Journal articles: 'Year 8 boys'

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Bland, Justin R., and Kenneth R. Turley. "Post-exercise Blood Pressure In 8-10 Year Old Boys." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000488054.41569.4b.

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Bland, Justin R., and Kenneth R. Turley. "Post-Exercise Blood Pressure In 8-10 Year Old Boys." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519457.07865.97.

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Zubal, M., and I. Raitarovska. "Statistical interconnections between the increment of 7–8-year-old boys’ physical qualities of different somatotypes." This bulletin of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. Physical education, Sport and Human Health, no. 13 (August 15, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2019-13.23-28.

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Capaldi, Deborah M. "Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8." Development and Psychopathology 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400005605.

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AbstractThe current study examines outcomes at Grade 8 for boys who, at Grade 6, displayed elevated, though not necessarily clinical, levels of conduct problems and depressive symptoms. An at-risk community sample of 203 early adolescent boys in the Oregon Youth Study, a multimethod/multiagent study, was divided into the following groups at Grade 6: (a) co-occurring conduct problems and depressed mood, (b) conduct problems only, (c) depressed mood only, and (d) neither problem. The four groups were compared at Grade 8 on family management and boy's adjustment, using multivariate analyses of variance. The groups were compared also on relationships with parents, delinquency, and suicidal ideation. As hypothesized, conduct problems showed higher stability than depressive symptoms from Grade 6 to Grade 8. The conduct-problem-only boys and boys with co-occurring conduct problems and depressive symptoms continued to show considerable adjustment deficits at Grade 8, whereas boys with only depressive symptoms showed some improvement. The co-occurring group showed elevated levels of suicidal ideation. As hypothesized, conduct problems at Grade 6 were predictive of increases in depressed mood by Grade 8, but depressed mood was not predictive of an increase in the conduct problems measure. Results are consistent with a failure model whereby lack of skill and noxious behavior lead to pervasive failures and vulnerability to depressed mood.

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Aucouturier, Julien, Nordine Lazaar, Eric Doré, Martine Meyer, Sebastien Ratel, and Pascale Duché. "Cycling peak power in obese and lean 6- to 8-year-old girls and boys." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-114.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effect of the difference in percentage body fat (%BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) on cycling peak power (CPP) in 6- to 8-year-old obese and lean untrained girls and boys. Obese (35 girls, 35 boys) and lean (35 girls, 35 boys) children were measured for obesity, %BF, calculated from skinfold measurements. FFM was calculated as body mass (BM) minus body fat. A force–velocity test on a cycle ergometer was used to measure CPP. CPP was related to anthropometric variables using standard and allometric models. CPP in absolute terms was higher in obese children than in lean children irrespective of gender. BM-related CPP was significantly lower in obese children than in lean ones, whereas no effect of obesity appeared on FFM-related CPP. Velocity at CPP (Vopt) was significantly lower and force at CPP (Fopt) was significantly higher in girls than in boys. Muscle power production was unaffected by obesity in children. Low BM-related CPP could explain the difficulty of taking up physical activities that are body-mass related in obese children. Gender difference for Vopt and Fopt shows that girls and boys may have different maturation patterns affecting CPP.

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Iermakov, Sergii, Olha Ivashchenko, and Oleksandr Khomiakov. "Gender-Related Peculiarities of Motor Fitness of 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren." Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology 1, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.05.

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The purpose of the study was to identify gender-related peculiarities of motor fitness of 8-year-old schoolchildren. Materials and methods. The study participants were 82 8-year-old schoolchildren (girls – 40, boys – 42). The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The study used the following research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observations, testing of motor fitness, probabilistic approach to assessing the learning process, methods of mathematical statistics. In the experiment, the study controlled the level of proficiency in the following exercises: shoulderstand, bridge from supine position, one leg swing upward circle. Results. In the girls and boys, the differences in the development level of movement coordination of individual parts of the body and vestibular stability are not statistically significant. The 8-year-old boys have a statistically significantly higher level of development of strength, speed strength, speed, endurance and a higher level of proficiency in acrobatic and gymnastic exercises than girls. Conclusions. A canonical discriminant function can be used to classify the gender-related peculiarities of motor fitness of 8-year-old schoolchildren. A discriminant analysis revealed the indicators that have the greatest weight in assessing the gender-related peculiarities of motor fitness of 8-year-old schoolchildren. They include the level of relative strength of shoulder flexors, speed strength, endurance, and the level of proficiency in shoulderstand.

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Escalante, Yolanda, Karianne Backx, and M. Saavedra. "Relationship Between Break-Time Physical Activity, Age, and Sex in a Rural Primary Schools, Wales, UK." Journal of Human Kinetics 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0024.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the physical activity during the break-times of primary school children in rural areas, and its relationship with age and sex. 380 children (192 boys and 188 girls; age=9.5±1.1 years) participated in the study. Break-time physical activity in the morning and lunch breaks was measured by accelerometry. An ANOVA was used to determine differences by sex in each age group, together with the respective confidence intervals and effect sizes. The results showed that 8-year-olds performed more physical exercise than 11-year-olds during the two breaks (p=0.005). For the boys, the 8-year-olds did more physical activity than the 10-year-olds, while, for the girls, those aged 8 and 9 years did more PA than girls aged 11 years (p<0.001). The only difference between boys and girls was for the 10-year-olds (p=0.043), with the boys doing more physical activity. Teachers might find it useful to take these findings into account to design physical activity programmes aimed at increasing the playground physical activity of older children.

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Willner, Alexandra H. "Behavioural deficiencies of aggressive 8–9 year old boys: An observational study." Aggressive Behavior 17, no. 3 (1991): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:3<135::aid-ab2480170303>3.0.co;2-e.

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Zayneev, M. M., N. I. Ziyatdinova, and T. L. Zefirov. "Peculiarities of the functional state of external respiration of primary school children during adaptation to different efforts." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2154.

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Aim. To study the peculiarities of external respiratory functioning in boys of 8, 9 and 10 years in various periods of the academic year at rest, after a dosed dynamic and static loads. Methods. Examined were 38 practically healthy boys with an average level of physical development. Observation was conducted in three age groups of boys: 8, 9 and 10 years. The functional state of the respiratory system was assessed by the magnitude of lung volumes and ventilation parameters. The test with an isometric load was performed in a sitting position by squeezing a dynamometer in the left hand with a force equal to 50% of the maximal effort produced within 1 min. Results. In the 8-year-old boys noted was the tension of the functional state of the respiratory system at the beginning of the academic year. By the year of the end, the static load causes a decrease of the reserves of external respiration and static lung volumes, and an increase of the frequency component. In the 9-year-old boys at all study periods the static load leads to less favorable shifts in the respiration parameters in comparison with the dynamic load. In the 10-year-old boys at the beginning of the academic year both types of loads lead to adverse shifts of the parameters of external respiration, by the middle of the year adaptive capacities of the respiratory system become optimized. Conclusion. Local static load causes adverse shifts in the respiratory system of the primary school children, accompanied by a decrease in efficiency of the ventilation function of the lungs and by adverse reaction of the parameters of biomechanics.

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Falk, Bareket, and Guy Mor. "The Effects of Resistance and Martial Arts Training in 6- to 8-Year-Old Boys." Pediatric Exercise Science 8, no. 1 (February 1996): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.8.1.48.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a 12-week training program on the motor performance of 6- to 8-year-old prepubertal boys (n = 14). Each subject participated in a 40-min session twice a week, which included three sets of upper body strength exercises (1 to 15 repetitions/set), unregimented lower body strength exercises, coordination, balance, and martial arts skills. The control group included 15 prepubertal boys in the same age range. All subjects were pre- and posttested on 20-s sit-ups, seated ball put, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach flexibility, 6 × 4-m shuttle run, and a coordination task. The experimental group improved significantly (p < .05) more than the control group in the sit-ups and in the long jump. Both groups improved (p < .05) in the coordination task. No significant changes were observed in body weight, seated ball put, flexibility, and shuttle run. A twice-weekly training program seems to improve performance in selected motor tasks in 6- to 8-year-old boys.

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Rittenhouse, Melissa, Sarah-Jeanne Salvy, and Jacob E. Barkley. "The Effect of Peer Influence on the Amount of Physical Activity Performed in 8- to 12-Year-Old Boys." Pediatric Exercise Science 23, no. 1 (February 2011): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.23.1.49.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of physical and sedentary activity normal-weight and at-risk-for/overweight boys perform when alone, with a peer of similar weight and with a peer of different weight. Participants included boys, ages 8–12 years, classified as either normal-weight (<85th BMI percentile; N = 12) or at-risk-for/overweight (<85th BMI percentile; N = 12). At-risk-for/overweight boys allocated a greater amount of time to sedentary activities and accumulated fewer accelerometer counts than normal-weight boys in the alone condition. Once paired with a peer of either similar or different weight there were no differences between groups. These results indicate the presence of an unknown peer has a positive effect on at-risk-for/overweight children’s physical activity behavior.

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Grabara, Małgorzata, Anna Bieniec, and Agnieszka Nawrocka. "Spinal curvatures of children and adolescents – a cross-sectional study." Biomedical Human Kinetics 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2017-0011.

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Summary Study aim: The aim was to assess the spinal curvatures of primary and lower secondary male and female students from Silesia and to identify individual variations that can determine spinal posture.Material and methods: The study involved 331 girls and 286 boys aged 8 to 16 years. Eligible criteria were non-participation in any professional sport training, and participation in mandatory physical education classes. Posture was evaluated using the moiré method. Measurements of somatic parameters were made with a medical scale using a height meter and a Tanita electronic balance.Results: Dimorphic postural differences of boys and girls were seen mainly in the shape of lumbar lordosis. Girls were more lordotic than boys at all ages except 10-years-olds. Angle γ was significantly greater in 9-, 15- and 16-year-old girls than boys. LLA was significantly more prominent in 15- and 16-year-old girls than boys. Thoracic kyphosis was significantly more prominent in 8- and 11-year-old boys than girls. We also found a significant effect of age and somatic parameters. In boys mean lumbar lordosis was more pronounced in 10-year-olds. In girls fat mass, fat percentage and BMI correlated with angle α and angle Δ. In boys body height and mass, fat mass, total body water and BMI correlated with angles β, γ, Δ, and lordosis lumbar angle.Conclusions: The shape of lumbar lordosis is associated with age and gender. Lumbar lordosis decreases with age in male children and adolescents. Our study revealed poor correlations between sagittal spinal curvatures and somatic parameters.

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Kwee, Anneke, and Jack H. Wilmore. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in 8- to 15-Year-Old Boys." Pediatric Exercise Science 2, no. 4 (November 1990): 372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2.4.372.

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A sample of 399 boys, 8 to 15 years of age, underwent a comprehensive evaluation to determine the extent to which coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors are related to an estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness. The boys were divided into four groups on the basis of their directly measured VO2max. Significant differences were found between fitness groups for relative body fat, plasma triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure divided by height, with the higher fitness groups exhibiting substantially lower values. When covariance analyses were conducted, adjusting for differences in age and relative body fat, the differences in blood pressure were no longer statistically significant. No differences were found between fitness groups for total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, or the ratio of HDL/TC. It is concluded that there is not a strong relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and CAD risk factors in boys 8- to 15-years of age.

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Mastrangelo, Alysia M., Edward C. Chaloupka, and Peter Rattigan. "Cardiovascular Fitness in Obese Versus Nonobese 8–11-Year-Old Boys and Girls." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 79, no. 3 (September 2008): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2008.10599499.

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BEUNEN, GASTON, ADAM D. G. BAXTER-JONES, ROBERT L. MIRWALD, MARTINE THOMIS, JOHAN LEFEVRE, ROBERT M. MALINA, and DONALD A. BAILEY. "Intraindividual allometric development of aerobic power in 8- to 16-year-old boys." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 3 (March 2002): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200203000-00018.

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Kempes, Maaike, Bram Orobio de Castro, and Elisabeth Sterck. "Conflict management in 6–8-year-old aggressive Dutch boys: do they reconcile?" Behaviour 145, no. 11 (2008): 1701–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853908786131306.

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Davies, Julie, and Ivy Brember. "Boys Outperforming Girls: an 8‐year cross‐sectional study of attainment and self‐esteem in Year 6." Educational Psychology 19, no. 1 (March 1999): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144341990190101.

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Kanazawa, Tadahiro, Satoshi Shimizu, Jiro Kamada, Hiroko Tanabe, and Naosuke Itoigawa. "Intelligence and Learning Disabilities in 6- to 8-year-old Children Weighing under 1000 Grams at Birth." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 1 (January 1997): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385513.

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Intellectual ability and learning disabilities (LD) were assessed in a cohort of 33 extremely low-birthweight (1000 grams) children at 6-8 years of age with a psychometric test battery. The children were classified into the following three groups: a LD-suspected group of 9 boys (27.3%), a mentally delayed group of 3 boys and 3 girls (18.2%), and a typically developing group of 6 boys and 11 girls (51.5%). No correlation was found between birthweight and intelligence quotient (IQ) at 6-8 years of age. A negative correlation was found between IQ and gestational age (GA) at a nearly significant level. The mean verbal IQ for the 11 small for gestational age (SGA) children was significantly lower than that of the appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children. The LD-suspected group was characterised by lower scores on spatial relationships and rapid but inaccurate solving of the visuo-motor integration tasks on the Frostig test.

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Berntson, Lillemor, Ellen Nordal, Kristiina Aalto, Suvi Peltoniemi, Troels Herlin, Marek Zak, Susan Nielsen, and Marite Rygg. "HLA-B27 Predicts a More Chronic Disease Course in an 8-year Followup Cohort of Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis." Journal of Rheumatology 40, no. 5 (April 1, 2013): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.121257.

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Objective.We investigated associations of HLA-B27 with clinical manifestations and longterm outcome in a near population-based setting among patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.We studied clinical and serological data from 410 patients with HLA-B27 results among 440 prospectively collected patients with JIA with 8-year followup data in a Nordic database. The study was structured to be as close to a population-based study as possible.Results.HLA-B27 was analyzed in 93% of patients, and was positive in 21% of the cohort, in 18.4% of the girls and in 25.9% of the boys. Boys who were HLA-B27-positive had significantly higher age at onset compared to HLA-B27-negative boys and compared to both HLA-B27-negative and positive girls. This difference in onset age in relation to HLA-B27 was not found in girls. HLA-B27 was associated with clinical signs of sacroiliitis, enthesitis, and tenosynovitis in boys, but not in girls. After 8 years of disease, 46 children (11.2%) were classified as having enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA). Boys with ERA had clinical signs of sacroiliitis more often than girls with ERA. HLA-B27-positive children, as well as children with clinical signs of sacroiliitis, enthesitis, and hip arthritis, had higher odds of not being in remission off medication after 8 years of disease.Conclusion.In this near population-based Nordic JIA cohort we found significant differences between HLA-B27-positive boys and girls in age at disease onset, clinical signs of sacroiliitis, and ERA classification. HLA-B27 was negatively associated with longterm remission status, possibly because of its association with clinical disease characteristics, such as sacroiliitis, rather than being a general marker of persistent disease.

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Rogers, Danette M., Kenneth R. Turley, Kathleen I. Kujawa, Kevin M. Harper, and Jack H. Wilmore. "The Reliability and Variability of Running Economy in 7-, 8-, and 9-Year-Old Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 6, no. 3 (August 1994): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.6.3.287.

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This study was designed to examine the reliability and variability of running economy in 7-, 8-, and 9-year-old boys and girls. Forty-two children (21 boys and 21 girls) participated in two submaximal treadmill tests to determine running economy at two absolute work rates (5 mph and 6 mph). Reliability and variability were determined for oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), stride frequency, and stride length. With the exception of RER and V̇O2 relative to body surface area, reliability estimates were moderate to high (.80 to .94). Mean variability of all responses were similar to those reported for adults, however, the range of intraindividual variability was slightly greater. These results indicate that two submaximal measurements result in higher reliability estimates than a single test and may therefore provide a more appropriate description of a child’s running economy.

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Mastrangelo, M. Alysia, Edward C. Chaloupka, and Peter Rattigan. "Cardiovascular Fitness in Obese Versus Non-Obese 8–11 Year Old Boys and Girls." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274576.77109.be.

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Mokwatsi, Gontse G., Aletta E. Schutte, and Ruan Kruger. "Ethnic differences regarding arterial stiffness of 6‐8‐year-old black and white boys." Journal of Hypertension 35, no. 5 (May 2017): 960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001267.

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Holmes, Megan E., Joey C. Eisenmann, Panteleimon Ekkekakis, and Douglas Gentile. "Physical Activity, Stress, and Metabolic Risk Score in 8- to 18-Year-Old Boys." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5, no. 2 (March 2008): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.2.294.

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Background:We examined whether physical activity modifies the relationship between stress and the metabolic risk score in 8- to 18-year-old males (n = 37).Methods:Physical activity (PA) and television (TV)/videogame (VG) use were assessed via accelerometer and questionnaire, respectively. Stress was determined from self-report measures. A metabolic risk score (MRS) was created by summing age-standardized residuals for waist circumference, mean arterial pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Results:Correlations between PA and MRS were low (r < –.13), and TV and VG were moderately associated with MRS (r = .39 and .43, respectively). Correlations between stress-related variables and MRS ranged from r = .19 to .64. After partitioning by PA, significant correlations were observed in the low PA group between school- and sports-related self-esteem and anxiety with the MRS.Conclusions:The results provide suggestive evidence that PA might modify the relationship between stress and MRS in male adolescents.

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Braza, Francisco, Paloma Braza, Maria Rosario Carreras, and José Manuel Muñoz. "Development of Sex Differences in Preschool Children: Social Behavior during an Academic Year." Psychological Reports 80, no. 1 (February 1997): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.179.

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Sex differences in activities of preschoolers were assessed during free-play time from observation of the behavior of 31 children (23 girls, 8 boys; M = 5 yr.). These differences were noted for the time girls and boys spent in the activities considered, boys spending more time in rough-and-tumble play and in agonistic activities and girls in organised games such as games with rules and role-play in addition to affiliative activities. Sex differences could be detected also in the distribution of time among various activities of the children during free-play in the three terms of the school year under consideration. From a developmental perspective, gender plays a fundamental role in the formation of play-networks in the first peer encounters. These peer groups, sexually segregated, are structuring and organizing during the academic year so “distinctive cultures” for boys and girls, besides consolidating this segregation facilitate the acquisition of advantageous social skill for later life.

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Aliya, Syed, Harsimran Kaur, Nishita Garg, Rishika, and Ramakrishna Yeluri. "Clinical Measurement of Maximum Mouth Opening in Children Aged 6–12." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 45, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-45.3.12.

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Objective: To evaluate the clinical maximum mouth opening in children and its correlation with age, and sex. Study Design: Three hundred children of age 6–12 years, from different schools of Moradabad city were included. The participants were divided into three groups based on their age i.e Group 1 (n=100) 6–8 years, Group 2 (n=100) 8–10 years and Group 3 (n=100) 10–12 yrs. Three recordings of maximum mouth opening (MMO) were obtained using digital vernier caliper and the mean of three was considered as the MMO of that child. The data was analyzed using Spearman correlation, ANOVA with post- hoc Bonferroni test. The significance level was predetermined at p≤0.05 .Results: The mean MMO for children of Moradabad of aged 6–8yrs in boys is 39.87 ± 4.91 mm and in girls is 36.85± 4.09 mm. In 8–10 yeas age group, the MMO in boys is 44.5± 5.1 mm and in girls 41.77± 5.24 mm. In 10–12 year age group, the MMO in boys is 49.63± 5.56 mm and in girls is 49.33±5.32 mm respectively. The MMO was found to be higher in boys in all the three age groups. Conclusions: There was a significant difference in values of MMO in all the three age groups with boys having higher MMO values when compared to girls. Varying range of MMO values was observed within three age groups.

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Nielsen, Birgit M., Kirsten S. Bjørnsbo, Inge Tetens, and Berit L. Heitmann. "Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in Danish children in relation to body fatness." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051465.

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The aim of this study was to describe dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values in the diets of Danish children, and to examine the associations between dietary GI, GL and body fatness. Data were collected during 1997–8 as part of the European Youth Heart Study. The study population comprised 485 children aged 10 years and 364 children aged 16 years from Odense County, Denmark. Dietary GI and GL were estimated using international food tables, and the associations between energy-adjusted dietary GI, GL and body fatness were analysed by multiple linear regression. The mean daily dietary GI value was 85 (SD 6·9) with a range of 62–111. No significant differences were found between age groups and gender. The daily dietary GL was higher among boys aged 16, with a GL of 330 (sd 95) (P<0·05), compared with girls or younger boys. Dietary GL was higher among 10-year-old boys than girls (250 (sd 81) v. 230 (sd 66) P<0·05), whereas dietary GL among 16-year-old girls was 230 (sd 56). Neither dietary GI nor GL was associated with the sum of four skinfolds (ΣSF) among girls or among 10-year-old boys. Among 16-year-old boys, significant associations were observed between dietary GI and ΣSF (β+0·60, SE+0·21, P=0·006), and between dietary GL and ΣSF (β+0·15, SE+0.06, P=0·009). In conclusion, dietary GI and GL were positively associated with body fatness among Danish boys aged 16 years, whereas no associations were found among girls or younger boys.

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Morris, Richard J. "Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of 8- through 10-year-old white- and African-American boys." Journal of Communication Disorders 30, no. 2 (March 1997): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9924(96)00057-3.

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Mahon, Anthony D., and Paul Vaccaro. "Cardiovascular Adaptations in 8- to 12-Year-Old Boys Following a 14-Week Running Program." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 19, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h94-011.

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This study examined the effects of a 14-week running program on [Formula: see text], as well as cardiac output [Formula: see text] and arterial-venous O2 difference (a-vO2 dif) at submaximal intensities corresponding to 50 and 75% of [Formula: see text]. Thirteen boys (mean age 10.6 ± 1.2 yrs) served as experimental subjects while 13 other boys of similar age (mean age 10.2 ± 1.2 yrs) served as controls. Mean [Formula: see text] in the runners increased 13%, from 44.2 ± 7.0 to 49.9 ± 6.3 ml∙kg−1∙min−1. Posttraining [Formula: see text] during submaximal and maximal exercise was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the runners than in the controls. [Formula: see text] and SV exhibited an increase of 10% at each intensity, but posttraining differences between groups were not significant (p > 0.05). A-vO2 dif increased by 8% at 50% of [Formula: see text] and by 6% at 75% of [Formula: see text], and was significantly greater in the runners following training. These results indicate that increases in submaximal relative [Formula: see text] in children are mediated by increases in a-vO2 dif and [Formula: see text]. Key words: cardiac output, arterial-venous oxygen difference, [Formula: see text], CO2 rebreathing, distance running

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Irvine, Jill A., and Carol S. Lilly. "Boys Must be Boys: Gender and the Serbian Radical Party, 1991–2000." Nationalities Papers 35, no. 1 (March 2007): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990601124553.

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On 27 June 2004, Serbian voters went to the polls for the third time in a year to choose a president. The winner of the first two rounds of voting, Tomislav Nikolić, Deputy to the President of the extreme right Serbian Radical Party (SRS), lost the third round of voting to the more liberal Borisav Tadić by just under 8 percentage points (53.2 to 45.4), and the Radicals failed to form a ruling coalition in government. Nevertheless, more than five years after the last war in the disintegration of the Yugoslav state, the largest political party in the largest of the successor states has been characterized as the most extreme right party in the Balkans today. Indeed, the Radicals have been an enduring force in Serbian politics for the past decade and a half, sometimes ruling in coalition with Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS). SRS founder Vojislav Šešelj, a flamboyant, obstreperous, highly influential figure, and his fellow Radicals have sought and in many ways succeeded in shaping the post-communist transformation of Yugoslav politics and society, calling for a return to the true spirit of Serbia, when the nation was strong because its men defended its honor as well as its borders.

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Jakubec, Lukáš, Karel Frömel, František Chmelík, and Dorota Groffik. "Physical Activity in 15–17-Year-Old Adolescents as Compensation for Sedentary Behavior in School." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093281.

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The traditional concept of education and school settings significantly contribute to the sedentary behavior of adolescents at secondary schools. The aim of this study is to identify the volume and intensity of physical activity (PA) that adolescent boys and girls engage in during recesses, after school, and during the day to compensate for sedentary behavior in lessons. The study was conducted at 29 Czech and 9 Polish schools. The study involved 868 girls and 409 boys aged 15–17 years. An ActiTrainerTM accelerometer was used to monitor PA and heart rate. Participants were divided into four quartile groups. Most sedentary boys and girls had less PA and showed a worse ratio of physical inactivity (PI)/PA than non-sedentary participants during recesses. In the after-school period, there were no significant differences. On school days, most sedentary boys and girls showed lower PA, a worse ratio of PI/PA, fewer steps·hour−1, and lower energy expenditure than their non-sedentary counterparts. Vigorous PA of ≥8 METs was reached by 48% of most sedentary boys (75% non-sedentary) and 47% of most sedentary girls (54% non-sedentary). Most sedentary adolescents do not compensate for their sedentary behavior in lessons with higher PA intensity or volume during recesses, after-school, or in overall daily PA.

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Chuang, Susan S., Michael E. Lamb, and C. Philip Hwang. "Personality development from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study of ego-control and ego-resiliency in Sweden." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 4 (July 2006): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406072795.

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We investigated the development of ego-control (EC) and ego-resiliency (ER) over a 13-year period in a cohort of Swedish children first assessed at 2 years of age. Children became more ego-controlled over time although individual differences in EC remained stable. Children’s levels of resiliency increased from 2 to 3 years of age and then declined when they were 7 and 8 years of age. Boys continued to become less resilient in adolescence whereas girls became more resilient. Individual differences in boys’ resiliency levels were more stable over the 13-year span than girls’. The inter-correlations between EC and ER were only significant for boys at 2 and 15 years of age. The external validity of EC and ER was demonstrated by significant associations with ratings of the children’s adaptation to school as well as with their measures of their internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.

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Castellanos-Ryan, Natalie, Jean R. Séguin, Frank Vitaro, Sophie Parent, and Richard E. Tremblay. "Impact of a 2-year multimodal intervention for disruptive 6-year-olds on substance use in adolescence: randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 3 (September 2013): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123182.

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BackgroundAdolescent substance use is associated with both earlier childhood behavioural problems and serious lifetime addiction problems later in life.AimsTo examine whether, and through which mechanisms, targeting risk factors in early childhood prevents substance use across adolescence.MethodDisruptive kindergarten boys (n = 172) living in Montreal were randomly allocated to a preventive intervention and a control condition. The intervention was delivered over 2 years (7–9 years of age) with two main components: (a) social and problem-solving skills training for the boys; and (b) training for parents on effective child-rearing skills.ResultsAdolescent substance use, up to 8 years post-intervention, was reduced in those who received the intervention (d = 0.48−0.70). Of most interest, the intervention effects were explained partly by reductions in impulsivity, antisocial behaviour and affiliation with less deviant peers during pre-adolescence (11–13 years).ConclusionsAdolescent substance use may be indirectly prevented by selectively targeting childhood risk factors that disrupt the developmental cascade of adolescent risk factors for substance use.

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Laine-Alava, Maija T., Siiri Murtolahti, Ulla K. Crouse, and Donald W. Warren. "Upper airway resistance during growth: A longitudinal study of children from 8 to 17 years of age." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 4 (October 6, 2015): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/052715-359.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To study upper airway breathing in 115 children annually from 8 to 17 years of age with the hypothesis that upper airway respiratory needs increase steadily during growth and show sexual dimorphism. Material and Methods: To calculate nasal resistance, airflow rate (mL/s) and oronasal pressures (cmH2O) were measured during rest breathing in a seated position using the pressure-flow technique. Results: Median values of oronasal pressure ranged at different ages in girls from 0.88 to 1.13 and in boys from 0.92 to 1.44 cmH2O, being 0.95 and 0.93 cmH2O at the age of 17 years, respectively. The gender differences were statistically significant in four age groups (P < .05 by the Mann-Whitney test). Mean values of nasal resistance decreased from 8 to 17 years of age in girls from 4.0 (±3.27) to 2.4 (±2.30) and in boys from 3.3 (±2.48) to 1.5 (±0.81) cmH2O/L/s. However, there was an increase in resistance in 11-year-old girls and 12-year-old boys and at the age of 15 in both genders (P < .05 by paired t-test). Conclusions: Respiratory efforts stabilize oronasal pressure to maintain vital functions at optimal level. Nasal resistance decreased with age but increased temporarily at the prepubertal and pubertal phases, in accordance with other growth and possibly hormonal changes. When measuring upper airway function for clinical purposes, especially in patients with sleep apnea, asthma, allergies, cleft palate, or maxillary expansion, the measurements need to be compared with age- and gender-specific values obtained from healthy children.

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Miller, Weston P., Steven M. Rothman, David Nascene, Teresa Kivisto, Todd E. DeFor, Richard S. Ziegler, Julie Eisengart, et al. "Outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy: the largest single-institution cohort report." Blood 118, no. 7 (August 18, 2011): 1971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-01-329235.

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Abstract Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) remains a devastating neurodegenerative disease; only allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been shown to provide long-term disease stabilization and survival. Sixty boys undergoing HCT for cALD from 2000 to 2009 were analyzed. The median age at HCT was 8.7 years; conditioning regimens and allograft sources varied. At HCT, 50% demonstrated a Loes radiographic severity score ≥ 10, and 62% showed clinical evidence of neurologic dysfunction. A total of 78% (n = 47) are alive at a median 3.7 years after HCT. The estimate of 5-year survival for boys with Loes score < 10 at HCT was 89%, whereas that for boys with Loes score ≥ 10 was 60% (P = .03). The 5-year survival estimate for boys absent of clinical cerebral disease at HCT was 91%, whereas that for boys with neurologic dysfunction was 66% (P = .08). The cumulative incidence of transplantation-related mortality at day 100 was 8%. Post-transplantation progression of neurologic dysfunction depended significantly on the pre-HCT Loes score and clinical neurologic status. We describe the largest single-institution analysis of survival and neurologic function outcomes after HCT in cALD. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00176904, #NCT00668564, and #NCT00383448.

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Latyshevskaya, Natalia I., Lyudmila A. Davydenko, Yelena L. Shestopalova, Natalia V. Levchenko, and Yekaterina V. Yachontova. "Characteristics of anthropometric and physiometric indices of volgograd schoolchildren in dynamics over 1976–2018." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-2-135-141.

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Introduction. The state of physical development of children and adolescents is an objective criterion of health. It is accepted to be most crucial index for predicting further child development, his readiness for sports, working life, and planning of training loads during physical education. Material and methods. The monitoring group included 7-17-year schoolchildren (820 girls, 748 boys). The body height, weight, chest circumference, the vital capacity of the lungs, the muscle strength of the hands were measured (standard techniques and instruments). A comparative assessment of the obtained indices with similar data of 1976, 2000 was performed. Results. The body height of schoolchildren decreased over the period 1976/2018, there was an increase in body of body weight. The chest circumference trend was uncertain: dropped (boys - 7,8, girls 7, 12-15 years old); increased ( boys 9-15, girls 8-11,16,17 years old). The increase in the lung vital capacity was noted mostly in boys, muscle force of the hands decreased ( boys 10, 13, 16, girls 15-16 years old ). The Stange test values have doubled in the dynamics of 7-17 years, the Genchi test increased by 73.1% for boys and by 8-10% for girls. Conclusion. The revealed features of the dynamics of anthropometrics and functional indices of schoolchildren argue the need to correct physical education programs, including the tolerance motor and power loads.

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Vatanparast, Hassanali, Donald A. Bailey, Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, and Susan J. Whiting. "Calcium requirements for bone growth in Canadian boys and girls during adolescence." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 4 (October 26, 2009): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992522.

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Adequate dietary intake during the growth period is critical for bone mineral accretion. In 1997, an adequate intake (AI) of 1300 mg/d Ca was set for North American adolescents aged 9–18 years based on best available data. We determined bone Ca accrual values from age 9 to 18 years taking into account sex and maturity. Furthermore, we used the accrual data to estimate adolescents' Ca requirements. Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) of eighty-five boys and sixty-seven girls participating in the Saskatchewan Paediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study were used to determine annual TBBMC accumulation over the pubertal growth period. Using a similar factorial approach as the AI, we estimated Ca requirements of adolescent boys and girls for two age groups: 9–13 and 14–18 years. Between 9 and 18 years, boys accrued 198·8 (sd74·5) g bone mineral content (BMC) per year, equivalent to 175·4 (sd65·7) mg Ca per d with the maximum BMC accrual of 335·9 g from age 13 to 14 years. Girls had 138·1 (sd64·2) g BMC per year, equalling121·8 (sd56·6) mg Ca per d with the maximum annual BMC accrual of 266·0 g from age 12 to 13 years. Differences were observed between both sex and age groups with respect to Ca needs: boys and girls aged 9–13 years would require 1000–1100 mg/d Ca, and from age 14 to 18 years, the mean Ca requirements would be relatively stable at 1000 mg/d for girls but would rise to 1200 mg/d for boys.

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Abramova, Tamara, Tatyana Nikitina, Anastasia Polfuntikova, Kristina Oblog, and Faina Iordanskaya. "Morphofunctional features and physical fitness of boys 6 - 9 years old under the influence of various physical activity." BIO Web of Conferences 26 (2020): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600014.

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The aim of this research was to investigate morphofunctional features and physical fitness of boys 6 - 9 years old under the influence of various physical activity. The research performed in 2020 comprised 246 boys of 6 - 9 years old with different physical activity (121 children who are not involved in sports; 79 martial artists and 46 gymnasts with experience of 8 months and 4 years old). It was found that systematic sports activities of 6 - 9 years old boys have a positive effect on physical fitness and optimize morphofunctional indicators of physical development. The effect of the sport on the physical development and fitness of the boys depends on the start date and time of training sessions: a higher level of young gymnasts physical fitness is accompanied by a more intense adaptation of the cardiovascular system relative to martial artists. Differences in morphofunctional state and physical fitness between boys who are not involved in sports and young athletes are least significant in 6 year old boys, intensifying as growing up and increasing sport experience. It is more typical for gymnasts.

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Keß, Annette, Ulrike Spielau, Christoph Beger, Ruth Gausche, Mandy Vogel, Tobias Lipek, Antje Körner, Roland Pfäffle, and Wieland Kiess. "Further stabilization and even decrease in the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in German children and adolescents from 2005 to 2015: a cross-sectional and trend analysis." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 17 (September 21, 2017): 3075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002257.

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AbstractObjectiveRecently several industrialized countries reported a stabilization or even a decrease in childhood overweight and obesity prevalence rates. In Germany, this trend started in 2004. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate whether this trend has continued or even leads in a clear direction.Design/Setting/SubjectsBMI (>90th percentile (overweight), >97th percentile (obesity)) from the CrescNet database was analysed in 326 834 children and adolescents according to three age groups (4–7·99, 8–11·99 and 12–16 years), gender and between time points (2005–2015).ResultsTrend analysis from 2005 to 2010 demonstrated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity decreased significantly in boys and girls in the entire group (4–16 years) and in 4–7·99-year-olds. From 2010 to 2015 there was a significant decrease in boys for overweight and obesity in the entire group and for overweight among 8–11·99-year-olds. Within the cross-sectional analysis, prevalence rates for overweight decreased significantly for both genders in the age groups of 4–7·99 and 8–11·99 years (2005 v. 2015). For obesity, prevalence rates showed a significant decrease for boys (2005 v. 2015) and girls (2005 v. 2010) in 4–7·99-year-olds.ConclusionsWe observed a further stabilization of overweight and obesity prevalence rates for all age groups and even a decrease in the rates for the younger ages (4–7·99 years, 8–11·99 years). As other industrialized countries have also reported similar trends, it seems that the epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity is reaching a turning point in the industrial part of the world.

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Ji, Fuling, Feng Ning, Haiping Duan, Liyan Dong, Feng Yang, Zhisheng Liu, Xuyan Song, et al. "The Genetic Architecture of the Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Study of 8- to 17-Year-Old Chinese Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 23, no. 5 (September 25, 2020): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.72.

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AbstractWe explored the genetic architecture of metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their clustering in Chinese boys and girls. Seven metabolic traits (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], total cholesterol [TC], triglyceride [TG], and uric acid [UA]) were measured in a sample of 1016 twins between 8 and 17 years of age, recruited from the Qingdao Twin Registry. Cholesky, independent pathway, and common pathway models were used to identify the latent genetic structure behind the clustering of these metabolic traits. Genetic architecture of these metabolic traits was largely similar in boys and girls. The highest heritability was found for BMI (a2 = 0.63) in boys and TC (a2 = .69) in girls. Three heritable factors, adiposity (BMI and WC), blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and metabolite factors (TC, TG, and UA), which formed one higher-order latent phenotype, were identified. Latent genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental factors indirectly impacted the three factors through one single latent factor. Our results suggest that there is one latent factor influencing several metabolic traits, which are known risk factors of CVDs in young Chinese twins. Latent genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental factors indirectly imposed on them. These results inform strategies for gene pleiotropic discovery and intervening of CVD risk factors during childhood and adolescence.

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Iermakov, Sergii, Olha Ivashchenko, Oleg Khudolii, and Sergii Chernenko. "Strength Abilities: Assessment of Training Effects of Strength Loads in Boys Aged 8 Years." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 20, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.3.07.

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The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of strength training modes on the dynamics of training effects in 8-year-old boys. Materials and methods. The study participants were 48 boys aged 8. The experiment was performed using a 22 factorial design. The study implemented the first variant of the combined method for developing arm and shoulder muscles (station І), strength of abdominal muscles (station ІІ), strength of back muscles (station ІІІ), and strength of leg muscles (station IV). The study materials were processed using the IBM SPSS 22 statistical analysis program. Discriminant analysis was performed. The study examined the impact of four variants of strength load on the immediate training effect (ITE1) after performing exercises at four stations, the immediate training effect (ITE2) after training, and the delayed training effect (DTE) 24 hours after training. Results. The findings indicate that each of the variants of strength load can be effectively used depending on educational objectives of both one or a series of physical education lessons, and also show that the ITE and DTE of strength training depend on the initial level of fitness and the total amount of strength training in a physical education lesson. Conclusions. The findings point to the possibility of using a discriminant function to assess and predict the development of strength in 8-year-old boys. The study confirmed the effectiveness of using factorial designs to obtain objective data on the dynamics of training effects in primary school pupils.

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Boddy, Lynne M., Allan F. Hackett, and Gareth Stratton. "The prevalence of underweight in 9–10-year-old schoolchildren in Liverpool: 1998–2006." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 7 (July 2009): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800311x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of underweight between 1998 and 2006 in Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9–10 years using recently published underweight cut-off points.Design and settingStature and body mass data collected at the LiverpoolSportsLinx project’s fitness testing sessions were used to calculate BMI.SubjectsData were available on 26 782 (n13 637 boys, 13 145 girls) participants.ResultsOverall underweight declined in boys from 10·3 % in 1998–1999 to 6·9 % in 2005–2006, and all sub-classifications of underweight declined, in particular grade 3 underweight, with the most recent prevalence being 0·1 %. In girls, the prevalence of underweight declined from 10·8 % in 1998–1999 to 7·5 % in 2005–2006. The prevalence of all grades of underweight was higher in girls than in boys. Underweight showed a fluctuating pattern across all grades over time for boys and girls, and overall prevalence in 2005–2006 represents over 200 children across the city.ConclusionsUnderweight may have reduced slightly from baseline, but remains a substantial problem in Liverpool, with the prevalence of overall underweight being relatively similar to the prevalence of obesity. The present study highlights the requirement for policy makers and funders to consider both ends of the body mass spectrum when fixing priorities in child health.

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Allsop, Susan, Penny L. S. Rumbold, and Benjamin P. Green. "The between-day reproducibility of fasting, satiety-related analytes, in 8 to 11 year-old boys." Physiology & Behavior 164 (October 2016): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.002.

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Santiago-Rodríguez, Maria E., Lucia del R. Martinez, Mercedes Rivera-Morales, and Farah A. Ramirez-Marrero. "Physical Fitness And Self-esteem In 6 - 8 Year Old Boys And Girls In Puerto Rico." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493383.72199.dc.

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Rosique, Javier, Esther Rebato, Arantza Gonzalez Apraiz, and Jose Luis Pacheco. "Somatotype related to centripetal fat patterning of 8- to 19-year-old Basque boys and girls." American Journal of Human Biology 6, no. 2 (1994): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310060205.

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Allsop, S., P. L. S. Rumbold, D. Debuse, and C. J. Dodd-Reynolds. "Acute snack intake and appetite responses to active gaming in 8- to 11-year-old boys." Appetite 87 (April 2015): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.163.

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Kynde, Iben, Nina F. Johnsen, Niels Wedderkopp, Ib C. Bygbjerg, Jørn W. Helge, and Berit L. Heitmann. "Intake of total dietary sugar and fibre is associated with insulin resistance among Danish 8–10- and 14–16-year-old girls but not boys. European Youth Heart Studies I and II." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 10 (March 18, 2010): 1669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010000285.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the dietary intake of total sugar, added sugar, non-added sugar and starch as well as dietary fibre and glycaemic index (GI) and their respective associations with insulin resistance.DesignMixed linear models were used to study both cross-sectional and prospective associations between carbohydrate components and insulin resistance separately in girls and boys. Diet was assessed by a single 24 h recall interview and insulin resistance was calculated using the homoestasis model assessment (HOMA).SettingThe Danish part of the European Youth Heart Studies (EYHS) I and II.SubjectsGirls and boys at 8–10 and 14–16 years from EYHS I (n 651) and 8–10-year-olds from baseline followed up 6 years later in EYHS II (n 233).ResultsAmong girls, a difference in dietary total sugar of 43 g/MJ was associated with a 1 sd difference of HOMA and a difference in dietary fibre of −8 g/MJ was associated with a 1 sd difference of HOMA, independent of age, maturity and other confounders (both P = 0·03). No baseline associations were found among boys and no prospective associations were found in either sex.ConclusionsDietary intake of total sugar may play an adverse role and fibre may play a beneficial role in concurrent insulin resistance among girls but not boys. Sex differences may be due to differences in maturity, physical activity, food patterns and selective reporting behaviours.

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Ivashchenko, Olha, Oleg Khudolii, and Wladyslaw Jagiello. "Strength abilities: pattern recognition method in the management of the cumulative effect of strength loads in 8-year-old boys." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0407.

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Background and Study Aim. The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of using pattern recognition method in the management of the cumulative effect of strength loads in 8-year-old boys. Materials and methods. The study participants were 48 boys aged 8. The experiment was conducted using a 22 factorial design. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 22 statistical analysis program. Discriminant analysis was performed. The study examined the impact of four variants of strength load on the formation of the cumulative training effect of three, six, nine, and twelve classes in 8-year-old boys. Results. The discriminant analysis provided information about the impact of four orthogonal variants of strength loads on the formation of the cumulative training effect of strength exercises of three, six, nine, and twelve classes in 8-year-old boys. The obtained data make it possible to choose a load mode at each step of the CTE formation and to manage schoolchildren’s strength training. Conclusions. The verification of the obtained discriminant functions shows their high discriminative ability and value in interpretation with respect to the general population (p < 0.05). It was found that the formation of the CTE of three classes is most influenced by the third load variant, six classes – by the third load variant, nine classes – the third load variant, twelve classes – the first load variant. The discriminant function structure coefficients made it possible to identify the factor structure of the CTE of 3, 6, 9, 12 classes, to find that the CTE3, CTE6 are associated with the work at the first place “Exercises to strengthen arm muscles”, the CTE9, CTE12 – with the work at the third (“Exercises to strengthen back muscles”) and the fourth (“Exercises to strengthen leg muscles”) places. The CTE of three, six, nine, and twelve classes depends on the modes of strength exercises and has different focuses. The CTE3 – speed and strength focus; CTE6, 9 – comprehensive focus; CTE12 – explosive-strength focus. The obtained values of centroids for the CTE of 3, 6, 9, 12 classes enable the management of schoolchildren’s strength training.

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Roth, Andreas, Steffen Schmidt, Sina Hartmann, Ilka Seidel, Swantje Scharenberg, and Klaus Bös. "Development of Physical Fitness among the Top 10 Boys and Girls in Sport Schools: A 10-Year Cohort Analysis." Sports 7, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7100222.

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In this study, we aimed to measure the development of physical fitness (PF) of 10 different cohorts in grade 4 and 8 different cohorts in grade 7 at 18 sport schools of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A total of 11,451 subjects (3979 female, 7472 male) aged 8–12 from the past 10 years were assessed using the German Motor Test (DMT) in grade 4. We tested 2614 subjects (1032 girls, 1582 boys) aged 11–15 from the past eight years using the DMT in grade 7. PF talents were defined as the top 10 boys and top 10 girls of each cohort. Linear regression was calculated to assess the development of PF. The PF of all subjects remained stable in grade 4 and declined in grade 7. The PF of the top 10 boys and top 10 girls increased in both grades. The improvements were stronger in grade 7 (female: rates of change (β) = 0.80; male: β = 0.76) than in grade 4 (female: β = 0.36; male: β = 0.32). Sit-ups and push-ups showed the highest change rates. The increase in PF of the top 10 boys and girls can be interpreted as a success for sport schools. Due to the increasing number of test participants, the likelihood of finding top talent increased. However, the increase in PF in the top talents was only partly explained by an increase in the number of tested individuals.

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Milincic, Zeljka, Dejan Nikolic, Slavko Simeunovic, Ivana Novakovic, Ivana Petronic, Dijana Risimic, and Dejan Simeunovic. "School children systolic and diastolic blood pressure values: YUSAD study." Open Medicine 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-011-0070-9.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure values over five and ten years separately boys and girls and to estimate correlation between them. Three age groups from 8 centers in Serbia were evaluated: Group 1: 10 year old patients, Group 2: 15 year old and Group 3: 20 year old. Group with normal blood pressure values, prehypertensive and hypertensive group were analyzed. Regarding the period of follow-up we analyzed: 10/15 years period-children between 10 and 15 years, 15/20 years period-children between 15 and 20 years, and 10/20 years period-children between 10 and 20 years. Significant increase of diastolic blood pressure was noticed for both genders in 10/15 years period of prehypertensive population, while in hypertensive children, boys showed decline in frequency for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and girls only for diastolic. In 15/20 years period there was significant decrease of prehypertensive and significant increase of hypertensive diastolic blood pressure frequency. In 10/20 years period significant reduction in frequency of prehypertensive systolic blood pressure was noticed, while only hypertensive group of boys showed significant reduction regarding systolic blood pressure frequency. Prehypertensive diastolic and hypertensive systolic blood pressure fluctuations are more related to age.

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Nielsen, Mette S., Jonas S. Quist, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Stine-Mathilde Dalskov, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Christian Ritz, Arne Astrup, Kim F. Michaelsen, Anders Sjödin, and Mads F. Hjorth. "Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Sleep and the Association With Inflammatory Markers and Adiponectin in 8- to 11-Year-Old Danish Children." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 7 (July 2016): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0123.

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Background:Inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and movement/nonmovement behaviors have all been linked to risk factors for cardiovascular disease; however, the association between childhood movement/nonmovement behaviors and inflammatory markers and adiponectin is unknown.Methods:We explored the association between accelerometer determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and sleep (7 days/8 nights) and fasting C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin in 806 school children. A sleep variability score was calculated.Results:MVPA was negatively associated with adiponectin in boys and girls (P < .001) and with CRP and IL-6 in girls (P < .05) independent of sleep duration, sedentary time, age, fat mass index (FMI), and pubertal status. Sedentary time was positively associated with adiponectin in boys and girls (both P < .001), and sleep duration with adiponectin in boys independent of age, FMI, and pubertal status (P < .001); however, these associations disappeared after mutual adjustments for movement behavior. Sleep duration variability was positively associated with CRP in girls independent of all covariates (P < .01).Conclusion:MVPA remained negatively associated with inflammatory markers and adiponectin, and sleep duration variability positively associated with CRP after adjustment for FMI, pubertal status, and other movement behavior. The inverse association between MVPA and adiponectin conflicts with the anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Year 8 boys'

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