Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Yeild'

[Abstract]: Yield maps provide essential information for the spatial analysis and evaluation of crop production management at a within field level. Technology has been developed to conduct yield mapping in various crops including grain, potatoes and forage, but as yet no technology exists for yield mapping sugar cane. The chopper harvester is the most common form ofmechanical harvester for sugar cane. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a yield mapping system for the chopper type sugar cane harvester.After a review, it is proposed that a suitable accuracy goal for the sugar cane mass flow sensor would be ‘less than 5% cumulative measurement error, 95% of the time (2 standard deviations), measured over a 100m2 harvest area’.Existing mass flow sensors for other crops are reviewed.Based on this review four potential techniques are proposed to measure the mass flow rate of sugar cane. These were defined as the chopper power, elevator power and feed roller separation and weigh pad. These weretested simultaneously by placing various sensors on a single harvester and comparing the sensor outputs with the mass flow rate as measured by a weigh truck. In this trial, all techniques offered potential but none produced results close to the accuracy goal. A weighing technique, known as the ‘weigh pad’, offered the most potential for improvement and potential to accurately measure the mass flow rate with a single calibration under all conditions. The weigh pad technique suffered from very small load cell sensitivity to flow rate, drift in baseline readings and susceptibility to mechanical noise/acceleration dynamics.An opportunity arose to install a complete yield mapping system on a harvester within a commercial operation. This opportunity was accepted to assess the potential for applying yield maps to the agronomic management of sugar cane. Because the weigh pad sensor required further development at this stage, chopper and elevator power were used as a measure of mass flow rate. A full yield mapping system was developed. Yield mapping, directed soil sampling and variable rate gypsum application was conducted on a case study field. Economic analysis shows a clear economic benefit when compared with standardmanagement.Analysis is conducted on the weigh pad sensor examining its susceptibility to mechanical noise/acceleration dynamics. Theory is developed to mathematically model the effects of acceleration dynamics on the accuracy of weigh pad sensor. Laboratory bench testing supported the mathematical model. From the theoretical and experimental analysis a number of conclusions are drawn:· The weigh pad should be made as light as possible to minimise the error due todynamic conditions.· Electronic analogue filters should be used to reduce the noise due to externalacceleration.· The weigh pad should be as rigid as possible to maximise its natural frequency.A new weigh pad sensor was designed based on these conclusions. Field trials indicated the effects of external accelerations dynamics were significantly reduced. Baseline drift was then found as the next major factor limiting accuracy. The baseline drift was principally caused by the secondary extractor fan of the harvester inducing a negative pressure on the weighpad. A rubber curtain placed between the weigh pad and the secondary extractor fan reduced the negative force on the weigh pad due to the secondary extractor fan by 74% (from 17 N to 4.4 N). Therefore it is recommended the curtain be used to minimise the impact of the secondary extractor fan on the baseline drift of the weigh pad.A yield mapping system has been developed for the sugar cane chopper harvester incorporating the weigh pad sensor, a ground speed sensor, a DGPS receiver, a yielddisplay/monitor and data logger. Three identical systems have been constructed and installed on three harvesters for the 1998 cane harvest season. The results show sugar cane could be yield mapped using standard yield mapping principles.The level of accuracy being achieved by the yield mapping system is less than 16% error, with 95% confidence, over a measurement area of approximately 1400 m2. Although theaccuracy achieved is not to the desired research goal, yield maps were produced with satisfactory detail to make agronomic management decisions. The reliability of the sugar cane yield mapping system under field condition in a commercial operation was satisfactory. However, two techniques are proposed (“auto-zeroing” and “batch weighing” techniques) to improve the accuracy and reliability of the weigh pad readings during wet or adverseharvesting conditions.After note: At the time of writing the NCEA along with Case Austoft (CNH) were continuing to conduct research and development on the system and are intending to make theyield mapping system available as a standard item on new harvesters and a retrofit unit on existing harvesters in the near future (C. Barret, per. comm. 2001). The proposed “autozeroing” and “batch weighing” techniques are being tested.

Flooding effects mineral composition of pasture grasses, but little is known concerning effects on mineral metabolism and fiber digestibility in animals. Experiments were conducted to investigate effects of flooding and Al-nitrilo-triacetate (Al-NTA) on growth, chemical composition and digestibility of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L.). Ryegrass was grown in a greenhouse experiment on Bucks silt loam soil with two soil moisture levels (flooding and 80% field capacity) and two Al rates (0 and 135 mg/kg) as Al-NTA. Flooding increased Al, Fe, Cu, Ca and fiber and decreased dry matter yield, Mg, K and Zn concentrations. Treatment with 135 mg/kg Al had no effect on Al in plants, but decreased Ca and P concentrations. Two digestion trials were conducted with meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) fed forage harvested from the greenhouse experiment. Voles were housed in stainless steel metabolism cages for total collections of feed and feces. A 2-day preliminary, during which voles were fed 100% ryegrass, preceded a 3-day collection period. At the end of the collection period, a blood sample was taken from the animals. Forage grown under flooding increased apparent absorption of Al, and Ca concentration in urine samples. Apparent absorption of Mg and serum Mg were decreased, and dry matter digestibility tended to decrease. Grazing forages produced under flooded conditions would increase potential for outbreaks of grass tetany in animals due to reduced Mg intake and absorption. Altered Mg and Ca metabolism appeared related to Al ingestion. Lowered animal performance could result from reduced DM digestibility.
Master of Science

Forage kochia (Bassia prostrata, [L.] A. J. Scott) (Synonym = Kochia prostrata [L.] Schrad.) is a perennial semi-shrub that is valued for its forage quality and ability to restore degraded rangeland. However, establishment success of forage kochia plantings in western North America has been erratic. These failures leave the land vulnerable to erosion and invasion of undesirable plants. This research focused on the germination dynamics of forage kochia accessions as it relates to harvest date, planting date, age of seed, and environmental conditions. The effect of planting date, age of seed, and environmental conditions on forage kochia germination was elucidated by planting recently harvested (2010) and year-old, cold-stored seed (2009) monthly, during a four-month period at two locations. Two entries were tested, Immigrant, the standard subspecies virescens cultivar, and an experimental line, Sahsel, of subspecies grisea. Regardless of planting date, location, or age of seed, Sahsel exhibited higher germination percentages than Immigrant. The age of the seed lots used also significantly affected (P<0.05) the germination percentage. Field germination averaged over location and planting date of year-old Immigrant seed was 89.5% less than the current-year fresh seed, and similarly year-old Sahsel seed had 83.6% less germination than current-year seed. Although the two locations were subjected to very different weather patterns, the germination percentage of seeds at each location was not significantly different (P=0.3156). In the year we conducted our study (2011), the germination percentage from planting in February was significantly higher (P<0.05) than January, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than both March and April. In the final set of trials, different harvest dates were tested by collecting seed in October, November, and December from seven forage kochia accessions. Measurements for total seed yield, 100-seed weight, and germination were collected from seed harvested each month. The month of harvest, accession, and month × accession interaction were significant (P<0.05) for each measurement in the study. Two accessions, Pustsel and KZ6Xsel, matured the earliest and had peak seed production at the October harvest (15.1 and 13.4 g plant-1, respectively). The remaining accessions had maximum yield and viable seed from the November harvest.

Yeld is a Scottish/North of England word meaning barren. The practice-based research contradicts binary notions of fertile/unfertile, nature/culture and inside/outside, arguing for a more nuanced entanglement of the human with the non-human animal and the other-than-human environment. The thesis details the productive ‘naturecultural’ relationship between the author and the Badger Stone, a Neolithic cup and ring marked statutory monument on Ilkley Moor. The three key aims of my practice-based research relate to geographical boundaries, the structuring of identity and cultural resistance to issues of power and control. The research tests postcolonial theory as a strategy for reading landscape and investigating geographical boundaries and relates postcolonial theory to phenomenological and other theories about the structuring of identity in relation to performance and place. My research to date has signified a change in emphasis from a definition of postcolonialism as necessarily boundaried and territorial to a potentially new understanding of postcolonialism as signifying a political tactic of resistance to issues of power and control. The primary themes of walking, collecting, mapping and printmaking were the catalyst into performance and land art. Four key performances on the Moor investigated considerations of place in relation to what I term ‘heritage control’ as a strategy for land management and access to scheduled monuments. By intertwining different theoretical ideas and actions, print forms became natural/cultural objects situated somewhere between physical artefacts and ephemeral performance. It is the combination of performance with principles of mapping that form the potentially original contribution to knowledge that this thesis attempts to outline.

High demands for renewable energy sources are increasingly making methane gas from biogas facilities more interesting and profitable.When designing biogas facilities, engineers often have a limited set of data to work with. It is often too expensive and time consuming to examine the behavior of the anaerobic processes depending on some key operational parameters, such as the organic loading rate the reactor retention time and the waste composition. The purpose of this thesis is to use the “Anaerobic Digestion Model no.1”, a well-known mathematical description of the biogas process describing the 24 most important biochemical reactions in the anaerobic process, to investigate how different parameters in the model affect methane production. The focus of this thesis is methane production from food waste. The thesis also aims to describe if, and how, researchers can use relatively simple methods and data from literature in calibrating the model and if such a calibration can correlate with production data from a large scale biogas facility, which digests food waste. The biogas reactors which are investigated operate under mesophilic temperatures (≈35⁰C). A model was implemented in Matlab® code and a mathematical extension was also brought to the default model to take into account the detrimental effects on methane production from volatile fatty acids. The model used correlates well with lab scale data. Steady state comparisons between the production data from a large scale food waste degrading reactor was also made, and model predictions were very close to those of the acquired values.Results also show a potential in increasing the reactor load and allowing a shorter retention time without much loss in methane production. This may show that important cost reductions relating to reactor size can be achieved. This, however, needs to be investigated further since the model has been calibrated for loads that are unreasonably high for industrial applications.

The thesis deals with analysis of the residential market with a focus on housing, the current situation and in particular the issue of return on investment to purchase an apartment with his subsequent hiring. On the basis of statistical methods and economic indicators using the findings from a critical analysis of current developments will be made and estimates of rate of return of investment risk in buying and renting apartments. Economic indicators for assessing the profitability of investment are the net present value at the selected discount rate and internal rate of return.

Orientadores: Hilton Silveira Pinto, Maria Angela Fagnani
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A agricultura é a atividade econômica mais afetada pelo clima. Os fenômenos meteorológicos como a temperatura, precipitação, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, influenciam tanto na produtividade e qualidade dos produtos agrícolas, quanto nos custos de produção. Uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas para quantificar os efeitos causados pelos fenômenos meteorológicos na produtividade agrícola são os modelos agrometeorológicos. No presente trabalho foi utilizado um modelo agrometeorológico multiplicativo, que se baseia na penalização da produtividade agrícola, em decorrência de fenômenos meteorológicos desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento da cultura, para a estimativa de safra da soja. O estudo abrangeu um total de 66 municípios nos estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Foram relacionados os municípios que possuíam área plantada de soja superior à 2000 ha, com os municípios que possuíam estações pluviométricas operando entre os anos de 1994à 2000. Utilizou-se mapas pedológicos para diferenciação dos tipos de solos predominantes em cada município, com a finalidade de se obterem informações sobre a capacidade de água disponível no solo (CAD), bem como a média histórica da evapotranspiração potencial (ETP) para o cálculo do balanço hídrico decendial e da evapotranpiração real (ETR). As épocas de semeadura selecionadas foram baseadas no Zoneamento Agroclimático da cultura da soja, elaborado pela Coordenação Nacional do Zoneamento Agrícola. As produtividades estimadas foram comparados com as produtividades reais obtidas através de dados do IBGE. O modelo apresentou correlações significativas entre as produtividades reais e as estimadas,a nível estadual. Os coeficientes de determinação para os estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul a São Paulo foram respectivamente, 0,5831; 0,6933;0,9162; 0,8504; 0,6426
Abstract: Agriculture is the economic activity more affected by the climate. The meteorologicalphenomena like temperature, precipitation, relative humidity or wind speed have influence in the productivity and agricultural product quality, as well as in the productioncosts.One of the tools more used to quantify the effect caused for the meteorological phenomenain the agricultural productivity is the agrometeorologicalmodel. In the present work an agrometeorologicalmodel for estimate the productivity of the soybean was studied using a total of 66 cities in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. Productivity data of soybean was crossed with rainfall data of pluviometric stations observedbetweenthe years of 1994to the 2000. It was also used pedological maps for differentiation of the types of predominant soil in each city for estimating available water hold capacity of the soil. Historical data was used for estimasting the average of the potential evapotranspiration (ETP) for decendial hidric . balance and evapotranpiration reference (ETR). The selected times for seeding were based on the Agroclimatic Risc Zoning for soybean, elaborated for the National Coordination of the Agricultural Zoning. The calculated produtivities were compared with the data of produtivitiesused by IBGE. The model presented significant correlations between the real produtivities at the leveI of states. The coefficients of determination for the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo were respectively, 0,5831; 0,6933; 0,9162; 0,8504; 0,6426
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a matéria-prima e sua influência isolada no desempenho do rendimento fermentativo de uma linhagem padrão da levedura CAT-1 testada em 31 meios de cultivos provenientes do processo de fermentação alcoólica da Usina Virgolino de Oliveira – Unidade Catanduva. Os meios foram amostrados e compostos a cada quinzena durante toda as safras 2012 e 2013. O trabalho também tem como finalidade identificar a dinâmica populacional das leveduras do mesmo processo fermentativo, através da diferenciação das linhagens por cariotipagem. As cepas isoladas foram testadas em um meio de cultivo padrão para obtenção das características tecnológicas industriais através da metodologia da Capacidade Fermentativa. Os experimentos de fermentação foram realizados nos laboratórios da Usina Virgolino de Oliveira - Unidade Catanduva em escala reduzida sempre acompanhados de um ensaio padrão utilizando meio de cultivo sintético. O primeiro ponto de estudo consistiu na caracterização da matéria-prima, mosto, e sua capacidade isolada de perturbar o Rendimento Fermentativo. Enquanto que no segundo, onde onze diferentes cepas de levedura foram identificadas ao longo das duas safras, testadas em um mesmo meio de cultivo padrão para obtenção de parâmetros industriais tecnológicos como rendimento em produto (Yp/s), rendimento em célula (Yx/s), Velocidade de consumo do substrato (Vcs), Produtividade (PROD) e Conversão (CONV) e estudada a influência no Rendimento Fermentativo. O terceiro ponto de estudo foi a comparação entre os rendimentos fermentativos obtidos experimentalmente e os rendimentos fermentativos industriais da Planta. O impacto da presença das cepas com maior rendimento em etanol foi estudado em relação aos valores de rendimento fermentativo industrial. Os resultados mostraram diferenças de desempenho da Cepa Padrão na maioria das quinzenas testadas, o que significa que há variação da matéria-prima ao longo da safra e entre as safras capazes de afetar rendimento fermentativo. Diferenças de rendimento também foram observadas entre as onze cepas nativas testadas, porém com oscilações menores e menos consideráveis do que com a matéria-prima. Os resultados obtidos em escala reduzida com base nos balanços de massa se apresentaram valores semelhantes em relação aos números de referência o que sugere que a metodologia usada para avaliar a capacidade fermentativa das cepas e a qualidade da matéria-prima foi adequada. Apesar da forte influência dos fatores estudados, não foi possível afirmar, através destes experimentos, qual deles teve papel determinante no impacto do Rendimento Fermentativo. Isso sugere que outros fatores não estudados neste trabalho estão diretamente relacionados que são capazes de influenciar o Rendimento Fermentativo.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sucrose mash and its influence isolated on the performance of the Fermentative Yeld of a standard strain from CAT-1 yeast tested in 31 different culture medium formulation from the Virgolino de Oliveira Plant – Catanduva Unit alcoholic fermentation process. The culture medium formulation were sampled and composed every fortnight during the whole 2012 and 2013 harvest. The work also has as purpose to evaluate the yeasts population dynamics of the same fermentative process, through the differentiation of the strains by karyotyping. The isolated strains were tested in a standard culture medium to obtain the industrial technological characteristics through the Fermentative Capacity methodology. Fermentation experiments were carried out in mill’s laboratories on a reduced scale always accompanied by a standard assay using synthetic culture medium formulation. The first point of study consisted in the characterization of the raw material, sucrose mash, and its isolated capacity to disturb Fermentative Yield. In the second, eleven different strains of yeast identified during the two harvests, they were tested in the same culture medium to obtain industrial technological parameters as Yield in product (Yp/s), Yield in cell (Yx/s), Substrate consumption velocity (Vcs), Productivity (PROD) and Conversion (CONV) and studied their influence on the Fermentative Yield. The third point of study was the comparison between the fermentative yields obtained experimentally and the industrial fermentative yields of the Plant. The impact of the presence of strains with higher Yp/s was studied in relation to industrial fermentation yield values. The results showed differences in performance of the Standard Strain in most of the fortnight tested, which means that there is variation of the raw material during the harvest and between the crops capable of affecting fermentative yield. There were also Yeld difference observed among the eleven native strains tested, but with smaller and less considerable oscillations than with the raw material. The results obtained on a reduced scale based on the mass balances were within the range expected in relation to the reference values, which suggests that the methodology used to evaluate the fermentative capacity of the strains and the quality of the raw material was adequate. Despite the strong influence of the studied factors, it was not possible to prove, through these experiments, which one had a determinant role in the Fermentative Yield impact. This suggests that other factors not studied in this work are directly related that are able to influence Fermentative Yield.

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação dietética de ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados sobre o metabolismo, e desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo no período de transição e início de lactação de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 36 vacas da raça holandesa distribuídas aleatoriamente para receber uma das três dietas experimentais. No período pré-parto as dietas foram: Controle (CON), sem adição de gordura e 2,8% de extrato etéreo baseado na matéria seca; Gordura Saturada (SAT), com inclusão de 2,4% de MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.) com 4,7% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Insaturada (INS), com inclusão de 11% de grão de Soja, com 4,7% de EE baseado na MS. No período pós-parto, Controle (CON), sem adição de gordura e com 2,8% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Saturada (SAT), com inclusão de 2,6% de MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.) com 5,0% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Insaturada (INS), com inclusão de 13% de Grão de Soja, com 5% de EE baseado na MS. As dietas foram fornecidas 35 dias da data prevista do parto até 90 dias de lactação. No período pré-parto foi utilizada silagem de milho como volumoso, em uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 70:30, enquanto que no período pós-parto foram utilizados 5% de feno de tifton e 45% de silagem de milho como fontes de volumoso, com uma relação entre volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue para análise dos metabólitos sanguíneos foram coletadas semanalmente. Do dia 14 ao dia 90 pós-parto foi realizado avaliação da dinâmica folicular por ultrassonografia. Nos dias 30, 60 e 90 foram realizadas aspirações foliculares, com posterior fertilização in vitro dos oócitos. Todas as variáveis mensuradas foram avaliadas pelo procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS (2004) utilizando-se os seguintes contrastes ortogonais: Controle vs Fontes de Lipídeo (C1); Fonte de ácidos graxos saturados x Fonte de ácidos graxos insaturados (C2). Foi utilizado nível de 5% de significância. No período pós-parto, a suplementação de lipídeos aumentou as concentrações de AGNE quando comparada a dieta CON. O tratamento INS reduziu as concentrações de proteínas totais e de BHB quando comparado ao SAT. Houve interação entre tempo e dieta paras as variáveis colesterol total, LDL e BHB. Houve redução da produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, na produção total de gordura e de proteína, e no teor de gordura do leite quando comparado o tratamento INS com o SAT. A suplementação de lipídeo reduziu as concentrações do somatório dos ácidos graxos saturados (Σ A.G. Saturados), dos ácidos graxos com menos de 16 carbonos (>C16), e da relação entre ácidos graxos saturados com insaturados (Σ SFA/(MUFA+PUFA)); e aumentou as concentrações de ácidos graxos acima de 16 carbonos (>C16), de ácidos graxos insaturados com 18 carbonos, da somatória dos ácidos graxos insaturados e dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (Σ A.G. Poli-insaturados). O tratamento INS aumentou a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados totais (Σ A.G. poli-insaturados), e reduziu o total de ácidos graxos de 16 carbonos (C16) em relação ao tratamento SAT. Houve redução no número de folículos classe 1, e folículos totais (NC1 e NTFol) com suplementação de lipídeo. O tratamento SAT aumentou o número de folículos classe 5 (NC5), em relação ao INS. Não houve alteração na qualidade oocitária e embrionária com a suplementação de lipídeo e entre as duas fontes de lipídeo. A suplementação de lipídeos insaturados através da suplementação via grão de soja cru e integral, quando comparada à suplementação de lipídeos saturados, para vacas no período de transição e início de lactação, não interferiu na dinâmica folicular e qualidade oocitária e embrionária; e reduziu o desempenho produtivo, devido às reduções na produção de gordura do leite a na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% dos animais suplementados
The aim of the current experiment was to evaluate the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid supplementation effects on metabolism, productive and reproductive performance during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein cows were randomly distributed to one of three experimental treatments. Throughout the pre-partum period cows received: Control (CON), no fat supplement with 2.8% of ether extract (EE) on DM basis; Saturated fat (SAT) MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.), addition of 2.4% of MAGNAPAC and 4.7% of EE on DM basis; Unsaturated fat (UNS) Whole soybeans, addition of 11% of whole raw soybeans and 4.7% of EE in DM basis. In post-partum period the diets follows: Control (CON), no fat supplementation with 2.8% of ether extract (EE) in DM basis; Saturated fat (SAT) MAGNAPAC ® (Tectron Ltda.), addition of 2.6% of MAGNAPAC and 5.0% of EE in DM basis; Unsaturated fat (UNS) Whole soybeans, addition of 13% of whole raw soybeans and 5.0% of EE in DM Basis. The treatments were supplied from day 35 of expect calving date until 90 days in milk. During the pre-partum period, diet forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30, in which corn silage was used as the forage source. During the post-partum period, diet forage to concentrate ratio was 50:50, in which Tifton hay (5%) and corn silage (45%) were used as forage sources. The milk yield was daily measured during all experimental period. The samples used for milk composition and milk fatty acid profile were collected once a week, milk from the morning and evening milking being mixed proportionally to the milk yield. Blood samples for metabolites analysis were collected weekly before the morning feeding. Follicular dynamic was monitored by trans ´rectal ultrasonography form 14 until 90 days in milk. Ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization were performed on days 30, 60, 90 post-partum. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (2004). Differences among treatments were evaluated by orthogonal contrasts as follows: Control vs Fat sources (C1), and Saturated fatty acid source vs Unsaturated fatty acid source (C2). Significance level was set at 5%. In postpartum, fat supplementation increased NEFA concentrations when compared to control diet. The UNS treatment reduced total protein concentration in blood compared to SAT. Diet*time interaction effect was observed in total cholesterol, LDL and BHB. The UNS decreased fat corrected milk, fat content, milk protein and fat yield compared to SAT. Fat supplementation decreased Σ Saturated F.A, fatty acids lower than 16 C and the relationship between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and increased the concentration of fatty acids higher than 16 C, unsaturated fatty acids with 18 C, and Σ PUFA. UNS increased Σ PUFA and decreased fatty acids with 16 C, when compared to SAT. Fat supplementation decreased class 1 follicle and total follicles. Treatments did not affect embryo and oocyte quality. Supplementation of unsaturated fat, through supplementation of whole raw soybean for cows in the transition period and early lactation did not affect the reproductive performance (follicular dynamics and oocyte and embryo quality) and reduced the productive performance due to decrease of milk fat production and fat corrected milk for 3.5% of the supplemented animals

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A disposição final do lodo de esgoto vem se caracterizando como um dos problemas ambientais urbanos mais relevantes da atualidade, e cresce diariamente tanto nos países desenvolvidos quanto naqueles em desenvolvimento, como reflexos da ampliação das redes de coleta e incremento dos níveis de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o lodo de esgoto compostado como fornecimento de N em sistema de sucessão de culturas avaliando o desenvolvimento, nutrição, produtividade das culturas trabalhadas e a melhoria da fertilidade do solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, localizada no município de São Manuel/SP. Antecedendo a instalação do experimento, foram cultivados 2 ciclos consecutivos de girassol semeados em dezembro de 2004 e novembro de 2005, respectivamente, com aplicações de lodo de esgoto, sendo cultivado trigo e triticale para avaliar o efeito residual destas duas aplicações em abril de 2006. Os ensaios presentes neste trabalho foram em sistema de sucessão de culturas (aveia, feijão, triticale, girassol e trigo). Em sistema de semeadura direta, sendo somente o primeiro cultivo, aveia em sistema convencional com lodo de esgoto tratado. Os outros ensaios foram com lodo de esgoto compostado. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizado constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T0 – adubação mineral de acordo com o Boletim Técnico 100, mas sem N; T1 – adubação química de acordo com o Boletim Técnico 100 do IAC; T2 – 50% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto e o restante foi proveniente da adubação química; T3 – 100 % do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 – 150% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 – 200% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto. Utilizou-se o lodo de esgoto da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto...
The final display of sewage sludge has been characterized as one of the most relevant environmental problems in the cities; it daily increases in both developed and developing countries, resulting in larger collection networks and increased treatment levels. The aim of this study was to use compost sewage sludge as N supply for crop rotation system, assessing the development, nutrition and productivity of treated cultures and the improvement of soil fertility. The experiments were carried out in São Manuel Farm, which belongs to the School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu Campus, and is located in São Manuel Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Before the experiment establishment, 2 consecutive sunflower cycles were sown in December 2004 and November 2005, respectively, including sewage sludge application, and wheat and triticale were cultivated to assess the residual effect of those two applications in April 2006. The assays in the present study were done in crop rotation system (oat, bean, triticale, sunflower and wheat). Direct planting system was used only for the first cultivation; oat was in conventional system with treated sewage sludge. The remaining assays included compost sewage sludge. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks constituted of 6 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: T0 – mineral fertilization according to Technical Bulletin 100, but without N; T1 – chemical fertilization according to IAC Technical Bulletin 100; T2 – 50% N from sewage sludge and the remaining N from chemical fertilization; T3 – 100% N from sewage sludge; T4 – 150% N from sewage sludge; T5 – 200% N from sewage sludge. The employed sewage sludge was from the Sewage Treatment Plant in Jundiaí Municipality, São Paulo State. Each plot was 100 m2 with 3m spacing between plots in one same block. Oat culture was assessed from the 60th to the 120th day after... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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O presente trabalho buscou verificar se a utilizaÃÃo do indicador fundamentalista dividend yield como critÃrio para a seleÃÃo de ativos à uma estratÃgia eficiente para se obter essa maximizaÃÃo do retorno de um investimento. Para isso, foi usada a tÃcnica de formaÃÃo de carteiras, criando a carteira alvo da pesquisa, composta por aÃÃes de alto dividend yield, e tambÃm uma carteira de controle, compostas por aÃÃes de baixo dividend yield, sendo ambas comparadas à carteira de mercado. Como objetivos secundÃrios, buscou-se incluir na pesquisa uma anÃlise de risco dessas carteiras e outra de desempenho por unidade de risco. Foi concluÃdo nÃo haver evidÃncias estatisticamente significantes da garantia de que uma carteira composta por aÃÃes de alto dividend yield possa superar o mercado, mas foram verificadas evidÃncias que essa carteira possui menor volatilidade que o mercado, podendo ser uma opÃÃo de investimento mais defensiva em momento de cenÃrio macroeconÃmico desfavorÃvel
This study sought to determine whether the use of the indicator fundamentalist dividend yield as a criterion for yield as a criterion for selection of assets is an effective strategy to achieve that maximization of the return on an investment. For this, we used the technique of formation of portfolios, creating the target portfolio of the research, consisting of stocks of high dividend yield, and also a control portfolio, consisting of low dividend yield stocks, and being both compared to the market portfolio. As a secondary objective, we sought to include in the research a risk analysis study of these portfolios and portfolio and other of performance per unit of risk. It was concluded that there was no statistically significant evidences of assurance that a portfolio consisting of high dividend yield stocks can outperform the market, but evidences were found that this portfolio has less volatility than the market, may be a more defensive investment option in times of unfavorable macroeconomic scenario

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
In recent years, the use of vernalization enabled the cultivation of noble garlic (most valuable garlic in the Brazilian market) in regions where photoperiod and temperature do not meet the requirements of the crop. Given this, in order to evaluate effects of different vernalization periods and planting dates on the production and quality of the garlic Roxo Pérola de Caçador, an experiment was conducted in Baraúna, RN, between May and October 2012. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in splitplots with the plots by planting dates: May 22, June 5 and June 23, and the splitplots by vernalization periods garlic seed at 4 ± 1 °C: 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 days, and 65-70% of relative humidity. Plant height, leaf number, cycle, bulb final stand, average bulb weight, percentage of bulbs differentiation of cloves, percentage of oversprouting plants, total yield of bulbs, classification of bulbs, number of cloves per bulb, classification of cloves, bulb diameter, soluble solids, total soluble sugars, tritable acidity, pH, SS/AT ratio, pungency, total solids and industrial index were evaluated. The planting on May 22 gave higher plant height, leaf number, final stand and average bulb weight; the cycle decreased with increasing time of vernalization; were formed bulbs with differentiation of cloves in all treatments, and absence of oversprouting of plants; total bulb yield increased with time until 63 days of vernalization during at plantations of May 22 and June 23, with averages of 5.20 and 3.85 t ha-1; by combining the planting on May 22 time and 65 days of vernalization, showed the highest number of cloves per bulb (7.51) and the highest percentage of commercial bulbs, which are distributed in classes 3 (32 to 37 mm diameter), 4 (37 to 42 mm diameter) and 5 (42 to 47 mm diameter). For attributes of quality, the increased length of vernalization up to 64 days allowed in increments bulb diameter and soluble solids, with maximum of 34.5 mm and 33.65%, respectively; the highest levels of total soluble sugars, bulb diameter and soluble solids were obtained at planting on May 22; the tritable acidity increased with time vernalization during plantations of 5 and 23 June, when there was a reduction in SS/AT ratio; and in general, all treatments allowed high total solids and simultaneous pungency, with good prospects for industrialization. Thus, we recommend planting the cultivar Roxo Pérola de Caçador on Baraúna/RN, in the second half of May, using 65 days of vernalization
Nos últimos anos, o uso da vernalização possibilitou o cultivo de alho nobre em regiões nas quais as condições de fotoperíodo e temperatura não satisfazem as exigências da cultura. Diante disso, a fim de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de vernalização e épocas de plantio sobre a produção e qualidade do alho Roxo Pérola de Caçador, realizou-se um experimento em Baraúna, RN, de maio a outubro de 2012. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas repre¬sentadas pelas épocas de plantio: 22 de maio, 5 de junho e 23 de junho, e as subparcelas pelos períodos de vernalização pré-plantio do alho-semente a 4 ± 1°C: 50, 55, 60, 65 e 70 dias, e umidade relativa de 65-70%. Foram avaliados: altura de plantas, número de folhas, ciclo, estande final, massa média de bulbos, percentagem de bulbos com diferenciação de bulbilhos, percentagem de superbrotamento de plantas, produtividade total de bulbos, classificação dos bulbos, número de bulbilhos por bulbo, classificação dos bulbilhos, diâmetro de bulbo, sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais, acidez titulável, pH, relação SS/AT, pungência, sólidos totais e índice industrial. O plantio em 22 de maio proporcionou altura de planta, número de folhas, estande final e massa média de bulbos superior às demais épocas de plantio; o ciclo decresceu com o aumento do tempo de vernalização; houve formação de bulbos com diferenciação de bulbilhos em todos os tratamentos e ausência de superbrotamento de plantas; a produtividade total de bulbos aumentou com o tempo de vernalização até 63 dias para os plantios em 22 de maio e 23 de junho, com médias de 5,20 e 3,85 t ha-1; por meio da combinação entre o plantio em 22 de maio e 65 dias de vernalização, foi obtido o maior número de bulbilhos por bulbo (7,51) e o maior percentual de bulbos comerciais, sendo estes distribuídos nas classes 3 (maior que 32 até 37 mm), 4 (maior que 37 até 42 mm) e 5 (maior que 42 até 47 mm). Para os atributos de qualidade, o aumento do tempo de vernalização até 64 dias possibilitou incrementos no diâmetro de bulbos e sólidos solúveis, com máximos de 34,5 mm e 33,65%, respectivamente; os maiores teores de açúcares solúveis totais, diâmetro de bulbos e sólidos solúveis foram obtidos no plantio em 22 de maio; a acidez titulável aumentou com o tempo de vernalização nos plantios de 5 e 23 de junho, quando houve redução na relação SS/AT. De modo geral, todos os tratamentos possibilitaram elevados teores de sólidos totais e pungência simultâneos, com boas perspectivas para a industrialização. Desta forma, recomenda-se o plantio da cultivar Roxo Pérola de Caçador em Baraúna/RN, na segunda quinzena de maio, utilizando-se 65 dias de vernalização

Resumo: A disposição final do lodo de esgoto vem se caracterizando como um dos problemas ambientais urbanos mais relevantes da atualidade, e cresce diariamente tanto nos países desenvolvidos quanto naqueles em desenvolvimento, como reflexos da ampliação das redes de coleta e incremento dos níveis de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o lodo de esgoto compostado como fornecimento de N em sistema de sucessão de culturas avaliando o desenvolvimento, nutrição, produtividade das culturas trabalhadas e a melhoria da fertilidade do solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, localizada no município de São Manuel/SP. Antecedendo a instalação do experimento, foram cultivados 2 ciclos consecutivos de girassol semeados em dezembro de 2004 e novembro de 2005, respectivamente, com aplicações de lodo de esgoto, sendo cultivado trigo e triticale para avaliar o efeito residual destas duas aplicações em abril de 2006. Os ensaios presentes neste trabalho foram em sistema de sucessão de culturas (aveia, feijão, triticale, girassol e trigo). Em sistema de semeadura direta, sendo somente o primeiro cultivo, aveia em sistema convencional com lodo de esgoto tratado. Os outros ensaios foram com lodo de esgoto compostado. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizado constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T0 - adubação mineral de acordo com o Boletim Técnico 100, mas sem N; T1 - adubação química de acordo com o Boletim Técnico 100 do IAC; T2 - 50% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto e o restante foi proveniente da adubação química; T3 - 100 % do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - 150% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 - 200% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto. Utilizou-se o lodo de esgoto da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The final display of sewage sludge has been characterized as one of the most relevant environmental problems in the cities; it daily increases in both developed and developing countries, resulting in larger collection networks and increased treatment levels. The aim of this study was to use compost sewage sludge as N supply for crop rotation system, assessing the development, nutrition and productivity of treated cultures and the improvement of soil fertility. The experiments were carried out in São Manuel Farm, which belongs to the School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu Campus, and is located in São Manuel Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Before the experiment establishment, 2 consecutive sunflower cycles were sown in December 2004 and November 2005, respectively, including sewage sludge application, and wheat and triticale were cultivated to assess the residual effect of those two applications in April 2006. The assays in the present study were done in crop rotation system (oat, bean, triticale, sunflower and wheat). Direct planting system was used only for the first cultivation; oat was in conventional system with treated sewage sludge. The remaining assays included compost sewage sludge. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks constituted of 6 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: T0 - mineral fertilization according to Technical Bulletin 100, but without N; T1 - chemical fertilization according to IAC Technical Bulletin 100; T2 - 50% N from sewage sludge and the remaining N from chemical fertilization; T3 - 100% N from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% N from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% N from sewage sludge. The employed sewage sludge was from the Sewage Treatment Plant in Jundiaí Municipality, São Paulo State. Each plot was 100 m2 with 3m spacing between plots in one same block. Oat culture was assessed from the 60th to the 120th day after... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Hélio Grassi Filho
Coorientador: Leonardo Theodoro Büll
Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Silvio José Bicudo
Banca: Munir Mauad
Banca: Rodrigo Domingues Barbosa
Doutor

A produção de grãos e outros caracteres de importância econômica para a cultura do milho, tais como a altura da planta, o comprimento e o diâmetro da espiga, apresentam herança poligênica, o que dificulta a obtenção de informações sobre as bases genéticas envolvidas na variação desses caracteres. Associações entre marcadores e QTLs foram analisadas através dos métodos de mapeamento por intervalo composto (CIM) e mapeamento por intervalo Bayesiano (BIM). A partir de um conjunto de dados de produção de grãos, referentes à avaliação de 256 progênies de milho genotipadas para 139 marcadores moleculares codominantes, verificou-se que as metodologias apresentadas permitiram classificar marcas associadas a QTLs. Através do procedimento CIM, associações entre marcadores e QTLs foram consideradas significativas quando o valor da estatística de razão de verossimilhança (LR) ao longo do cromossomo atingiu o valor máximo dentre os que ultrapassaram o limite crítico LR = 11; 5 no intervalo considerado. Dez QTLs foram mapeados distribuídos em três cromossomos. Juntos, explicaram 19,86% da variância genética. Os tipos de interação alélica predominantes foram de dominância parcial (quatro QTLs) e dominância completa (três QTLs). O grau médio de dominância calculado foi de 1,12, indicando grau médio de dominância completa. Grande parte dos alelos favoráveis ao caráter foram provenientes da linhagem parental L0202D, que apresentou mais elevada produção de grãos. Adotando-se a abordagem Bayesiana, foram implementados métodos de amostragem através de cadeias de Markov (MCMC), para obtenção de uma amostra da distribuição a posteriori dos parâmetros de interesse, incorporando as crenças e incertezas a priori. Resumos sobre as localizações dos QTLs e seus efeitos aditivo e de dominância foram obtidos. Métodos MCMC com saltos reversíveis (RJMCMC) foram utilizados para a análise Bayesiana e Fator calculado de Bayes para estimar o número de QTLs. Através do método BIM associações entre marcadores e QTLs foram consideradas significativas em quatro cromossomos, com um total de cinco QTLs mapeados. Juntos, esses QTLs explicaram 13,06% da variância genética. A maior parte dos alelos favoráveis ao caráter também foram provenientes da linhagem parental L02-02D.
Grain yield and other important economic traits in maize, such as plant heigth, stalk length, and stalk diameter, exhibit polygenic inheritance, making dificult information achievement about the genetic bases related to the variation of these traits. The number and sites of (QTLs) loci that control grain yield in maize have been estimated. Associations between markers and QTLs were undertaken by composite interval mapping (CIM) and Bayesian interval mapping (BIM). Based on a set of grain yield data, obtained from the evaluation of 256 maize progenies genotyped for 139 codominant molecular markers, the presented methodologies allowed classification of markers associated to QTLs.Through composite interval mapping were significant when value of likelihood ratio (LR) throughout the chromosome surpassed LR = 11; 5. Significant associations between markers and QTLs were obtained in three chromosomes, ten QTLs has been mapped, which explained 19; 86% of genetic variation. Predominant genetic action for mapped QTLs was partial dominance and (four QTLs) complete dominance (tree QTLs). Average dominance amounted to 1,12 and confirmed complete dominance for grain yield. Most alleles that contributed positively in trait came from parental strain L0202D. The latter had the highest yield rate. Adopting a Bayesian approach to inference, usually implemented via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The output of a Bayesian analysis is a posterior distribution on the parameters, fully incorporating prior beliefs and parameter uncertainty. Reversible Jump MCMC (RJMCMC) is used in this work. Bayes Factor is used to estimate the number of QTL. Through Bayesian interval, significant associations between markers and QTLs were obtained in four chromosomes and five QTLs has been mapped, which explained 13; 06% of genetic variation. Most alleles that contributed positively in trait came from parental strain L02-02D. The latter had the highest yield rate.

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Capes
More productive and efficient animals in the feed conversion and who can dribble more stressfull transition period are critical to improving performance in intensive milk production. Crossovers arise as an alternative by the search for healthier and more profitable animals. Blood gas analysis has a great importance on the evaluation of acidbase balance and electrolyte profile, providing essential information for the diagnosis and prognosis of several diseases in domestic animal. Dairy cows are more susceptible to metabolic disorders on the transition period and blood gas analysis provides important information to decision making and prevention of the development of many disorders. The objective was to determinate and compare the blood gas profile, feeding behavior and feed efficiency of Holstein and crossbreeding Holstein x Jersey cows in postpartum. Weekly, blood samples were collected from 24 Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows. After blood sampling, a complete blood gas analysis was performed including pH, bicarbonate (HCO3 -), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and ionized calcium throughout the portable clinical analyzer for blood gas analysis, I-STAT using the CG8 + cartridge. The ingestive behavior, dry matter intake and milk production was evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures, using the MIXED procedure of SAS statistical package. There were differences between genetic groups for pH values (P = 0.005), ionized calcium (P = 0.0203), base excess, BE (P = 0.0311), glucose (P = 0.0468) and hematocrit (P = 0.0209). The ionic calcium levels found were below the reference values throughout the evaluation period. However, crossbred cows showed higher levels of ionic calcium when compared to Holstein cows from prepartum period to parturition, being that and important health parameter of dairy cows, which is a positive characteristic feature on the choice for crossbreeding. The blood gas analysis has identified differences between Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows in transition period. Crossbred cows Holstein x Jersey and Holstein cows have a similar dry matter intake and feed efficiency. Crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows tended to have higher feed efficiency for milk corrected to 4% fat and higher feed efficiency for fat production of. Crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows spend more time throughout the day feeding when compared to Holstein cows. Ruminations time was similar between Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows
A busca por animais mais produtivos e eficientes na conversão de alimentos e que conseguem driblar mais os efeitos estressores do período de transição são fundamentais para melhorar o desempenho na produção intensiva de leite. Os cruzamentos surgem como uma alternativa pela busca de animais mais saudáveis e rentáveis. Vacas de leite no período de transição são muito suscetíveis a transtornos metabólicos, sendo que o exame hemogasométrico pode fornecer informações importantes, em nível de rebanho, para a tomada de decisão e prevenção da evolução de muitos distúrbios. O exame hemogasométrico é de grande importância na avaliação do equilíbrio ácido-básico e do perfil eletrolítico, fornecendo informações fundamentais para o diagnóstico e o prognóstico de várias enfermidades de animais domésticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e comparar o perfil hemogasométrico, o comportamento ingestivo e a eficiência alimentar de vacas Holandês e Holandês x Jersey no período de transição pré e pós-parto. Coletaram-se semanalmente, amostras de sangue de 24 vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Jersey, entre duas semanas pré e oito semanas pós-parto. Após o parto, as vacas foram alojadas em baias individualmente. Avaliou-se o pH sanguíneo, bicarbonato (HCO3 -), pressão de dióxido de carbono (pCO2) e cálcio ionizado através do analisador clínico portátil de gases sanguíneos, I-STAT utilizando o cartucho CG8+. Avaliou-se também, o comportamento ingestivo, o consumo de matéria seca e a eficiência alimentar das vacas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do pacote estatístico SAS. Houve diferença entre grupamentos genéticos nos valores de pH (P = 0,005), cálcio iônico (P = 0,0203), excesso de base, BE (P = 0,0311), glicose (P = 0,0468) e hematócrito (P = 0,0209). Os níveis de cálcio iônico encontraram-se abaixo dos valores de referência ao longo de todo o período de avaliação, mas, as vacas mestiças apresentaram níveis superiores de cálcio iônico quando comparadas às vacas Holandês, do pré-parto ao parto. O exame hemogasométrico permitiu identificar diferenças entre vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Jersey no período de transição. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey apresentam consumo de matéria seca diária e eficiência alimentar similar que as vacas puras Holandês. As vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey tiveram tendência de maior eficiência alimentar para produção de leite corrigido a 4% de gordura e maior eficiência alimentar para produção de gordura. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey passam mais tempo ao longo do dia se alimentando quando comparadas com as vacas Holandês, sem diferença no tempo de ruminação

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Improvement of animal nutrition and management, together with genetic selection for milk yeld, increased the productivity of the herds, especially Holstein cows. On the other hand, characteristics related to fertility, health and longevity were disadvantaged The aim was to compare the development, milk yeld and composition, the health of the mammary gland, the body condition score (BCS), reproductive performance and longevity of crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows with Holstein cows. To obtain the data set two farms were used, one in Bom Retiro in SC and another in Carambeí in PR. For growth evaluation, weight gain of the animals were evaluated monthly. For production and udder health data from the official Dairy Herds Improvement Programs of the farm were used. BCS and body weight estimation were made on the farm with an interval between 60 and 90 days within one year. Information concerning the date of birth, parity date, date and number of inseminations, were obtained from the management software of the farms, generating information regarding the calving interval, days between calving to first service, conception rate, age at first calving. In one of the farms, calving were monitoring to quantify the calving difficulty, in the same farm, information of culling were obtained to determine the survival rate of cows. Data were analyzed by statistical package of SAS, using the MIXED and GENMOD procedures. For growth curve, production and composition of milk, (BCS) and body weight nonlinear regression was used, using the NLIN procedure of SAS and the curves of Gompertz (growth) and Wood (production and composition) were used because of having the lowest mean square. Holstein x Simmental crossbred cows produced more milk 31,8 x 30,4 kg/day (P < 0,05), with higher content of lactose and protein, with no difference for fat content. Holstein cows had higher somatic cell score (SCS) 4.49 x 2.93 (P <0.0001) compared to crossbreed cows. Holstein x Simmental crossbred cows had better BCS during lactation 3.65 x 2.94 (P <0.0001) with no difference in body weight in relation to Holstein cows. For growth of calves and heifers there was no difference between the genetic groups. Crossbred cows Holstein x Simmental had better reproductive performance than the Holstein cows, characterized by lower calving interval (381 x 445 days), higher conception rate (37.31 x 33, 64%) and shorter interval calving to first service (65.6 x 89.3 days). Crossbred cows Holstein x Simmental had higher survival rate than Holstein cows (83 x 92 In conclusion, crossbred cows Holstein x Simmental produce more milk with higher content of lactose and protein, have less ECS and greater BCS without difference for growing of heifers and body weight in adult age. Crossbred cows still have better reproductive performance and have a higher survival rate than the Holstein cows
Melhorias na nutrição e no manejo dos rebanhos bem como a seleção genética para a produção de leite aumentaram a produtividade dos animais. Em contrapartida, características relacionadas a fertilidade, sanidade e longevidade foram prejudicadas. O objetivo foi comparar o desenvolvimento, a produção e composição do leite, a sanidade da glândula mamária, o escore de condição corporal o desempenho reprodutivo e a longevidade de vacas mestiças Holandês x Simental em relação as vacas puras Holandês. Foram utilizadas duas propriedades, uma localizada no município de Bom Retiro em SC e outra em Carambeí no PR. Para avaliação de crescimento o ganho de peso dos animais foi avaliado mensalmente. Para obter dados produtivos e de sanidade de úbere foram utilizados dados do controle leiteiro oficial da propriedade. As avaliações de escore e peso vivo foram realizadas na propriedade com intervalo entre 60 e 90 dias no período de um ano, informações estas obtidas em uma das propriedades. As informações referentes a data de nascimento, data de parto, data e número de coberturas, foram obtidas junto aos software de gerenciamento de ambas as propriedades, gerando informações referentes ao intervalo entre partos (IEP), período parto primeiro serviço, taxa de concepção, idade ao primeiro parto. Em uma das propriedades foi feito o acompanhamento dos partos para quantificar a dificuldade de parto, da mesma forma, foram obtidas informações referentes ao descarte de animais para determinar a taxa de permanência no rebanho das vacas. Os dados foram analisados pelo pacote estatístico SAS, utilizando-se os procedimentos MIXED e GENMOD Para curva de crescimento, de produção e composição do leite bem como escore de condição corporal (ECC) e peso vivo foi utilizada a técnica de regressão não linear, do pacote estatístico SAS sendo que foram utilizadas as curvas de Gompertz (crescimento) e de Wood (produção e composição) por apresentarem o menor quadrado médio do erro. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Simental produziram mais leite 31,8 x 30,4 ( P < 0,05), com maior teor de lactose e proteína, sem diferença para teor de gordura. Vacas Holandês obtiveram maior escore de células somáticas (ECS) 4,49 x 2,93 (P < 0,0001) em relação as mestiças. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Simental obtiveram melhor ECC durante a lactação 3,65 x 2,94 (P < 0,0001) sem diferença para peso vivo em relação as vacas Holandês. Para crescimento de bezerras e novilhas não houve diferença entre os grupamentos genéticos. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Simental obtiveram melhor desempenho reprodutivo em relação as vacas puras, caracterizado através do menor IEP (381 x 445 dias), maior taxa de concepção (37,31 x 33, 64 %) bem como menor intervalo parto primeiro serviço (65,6 x 89,3 dias). Vacas mestiças Holandês x Simental apresentaram maior taxa de permanência no rebanho em relação as vacas puras (83 x 92 %). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças produzem mais leite, com maior teor de lactose e proteína, possuem menos ECS e maior ECC sem diferença para crescimento de novilhas e peso vivo na idade adulta. Apresentam ainda melhor desempenho reprodutivo e maior taxa de permanência no rebanho em relação as vacas puras Holandês

博士
國立屏東科技大學
生物資源研究所
100
Due to adverse effect of chemical pesticides on the environment and human health, development of the environmentally friendly and safe microbial pesticides has become an important issue. The purpose of this study was to develop the microbial pesticide Bacillus subtilis, into a commercial product for effective control of plant diseases. The antagonistic bacterium used in this study was isolated from the local soil in Taiwan. The identification of bacterial isolate was performed both by microbiological methods using Gram stain and Biolog system, and by molecular methods. According to these data, the isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The effective BS-99-H strain was obtained by screening from the original culture using temperature treatment. B. subtilis BS-99-H produced a large amount of endospores compared with stock isolate. The dual culture tests showed that B. subtilis BS-99-H was strongly inhibiting to the mycelium growth of 12 genera and 26 species of fungal plant pathogens, especially the wax apple fruit rot pathogen of Pestalotiopsis eugeniae. The DNA of BS-99-H was extracted for identification of antibiotic compound producing genes. In the PCR reaction test, the amplification products with expected length of 1203 bp for ituD and 675 bp for lpa were detected, In suggesting that the iturin coding genes are present in the region specific for the primers used. When the extract of the BS-99-H fermentation broth medium was analyzed with HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), iturin A was detected. The partially purified iturin A was found to cause electrolyte leakage of P. eugeniae mycelia. The leakage was increased 3.4 folds at 8 hours post treatment and reached maximum increase of 5.3 folds at 28 hours post treatment. Treatment with the BS-99-H iturin A also caused swelling and malformed shape of the hyphae of P. eugeniae. The IC50 value of iturin A from BS-99-H for conidial germination inhibition of P. eugeniae was 0.51 mg/mL. The conidial germination and mycelia growth were both completely inhibited by iturin A at ≥ 0.84 mg/mL. The results indicated that antibiotic iturin A produced by BS-99-H played an important role in the antagonism against P. eugeniae. A new liquid fermentation medium SYM-d was formulated to meet the purpose of high yield mass production. The substrate C/N ratio is high in SYM-d liquid medium. Under the shaking condition of 180 rpm, aeration rate of 0.82 liter/min and 3% bacterial inoculum, culture concentration of Bacillus subtilis BS-99-H reached 1010 cfu/mL or more at 28℃ in 2 days. The powder-formulated product of Bacillus subtilis BS-99-H had the bacterial concentration of 5 × 109 cfu/g. The product at 500X dilution effectively controlled wax apple and mango anthracnose and other diseases in the field tests. The method developed in this study greatly decreased the cost for mass production of BS-99-H and increased the performance of the product which is important in the commercialization of this product in the future.

Despite many investigations genotype by environment interaction remains one of the least understood factors in plant improvement. Understanding genotypic differences responsible for such interactions could assist in making more informed breeding decisions. The components of yield being less complex than grain yield per se may be useful for selection to improve adaptation of genotypes and enhance grain quality. However, the potential compensatory response among the components of yield could compromise their usefulness as selection criteria. To evaluate this aspect fifteen cultivars, including Soft White, Hard White and Hard Red wheats, were planted at three diverse locations over two growing seasons. Genotypes were ranked based on measurements for specific traits in each environment. The genotype by environment interaction for grain yield, protein concentration and hardness were investigated according to the AMMI model. Influence of environmental factors and genotype by environment interactions on associations among selected traits were determined. The results of this study showed that genotypic differences in adaptation to the Pacific Northwest and resistance to Septoria spp. were responsible for interactions for grain yield. However, no consistent patterns of response were found among the similar cultivars for quality traits. Those environments that favored expression of biomass and grain weight potential provided for enhanced performance of the adapted cultivars. The environments with suppressed biomass accumulation and grain filling interacted positively with the unadapted cultivars. A large compensatory relationship between tillering and apical growth was detected. No or low compensation was observed between grains per spike and thousand kernel weight. Two different strategies were proposed for improvement of Soft and Hard White wheat cultivars under the conditions of the Pacific Northwest. Both strategies accentuate importance of increasing biomass while maintaining harvest index. When selecting for higher yielding Soft White cultivars, plants with larger leaves, stronger stems, larger spikes and heavier grains should be emphasized. For Hard Whites - higher number of tillers and grains m����� is desired, as they provide for harder grains with higher protein content.
Graduation date: 2000

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
98
Sun flower and jatropha are energy crops their seeds were inoculated with six species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) ：Glomus clarum (Gc), G. etunicatum (Ge), G. fasciculatum (Gf), G. mosseae (Gm), Gigaspora sp.(Gg) and Acaulospora sp. (Asp) to evaluate the effects on their growth, fertilizer saving, seed yield and oil yield. The most beneficial VAMF species was thus screened out. The results showed that the pot-grown sunflower recorded a mycorrhizal formation rate of 45～67% after 30 days. Applied with three phosphorous fertilizer levels for 50 days, the growth of Gf, Gm, and Ge inoculation were better than those in non-inculation. The plant growth, content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate in mycorrhized plant were significantly better than those in the non-inoculated. The nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels in the leaves of mycorrhized plants were higher than that of the control. For the field sunflower test, The mycorrhizal formation rate for sunflower was 10～60% after 30 days of inoculation. No matter full or half amount of phosphorous fertilizer was applied, the growth of those inoculated plants were better than that of non-inoculated after 35 days; The leaves content of chlorophyll in field sunflower plants was the highest when the plant was inoculated with Gc, Ge and Gf, while Gm inoculation gave better content of soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate. The nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels in the leaves and seed yield and oil yield of mycorrhized plants were higher than that of the control. In pot trials, Gc、Ge species was screened out at first for their higher compactibity with jatropha plants. The mycorrhizal formation rate was 45～55% after 40 days of inoculation. In pot or field trials the inoculation treatment didn’t appear significant difference in plant growth. But the nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels in the leaves of mycorrhized plants were higher than that of the control. The content of soluble protein in mycorrhized plants was higher than that of the control. Pot-grown jatropha inoculated with Ge resulted in higher content of carbohydrate in leaves; field-grown jatropha inoculated with Gc resulted in higher oil yield in seed.

The set includes 1782 heads of culling Czech fleckvieh cattle eliminated from 1 January 2012 to 1 September 2015. Influences on the first calving age, calving interval and lifetime milk yield were detected for data in the set. The following items were integrated among selected lifetime milk yield influences : genotype, herd, first calving age and first calving month. It was also tested whether the age of the first calving of milking cows is influenced by genotype and a herd. The last tested hypothesis was related to the influence of genotype and a herd on the length of the carving interval. The influence of genotype, lactation and the age of first calving cows on the way of elimination was investigated in the set as well. Multi-factor analysis of variance were used for the calculation of differences among the individual tested groups . With respect to statistical significance there was a statistically significant effect (p <0.05)of the herd and genotype on the age of the first calving cows found out. From the set it is evident that cows calved earlier reached better lifetime milk yield than cows calved at the older age (p <0.05). Another statistically significant difference (p <0.05) was found out within the first month of calving. Milking cows calved during colder periods of the year reached the higher lifetime milk yield. The influence of genotype on milk yield was not proved in this set. This also holds to reproductive parametres, there was no influence of genotype and the age of first calving on calving interval. When observing the outcome in terms of how we can positively evaluate the elimination of voluntarily culled milking cows, which is 34% .This situation is significantly lower than it is stated in literature and shows a good zootechnical care of the herds. In terms of elimination method there were the most dairy cows culled because of fertility - 31%. This fact shows that fertility is one of the main factors influencing the managament and profitability of dairy herds of cattle.

The aim of this study was to evaluate of selected factors on milking yeild and longevity of Czech Fleckvieh cattle. There were monitored the indicators of the amount of milk for the first lactation in kg, the lifetime performance in kg, the age at the first calving, the functional longevity in days, the lenght of the service period, the lenght of the meantime days, the live weight in kg, the elimination of the causes from the breed. 273 culled cows were included. The relationship between some of the observed factors were signifiant such as the amount of milk yeild on the first lactation and the lifetime performance. In the opposite, there was no signifiant relationship between the age at the first calving and the functional longevity. The milk performance at first calving has been increasing with the age.

This work project studies the historical relation ship between the yield curve and real economic activity in Portugal, comparing results with Germany and Spain.Controlling for other indicators, on average,each percentage point increase in the Portuguese yield spread was associated with a 0.6 pp.increase in real growth over the subsequent year. In general,a longer maturity short-term rate is preferable in Portugal, similarly to Spain. To forecast recessions, as expected, the lower the slope of the yield curve,the higher the probability of a downturn. Spain, an expanded model is more effective for Portugal,whilst for Germany the univariate setup was already relatively a curate. These onclusions could be use ful in Risk Management or in the improvement of a Portuguese leading economic indicator.

The impact was the first time added into the investment equation in 2007 (Rockefeller Foundation, 2019), one of the most successful results is social impact bond, a public-private partnership which links returns to a social impact. Change is necessary for the development; therefore, this paper aims to develop an alternative social impact bond structure through an understanding of positive and negative elementsof traditional social impact bond. The proposal combines characteristics of social impact bond with debt swap, trust and endowment fund to limit critical aspects of social impact bond and create a truly sustainable financial tool for social impact. The concept was tested through interviews with professionals in the field and adjusted based on their perspectives.

Prolonged periods of low interest rates and inflation forced ECB to interfere into the economy again. This time with direct interference into the corporate sector by Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP). The main purpose is to push inflation rate up to 2%. The objective of this research is to understand better the consequences and main implication of the instability in the real economy, as low interest rate and inflation, with deep focus on corporate sector. Based on the model implemented, there will be discussed real and expected movements on the corporate yield spread during the CSPP.