Journal articles on the topic 'Year-Round Thermal Energy Storage'
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1
De, Ramen Kanti, and Aritra Ganguly. "Energy, Exergy and Economic Analysis of a Solar Hybrid Power System Integrated Double-Effect Vapor Absorption System-Based Cold Storage." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 27, no. 02 (June 2019): 1950018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132519500184.
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In this paper, an attempt has been made to propose a multi-commodity cold storage to store a variety of high value perishable commodities round the year. To maintain the favorable micro-climate inside the cold storage space for the selected commodities, a cooling system based on double-effect vapor absorption cycle has been developed. To meet the year-round thermal and electrical load of the proposed cold storage, a solar thermal-PV-based hybrid power system has been designed. A computer program in MATLAB-R2017a has been developed to predict the year-round performance of the proposed system for a complete calendar year for the climatic condition of Kolkata, India (22.57∘N, 88.36∘E). An exergy analysis of the proposed system has also been included in the study. Finally, a life cycle cost analysis of the integrated solar hybrid power system has been performed to estimate its payback period. The study reveals that the mutual generation from 45 numbers of parabolic trough collectors along with 225 numbers of SPV modules is sufficient to meet the year-round energy demand of the proposed cold storage. The study thus reinforces the need and viability of double-effect VAR system-based multi-commodity cold storage powered through solar energy for developing countries like India, where significant amount of agricultural production gets wasted due to inadequate warehousing facilities.
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Tan, Simon, and Andrew Wahlen. "Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage: An analysis on the effect of thermal energy storage insulation thermal conductivity on round-trip efficiency." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 6 (May 24, 2019): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v6i0.1547.
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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has demonstrated promising potential for widescale use in the power distribution network, especially where renewables are concerned.Current plants are inefficient when compared to other technologies such as battery and pumped hydro. Presently, the greatest round-trip efficiency of any commercial CAES plant is 54% (McIntosh Plant), while the highest energy efficiency of any experimental plant is 66-70% (ADELE Project). So far, Adiabatic CAES systems have yielded promising results with round-trip efficiencies generally ranging between 65-75%, with some small-scale system models yielding round-trip efficiencies exceeding 90%. Thus far, minimal research has been devoted to analysing the thermodynamic effects of the thermal energy storage (TES) insulation. This metastudy identifies current industry and research trends pertaining to ACAES with a focus on the TES insulation supported by model simulations. Charged standby time and insulation of the TES on overall system efficiency was determined by performing a thermodynamic analysis of an ACAES system using packed bed heat exchangers (PBHE) for TES. The results provide insight into the effect various insulators, including concrete, glass wool and silica-aerogel, have on exergy loss in the TES and overall system efficiency. TES insulation should be carefully considered and selected according to the expected duration of fully charged standby time of the ACAES system.
Keywords: Compressed air energy storage; adiabatic compressed air energy storage; thermal energy storage; thermodynamic efficiency; renewable energy storage, packed bed heat exchanger
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Briffa, Luke Jurgen, Charise Cutajar, Tonio Sant, and Daniel Buhagiar. "Numerical Modeling of the Thermal Behavior of Subsea Hydro-Pneumatic Energy Storage Accumulators Using Air and CO2." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228706.
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This paper numerically models the thermal performance of offshore hydro-pneumatic energy storage (HPES) systems composed of a subsea accumulator pre-charged with a compressed gas. A time-marching numerical approach combining the first law of thermodynamics with heat transfer equations is used to investigate the influence of replacing air within an HPES system with carbon dioxide (CO2). The latter is able to experience a phase change (gas–liquid–gas) during the storage cycle in typical subsea temperatures when limiting the peak operating pressure below the critical point. The influences of integrating a piston and an inner liner within the accumulator to mitigate issues related to gas dissolution in seawater and corrosion are explored. It is found that the energy storage capacity of subsea HPES accumulators increases substantially when CO2 is used as the compressible fluid in lieu of air, irrespective of the accumulator set up. It is also noted that the length-to-diameter ratio of the accumulator has a considerable influence on the round-trip thermal efficiency for both air- and CO2-based accumulators. Another factor influencing the round-trip thermal efficiency is the presence of the inner liner. Moreover, the CO2-based HPES system yields a lower round-trip thermal efficiency over that of air.
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Dreißigacker, Volker, and Sergej Belik. "System Configurations and Operational Concepts for Highly Efficient Utilization of Power-to-Heat in A-CAES." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071317.
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The increasing share of renewable energies requires the installation of large-scale electricity storage capacities in addition to grid expansion. Significant contribution to reach this goal is provided by adiabatic compressed air energy storage power plants (A-CAES), key elements in future electricity transmission systems. This technology allows efficient, local zero-emission electricity storage on the basis of compressed air in underground caverns in combination with thermal energy storage systems and, in contrast to pumped storage power plants (PSPP), it demands no overground geological requirements. Despite the achieved success of A-CAES systems in terms of efficiency and cost, further improvements in dynamics and flexibility are needed. One promising solution to fulfil these dynamic requirements is based on the integration of an additional power-to-heat element (P2H) operating during the charging periods. This modification allows increased power plant flexibility and further cost reductions due to increased thermal storage densities but is simultaneously associated with concept-dependent decreasing total round trip efficiencies. For the identification of suitable configurations, adequate concepts must be elaborated, and the influence on round trip efficiency as well as on cost reduction potential must be investigated. For this purpose, a system model for a two-stage A-CAES configuration is established and used for large simulation studies related to P2H locations and power, thermal energy storage systems, and central process variables. Therefore, time-efficient model reductions with well-justified assumptions are conducted, offering a simplified transient implementation of thermal energy options in the system simulation. On the basis of a promising P2H configuration including high potentials for cost reduction and moderate losses in round trip efficiency, an alternative concept is presented offering high exergetic utilization and additional cost reductions, which can be treated as a base for upgrading the existing CAES power plants and for modifying operational concepts.
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Abaranji, Sujatha, Karthik Panchabikesan, and Velraj Ramalingam. "Experimental Investigation of a Direct Evaporative Cooling System for Year-Round Thermal Management with Solar-Assisted Dryer." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (December 18, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6698904.
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Building cooling is achieved by the extensive use of air conditioners. These mechanically driven devices provide thermal comfort by deteriorating the environment with increased energy consumption. To alleviate environmental degradation, the need for energy-efficient and eco-friendly systems for building cooling becomes essential. Evaporative cooling, a typical passive cooling technique, could meet the energy demand and global climatic issues. In conventional direct evaporative cooling, the sensible cooling of air is achieved by continuous water circulation over the cooling pad. Despite its simple operation, the problem of the pad material and water stagnation in the sump limits its usage. Moreover, the continuous pump operation increases the electrical energy consumption. In the present work, a porous material is used as the water storage medium eliminating the pump and sump. An experimental investigation is performed on the developed setup, and experiments are conducted for three different RH conditions (low, medium, and high) to assess the porous material’s ability as a cooling medium. Cooling capacity, effectiveness, and water evaporation rate are determined to evaluate the direct evaporative cooling system’s performance. The material that replaces the pump and sump is vermicompost due to its excellent water retention characteristics. There is no necessity to change material each time. However, the vermicompost is regenerated at the end of the experiment using a solar dryer. The passing of hot air over the vermicompost also avoids mould spores’ transmission, if any, present through the air. The results show that vermicompost produces an average temperature drop of 9.5°C during low RH conditions. Besides, vermicompost helps with the energy savings of 21.7% by eliminating the pump. Hence, vermicompost could be an alternate energy-efficient material to replace the pad-pump-sump of the conventional evaporative cooling system. Further, if this direct evaporative cooling system is integrated with solar-assisted drying of vermicompost, it is possible to provide a clean and sustainable indoor environment. This system could pave the way for year-round thermal management of building cooling applications with environmental safety.
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Al-Abdali, Akthem Mohi, and Handri Ammari. "Thermal energy storage using phase-change material in evacuated-tubes solar collector." AIMS Energy 10, no. 3 (2022): 486–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022024.
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<abstract> <p>The use of phase change materials in solar thermal collectors improves their thermal performance significantly. In this paper, a comparative study is conducted systematically between two solar receivers. The first receiver contains paraffin wax, while the other does not. The goal was to find out to which degree paraffin wax can enhance the energy storage and thermal efficiency of evacuated tubes solar collectors. Measurements of water temperature and solar radiation were recorded on a few days during August of 2021. The experimental analysis depended on two stages. The first stage had a flow rate of 7 L/hr, and the second stage had no flow rate. A flow rate of 7 L/hr gave an efficiency of 47.7% of the first receiver with phase-change material, while the second conventional receiver had an efficiency rate of 40.6%. The thermal efficiency of the first receiver during the day at which no flow rate was applied was 41.6%, while the second one had an efficiency rate of 35.2%. The study's significant results indicated that using paraffin wax in solar evacuated tube water-in-glass thermal collectors can enhance their thermal energy storage by about 8.6% and efficiency by about 7%. Moreover, the results revealed that the solar thermal collector containing paraffin wax had an annual cost of 211 USD/year. At the same time, the receiver's yearly fuel cost was 45 USD. Compared to an electrical geyser, the annual cost reached 327 USD, with an annual fuel cost equaled 269 USD. The first receiver's payback period was 5.35 years.</p> </abstract>
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Pérez-Gallego, David, Julian Gonzalez-Ayala, Antonio Calvo Hernández, and Alejandro Medina. "Thermodynamic Performance of a Brayton Pumped Heat Energy Storage System: Influence of Internal and External Irreversibilities." Entropy 23, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121564.
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A model for a pumped thermal energy storage system is presented. It is based on a Brayton cycle working successively as a heat pump and a heat engine. All the main irreversibility sources expected in real plants are considered: external losses arising from the heat transfer between the working fluid and the thermal reservoirs, internal losses coming from pressure decays, and losses in the turbomachinery. Temperatures considered for the numerical analysis are adequate for solid thermal reservoirs, such as a packed bed. Special emphasis is paid to the combination of parameters and variables that lead to physically acceptable configurations. Maximum values of efficiencies, including round-trip efficiency, are obtained and analyzed, and optimal design intervals are provided. Round-trip efficiencies of around 0.4, or even larger, are predicted. The analysis indicates that the physical region, where the coupled system can operate, strongly depends on the irreversibility parameters. In this way, maximum values of power output, efficiency, round-trip efficiency, and pumped heat might lay outside the physical region. In that case, the upper values are considered. The sensitivity analysis of these maxima shows that changes in the expander/turbine and the efficiencies of the compressors affect the most with respect to a selected design point. In the case of the expander, these drops are mostly due to a decrease in the area of the physical operation region.
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Hailu, Getu, Philip Hayes, and Mark Masteller. "Long-Term Monitoring of Sensible Thermal Storage in an Extremely Cold Region." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091821.
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We present more than one-year of monitoring results from a thermal energy storage system located in a very cold place with a long winter season. The studied house is in Palmer city, Alaska (~62° N, ~149° W). The house is equipped with solar PV for electricity production and solar thermal collectors which were linked to a sensible thermal energy storage system which is underneath the house’s normally unoccupied garage and storage space. Sensors were installed in the thermal storage and solar thermal collector array to monitor system temperatures. In addition, TRNSYS was used for numerical simulation and the results were compared to experimental ones. The maximum observed garage ambient temperature was ~28 °C while the simulated maximum ambient garage temperature was found to be ~22 °C. Results indicate that seasonal solar thermal storages are viable options for reducing the cost of energy in a region with extended freezing periods. This is significant for Alaska where the cost of energy is 3–5 times the national average.
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Ye, Rongda, Xiaoming Fang, and Zhengguo Zhang. "Numerical Study on Energy-Saving Performance of a New Type of Phase Change Material Room." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133874.
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The thermal performance of a phase change energy storage building envelope with the ventilated cavity was evaluated. CaCl2·6H2O-Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/expanded graphite (EG) was employed to combined with the building for year-round management. The energy consumption caused by the building under different influence parameters was evaluated numerically. The results indicated that CaCl2·6H2O-8wt %Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/EG should be installed on the south wall for the heating season, while CaCl2·6H2O-2wt %Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/EG should be integrated on the roof for the cooling season. When the air layer was ventilated and the south wall was coated with the solar absorbing coating, the room could save approximately 30% of energy consumption. Moreover, the energy consumption increased with an increase in the air layer thickness, and the air layers played a different role in the building envelope. The optimal value of the flow rate between air layer 2, air layer 3, and the room was 0.09 m3/s. To reduce the energy consumption, the phase change materials (PCMs) with large and small thermal conductivity should be installed in the south wall and roof, respectively. In general, the phase change energy storage building envelope with the ventilated cavity can save energy during the heating and cooling seasons.
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Chen, Xiaotao, Xiaodai Xue, Yang Si, Chengkui Liu, Laijun Chen, Yongqing Guo, and Shengwei Mei. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Trigenerative Compressed Air Energy Storage System with Solar Thermal Energy." Entropy 22, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070764.
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The comprehensive utilization technology of combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems is the leading edge of renewable and sustainable energy research. In this paper, we propose a novel CCHP system based on a hybrid trigenerative compressed air energy storage system (HT-CAES), which can meet various forms of energy demand. A comprehensive thermodynamic model of the HT-CAES has been carried out, and a thermodynamic performance analysis with energy and exergy methods has been done. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis and assessment capacity for CHP is investigated by the critical parameters effected on the performance of the HT-CAES. The results indicate that round-trip efficiency, electricity storage efficiency, and exergy efficiency can reach 73%, 53.6%, and 50.6%, respectively. Therefore, the system proposed in this paper has high efficiency and flexibility to jointly supply multiple energy to meet demands, so it has broad prospects in regions with abundant solar energy resource.
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Chen, Xiaotao, Tong Zhang, Xiaodai Xue, Laijun Chen, Qingsong Li, and Shengwei Mei. "A Solar–Thermal-Assisted Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage System and Its Efficiency Analysis." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081390.
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Adiabatic compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) is an effective balancing technique for the integration of renewables and peak-shaving due to the large capacity, high efficiency, and low carbon use. Increasing the inlet air temperature of turbine and reducing the compressor power consumption are essential to improving the efficiency of A-CAES. This paper proposes a novel solar–thermal-assisted A-CAES system (ST-CAES), which features a higher inhale temperature of the turbine to improve the system efficiency. Solar–thermal energy, as an external thermal source, can alleviate the inadequate temperature of the thermal energy storage (TES), which is constrained by the temperature of the exhaust air of the compressor. Energy and exergy analyses were performed to identify ST-CAES performance, and the influence of key parameters on efficiency were studied. Furthermore, exergy efficiency and the destruction ratio of each component of ST-CAES were investigated. The results demonstrate that electricity storage efficiency, round-trip efficiency, and exergy efficiency can reach 70.2%, 61%, and 50%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed system has promising prospects in cities with abundant solar resources owing to its high efficiency and the ability to jointly supply multiple energy needs.
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Hiller, Sandro, Christian Hartmann, Babette Hebenstreit, and Stefan Arzbacher. "Solidified-Air Energy Storage: Conceptualization and Thermodynamic Analysis." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062159.
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Grid-scale electrical energy storage (EES) is a key component in cost-effective transition scenarios to renewable energy sources. The requirement of scalability favors EES approaches such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) or compressed-air energy storage (CAES), which utilize the cheap and abundant storage materials water and air, respectively. To overcome the site restriction and low volumetric energy densities attributed to PSH and CAES, liquid-air energy storage (LAES) has been devised; however, it suffers from a rather small round-trip efficiency (RTE) and challenging storage conditions. Aiming to overcome these drawbacks, a novel system for EES is developed using solidified air (i.e., clathrate hydrate of air) as the storable phase of air. A reference plant for solidified-air energy storage (SAES) is conceptualized and modeled thermodynamically using the software CoolProp for water and air as well as empirical data and first-order approximations for the solidified air (SA). The reference plant exhibits a RTE of 52% and a volumetric storage density of 47 kWh per m3 of SA. While this energy density relates to only one half of that in LAES plants, the modeled RTE of SAES is comparable already. Since improved thermal management and the use of thermodynamic promoters can further increase the RTEs in SAES, the technical potential of SAES is in place already. Yet, for a successful implementation of the concept—in addition to economic aspects—questions regarding the stability of SA must be first clarified and challenges related to the processing of SA resolved.
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Bahlawan, Hilal, Enzo Losi, Lucrezia Manservigi, Mirko Morini, Michele Pinelli, Pier Ruggero Spina, and Mauro Venturini. "Optimal design and energy management of a renewable energy plant with seasonal energy storage." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123802002.
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The exploitation of fossil fuels is undoubtedly responsible of environmental problems such as global warming and sea level rise. Unlike energy plants based on fossil fuels, energy plants based on renewable energy sources may be sustainable and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, they are unpredictable because of the intermittent nature of environmental conditions. For this reason, energy storage technologies are needed to meet peak energy demands thanks to the stored energy. Moreover, the renewable energy systems composing the plant must be optimally designed and operated. Therefore, this paper investigates the challenge of the optimal design and energy management of a grid connected renewable energy plant composed of a solar thermal collector, photovoltaic system, ground source heat pump, battery, one short-term thermal energy storage and one seasonal thermal energy storage. To this aim, this paper develops a methodology based on a genetic algorithm that optimally designs a 100% renewable energy plant with the aim of minimizing the electrical energy taken from the grid. The load profiles of thermal, cooling and electrical energy during a whole year are taken into account for the case study of the Campus of the University of Parma (Italy).
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Bilgen, E. "Energy Storage and Transportation Based on Sulfuric Acid Decomposition and Synthesis Processes." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268208.
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A chemical energy storage and transportation system is conceived based on sulfuric acid decomposition and synthesis processes using hot oxygen as a vector. A thermodynamic assessment is carried out to determine the thermal performance of the process; it is found that the energy storage density is about 0.58 GJ/m3 for 365 cycles per year operation, the overall thermal energy storage efficiency is about 62 percent, the energy transportation efficiency is about 29 percent, and the thermal to mechanical energy conversion efficiency is about 25 percent.
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Morozyuk, Larisa, Viktoriia Sokolovska-Yefymenko, Yaroslav Petushkov, Maksym Sharaiev, and Sergii Psarov. "Design of a refrigerated complex for short-term storage of tropical fruits with a solar energy plant." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 3(59) (July 2, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.235594.
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The object of research is a refrigerated complex for short-term storage of tropical fruits in conditions of significant seasonal and daily fluctuations in ambient temperature, that typical for regions with a tropical climate. One of the problems is that the complexes are autonomous small firms for the year-round processing and storage of tropical fruits, located far from the central electric networks. In the presence of solar radiation, the complexes receive energy from small solar power plants. Such complexes are called «trigeneration system». In the course of the study, data on modes were used low temperature heat treatment and preservation of various tropical fruits, ripening times and climatic conditions of Tunisia. It has been established that citrus fruits are stored in chambers with high temperature, olives are frozen and stored for a short time before processing. The total amount of heat entering the citrus chambers is determined by changes in the ambient temperature. The thermal load of the olives chamber is determined by the heat treatment time. It was found that the cargo capacity of chambers with different temperatures differs six times. The thermal load of the olive storage chambers is only four times less. This is due to the peculiarities of the building structure of the complex, technological processes of cooling and freezing. Based on the thermal calculation, the cooling of the chambers is provided by a two-stage booster refrigeration machine with CO2 refrigerant in a transcritical cycle. To ensure the operation of the complex, a solar photoelectric converter is designed. This ensures the environmental safety of the complex and the possibility of obtaining energy savings by regulating the thermal power of the compressors with frequency converters, depending on the ambient temperature. The designed complex can be offered to a private investor for practical implementation.
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Gratzl, Markus, Markus Leeb, Thomas Reiter, and Hermann Schranzhofer. "Passive conditioning of a large beverage ware-house by activating the buffer effect of the ground." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202006.
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A new production facility for a beverage manufacturer has to provide a storage volume for around 5 million bottles as a refrigerated warehouse. The maximum temperatures were not allowed to exceed 14 °C due to the quality requirements in the production process. To achieve highest energy efficiency and to avoid year-round heating and cooling, the warehouse is passively conditioned: by explicitly coupling it with adjacent soil, its buffering effect was activated via uninsulated wall and floor components in contact with the ground. The warehouse stock was also integrated into the concept as thermal mass. Furthermore, the remaining building envelope was optimized to reduce heat gains and losses to external air to a minimum.
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Byrne, Paul, and Pascal Lalanne. "Parametric Study of a Long-Duration Energy Storage Using Pumped-Hydro and Carbon Dioxide Transcritical Cycles." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154401.
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The urgent energy transition needs a better penetration of renewable energy in the world’s energy mix. The intermittency of renewables requires the use of longer-term storage. The present system uses water displacement, in a lined rock cavern or in an aerial pressurised vessel, as the virtual piston of compressor and expander functions in a carbon dioxide heat pump cycle (HPC) and in an organic transcritical cycle (OTC). Within an impermeable membrane, carbon dioxide is compressed and expanded by filling and emptying pumped-hydro water. Carbon dioxide exchanges heat with two atmospheric thermal storage pits. The hot fluid and ice pits are charged by the HPC when renewable energy becomes available and discharged by the OTC when electricity is needed. A numerical model was built to replicate the system’s losses and to calculate its round-trip efficiency (RTE). A subsequent parametric study highlights key parameters for sizing and optimisation. With an expected RTE of around 70%, this CO2 PHES (pumped-hydro electricity storage) coupled with PTES (pumped thermal energy storage) could become a game-changer by allowing the efficient storage of intermittent renewable energy and by integrating with district heating and cooling networks, as required by cities and industry in the future.
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Liu, Hu, Yankang Zhang, Pengfei Yu, Jingwen Xue, Lei Zhang, and Defu Che. "Numerical Investigation on Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger for Liquid Air Energy Storage System." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 6347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176347.
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A printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is utilized to cool the compressor inlet air to increase the compression efficiency in a liquid air energy storage and liquid natural gas (LNG) coupled system, which can offer large-scale energy storage with significantly improved exergy efficiency and round-trip efficiency. In this work, the effect of pressure of air, incline angle, and hydraulic diameter on the performance of a compressed air–water PCHE with a semicircle cross-section was studied. The results show that PCHE can realize the intermediate cooling of air compression in the liquid air energy storage system, and the pressure variation of air shows a limited effect on the heat transfer of PCHE; however, the hydraulic diameter and the incline angle both affect the heat transfer and the flow resistance of PCHE, and the best incline angle is 15°.
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Rindt, Karin, František Hrdlička, and Václav Novotný. "Preliminary prospects of a Carnot-battery based on a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle." Acta Polytechnica 61, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 644–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2021.61.0644.
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As a part of the change towards a higher usage of renewable energy sources, which naturally deliver the energy intermittently, the need for energy storage systems is increasing. For the compensation of the disturbance in power production due to inter-day to seasonal weather changes, a long-term energy storage is required. In the spectrum of storage systems, one out of a few geographically independent possibilities is the use of heat to store electricity, so-called Carnot-batteries. This paper presents a Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) system based on a recuperated and recompressed supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle. It is analysed if this configuration of a Brayton cycle, which is most advantageous for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles, can be favourably integrated into a Carnot-battery and if a similar high efficiency can be achieved, despite the constraints caused by the integration. The modelled PTES operates at a pressure ratio of 3 with a low nominal pressure of 8 MPa, in a temperature range between 16 °C and 513 °C. The modelled system provides a round-trip efficiency of 38.9 % and was designed for a maximum of 3.5 MW electric power output. The research shows that an acceptable round-trip efficiency can be achieved with a recuperated and recompressed Brayton Cycle employing supercritical CO2 as the working fluid. However, a higher efficiency would be expected to justify the complexity of the configuration.
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FERTELLİ, Ahmet. "Electric tariffs and thermal energy storage systems for buildings." European Mechanical Science 6, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1188559.
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Thermal energy storage systems are systems that can be an alternative to the systems used especially in residential heating in our country. These systems are systems that reduce CO2 emissions, are efficient and can reduce consumption by shifting electricity demand to night. In this study, the ten-year price changes of the fuels used for heating in our country, the change in the real electricity consumption of a province over time, the electricity tariffs were examined and cost calculations were made in case of heating a space. It is seen that fuel prices have increased significantly in recent years, and thermal energy storage systems (TES) are 20-40% less costly than other systems until 2020, and 40-55% less costly than natural gas in 2021 and 2022.
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Nilsson, Emil, and Patrik Rohdin. "Empirical Validation and Numerical Predictions of an Industrial Borehole Thermal Energy Storage System." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122263.
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To generate performance predictions of borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) systems for both seasonal and short-term storage of industrial excess heat, e.g., from high to low production hours, models are needed that can handle the short-term effects. In this study, the first and largest industrial BTES in Sweden, applying intermittent heat injection and extraction down to half-day intervals, was modelled in the IDA ICE 4.8 environment and compared to three years of measured storage performance. The model was then used in a parametric study to investigate the change in performance of the storage from e.g., borehole spacing and storage supply flow characteristics at heat injection. For the three-year comparison, predicted and measured values for total injected and extracted energy differed by less than 1% and 3%, respectively and the mean relative difference for the storage temperatures was 4%, showing that the performance of large-scale BTES with intermittent heat injection and extraction can be predicted with high accuracy. At the actual temperature of the supply flow during heat injection, 40 °C, heat extraction would not exceed approximately 100 MWh/year for any investigated borehole spacing, 1–8 m. However, when the temperature of the supply flow was increased to 60–80 °C, 1400–3100 MWh/year, also dependent on the flow rate, could be extracted at the spacing yielding the highest heat extraction, which in all cases was 3–4 m.
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Manzone, Marco, Fabrizio Gioelli, and Paolo Balsari. "Effects of Different Storage Techniques on Round-Baled Orchard-Pruning Residues." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061044.
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Baled pruning residue could be a valid solution to reduce the storage surface area in thermal and electrical power station. This study aimed to analyze the storage performance of pruning residues baled by a round baler considering three orchard tree species (apple, peach, and kiwi) and three different techniques (uncovered, under roof, and wrapped). The storage parameters considered were: moisture content, dry mass, and wood energy content of the material. The initial moisture content of the tree orchard specie (apple, peach, and kiwi) was different: lower for peach (41%) and higher for kiwi (51%). At the end of the storage period, all bales (covered and uncovered) obtained similar values to that of the air (about 20%); wrapped bales have highlighted no moisture content variation. The tested tree species showed a similar initial high heating value (18.70 MJ·kg−1), but a different initial low heating value: lower for kiwi (7.96 MJ kg−1) and higher for peach (10.09 MJ·kg−1). No dry matter losses were observed in all test. Stored pruning residues in bales show good benefits in term of “biofuel” quality independent of the techniques adopted expect for the wrapping system that do not permit adequate drying of the biomass.
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Lin, Saw Chun, and Hussain H. Al-Kayiem. "Thermal Reliability of Paraffin Wax Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.263.
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Phase change materials (PCMs) as thermal energy storage medium are proven to be effective to enhance the performance of solar thermal system. The degradation of the thermal properties due to thermal cycles is changeable and accordingly the performance of the solar thermal cycle may decline. In this study, the thermal reliability of paraffin wax was investigated to analyse the ability to be used as thermal energy storage (TES) for solar water heating purposes that subjected to many phase change cycles. The mixtures were subjected to 400 phase change cycles and the thermal properties were measured. Two samples were prepared; Sample 1 was paraffin wax without phase change cycles whereas Sample 2 was gone through 400 phase change cycles. Four hundred phase change cycles indicated the phase change cycles for 1 year 35 days as 1 cycle equivalent to 1 day. The comparison of samples with and without 400 phase change cycles showed slight changes in thermal conductivity, specific heat, melting point and solidification point. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer and Thermogravimetric Analysis showed that after 400 phase change cycles there is no weight loss observed. The paraffin wax is hence found reliable to be use without any degradation, without any chemical reaction and slightly improvement of thermophysical properties as TES for solar water heating purposes.
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Zsembinszki, Gabriel, Boniface Dominick Mselle, David Vérez, Emiliano Borri, Andreas Strehlow, Birgo Nitsch, Andrea Frazzica, Valeria Palomba, and Luisa F. Cabeza. "A New Methodological Approach for the Evaluation of Scaling Up a Latent Storage Module for Integration in Heat Pumps." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 7470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227470.
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A clear gap was identified in the literature regarding the in-depth evaluation of scaling up thermal energy storage components. To cover such a gap, a new methodological approach was developed and applied to a novel latent thermal energy storage module. The purpose of this paper is to identify some key aspects to be considered when scaling up the module from lab-scale to full-scale using different performance indicators calculated in both charge and discharge. Different normalization methods were applied to allow an appropriate comparison of the results at both scales. As a result of the scaling up, the theoretical energy storage capacity increases by 52% and 145%, the average charging power increases by 21% and 94%, while the average discharging power decreases by 16% but increases by 36% when mass and volume normalization methods are used, respectively. When normalization by the surface area of heat transfer is used, all of the above performance indicators decrease, especially the average discharging power, which decreases by 49%. Moreover, energy performance in charge and discharge decreases by 17% and 15%, respectively. However, efficiencies related to charging, discharging, and round-trip processes are practically not affected by the scaling up.
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Penttinen, Petri, Jussi Vimpari, and Seppo Junnila. "Optimal Seasonal Heat Storage in a District Heating System with Waste Incineration." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123522.
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European Union climate goals aim to increase waste incineration instead of landfills. Incineration of waste increases the mismatch between heat production and consumption since waste is generated constantly but energy demand varies significantly between seasons. Seasonal energy storage is suggested to alleviate this mismatch. However, traditional seasonal storage options have not been cost-effective investments for energy companies. This paper explores the feasibility of a large cavern thermal energy storage in a large district heating system with waste incineration. First, 62 one-year optimisations for seasonal storage with varying size and power were conducted to determine the economic performance of the system. Second, the annual system emissions were estimated. The results show that even small capacity seasonal storage reduces system emissions significantly. Return on investment for the most profitable storage with a capacity of 90 GWh and power of 200 MW range between 3.6% and 9.4%, and the investment varies between EUR 43–112 M depending on costs. Seasonal energy storages are still not as profitable as traditional energy investments. This might change due to growing waste heat recovery and the rising cost of carbon emissions. Further research is needed into new business models for implementing large seasonal storages.
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Moon, Kim, and Nam. "Study on the Optimum Design of a Ground Heat Pump System Using Optimization Algorithms." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214033.
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Geothermal energy has attracted attention as a high-efficiency energy source that can be used year-round, but it has a relatively higher initial investment cost. For the design of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, a calculation method to determine the capacity of a system to meet the peak load of the target building is usually used. However, this method requires excessive system capacity design, especially regarding buildings with partial load operations. In this study, the optimization of a system design was performed in the view of the cost of the lifecycle cost. Several optimization algorithms were considered, such as the discrete Armijo gradient algorithm, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and a coordinate search method algorithm. The results of the optimization described the system capacity (heat pump, ground heat exchanger, thermal storage tank, etc.) and the cost performance, showing that the total investment cost was reduced compared to the existing design.
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Ahmad, Jehanzeb, M. Najam Ul Islam, and Jawwad Sabir. "Performance evaluation and design considerations for a split air-conditioner with built-in thermal energy storage." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 5 (December 6, 2018): 560–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418818228.
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The benefits of thermal energy storage using phase change materials are well documented in the literature. Despite all the potential benefits of thermal energy storage, its commercial and widespread application remains limited. This is due to the high initial cost of phase change materials, extensive rework required in buildings, major modifications in HVAC systems, and the potential for leakage, fire and toxicity hazards. There is a strong need for a simple thermal energy storage solution which can be adopted by large number of consumers. Ductless split air-conditioners are portable, low cost, efficient and account for 70% of all air-conditioning systems sold worldwide each year. The present research provides a novel and low cost solution that incorporates thermal energy storage in these air conditioners, allowing them to run without electricity for 3 h. The paper deals with the detailed design aspects and engineering challenges that arise when incorporating thermal energy storage in these small units. A prototype air-conditioner with in-built thermal energy storage was developed, and all performance parameters presented have been validated through data obtained from the prototype. Our results indicate that thermal energy storage can be incorporated in split units in low cost and with minimal drop in overall energy efficiency of the system. Practical application: Incorporating thermal energy storage in split air-conditioners which enables them to run without grid for many hours has immense practical applications. Since around 50% power in any building is consumed by HVAC systems, being able to provide cooling during peak hours without using grid can significantly reduce load on the grid without compromising user comfort. For developing countries where load shedding is frequent, the users can run these air-conditioners without the use of generators or batteries thus saving costs and the environment.
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Pop, Octavian G., Lucian Fechete Tutunaru, Florin Bode, and Mugur C. Balan. "Preliminary investigation of thermal behaviour of PCM based latent heat thermal energy storage." E3S Web of Conferences 32 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183201017.
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Solid-liquid phase change is used to accumulate and release cold in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in order to reduce energy consumption of air cooling system in buildings. The storing capacity of the LHTES depends greatly on the exterior air temperatures during the summer nights. One approach in intensifying heat transfer is by increasing the air’s velocity. A LHTES was designed to be integrated in the air cooling system of a building located in Bucharest, during the month of July. This study presents a numerical investigation concerning the impact of air inlet temperatures and air velocity on the formation of solid PCM, on the cold storing capacity and energy consumption of the LHTES. The peak amount of accumulated cold is reached at different air velocities depending on air inlet temperature. For inlet temperatures of 14°C and 15°C, an increase of air velocity above 50% will not lead to higher amounts of cold being stored. For Bucharest during the hottest night of the year, a 100 % increase in air velocity will result in 5.02% more cold being stored, at an increase in electrical energy consumption of 25.30%, when compared to the reference values.
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Eppinger, Bernd, Mustafa Muradi, Daniel Scharrer, Lars Zigan, Peter Bazan, Reinhard German, and Stefan Will. "Simulation of the Part Load Behavior of Combined Heat Pump-Organic Rankine Cycle Systems." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133870.
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Pumped Thermal Energy Storages (PTES) are suitable for bridging temporary energy shortages, which may occur due to the utilization of renewable energy sources. A combined heat pump (HP)-Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with suitable thermal storage offers a favorable way to store energy for small to medium sized applications. To address the aspect of flexibility, the part load behavior of a combined HP-ORC system, both having R1233zd(E) (Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) as working fluid and being connected through a water filled sensible thermal energy storage, is investigated using a MATLAB code with integration of the fluid database REFPROP. The influence on the isentropic efficiency of the working machines and therefore the power to power efficiency (P2P) of the complete system is shown by variation of the mass flow and a temperature drop in the thermal storage. Further machine-specific parameters such as volumetric efficiency and internal leakage efficiency are also considered. The results show the performance characteristics of the PTES as a function of the load. While the drop in storage temperature has only slight effects on the P2P efficiency, the reduction in mass flow contributes to the biggest decrease in the efficiency. Furthermore, a simulation for dynamic load analysis of a small energy grid in a settlement is conducted to show the course of energy demand, supplied energy by photovoltaic (PV) systems, as well as the PTES performance indicators throughout an entire year. It is shown that the use of PTES is particularly useful in the period between winter and summer time, when demand and supplied photovoltaic energy are approximately equal.
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Khavanov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, and Anatoliy Sergeevich Chulenyov. "Autonomous solar plants for heat supply." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp99-102.
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Energy saving in small-scale thermal power engineering is aimed at increasing the efficiency of using fossil energy carriers, electricity and, possibly, their wider replacement with alternative sources in the housing and communal complex. The practical use of solar installations, both photovoltaic and directly water heating, has found widespread use, at the same time, the peculiarities of the introduction of these installations are due to the climatic and technical conditions of their use. For countries located in climatic zones with relatively cold climates, the development of water heating installations is most rational when they are used seasonally. The relatively low potential of the coolant, the frequency of heat supply in these installations, associated with the seasonality of their operation, time of day and weather, necessitate a number of technical solutions using additional equipment in the form of thermal energy accumulators, heat pumps and other equipment, which in any case must be combined with a traditional source of thermal energy operating on fossil fuels or electricity, performing the functions of both an additional and emergency source of thermal energy. Reserving the capacity of alternative energy sources is most efficient and least energy-consuming to carry out with heat sources using gaseous or degasified fuel. The use of electricity for the purposes of heat supply, with small capital investments, requires significant installed capacities of the heat source with a low coefficient of efficiency for primary fuel. In order to achieve the highest efficiency of energy use, thermal schemes of autonomous heat supply installations for objects using modern condensing boilers of low power and, together with them, various heat storage devices, providing year-round operation of equipment at heat supply facilities, are considered.
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Khavanov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, and Anatoliy Sergeevich Chulenyov. "Autonomous solar plants for heat supply." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp99-102.
Full textAbstract:
Energy saving in small-scale thermal power engineering is aimed at increasing the efficiency of using fossil energy carriers, electricity and, possibly, their wider replacement with alternative sources in the housing and communal complex. The practical use of solar installations, both photovoltaic and directly water heating, has found widespread use, at the same time, the peculiarities of the introduction of these installations are due to the climatic and technical conditions of their use. For countries located in climatic zones with relatively cold climates, the development of water heating installations is most rational when they are used seasonally. The relatively low potential of the coolant, the frequency of heat supply in these installations, associated with the seasonality of their operation, time of day and weather, necessitate a number of technical solutions using additional equipment in the form of thermal energy accumulators, heat pumps and other equipment, which in any case must be combined with a traditional source of thermal energy operating on fossil fuels or electricity, performing the functions of both an additional and emergency source of thermal energy. Reserving the capacity of alternative energy sources is most efficient and least energy-consuming to carry out with heat sources using gaseous or degasified fuel. The use of electricity for the purposes of heat supply, with small capital investments, requires significant installed capacities of the heat source with a low coefficient of efficiency for primary fuel. In order to achieve the highest efficiency of energy use, thermal schemes of autonomous heat supply installations for objects using modern condensing boilers of low power and, together with them, various heat storage devices, providing year-round operation of equipment at heat supply facilities, are considered.
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Kumar, Prakash, and Dheeraj Kumar Palwalia. "Decentralized Autonomous Hybrid Renewable Power Generation." Journal of Renewable Energy 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/856075.
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Power extension of grid to isolated regions is associated with technical and economical issues. It has encouraged exploration and exploitation of decentralized power generation using renewable energy sources (RES). RES based power generation involves uncertain availability of power source round the clock. This problem has been overcome to certain extent by installing appropriate integrated energy storage unit (ESU). This paper presents technical review of hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation in standalone mode. Associated components like converters, storage unit, controllers, and optimization techniques affect overall generation. Wind and PV energy are readily available, omnipresent, and expected to contribute major future energy market. It can serve to overcome global warming problem arising due to emissions in fossil fuel based thermal generation units. This paper includes the study of progressive development of standalone renewable generation units based on wind and PV microgrids.
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Al-Kouz, Wael, Ahmad Almuhtady, Jamal Nayfeh, Nidal Abu-Libdeh, and Alberto Boretti. "A 140 MW solar thermal plant with storage in Ma’an, Jordan." E3S Web of Conferences 181 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018102001.
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In this paper, a 140 MW solar thermal plant with thermal energy storage is proposed for Ma’an, Jordan. The plant characteristics are derived from the design of the Solana solar thermal plant with thermal energy storage in Gila Bend, AZ, US. One half of the solar field is considered, and only 1 of the 2 turbines. The total capacity is reduced from 280 MW gross, 250 MW net to 140 MW gross, 125 MW net. Energy storage is designed for 6 hours, the same as Solana. The performances of this plant similar to Solana are analyzed by using the System Analyser Modeller (SAM) software. Simulations show that Ma’an is a superior location for implementing this design, as the capacity factors are generally better in this location over the year.
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Benato, Alberto, Francesco De Vanna, Ennio Gallo, Anna Stoppato, and Giovanna Cavazzini. "TES-PD: A Fast and Reliable Numerical Model to Predict the Performance of Thermal Reservoir for Electricity Energy Storage Units." Fluids 6, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070256.
Full textAbstract:
The spread of renewable resources, such as wind and solar, is one of the main drivers to move from a fossil-based to a renewable-based power generation system. However, wind and solar production are difficult to predict; hence, to avoid a mismatch between electricity supply and demand, there is a need for energy storage units. To this end, new storage concepts have been proposed, and one of the most promising is to store electricity in the form of heat in a Thermal Energy Storage reservoir. However, in Thermal Energy Storage based systems, the critical component is the storage tank and, in particular, its mathematical model as this plays a crucial role in the storage unit performance estimation. Although the literature presents three modelling approaches, each of them differs in the considered parameters and in the method of modelling the fluid and the solid properties. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the model differences and the parameter influences on plant performance as well as to develop a more complete model. For this purpose, the present work first aim is to compare the models available in the literature to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Then, considering that the models’ comparison showed the importance of adopting temperature-dependent fluid and storage material properties to better predict the system performance, the authors developed a new and more detailed model, named TES-PD, which works with time and space variable fluid and solid properties. In addition, the authors included the tank heat losses and the solid effective thermal conductivity to improve the model accuracy. Based on the comparisons between the TES-PD model and the ones available in the literature, the proposal can better predict the first cycle charging time, as it avoids a 4% underestimation. This model also avoids overestimation of the delivery time, delivered energy, mean generated power and plant round-trip efficiency. Therefore, the results underline that a differential and time-accurate model, like the TES-PD, even if one-dimensional, allows a fast and effective prediction of the performance of both the tank and the storage plant. This is essential information for the preliminary design of innovative large-scale storage units operating with thermal storage.
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Sivák, Peter, Peter Tauš, Radim Rybár, Martin Beer, Zuzana Šimková, František Baník, Sergey Zhironkin, and Jana Čitbajová. "Analysis of the Combined Ice Storage (PCM) Heating System Installation with Special Kind of Solar Absorber in an Older House." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153878.
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The energy storage field is nowadays a highly ranking topic. This research deals with the installation and analysis of the ice storage system which combines heat pump, solar absorber, and ice storage tank (phase change material—PCM). This system uses a special kind of solar absorber – header pipes (HDP), which have no thermal isolation compared to the common solar absorber. Thanks to that the HDP, pipes can absorb thermal energy not only from the sun but also from the environment. The rain or snow also affects heat exchange. All that is provided by one technical device. The system can store thermal energy gained from the solar absorber into the ice storage tank for future usage. Research works with data from the real operation, for a period of the year covering all working phases/modes of the system. The analysis of the data led to the identification of several specific modes of the system, especially from the processes taking place in the PCM storage tank during its charging and discharging at various time stages of operation of the whole system. The installation and analysis of the ice storage system probably took place for the first time in Slovakia and Slovak Republic’s conditions. Besides, this system was not installed on a new low-energy house, but on an older family house with thermal insulation. The aim of this installation was also to demonstrate the usability of the ice storage system in an older house and potentially reduce the homeowner’s fees thanks to new technology with higher efficiency. We managed to comprehensively analyze and describe the operation of this system, which also appears to be highly efficient even in a family house with a lower energy certificate, than today’s new low-energy buildings. The results showed a significant efficiency difference in favor of the ice storage system compared to conventional heating systems. The total analysis time was 1616 h and the total efficiency of this heating system—the seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) was 4.4. Compared to the average SCOP 3.0 of conventional heating systems for new low-energy houses, the total efficiency increased by 46.6%. These results could therefore be considered as beneficial, especially if we take into account that this system was installed on an approximately 40-year-old family house. The analyzed ice storage system is still working today. The main goals of this paper were to describe the heat pump’s duty cycle with ice storage (PCM) based on real-life data and bring a detailed description of the heat transfer medium behavior at various phases of storing/utilizing heat in the vertical ice storage’s profile for increasing efficiency.
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Bayod-Rújula, Angel A., Yue Yuan, Amaya Martínez-Gracia, Jiangyu Wang, Javier Uche, and Huanxin Chen. "Modelling and Simulation of a Building Energy Hub." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 21, 2018): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231431.
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The development of technologies such as efficient multi-generation system, lead to realizing the benefits of integrated energy infrastructure such as electricity, natural gas, and heating networks, and thus a rapid movement toward multi-energy systems (MES). In such systems, different energy carriers and systems interact together in a synergistic way. An Energy hub (EH) can be defined as the place where the production, conversion, storage and consumption of different energy carriers takes place, is a promising option for integrated management of MES. In this work we present the hourly Schedule along a year of a building energy hub, with local generation of heat and power, energy storage and electrical and thermal loads. We include PVT systems and a CHP system in the local generation of heat and power, and a gas boiler. A battery is considered as electrical storage and a water tank as thermal storage. The system is connected to the mail grids of power and gas. The typical thermal and electrical load of a building has been considered, with a heat pump that is considered as a deferral load. The model for all the components has been developed, and a yearly simulation has been carried out in which prices of electricity and gas have been considered.
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Barreca, Francesco, and Pasquale Praticò. "Environmental indoor thermal control of extra virgin olive oil storage room with phase change materials." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 50, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2019.947.
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The quality of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is strongly correlated to storage temperature, in fact the storage conditions (packaging material, oxygen, temperature, and light) alters not only the fatty acid alkyl esters (FAEE) of the olive oil but also other quality parameters such as peroxide, making the oil incompatible to the high quality EVOO. During storage of EVOO the polyphenols tend to decrease and compromise the dietetic and nutritional qualities and taste and produce harmful substances. The storage temperature, more than 24°C, influences quite a lot FAEE especially for long-term conservation. High storage temperature leads to degradation of oil quality in the long term while low temperature develops rancidity quickly, reducing the consumer’s demand. Low storage temperature also affects the EVOO quality but in a lesser way than high storage temperature. The present study proposes the use of a control temperature system based on the application of phase change materials (PCM) on the buildings envelope. A specific case study was considered to evaluate the effect on use of PCM. The building analysed was an olive mill building situated in Scido a small town in the province of Reggio Calabria located in southern Italy. The intervention on the EVOO storage room to improve the energy savings for temperature control was based on the insulation of the partitions and the installation of a false ceiling to limit the air volume, with a two layer panel sandwich, one of PCM and the other of a rigid polyurethane foam with a 4 cm thick metal cladding. A thermal analysis simulation, by means of DesignBuilder software, was conducted. To calculate the electric energy spent in a year to control air temperature in a range of 8- 22°C. The results were of 3590. 67 kWh/year for existing building and 2539.52 kWh/year for building with PCM, energy save of about 30%. A temperature decrease of about 3°C was measured inside the storage room without a cooling system during the hottest year period but the most important result was a thermal indoor air stabilisation in the storage room. This condition avoids a thermal fluctuation to the EVOO and it is the best storage condition.
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Brown, M. Judson. "Optimization of Thermal Mass in Commercial Building Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 112, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929934.
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Based on results from a one-year intensive monitoring project of a Northern New York commercial building with energy-conserving design features, a thermal storage project was undertaken to optimize the design of a thermal mass storage system for a moderately sized commercial building and transfer the technology to the commercial building sector. A generic commercial building design of 27,000 square feet (2508 m2) was selected for the optimization project. Several different types of thermal mass designs were considered as potentially practical for a commercial building. These included a “sandmass” design such as the mass incorporated in the previously monitored commercial building mentioned above, a foundation slab of sufficient thickness to serve as a significant building thermal mass, and the use of poured cement in interior wall and floor construction. Five different office building thermal designs were selected which represented various thermal storage features and two different building insulation levels (R10 and R20). Energy performance of the five thermal designs was modeled in building energy simulations using DOE 2.1C (Department of Energy 2.1C) energy simulation code. Results of the simulations showed a reduction in peak heating and cooling loads would be experienced by the HVAC equipment. The reduction in peak heating and cooling loads was anticipated because thermal mass within a building serves to average peak heating and cooling loads due to the capacity of the thermal mass to store and release heat from all building heat sources over a period of time. Peak heating loads varied from 1972 kBtuh (578 kW) for the R-10 light construction base case to a minimum of 980 kBtuh (287 kW) for the R-20 heavy construction sandmass storage case. Peak cooling loads dropped from 772 kBtuh (226 kW) for the R-20 light construction case to 588 kBtuh (172 kW) for the R-20 heavy construction sandmass storage case. Results of the simulations also showed annual energy savings for the high thermal mass designs. Energy savings varied from 20 percent [16.0 kBtu/ft2 (50 kWh/m2)] for the R-10 high thermal mass design in comparison to its base case to 18 percent [12.2 kBtu/ft2 (39 kWh/m2)] for the R-20 high thermal mass design in comparison to its base case. The annual energy savings are due to the ability of the thermal mass to absorb heat from all sources of heat generation (lights, occupancy, solar, and auxiliary) during occupied periods and release the heat during unoccupied periods. An optimized thermal design was developed based on results from the DOE 2.1C simulations. The initial cost for the optimized thermal storage design is lower than the initial costs for light construction office buildings, since the lower initial cost of the down-sized HVAC system for the optimized thermal storage design more than offsets the increased cost of wall and floor systems incorporated in the optimized design. Annual energy savings are realized from the high thermal mass system in both cooling and heating modes due to the interaction of building HVAC systems operation in the simulated 27000 ft2 (2508 m2) office building. Annual operating savings of $3781 to $4465 per year are estimated based on simulation results.
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Robadey, J., S. Vuilleumier, and E. L. Niederhäuser. "Thermal energy autonomy study for a reference house equipped with PV panels, a heat pump and PCM storage elements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012147.
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Abstract Despite their rapid growth, renewable energies cannot provide energy on demand, which is an essential requirement for heating buildings. To this end, we developed heat exchangers with Phase Change Materials that allow the on-demand charge, storage and discharge of thermal energy. In this paper we evaluate the storage capacities needed to achieve thermal energy autonomy. An existing reference house, meteorological data from MeteoSwiss and solar radiation intensity were used to evaluate the thermal needs and the solar power production for the year 2019. To heat the building an air-water heat pump is preferably powered by solar energy. The calculations have been performed from October to March. Using 1200 litres of PCM, a thermal autonomy of 100% was achieved for March and October. In February, November and December, 24 days could not reach a thermal autonomy. For the month of January that was studied in detail 15 days are self-sufficient. By increasing the PCM volume to 2’600 litres 5 more days become self-sufficient. To achieve total building heating autonomy, seasonal storage is necessary.
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Nath Bhadra, Amar, and Subhendu Podder. "An overview of the energy scenario and energy storage device." Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development 70, no. 11&12 (June 10, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/ijprvd/2020/27951.
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With demand for the natural resources exceeds a certain threshold, it leads to a global ecological threat like the “Amphhan” catastrophe that had ravaged the eastern part of West Bengal during the month of February 2020 that resulted in the loss of lives and economic activity which is yet to be regained with its earlier momentum. The inflicted calamity has given a “blow” as well as “boost” to renewable energy sector that leads to greater seriousness on development of the energy storages devices/stations in the country. While India has already achieved 374 GW of total installed capacity of power generation in which the contribution from the thermal sector is about 62 per cent and that of the RP is about 22 per cent that comes to 90 GW as of today and 60 GW is under pipeline or under construction or under tendering process. The year 2020 is undoubtedly a year of change and the COVID-19 pandemic situation together with enforced lockdown in several parts of the country and even in globe has forced people to think differently to remain relevant against the New-Normal. In order to choose the sources of energy that does not cause pollution to the surrounding environment, the RET is the best and most favourable options to opt for along with the battery storage devices for making the power available throughout the day-long and even when the sun sets. Most of the batteries currently produced and used in our country is lithium-ion based and is mostly imported. To be on the self-reliant mode and moving towards “Atmanirbhar Bharat” through “Make in India” we need to have more and more indigenous manufacturer of Li-ion batteries. Good news is that 10 Indian companies have already procured manufacturing technology from DRDO and large scale production of indigenous Li-ion batteries is expected soon. The National Energy Mission of the Government of India has just rolled out with a focus on the Make in India and is envisioned to take all necessary formalities and policy decisions to be adopted to incentivise advanced energy storage manufacturing in India through the application of innovation and new technology options that are available. As a science communicator, the authors strongly opine that with the appropriate support from the Government of India through the policy decisions by the Niti Aayog, India will be one of the top markets for the energy storage adoptions and manufacturing and is another way forward to mitigate the climate change by producing electricity free from carbon dioxide emissions into atmosphere and provide green energy for sustainable path of development. As we see that the energy storage is a new thrust area along with introduction of FGD technology retrofitting with the thermal power plant, we look forward to the new ecosystem to be achieved by 2030.
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De Schepper, Guillaume, Pierre-Yves Bolly, Pietro Vizzotto, Hugo Wecxsteen, and Tanguy Robert. "Investigations into the First Operational Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System in Wallonia (Belgium): What Can Potentially Be Expected?" Geosciences 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010033.
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In the context of energy transition, new and renovated buildings often include heating and/or air conditioning energy-saving technologies based on sustainable energy sources, such as groundwater heat pumps with aquifer thermal energy storage. A new aquifer thermal energy storage system was designed and is under construction in the city of Liège, Belgium, along the Meuse River. This system will be the very first to operate in Wallonia (southern Belgium) and should serve as a reference for future shallow geothermal developments in the region. The targeted alluvial aquifer reservoir was thoroughly characterized using geophysics, pumping tests, and dye and heat tracer tests. A 3D groundwater flow heterogeneous numerical model coupled to heat transport was then developed, automatically calibrated with the state-of-the-art pilot points method, and used for simulating and assessing the future system efficiency. A transient simulation was run over a 25 year-period. The potential thermal impact on the aquifer, based on thermal needs from the future building, was simulated at its full capacity in continuous mode and quantified. While the results show some thermal feedback within the wells of the aquifer thermal energy storage system and heat loss to the aquifer, the thermal affected zone in the aquifer extends up to 980 m downstream of the building and the system efficiency seems suitable for long-term thermal energy production.
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Yao, Yingying, Xiaobo Wang, Zhongzhou Dou, Hang Wang, and Zeyang Li. "Design and feasibility verification of regenerative system of electric thermal storage boiler for peak shaving in summer in power plant." MATEC Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 02060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235502060.
Full textAbstract:
During the heating period, the thermal storage electric boiler helps the thermal power units to participate in the deep peak regulation by converting the electric energy into heat energy for heating users, but in the non-heating period, the thermal storage electric boiler can not operate because there is no heat user, as a result, the thermal storage electric boiler is shut down in summer, and can not assist the thermal power unit to participate in the deep peak regulation. Therefore, this paper designs an electric thermal storage boiler regenerative system for peak shaving in summer. In this regenerative system, electric boiler is used to heat circulating water in heating period, and electric boiler is used to heat condensed water in non-heating period, and in the non-heating period, the number of low-pressure heaters can be adjusted according to the load and heat storage capacity of the units, so that the electric boiler can assist the thermal power units to participate in the deep peak regulation throughout the year, taking a 350MW unit with 70MW regenerative electric boiler as an example, the heat exchange capacity is calculated to verify the feasibility of the regenerative system. In this paper, a new method of heating condensate by regenerative electric boiler in non-heating period is proposed to solve the problem that the new energy can not be used and the energy is wasted in summer.
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Bruno, Sergio, Maria Dicorato, Massimo La Scala, Roberto Sbrizzai, Pio Alessandro Lombardi, and Bartlomiej Arendarski. "Optimal Sizing and Operation of Electric and Thermal Storage in a Net Zero Multi Energy System." Energies 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173389.
Full textAbstract:
In this this paper, the optimal sizing of electric and thermal storage is applied to the novel definition of a net zero multi energy system (NZEMS). A NZMES is based on producing electricity exclusively from renewable energy sources (RES) and converting it into other energy forms to satisfy multiple energy needs of a community. Due to the intermittent nature of RES, storage resources are needed to increase the self-sufficiency of the system. Possible storage sizing choices are examined considering, on an annual basis, the solution of a predictive control problem aimed at optimizing daily operation. For each day of the year, a predictive control problem is formulated and solved, aimed at minimizing operating costs. Electric, thermal, and (electric) transportation daily curves and expected RES production are assessed by means of a model that includes environmental parameters. Test results, based on the energy model of a small rural village, show expected technical-economic performance of different planning solutions, highlighting how the renewable energy mix influences the choice of both thermal and electric storage, and how self-sufficiency can affect the overall cost of energy.
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Yue, Xiuyan, Yujie Xu, Xuezhi Zhou, Dehou Xu, and Haisheng Chen. "Study on the Performance of a Solar Heating System with Seasonal and Cascade Thermal-Energy Storage." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 7733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207733.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal solar thermal-energy storage systems used for space heating applications is a promising technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A novel solar heating system with seasonal and cascade thermal-energy storage based on zeolite water is proposed in this study. The system's efficiency is improved through cascade storage and the release of solar energy. The energy storage density is improved through the deep coupling of daily energy storage and cross-seasonal energy storage. A mathematical model of the system-performance analysis is established. The system performances in the non-heating and heating seasons and throughout the year are analyzed by considering the Chifeng City of China as an application case. The results indicate that the average collection efficiency of the proposed system is 2.88% higher in the non-heating season and 7.4% higher in the heating season than that of the reference system. Furthermore, the utilization efficiency of the proposed system is 37.16%, which is 3.26% higher than that of the reference system. Further, the proposed system has a supply heat of 2135 GJ in the heating season, which is 9.66% higher than the reference system. This study provides a solution for the highly efficient solar energy utilization for large-scale space-heating applications.
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Ciapała, Bartłomiej, and Mirosław Janowski. "Geothermal power based ULTDH for cooling and heating purposes." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000009.
Full textAbstract:
Ultra-low temperature district heating systems facilitate use of waste and renewable heat sources. The article presents a possible scheme of operation and optimisation of small ultra-low temperature district heating system consisting of waste heat source, a number of heated individual dwellings and borehole thermal energy storage plant. Optimisation performed for typical meteorological year for Kraków indicate significant potential of decreasing energy amount discharged to the environment and total length of borehole heat exchangers, compared to individual heat/cold production from low-temperature geothermal resources. Meanwhile, satisfied is a set of constrains providing borehole thermal energy storage sustainability and fulfilling entire heating and cooling demands.
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Matuszewska, Dominika, Marta Kuta, and Piotr Olczak. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Mobilized Thermal Energy Storage System Using Geothermal Source in Polish Conditions." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133404.
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The paper considers technical and economic possibilities to provide geothermal heat to individual recipients using a mobile thermal storage system (M-TES) in Polish conditions. The heat availability, temperature and heat cost influence the choice of location—Bańska Niżna, near Zakopane in the southern part of the Poland. The indirect contact energy storage container was selected with phase change material characterized by a melting temperature of 70 °C and a heat storage capacity of 250 kJ/kg, in the amount of 800 kg. The economic profitability of the M-TES system (with a price per warehouse of 6000 EUR, i.e., a total of 12,000 EUR—two containers are needed) can be achieved for a heat demand of 5000 kWh/year with the price of a replaced heat source at the level of 0.21 EUR/kWh and a distance between the charging station and building (heat recipient) of 0.5 km. For the heat demand of 15,000 kWh/year, the price for the replaced heat reached EUR 0.11/kWh, and the same distance. In turn, for a demand of 25,000 kWh/year, the price of the replaced heat source reached 0.085 EUR/kWh. The distance significantly affected the economic profitability of the M-TES system—for the analyzed case, a distance around 3–4 km from the heat source should be considered.
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Bridger, D. W., and D. M. Allen. "Heat transport simulations in a heterogeneous aquifer used for aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES)." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 1 (January 2010): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-078.
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A modelling study was carried out to evaluate the influence of aquifer heterogeneity, as represented by geologic layering, on heat transport and storage in an aquifer used for aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES). An existing ATES system in Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada, was used as a case study. The system consists of four production wells completed in an unconfined heterogeneous aquifer consisting of interbedded sands and gravels. An additional dump well was installed to provide for heat dissipation during the peak cooling periods. Three monitoring wells and the production wells were logged for temperature periodically within the first 1.5 years of operation. A three-dimensional groundwater flow and heat transport model was developed using FEFLOW. Simulation results indicate that heat and (or) cold energy moved preferentially in discrete zones within the aquifer or at least entered the wells over discrete intervals. Monitoring data support model results, but show that thermal storage was successfully achieved despite a significant cooling operation during the first year.
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Cocco, Daniele, Fabio Licheri, Davide Micheletto, and Vittorio Tola. "ACAES systems to enhance the self-consumption rate of renewable electricity in sustainable energy communities." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012025.
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Abstract This paper aims to evaluate the optimal configuration of an Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (ACAES) system designed to achieve the best matching between power production from non-programmable Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power plants and power demand from final users. The electrical energy demand of a small town, with a maximum power load of about 10 MW, has been considered as case study. The electrical energy can be supplied by both a photovoltaic (PV) power plant and the grid. For the ACAES system, different sizes for compressor, turbine, thermal energy storage (TES) system and air storage reservoir have been evaluated by varying the air mass flow rate of turbomachines and the charging and discharging duration times, to enhance the share of the PV energy supplied to the end user. The best performance is achieved with a PV power plant rated at about 35 MW and an ACAES section characterized by a compressor/turbine rated power of about 25-35% of the maximum power load of the end user, with a charging time of about 10 hours and a discharging time of about 20 hours. The average round-trip efficiency of the ACAES system is around 70%. On the overall, the integrated PV-ACAES system allows to cover 66% of the yearly electrical energy demand.
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Kegl, Tina. "Optimal Design of HFC Solar Plant by Using Phase Change Material for Heat Storage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 806 (November 2015): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.806.203.
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This paper deals with an optimal design solar tower power plant. Special attention is focused on the central receiver system and heat storage materials. In order to get an effective power plant, a simple mathematical model to calculate the solar energy, concentrated on the solar receiver during one year, is developed. The model can predict the delivered energy in dependence on the arrangement of the heliostats and the height of the solar receiver. By using an optimizer, a plant of 5 MW power is optimized in order to produce a maximum of electrical energy during the year on the prescribed area. On the basis of analysis of heat storage materials, KNO3, acting as phase change material (PCM), is shown to be suitable for heat storage from the thermal, physical, kinetic, chemical, and economic point of view.
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Uehara, Yo, and Tomoko Uno. "Evaluation of Energy-Saving and Improvement of the Thermal Environment of the House with High Thermal Insulation, Heat Storage Performance, and Fitting Adjustment." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186728.
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In this study, we assessed a lifestyle in which occupants adjust the fittings based on climate, weather, and time, in terms of energy efficiency and thermal conditions. The proposed solution is a Zero Energy House (ZEH) with high thermal performance. The thermal performance of the building envelope can be adjusted by changing the operation of fittings based on the indoor and outdoor environments, as well as air conditioning usage. Many studies have achieved zero energy by increasing the thermal performance of an envelope and using highly efficient energy-saving facilities; however, uniquely, here we focus on occupant behavior to change the building envelope condition. In this paper, numerical analysis was used to investigate the effect of adjusting the fittings on buildings with different thermal performances of the envelope. The analysis demonstrates that, while more research into measures is needed in the summer, the adjustment of fittings and thermal storage properties in the winter season can reduce the heating load by 48–59% compared to the normal ZEH and improve the indoor environment. In terms of the heating and cooling load throughout the year, the results also showed that applying fittings adjustment and heat storage to an ordinary house can provide nearly the same energy-saving effect as a highly insulated house.