signals being missed. Aims We aimed to test the effectiveness of aerial VHF tracking using a multi-channel receiver for locating wildlife. Methods We tracked wildlife fitted with VHF transmitters operating on individual frequencies, by means of a UAV with a multi-channel VHF receiver to simultaneously monitor all frequencies. This offered distinct advantages over traditional single-channel scanning receivers. To test and compare this novel method, yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) were located on nests hidden under vegetation on Enderby Island in the New Zealand subantarctic, using manual ground searching, unassisted ground VHF tracking, as well as using location flights by the UAV Drone Ranger system. Key results The UAV system allowed for faster nest location than did all other methods, with a higher cumulative success (number of nests found each day) and lower search effort required (person hours per nest). Conclusions Aerial VHF tracking can greatly extend the search range and minimise search effort compared with ground VHF tracking or manual searching. Implications This technology has applications for locating and tracking a wide range of wildlife, particularly cryptic species that may be difficult to find using other methods.

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Stein, Aviva, Melanie J. Young, Philip J. Seddon, John T. Darby, and Yolanda van Heezik. "Investigator disturbance does not reduce annual breeding success or lifetime reproductive success in a vulnerable long-lived species, the yellow-eyed penguin." Biological Conservation 207 (March 2017): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.013.

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Massaro, Melanie, Alvin N. Setiawan, and Lloyd S. Davis. "Effects of artificial eggs on prolactin secretion, steroid levels, brood patch development, incubation onset and clutch size in the yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 151, no. 2 (April 2007): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.034.

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42

Alterio, N., H. Moller, and H. Ratz. "Movements and habitat use of feral house cats Felis catus, stoats Mustela erminea and ferrets Mustela furo, in grassland surrounding Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes breeding areas in spring." Biological Conservation 83, no. 2 (February 1998): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(97)00052-9.

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43

Seddon, Philip J., and Lloyd S. Davis. "Nest-Site Selection by Yellow-Eyed Penguins." Condor 91, no. 3 (August 1989): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368116.

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Seddon, Philip J., and John T. Darby. "Activity budget for breeding yellow-eyed penguins." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 17, no. 4 (October 1990): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1990.10422950.

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45

Moller, Henrik, and Nic Alterio. "Home range and spatial organisation of stoats (Mustela erminea), ferrets (Mustela furo) and feral house cats (Felis catus) on coastal grasslands, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand: Implications for yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) conservation." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 26, no. 3 (January 1999): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1999.9518186.

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46

Setiawan, Alvin N., Melanie Massaro, John T. Darby, and Lloyd S. Davis. "MATE AND TERRITORY RETENTION IN YELLOW-EYED PENGUINS." Condor 107, no. 3 (2005): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0703:matriy]2.0.co;2.

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47

Setiawan, Alvin N., Melanie Massaro, John T. Darby, and Lloyd S. Davis. "Mate and Territory Retention in Yellow-Eyed Penguins." Condor 107, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.703.

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AbstractUsing nest and banding data collected from 1991 to 2002, we investigated mate and territory retention rates of Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes), and the effects of reproductive success. Annual mate retention rate was 63%, and territory retention for males and females were 52% and 46% respectively. The majority of pair dissolutions were due to death of a partner, with only 6% of bonds ending in separation. Previous reproductive success was a good predictor of mate or territory retention as pairs that failed to fledge a single chick were significantly more likely to separate or move their territories than those that were successful at fledging chicks. Reproductive success of birds that changed their mates or moved territories was not higher than those that retained their mates or territories. However, birds that moved territories were less likely to have reduced fledging success relative to their previous breeding attempt. Birds that did not retain their mates, particularly males, were significantly more likely to skip breeding for at least one year. This suggests that the costs of mate or territory changes are not accrued at the end of the breeding attempt (as reflected by the number of fledged chicks), but are associated with the costs of pair formation and establishment of territories at the beginning of the breeding season.Retención de Parejas y Territorios en Pingüinos Megadyptes antipodesResumen. Investigamos las tasas de retención de parejas y de territorios por parte de pingüinos Megadyptes antipodes y el efecto del éxito reproductivo sobre estas tasas con base en datos de nidificación y anillamiento recolectados entre 1991 y 2002. La tasa anual de retención de parejas fue del 63% y las de retención de territorios del 52% y 46% para machos y hembras, respectivamente. La mayoría de las disoluciones de parejas se debieron a la muerte de una de las aves y sólo el 6% de las parejas terminaron separándose. El éxito reproductivo previo predijo acertadamente la retención de compañeros y de territorios, ya que las parejas que no lograron emplumar ningún pichón tuvieron una probablilidad de disolverse o de cambiar de territorio significativamente mayor que las que criaron exitosamente. El éxito reproductivo de las aves que cambiaron de pareja o de territorio no fue mayor que el de aquellas que no lo hicieron. Sin embargo, los individuos que cambiaron de territorio fueron más propensos a presentar un éxito de emplumamiento reducido con respecto a su intento reproductivo previo. Las aves que no retuvieron sus parejas, particularmente los machos, presentaron una probabilidad mayor de no reproducirse durante al menos un año. Esto sugiere que los costos que implica cambiar de pareja o de territorio no se hacen evidentes al final del intento reproductivo (como lo indica el número de volantones producidos), sino que están asociados con los costos de la formación de parejas y el establecimiento de territorios al comienzo de la época reproductiva.

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Massaro, Melanie, John T. Darby, Lloyd S. Davis, Kerri-Anne Edge, and Michael J. Hazel. "Investigation of Interacting Effects of Female Age, Laying Dates, and Egg Size in Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)." Auk 119, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 1137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.4.1137.

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Abstract Increased experience with age may allow long-lived seabirds to forage more efficiently and ultimately to invest more into reproduction. In many seabirds, egg size increases with female age, but declines with laying date. Declines in laying date might be due either to quality of individual females or females may adjust their egg size in response to poorer conditions typically found late in the season. We investigated the influence of female age, date of laying, and annual variation on egg size in Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes). Further, we tested whether there was an effect of individual females or female age on date of laying. Whereas female age influenced egg volume, mass, and width, laying date had no effect on egg size or mass in Yellow-eyed Penguins. Laying dates differed significantly among females but were not affected by their ages. These results indicate that in Yellow-eyed Penguins, some individual females lay consistently early or late, regardless of age, but that egg size generally increases with age.

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Webster, Rebecca K. E., Roberto F. Aguilar, Anna-Karina Argandona-Gonzalez, Pauline Conayne, Deneka De Sousa, Aditi Sriram, Carina M. Svensson, and Brett D. Gartrell. "FORCED MOLT IN FOUR JUVENILE YELLOW-EYED PENGUINS (MEGADYPTES ANTIPODES)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, no. 4 (October 2016): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2015-11-305.

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Setiawan, Alvin N., John T. Darby, and David M. Lambert. "The Use of Morphometric Measurements to Sex Yellow-eyed Penguins." Waterbirds 27, no. 1 (March 2004): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0096:tuommt]2.0.co;2.

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