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1
Gopal, Brij, and Malavika Sah. "Conservation and Management of Rivers in India: Case-study of the River Yamuna." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 3 (1993): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023031.
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The River Yamuna, originating in the Himalayas, is the largest tributary of the River Ganga (Ganges) into which it flows at Allahabad. Its drainage basin covers about 42% of the Ganga River basin and about 11% of India's total land area. The area of the Yamuna drainage basin is densely populated and under intensive agriculture, while industrial activity is also rapidly growing in it. Climatically, a large part of the basin is semi-arid, and the river-flow depends upon highly erratic monsoonal rains. Therefore, the River and its tributaries have been regulated for over a century by dams and barrages for domestic water-supply and irrigation.Besides increased flow-regulation, the River's system has been under increasing anthropogenic stress from discharge of—mostly untreated—domestic and industrial wastewaters, and from other activities in the basin. River Yamuna is severely polluted by domestic and industrial effluents especially from Delhi down to Agra. Water extraction and consequently low flow has affected the selfpurification capacity of the River. The greater inflow of River Chambal helps River Yamuna to recover to some extent after their confluence near Etawah.Studies of water quality and biota of the River Yamuna along its course during the past 30 years show rapid deterioration of water-quality, loss of fisheries, and significant changes in the biotic communities. In the manner of River Yamuna, its tributaries have also become increasingly polluted during the same period. There has, however, been little attention paid to the management of the River system and conservation of its resources, except for some efforts at the treatment of sewage effluents but emphasizing only water-quality. Ignoring the river-flood-plain interactions which play significant roles in the ecology of a river, most of the floodplain has been reclaimed by constructing high levees.We emphasize that the Yamuna River basin should be treated as one ecocomplex in developing appropriate management strategies, and that the conservation of waterquality and biota can be achieved through protection and better management of floodplains than has been practised to date.
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Kumar, Mukesh, Mohammad Sharif, and Sirajuddin Ahmed. "Impact of urbanization on the river Yamuna basin." International Journal of River Basin Management 18, no. 4 (June 10, 2019): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2019.1613412.
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Sharma, Vivek, Nitin Kamboj, and B. D. Joshi. "A study on planktonic components of River Yamuna." Environment Conservation Journal 12, no. 1&2 (June 17, 2011): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2011.121209.
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The present study deals with the plankton component in Yamuna river basin. During the study period (2006-07) total number of plankton comprises of zooplankton, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophycea, Desmideaceae and Myxophyceae and range from 90 unit/liter (August) to 531 unit/liter (February) for Kuthnor, 96 unit/liter (August) to 557 unit/liter (February) for Naugaon and 105 unit/liter (August) to 569 unit/liter (February) for Haripur. Bacillariophyceae was found as dominating group followed by Chlorophyceae, Desmideaceae and Myxophyceae.
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Miyamoto, A., K. Sakurai, R. Hiraide, M. Minamiyama, and O. Fujiki. "Field survey of pollutants discharged from different types of residential area in the Yamuna River Basin, India." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 11 (December 1, 2011): 2207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.236.
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The Ganges River, one of the most heavily populated and urbanized river basins in Asia, is polluted by increasing wastewater influent and water-borne diseases are caused in the metropolitan area. This study focused on the Yamuna River, a major tributary of the Ganges. We determined the pollutant load per unit of urban area classified by the income of the residents to help design an appropriate sewerage system. In addition, a simple method of estimating runoff pollutant load was examined using data on pollutant load per unit and runoff coefficient.
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Moeeni, Saad, Naved Ahsan, and Mohammad Sharif. "Simulation of Groundwater levels in River basin using MODFLOW." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 01 (2023): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.011.
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MODFLOW is a groundwater modelling program. It can be compiled according to the practical applications. Groundwater flow models are used to calculate the rate and direction of movement of groundwater through aquifers. The outputs from model simulation are the groundwater flow and hydraulic heads which are in equilibrium with the specified hydrogeological conditions (i.e. hydrologic boundaries, hydrogeological framework, initial and transient conditions, hydraulic properties and sources) demarcated for the modelled area. Groundwater models perform an important role in the management and development of groundwater resources. This paper presents the results of a mathematical groundwater model developed for the Banda districts which is part of Yamuna River basin. For this purpose, groundwater modelling software (GMS) MODFLOW was used. The model results display that the computed values are in goodfitness of the measure data, which indicate the model is reliable.
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Nallathiga, Ramakrishna, and Rambabu Paravasthu. "Economic value of conserving river water quality: results from a contingent valuation survey in Yamuna river basin, India." Water Policy 12, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.166.
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River Yamuna is an important river in India that flows through the national capital—New Delhi. The river water offers a variety of functional uses in its basin area. A progressive deterioration of river water quality had rendered it to become almost a channel of wastewater. However, there is a willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the conservation of river water quality among the citizens of the basin. This paper reports on an application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) for estimating the economic value of river water conservation (both for current water quality maintenance and for the restoration of river water quality). The results show that there exists a WTP for the conservation of river water quality, which is about 14.93% higher for water quality restoration than that for maintenance of current water quality. Some of the issues in undertaking the CVM studies in developing countries are also discussed in the paper.
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Thakur, P. K., P. R. Dhote, A. Roy, S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, A. Chouksey, et al. "SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOTE SENSING BASED PRECIPITATION AND TERRAIN INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN PARTS OF HIMALAYAN RIVER BASINS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-911-2020.
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Abstract. The Himalayan region are home to the world’s youngest and largest mountains, and origins of major rivers systems of South Asia. The present work highlight the importance of remote sensing (RS) data based precipitation and terrain products such as digital elevation models, glacier lakes, drainage morphology along with limited ground data for improving the accuracy of hydrological and hydrodynamic (HD) models in various Himalayan river basins such as Upper Ganga, Beas, Sutlej, Teesta, Koshi etc. The satellite based rainfall have mostly shown under prediction in the study area and few places have are also showing over estimation of rainfall. Hydrological modeling results were most accurate for Beas basin, followed by Upper Ganga basin and were least matching for Sutlej basin. Limited ground truth using GNSS measurements showed that digital elevation model (DEM) for carto version 3.1 is most accurate, followed by ALOS-PALSAR 12.5 DEM as compared to other open source DEMs. Major erosion and deposition was found in Rivers Bhagirathi, Alakhnanda, Gori Ganga and Yamuna in Uttarakhand state and Beas and Sutlej Rivers in Himachal Pradesh using pre and post flood DEM datasets. The terrain data and river cross section data showed that river cross sections and water carrying capacity before and after 2013 floods have changed drastically in many river stretches of upper Ganga and parts of Sutlej river basins. The spatio-temporal variation and evolution of glacier lakes was for lakes along with GLOF modeling few lakes of Upper Chenab, Upper Ganga, Upper Teesta and Koshi river basin was done using time series of RS data from Landsat, Sentinel-1 and Google earth images.
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Panday, Durga Prasad. "Climate Change Impact Assesment on Hydrological Regime of Yamuna River Basin using GIS." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 1515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1233.
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KHURSHID, SHADAB, and ZAHEERUDDIN ZAHEERUDDIN. "Aquifer System and Salinity Hazards in Parts of Yamuna River Sub-Basin, India." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences 12, no. 1 (2000): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/ear.12-1.4.
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Verma, Mithila, and Ahsan Ul Haq. "Morphometric Analysis of Yamuna River Basin in Delhi Region: Implications to Hydrological Hazards." Journal of the Geological Society of India 98, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2164-1.
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Gurusamy, Senthil, and Girija Jayaraman. "Flood inundation simulation in river basin using a shallow water model: application to river Yamuna, Delhi region." International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics 4, no. 4 (March 29, 2012): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12572-012-0053-3.
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NAUSHAD, SYED SUAIB, ALOK MILTON LALL, and AMIT ALEXANDER CHARAN. "Determination of heavy metals in water of Ganga and Yamuna river basin in Allahabad." ASIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajes/9.2/106-108.
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Dubey, R. K., and Gyan Prakash Satyam. "Morphotectonic Appraisal of Yamuna River Basin in Headwater Region: A Relative Active Tectonics Purview." Journal of the Geological Society of India 92, no. 3 (September 2018): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1018-3.
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Sharma, Niharika, Mao-Chang Liang, Amzad Hussain Laskar, Kuo-Fang Huang, Nityanand Singh Maurya, Vikram Singh, Ritesh Ranjan, and Abhayanand Singh Maurya. "Basin-Scale Geochemical Assessment of Water Quality in the Ganges River during the Dry Season." Water 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15112026.
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Identification of sources and transport pathways of heavy metals and major ions is crucial for effective water quality monitoring, particularly in large river systems. The Ganges river basin, the largest and the most populous river basin in India, remains poorly studied in this regard. We conducted a basin-level analysis of major ions, heavy metals, and stable isotopes of nitrate in the Ganges during the pre-monsoon season to constrain the sources and quantify the inorganic chemical composition of the river during its lean flow. Bedrock weathering, anthropogenic interferences, water contribution through tributaries, and surface water-groundwater interaction were identified as the major driver of metal and ion variability in the river. Heavy metals showed the highest concentrations in the upper section of the river, whereas ionic loads were the most variable in the middle. We find a significant impact of tributaries on the metal and ion concentrations of the Ganges in its lower reaches. Isotopic analysis of dissolved nitrate suggested synthetic fertilizers and industrial wastes as the main sources. We find that the otherwise clean waters of the Ganges can show high ionic/metallic concentrations at isolated stretches (As: up to 36 µg/L), suggesting frequent monitoring in the source region to maintain water quality. Except for water collected from the Yamuna and Kannauj in the middle stretch and the Alaknanda and Rishikesh in the upper stretch, the WQI showed acceptable water quality for the sampled stations. These findings provide an insight into the modifications of dissolved inorganic chemical loads and their sources in different sections of the basin, needed for mitigating site-specific pollution in the river, and a roadmap for evaluating chemical loads in other rivers of the world.
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Mitra, Bijon Kumer, Devesh Sharma, Xin Zhou, and Rajarshi Dasgupta. "Assessment of the Impacts of Spatial Water Resource Variability on Energy Planning in the Ganges River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137273.
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Availability of water in the Ganges River basin has been recognized as a critical regional issue with a significant impact on drinking water supply, irrigation, as well as on industrial development, and ecosystem services in vast areas of South Asia. In addition, water availability is also strongly linked to energy security in the region. Hence, quantification of spatial availability of water resources is necessary to bolster reliable evaluation of the sustainability of future thermal power plants in the Ganges River basin. This study focuses on the risks facing existing and planned power plants regarding water availability, applying climate change scenarios at the sub-basin and district level up to 2050. For this purpose, this study develops an integrated assessment approach to quantify the water-energy nexus in four selected sub-basins of the Ganges, namely, Chambal, Damodar, Gandak, and Yamuna. The results of simulations using Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) showed that future water availability will increase significantly in the Chambal, Damodar, and Gandak sub-basins during the wet season, and will negligibly increase in the dry season, except for the Yamuna sub-basin, which is likely to experience a decrease in available water in both wet and dry seasons under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Changes in the water supply-demand ratio, due to climate change, indicated that water-related risks for future power plants would reduce in the Chambal and Damodar sub-basins, as there would be sufficient water in the future. For 19 out of 23 districts in the Chambal sub-basin, climate change will have a moderate-positive to high-positive impact on reducing the water risk for power plants by 2050. In contrast, existing and future power plants in the Yamuna and Gandak sub-basins will face increasing water risks. The proposed new thermal power installations, particularly in the Gandak sub-basin, are likely to face serious water shortages, which will adversely affect the stability of their operations. These results will stimulate and guide future research work to optimize the water-energy nexus, and will inform development and planning organizations, energy planning organizations, as well as investors, concerning the spatial distribution of water risks for future power plants so that more accurate decisions can be made on the location of future power plants.
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Niangthianhoi, S. L., and Faiyaz A. Khudsar. "The nesting success of the Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster (Aves: Suliformes: Anhingidae) in the Yamuna Biodiversity Park, New Delhi, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 14 (November 26, 2015): 8148. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2430.7.14.8148-8153.
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<p>The Oriental Darter <em>Anhinga melanogaster </em>is<em> </em>a globally Near Threatened species that has been breeding in the Yamuna Biodiversity Park, Delhi since 2006. This is a recently restored site with the help of plant species assemblage in the form of plant communities of the Yamuna River basin and restoration of wetland ecosystems. A study was carried out during the nesting period of 2011 to assess the nesting success of the Oriental Darter in the park. A total of eight out of the nine incubated nests (88.88%) were successful with hatchlings and one was abandoned within three weeks of incubation. An average of 2.87 chicks hatched per nest with 2.1 fledglings per nest. The males fed the nestlings more than the females during the study hours. The restored landscape, the Yamuna Biodiversity Park and its wetlands provide a suitable habitat for supporting the breeding population of many important birds including the Darter due to the availability of prey species, vegetation for roosting and nesting, and low disturbance leading to optimization of nesting of the Darters. </p><div> </div>
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Rumana, Harcharan Singh, Veliachamy Jeeva, and Sudhir Kumar. "Impact of the Low Head Dam/Barrage on Fisheries – A Case Study of Giri River of Yamuna Basin (India)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0070.
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Abstract Shannon’s diversity index H’ = pi log2 pi was calculated for 16 fish species. The index was resolved into its components, species richness and relative abundance, to determine which components played a larger role in the determination of diversity pattern. Changes in diversity were correlated with species richness (r), habitat heterogeneity, and hydrological regimes in a longitudinal stretch of 35 km along the river Giri, a major tributary of the Yamuna River system, in Western Himalayas. Abundance differs with change in habitat structures, habitat preference of fish species and water regimes. The decrease in diversity in the lower stretch of about 3-4 km upstream of the barrage was found to be associated with habitat fragmentation and as well as d/s with loss of biotic integrity of aquatic ecosystem due to water scarcity. Species richness was found to be maximum at upper and middle reaches (elevation 650-800 m, msl) of the river, whereas it was low in lower reaches. Change in water chemistry was also noticed at Jatan barrage-low head dam due to impoundment of river water. It is inferred that the regulation of water has an impact on species richness and relative abundance, and on habitat heterogeneity which has decreased due to the change in environmental condition.
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Rai, R. K. "Temporal Variability of Climatic Parameters of Yamuna River Basin: Spatial Analysis of Persistence, Trend and Periodicity." Open Hydrology Journal 4, no. 1 (March 20, 2010): 184–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874378101004010184.
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Kumar, Arun, Ajay Kumar Sharma, and Ashu Rani. "Transport of solutes under transient flow conditions – A case study – Yamuna river sub basin (Kosi Kalan to Agra)." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 3, no. 3 (September 2015): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.06.004.
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Zaheeruddin and Shadab Khurshid. "Aquifer Geometry and Hydrochemical Framework of the Shallow Alluvial Aquifers in the Western Part of the Yamuna River Basin, India." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.020.
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Abstract The Yamuna basin constitutes a part of the Ganga plain which is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories on the earth. Agricultural activities, population growth, rapid industrialization, and unplanned urbanization in the plain have resulted in various geo-environmental hazards, in particular, deterioration of groundwater quality. This studies the aquifer geometry and geochemical evaluation of groundwater in terms of its suitability for domestic and agricultural uses. Groundwater in the basin occurs in Quaternary alluvium and fractures in highly consolidated Alwar quartzites. Hydrogeological cross sections revealed a two- to three-tier aquifer system down to 100 m below ground level. The aquifer sequence comprises of clay, silt, different grades of sand and gravel in varying proportions. Climatic conditions, weathering and anthropogenic activities control the groundwater chemistry in the basin. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the groundwater is variable (pH = 5.5–8.8; EC = 500–6700 µS/cm). At most places, the groundwater is alkaline, hard, and saline. In general, the groundwater has a composition expressed in equivalent units of Na+>Ca2+>K+>Mg2+ for cations and Cl->SO42->HCO3->CO32- for anions. The majority of the samples analyzed are classified as Na-Cl water which imparts residual sodium carbonate (RSC) hazards in irrigation use. The next dominant water types are Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3-. Groundwater with a higher proportion of NO3-, Na+, F-, and K+ at a few sites represents the influence of anthropogenic sources on groundwater composition. An excess of alkali metals (Na+ + K+) over Cl- reflects input from the weathering of sodium- and potassium-rich minerals. The high %Na, EC and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values at a few sites restrict its suitability for irrigation.
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Rao, Liaqat A. K., Armugha Khan, and Himanshu Govil. "Morphometric Characterization of Yamuna River basin around Agra, Firozabad and Etawah Districts, Uttar Pradesh, using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques." IARJSET 4, no. 5 (May 15, 2017): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2017.4544.
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Sahu, Netrananda, Takahiro Sayama, Atul Saini, Arpita Panda, and Kaoru Takara. "Understanding the Hydropower and Potential Climate Change Impact on the Himalayan River Regimes—A Study of Local Perceptions and Responses from Himachal Pradesh, India." Water 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102739.
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The Himalayas have become synonymous with the hydropower developments for larger electricity demands of India’s energy sector. In the Himachal Himalayas though, there are only three large storage dams with more than 1000 megawatts (hereafter MW) capacity that have very serious environmental issues. However, hundreds of small runoff-river hydropower plants across the Himachal Himalayas are a serious threat to the river regimes and Himalayan biota. There are 965 identified hydropower projects (hereafter HPPs) having a potential capacity of 27,436 MW in the Himachal Pradesh as of December 2019 as per the Directorate of Energy of the state. Out of the 965 identified, 216 are commissioned, including less than 5 MW plants, with an installed capacity of 10,596 MW, and were operational by December 2019. Only 58 projects are under construction among the identified with an installed capacity of 2351 MW, 640 projects are in various stages of clearance and investigation with an installed capacity 9260 MW, 30 projects are to be allotted with 1304 MW installed capacity, and merely four projects are disputed/cancelled with installed capacity of 50.50 MW. The large number of HPPs are sanctioned without proper consideration of negative environmental and geohazard impacts on the Himalayan terrestrial biota. In this work, our focus was on the hydropower and climate change impact on the Himalayan river regimes of the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj, and the Yamuna river basins. We analyzed basin-wise rainfall, temperature, and soil moisture data from 1955 to 2019 to see the trend by applying the Mann–Kendall test, the linear regression model, and Sen’s slope test. A basin-wise hazard zonation map has been drawn to assess the disaster vulnerability, and 12 hydropower sites have been covered through the primary survey for first-hand information of local perceptions and responses owing to hydropower plants.
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BANSAL, S., S. K. SRIVASTAV, P. S. ROY, and Y. V. N. KRISHNAMURTHY. "AN ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER DYNAMICS AND CAUSATIVE DRIVERS IN A THICKLY POPULATED YAMUNA RIVER BASIN OF INDIA." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 14, no. 3 (2016): 773–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1403_773792.
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Khan, Armugha, Himanshu Govil, Ajay Kumar Taloor, and Gaurav Kumar. "Identification of artificial groundwater recharge sites in parts of Yamuna River basin India based on Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 11 (October 2020): 100415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100415.
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Gautam, Pawan Kumar, Dhruv Sen Singh, Anoop Kumar Singh, and Dhirendra Kumar. "Geomorphic Analysis of Baghain River, Yamuna Basin, and its Implication for Drainage Characteristic and Tectonics using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques." Journal of the Geological Society of India 98, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 1573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2214-8.
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Sato, Nobuyuki, Tsutomu Okubo, Takashi Onodera, Akiyoshi Ohashi, and Hideki Harada. "Prospects for a self-sustainable sewage treatment system: A case study on full-scale UASB system in India's Yamuna River Basin." Journal of Environmental Management 80, no. 3 (August 2006): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.025.
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Ahmed, Salman, Mohd Wajahat Sultan, Manawwer Alam, Athar Hussain, Fazil Qureshi, and Shadab Khurshid. "Evaluation of corrosive behaviour and scaling potential of shallow water aquifer using corrosion indices and geospatial approaches in regions of the Yamuna river basin." Journal of King Saud University - Science 33, no. 1 (January 2021): 101237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101237.
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Bhatnagar, Anita, Abhay Singh Yadav, and Neeru Neeru. "Fish diversity of Haryana and its conservation status." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.915.
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The present study on fish biodiversity of Haryana state was carried out during 2011 to 2014. A total number of 59 fish species inhabits the freshwaters of this state. Maximum number of fish species belonged to the order Cypriniformes (35) followed by the order Siluriformes (12) and Perciformes (8). The orders Beloniformes,Clupeiformes, Osteoglossiformes and Synbranchiformes were represented by only one species each. Out of 59 fish species, 2 are endangered, 11 vulnerable, 28 have lower risk of threat, 8 exotic and 4 fish species have lower risk least concern. The conservation status of six fish species has not been evaluated so far, hence they cannot be included in any of the IUCN categories at this moment. Family Cyprinidae alone contributed 32 fish species followed by Bagridae family. Fish species Parapsilorhynchus discophorus was observed for the first time in Haryana waters. This species is the native of Kaveri river basin, the occurrence of this species in river Yamuna may be attributed to some religious activity of people. A decline in fish diversity has been recorded from 82 species in 2004 to 59 species in the present study in the year 2014. The main causes for decrease in fish biodiversity are habitat destruction and fragmentation, changing practices of land use, exotic species introduction, fishing, irrigation needs, pollution and global climate change impacts. It is essential to prevent further decline of fish resources by devising all possible measures of conservation and rehabilitation.
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Roy, A., P. K. Thakur, N. Pokhriyal, S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, P. R. Dhote, and A. Choksey. "INTERCOMPARISON OF DIFFERENT RAINFALL PRODUCTS AND VALIDATION OF WRF MODELLED RAINFALL ESTIMATION IN N-W HIMALAYA DURING MONSOON PERIOD." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-351-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Extreme precipitation events are responsible for major floods in any part of the world. In recent years, simulations and projection of weather conditions to future, with Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models like Weather Research and Forecast (WRF), has become an imperative component of research in the field of atmospheric science and hydrology. The validation of modelled forecast is thus have become matter of paramount importance in case of forecasting. This study delivers an all-inclusive assessment of 5 high spatial resolution gridded precipitation products including satellite data products and also climate reanalysis product as compared to WRF precipitation product. The study was performed in river basins of North Western Himalaya (NWH) in India. Performance of WRF model is evaluated by comparing with observational gridded (0.25&deg;<span class="thinspace"></span>&times;<span class="thinspace"></span>0.25&deg;) precipitation data from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Other products include TRMM Multi Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42-v7 product (0.25&deg;<span class="thinspace"></span>&times;<span class="thinspace"></span>0.25&deg;) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) product (0.1&deg;<span class="thinspace"></span>&times;<span class="thinspace"></span>0.1&deg;). Moreover, climate reanalysis rainfall product from ERA Interim is also used. Bias, Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Square Error, False Alarm Ratio (FAR), Probability of False Detection (POFD), and Probability of Detection (POD) were calculated with particular rainfall thresholds. TRMM and GPM products were found to be sufficiently close to the observations. All products showed better performance in the low altitude areas i.e. in planes of Upper Ganga and Yamuna basin and Indus basin, and increase in error as topographical variation increases. This study can be used for identifying suitability of WRF forecast data and assessing performance of other rainfall datasets as well.</p>
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Köylü, Ü., and A. Geymen. "MODELLING THE EFFECTS OF LAND-USE CHANGES ON CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY ON YAMULA DAM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W1 (October 26, 2016): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-147-2016.
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Dams block flow of rivers and cause artificial water reservoirs which affect the climate and the land use characteristics of the river basin. In this research, the effect of the huge water body obtained by Yamula Dam in Kızılırmak Basin is analysed over surrounding spatial’s land use and climate change. Mann Kendal non-parametrical statistical test, Theil&Sen Slope method, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) methods are integrated for spatial and temporal analysis of the research area. For this research humidity, temperature, wind speed, precipitation observations which are collected in 16 weather stations nearby Kızılırmak Basin are analyzed. After that these statistical information is combined by GIS data over years. An application is developed for GIS analysis in Python Programming Language and integrated with ArcGIS software. Statistical analysis calculated in the R Project for Statistical Computing and integrated with developed application. According to the statistical analysis of extracted time series of meteorological parameters, statistical significant spatiotemporal trends are observed for climate change and land use characteristics. In this study, we indicated the effect of big dams in local climate on semi-arid Yamula Dam.
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Bieluk, Jerzy. "River as a Legal Person." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.2.11-23.
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<p>The concepts of recognizing elements of nature as having legal personality have been appearing for many years as proposals for a new approach to ecology. Recent years have brought specific solutions in this regard. Attempts to recognize rivers (but not only rivers) as separate legal entities can be found in various places around the world. This is not a common trend, only a few such cases can be identified in the applicable legislation. The article is devoted to the analysis of the best-known examples of this type of activity. In 2017, the legal system of New Zealand recognized the Whanganui River as a legal person. Talks are ongoing about further solutions of this kind. Apart from environmental protection reasons, the basic motives for this type of solution are cultural considerations – connected with Maori beliefs and values. In the legal systems of India and Colombia, the courts have attempted to recognize the rivers (Ganges and Yamuna in India, the Atrata River, and the entire Amazon ecosystem) as legal persons. The motives for this type of activity were primarily ecological – protecting priceless parts of nature from destruction.</p>
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Ankita, Ankita, M. Afzal Khan, and Salman Khan. "Age and growth assessment of the near-threatened fish Rita rita (Siluriformes: Bagridae) in the Ganges basin." Revista de Biología Tropical 71, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): e51374. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71i1.51734.
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Introduction: Rita rita is a freshwater catfish under threat of extinction, mainly from loss of breeding and nursing grounds. A reliable method for age and growth estimation is needed by fishery managers. Objective: To identify the best body structure for age and growth estimation. Methods: We assessed estimates precision based on Average Percent Error (APE), Coefficient Variation (CV), and Percent Agreement (PA) between readers separately analyzed each calcified structure. We used 390 fish samples from three rivers, Ganga, Yamuna and Ramganga, from September 2018 to August 2019. Results: The three indicators favored the use of vertebrae for age estimation; the growth band seems to be annual and formed from May to September. The growth equations were Lt = 90.19(1-e-0.145(t+0.51)) for Ganga; Lt = 91.19 (1-e-0.14(t+0.59)) for Yamuna and Lt = 89.63 (1-e-0.15(t+0.68)) for Ramganga. Conclusion: This species reaches moderate growth in these rivers, where vertebrae are the recommended age estimation structure, followed, in case of need, by sectioned otoliths, whole otoliths and opercular bones. Pectoral spines should be avoided, especially in older fish.
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Srivastava, Pankaj, Anjali Burande, and Neeraja Sharma. "Fuzzy Environmental Model for Evaluating Water Quality of Sangam Zone during Maha Kumbh 2013." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/265924.
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It is a well-known fact that water is the basic need of human beings. The industrial wastes nearby rivers and several anthropogenic activities are responsible for deteriorating water quality of rivers in India. The present research paper deals with the design and development of soft computing system to assess the water quality of rivers Ganga and Yamuna during the Maha Kumbh 2013 in and around Sangam Zone, Allahabad, by making use of physicochemical parameters relationship.
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Mustafayev Zhumakhan Suleimenovich,, Kozykeyeva Aliya Tobazhanovna,, Ryskulbekova Laura Meldakhanovna,, Aldiyarova Ainura Esirkepovna,, and Arvydas Povilaitis,. "GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ILI RIVER BASIN CATCHMENT AREA FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.114.
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Based on long-term informational and analytical materials of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Weather and Climate reference portal and stationary meteorological stations of the RSE Kazhydromet located in the catchments of the Ili River basin, which cover the Almaty region (Narynkol, Tekes, Sumbe, Dobyn, Aydarly, Kapshagay, Usharal, Bakanas, Kokzhide, Kuigan) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Tekes, Xinyuan, Tokkuztara, Yamata, Kuldzh) of the People’s Republic of China and using the law of geographic vertical zoning, the energy resources of river basins and groundwater, the climatic potential of natural systems that characterize the heat and moisture supply of natural landscapes and ecological and hydrogeochemical indicators showing the direction and intensity of the hydrogeochemical process on a spatial scale, which allowed for geomorphological zoning, are determined catchments of the Ili river basin, characterizing the natural functions of the river basin, to have runoff and environment formation, which are the basis for environmental management and environmental engineering.
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Sarkar, U. K., R. S. Kumar, V. K. Dubey, A. Pandey, and W. S. Lakra. "Population structure and reproductive biology of a freshwater fish, Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839), from two perennial rivers of Yamuna basin." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 28, no. 1 (November 25, 2011): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01902.x.
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Kiptoo, Laxmana Peter, Henry Rono, and Francis Kerre. "The contribution of resource conflict to food insecurity in the Kerio river basin." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHSS) 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2023): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jhss.v2i1.332.
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This study sought to determine the contribution of resource conflict to food insecurity in the region. With Northern Kerio Valley as the study site, Kolowa Ward of Tiaty in Baringo County, Endo Ward of Elgeyo Marakwet County, and Lomut Ward of West Pokot County are considered. The study comprised a target population of 2600 households in the three Wards from which a sample size of 387 was drawn using Yamane (1967) sample size determination formula. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire, while secondary and qualitative data was collected through Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). The study established that the majority of the households representing 60 per cent, had experienced three or more inter-ethnic conflicts in the last five years, with another 60 per cent reporting a severe impact on access to food and livelihoods as a result of the conflicts. The study concluded that inter-ethnic conflicts are one of the major drivers of food insecurity in the Kerio Basin and therefore recommended that there is a need to pay more attention to socioeconomic resilience and transformation in the region. Arguably, measures would be adopted to address the core (fundamental) drivers of the conflicts, namely limited formal and functional education, limited occupations (around agro-pastoralism), severe poverty, and severe cycles of droughts.
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Smith, Nicholas H., and Brian C. Ancell. "Variations in Parametric Sensitivity for Wind Ramp Events in the Columbia River Basin." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 4633–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0019.1.
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Abstract This work investigates the sensitivity of wind speed forecasts during wind ramp events to parameters within a numerical weather prediction model boundary layer physics scheme. In a novel way, it explores how these sensitivities vary across 1) ensemble members with different initial conditions, 2) different times during the events, 3) different types of ramp-causing events, and 4) different horizontal grid spacing. Previous research finds that a small number of parameters in the surface layer and boundary layer schemes are responsible for the majority of the forecast uncertainty. In this study, the values of parameters within the Mellor–Yamada–Nakahishi–Niino (MYNN) boundary layer scheme and the MM5 surface layer scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are perturbed in a systematic way to evaluate parametric sensitivity for two types of specific ramp-causing phenomena: marine pushes and stable mix-out events. This work is part of the Department of Energy’s Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2). A major finding of this study is that there are large differences in parametric sensitivity between members of the same initial condition ensemble for all cases. These variations in sensitivity are the result of differences in the atmospheric state within the initial condition ensemble, and the parametric sensitivity changes over the course of each forecast. Finally, parametric sensitivity changes between event type and with model resolution. These conclusions are particularly relevant for future sensitivity studies and efforts at model tuning.
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William, Asuk Unyejit. "Assessment of the Implementation of Universal Basic Education Programme in Rivers State." EAS Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences 5, no. 03 (May 27, 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjpbs.2023.v05i03.002.
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This study investigated the implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Rivers State. Descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study comprise 8182 teachers in Rivers State UBE. The stratified simple random sampling technique was used to draw 400 male and female teachers for the study, using Taro Yamane formula to determine the sample size. Data was collected using a self-structured questionnaire titled “Assessment of the Implementation of the Universal Basic Education Programme (AIUBEP) and validated by experts in measurement and evaluation. The corrections and contributions made by experts were built into the final draft of the questionnaire. 0.75 was obtained as a measure of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha Statistical technique. Data were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while independent t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 5% probability level. The results showed that availability of infrastructural facilities, number of qualified teachers and free and compulsory education significantly influence the effective implementation of the UBE programme in Rivers State. Based on the above submissions, adequate infrastructural facilities, employment of teachers with requisite educational qualification and provision of fund to enhance free and compulsory education amongst other influence the effective implementation of the UBE programme in Rivers State.
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Adamenko, Oleh, Yaroslav Adamenko, and Yaroslav Kravchuk. "GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF A SEGMENT IN THE CHORNA TYSA RIVER BASIN (UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS), A HIGH-POTENTIAL SITE FOR RECREATION AND TOURISM." PROBLEMS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE UKRANIAN CARPATHIANS AND ADJACENT AREAS, no. 11(01) (January 4, 2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2020.1.3202.
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The segment has a rather complex geological structure. The Svydovets massif is characterized by a complex division of structural overthrust sheets – Dukliansky, Porkuletsky and Chornohirsky overthrusts. The northern part of the site is located in the Slavsko-Verkhovynsky subzone of the Krosno zone. The Dukliansky overthrust represents Svydivets and Blyznytsia subzones, the Porkuletsky overthrust represents the Luzhansky subzone, and Chornohirsky – Yalovychorsky or Hoverliansky subzones. Each overthrust sheet shows the presence of ridgelike anticlinal folds that are deformed by thrusts and faults in fold parts. The Krosno zone is blocked by the thrusts of the Dukliansky and Chornohirsky overthrust sheets. A significant area within the study segment is occupied by the Inner Gorgans (near the water divide), which are confined to the raised base of the Silesian sheet, where the Gorgan folds were formed. The main morphostructural element is the massive Bratkivsky ridge, whose structure is dominated by resistant rocks of the Paleocene and Eocene, in particular the sandstones of the Yamna and Vyhodsky suites. The territory of the Chorna Tysa basin upper part is located in a seismic zone where resonant earthquakes of magnitude 4-6 periodically occur. Slow tectonic movements in this area are +1.5 –2.0 mm per year. Apart from analyzing the geological structure of the Chorna Tysa basin segment, which is a promising area for recreation and touristic development, this paper aims to outline the possibilities of using the geological structure and relief to develop educational forms of tourism, including geotourism. It is most often the geological structure (tectonics, diversity of rocks, long history of geological development, formation of mountain relief, etc.) that creates attractive sites – picturesque landscapes, outcrops of rocks, peaks, relict landforms, waterfalls, gregots, i.e., massive rock stream accumulation, and others). It can thus be concluded that the geological structure is crucial in forming promising tourism and recreation proposals and in the development of prospective infrastructure. Therefore, it is imperative to keep in mind the geological structure and landforms, when planning the development of recreation and tourism. Key words: geological structure (tectonics and lithology); landform, recreation and tourism; geotourism; geotourism attractions; Chorna Tysa; Ukrainian Carpathians.
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Agnihotri, Vandana. "POLLUTION IN RIVERS AND US." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3260.
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Saving water is a matter of concern for everyone, scientific politicians, intellectuals, creators are all concerned, how can water be saved? The world has to save the earth, trees, forests, mountains, air, water. Saving water is very important. Earth can be saved, trees, forests, mountains and humans, animals, birds can all survive, if water is saved and water is on earth, how much? 97.94% of all the water available on the earth is saline water of the sea, which is not potable, 1/8% water is present in the form of ice on the fumes and the potable sweet water is only 0.88 which is continuously polluting. 'Water is life', water is nectaric, therefore water is praised in the Vedas.We are expressing our gratitude towards water, what are we doing for their protection? Saraswati had already disappeared, Ganga and Yamuna are also getting polluted on the banks of metros, their basic existence is in danger, Narmada is also getting polluted slowly. All rivers are shrinking. Sometimes people used to live in harmony with the rivers. When man was uncivilized, the rivers were healthy and clean.
जल को बचाए रखना सभी की चिन्ता का विषय है, वैज्ञानिक राजनेता, बुद्धिजीवी, रचनाकार सभी की चिन्ता है, जल कैसे बचे ? दुनियाँ को अर्थात पृथ्वी को वृक्षों को, जंगलो को, पहाड़ों को, हवा को, पानी को बचाना है। पानी को बचाया जाना बहुत जरूरी है। पृथ्वी बच सकती है, वृक्ष जंगल, पहाड़ और मनुष्य, पषु, पक्षी सब बच सकते है, यदि पानी को बचा लिया गया और पानी पृथ्वी पर है ही कितना? पृथ्वी पर उपलब्ध सारे पानी का 97ण्4ः पानी समुद्र का खारा जल है, जो पीने लायक नही है, 1ण्8ः जल धु्रवों पर बर्फ के रूप में विद्यमान है और पीने लायक मीठा पानी केवल 0ण्8ः है जो निरंतर प्रदूषित होता जा रहा है। ‘जल ही जीवन है’, जल अमृतमय है वेदों में इसलिए जल की अभ्यर्थना की गई है।जल के प्रति कृतज्ञता तो हम व्यक्त कर रहे है, उनकी रक्षार्थ क्या कर रहे है ? सरस्वती तो पहले ही लुप्त हो गई थी, गंगा और यमुना भी महानगरों के किनारे प्रदूषित होती जा रही है उनका मूल अस्तित्व ही खतरे में है, नर्मदा भी धीरे-धीरे प्रदूषित हो रही है। कमोवेष सभी नदियाँ सिकुडती जा रही है। कभी लोग नदियों के साथ सामंजस्य से रहा करते थे । जब मनुष्य असभ्य था, तब नदियाँ स्वस्थ और स्वच्छ थी।
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Kotova, N. S., V. S. Dzhos, S. V. Makhortykh, and S. B. Radchenko. "METAL KNIVES OF THE BRONZE AGE FROM THE VICINITY OF KAMYANA MOHYLA (WESTERN AZOV SEA REGION)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 39, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.02.08.
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Metal (copper and bronze) knives is one of the most striking categories of artefacts in the materials of the Black Sea cultures of the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age. In addition to introducing new archaeological evidences to scientific community, the paper aims to analyze the place of a representative series of knives (8 items) from the vicinity of Kamyana Mohyla (Zaporizhzhya region) in the cultural and chronological coordinate system of the southern part of Eastern Europe Bronze Age. Three knives came from the Yamna culture burials. The one with an oval blade of the Zarechnoe type (kurgan 1, burial 8) is similar to those used on the vast area from the North-Western Black Sea region to the North Caucasus. Knives from Novopilipovka (kurgan 6, burial 5) and Semenovka (kurgan 2, burial 1) introduce some local features and were probably produced by the local metalworking center. Four other knives are related to the Catacomb culture. The one with a sub-triangular blade and an accented handle from Zarechnoe (kurgan 7, burial 1) belongs to the artefacts that occure rarely during the Catacomb time, but was common for the Yamnaya culture in Crimea and in the Dnieper region. Other types of artefacts do not meet the analogies in Yamnaya culture burials. Knives with a leaf-shaped short blade and maximum widening in their upper part (Zarechnoe, kurgan 17, burial 4) are usually attributed to the Catacomb culture of the Seversky Donets basin and to the east of the Don river. Knives of the Kamyana Mohyla 5 type with a leaf-shaped blade and a long handle are also usually found at the Catacomb sites of the Seversky Donets basin. Knives of the Sekiz 3 type with a long handle and a short sub-rhombic blade originated in the Catacomb culture and the final Novotitorovka group. They are localized in the eastern regions (the Don basin, the Lower Volga, and the North Caucasus). A knife from the Terpinnya site is associated with the monuments of the second period of the Berezhno-Mayevskaya Srubnaya culture and is similar to the finds coming from the archaeological sites in the steppe Dnieper region and Azov Sea region in the second half of the second millennium BC. The large number of metal knives found in the studied area during the Bronze Age, which originate both from burials and settlements was probably related to the use of Kamyana Mohyla Hill as a ritual place.
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Oscar, Akue, Samuel Dagogo, and Tobi Stanisslous. "Development Projects in Terms of Land Use on Converted Wetland Sites in Port Harcourt Municipality, Rivers State." International Journal of Natural Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijns.1748.
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Purpose: Urban expansion and growth is one of the basic characteristics of urbanisation process. This expansion has telling effects on available land space in urban areas. The continuing reduction in available land space has led to the encroachment on wetland areas and its subsequent development. This study was carried out in Port Harcourt Municipality Rivers State. The aim was to assess development projects in terms of land use on converted wetlands.
Methodology: Purposive sampling technique was used to select four sites out of twenty four reclaimed sites identified within the study area.Three hundred and eighty (380) household heads from eight proximate communities to the four selected reclaimed sites was arrived at with the aid of Taro Yamane formulae and were interviewed using purposive sampling technique. The extent of wetland loss to physical development in the study area was ascertained by running a time series analysis using the Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. Data on physical development projects presently sited on the reclaimed wetlands were identified and their coordinates collected using handheld Global Positioning System (GPS), a process known as ground truthing. The coordinates of the different development projects presently sited on reclaimed wetlands so collected were interfaced with Google earth images of the different locations using the place-mark device available on Google earth software.
Findings: The study revealed that predominant land use in site A (Eastern Bypass) is industrial land use and a growing competing administrative land use; in site B (Borikiri Sand field), the predominant Landuse is residential with a growing competing commercial land use; In Site C (Eagle Island), the predominant land use is residential and in Site D (Ibeto), the predominant land use is residential with a growing commercial and industrial hubs.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study therefore recommends that reclaimed wetlands in the study area be properly plan and the different development projects earmarked for such site be fully implemented; Government should strictly enforce the land use control measures utilizing sub-division regulation, zoning ordinance, building and housing codes including site and service approach to ensure proper utilisation of reclaimed sites.
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Нeneralova, Larysa, Vladimir Stepanov, Leonid Khomyak, Oleksandr Koctyuk, and Аnton Heneralov. "Iron-manganese mineralization in Eocene deposits of Parashka skyba (Skybov nappe, Ukrainian Carpathians)." Visnyk of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series Geology. Geography. Ecology, no. 56 (June 1, 2022): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2022-56-03.
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Formulation of the problem. Modern advances in oceanographic studies of sedimentogenesis and orogenesis open up opportunities for in-depth study of rocks by fold-nappe systems, including the Carpathian region. Review of previous research. On the territory of the Carpathians in flysch complexes researchers have mainly noted the findings of carbonates of manganese and iron nodules.At the same time, flysch complexes contain iron-manganese oxide mineralization. The purpose of the work was to study the mineral and chemical composition, morphological types of aggregates and the origin of iron-manganese mineralization (IMM) among the Eocene deposits of the Parashka skyba of Skybov nappe in the middle course of the river Opir. Methods used: Sedimentological, mineralogical, petrogeochemical and X-ray diffractometric analyzes of wall rocks and ore minerals. Results: The ore mineralization is associated with the Paleocene to Eocene transition strata, which is represented by coarse-grained turbidites and grainites of the Yamna suite and variegated fine- and medium-grained turbidites and hemipelagites of the Manyava suite. IMM are deposited in a main ore bed, ore crusts and scattered in the wall rocks. It is synchronously sedimented with deep-water deposits of the lower bathyal. The оre bed is composited of concretionary, sinter, brecciated, earthy and sooty aggregates. Concretionary morphotypes have concentric-zonal structure, which is formed by shells with different mineral composition and structural features. Crystalline secretions are observed in the nucleus. The ore substance is represented by X-ray amorphous compounds of iron and manganese hydroxides, among which are minerals of hydrothermal (pyrolusite, psilomelan, todoroquite and bersenite) and hydrogenic (vernadite, buserite) origin. Shells often have columnar, dendrіtic and colomorphic structures typical of hydrothermal formations. Differentiation of mineralization by mineral composition causes significant fluctuations in metal contents in ore aggregates (from 3 to 11.5% of Fe oxides and from 2 to 10% of Mn) and host rocks (from 1.4 to 11.5% of Fe oxides and from 0.12 to 12% Mn). This confirms the endogenous origin of ore-bearing fluids. On the diagram of the ratios of the main components of iron-manganese formations of different zones of modern oceans by E. Bonatti, the geochemical composition of the ore mineralization of the Nad’yamne variegated horizon falls into the fields of both hydrothermal and hydrothermal-hydrogen origin. Mineralogical and geochemical features of ore mineralization indicate that the main source of metals on the seabed were hydrothermal vents. Direct deposition of ore mineral phases and deposition of oxide and hydroxide compounds from metal-enriched bottom waters occurred as a result of reaction of hydrothermal fluids with seawater. The formation and functioning of the hydrothermal system was likely caused by the intensification of tectonic movements of the Laramian phase on Paleocene-Eocene boundary, which also led to restructuring and deepening of the Carpathian paleobasin. An important role in these processes was played by faults in the flysch foundation, which served as channels for circulation of hot fluids. The source of heat and metals could be deep magma, according to authors. Scientific novelty. Iron-manganese mineralization in the Eocene rocks of the Nad’yamne variegated horizon was characterized for the first time, IMM morphotypes, structural-textural, mineralogical and geochemical features of ore formations and sedimentation and petrographic features of the content rocks were described. The studied features make it possible to propose a hydrothermal model of mineral formation. Practical significance. The studied features of IMM correlate well with modern and recent formations of pelagic sedimentation. The presence of iron-manganese mineralization in the Eocene Nad’yamne variegated horizon expands the cognitive aspects of the study of the Outer Carpathian basin of the Tethys Ocean and will contribute to the study of other variegated horizons and their geochemical specialization.
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Minh, Pham Thi, Bui Thi Tuyet, Tran Thi Thu Thao, and Le Thi Thu Hang. "Application of ensemble Kalman filter in WRF model to forecast rainfall on monsoon onset period in South Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13134.
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This paper presents some results of rainfall forecast in the monsoon onset period in South Vietnam, with the use of ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate observation data into the initial field of the model. The study of rainfall forecasts are experimented at the time of Southern monsoon outbreaks for 3 years (2005, 2008 and 2009), corresponding to 18 cases. In each case, there are five trials, including satellite wind data assimilation, upper-air sounding data assimilation, mixed data (satellite wind+upper-air sounding data) assimilation and two controlled trials (one single predictive test and one multi-physical ensemble prediction), which is equivalent to 85 forecasts for one trial. Based on the statistical evaluation of 36 samples (18 meteorological stations and 18 trials), the results show that Kalman filter assimilates satellite wind data to forecast well rainfall at 48 hours and 72 hours ranges. With 24 hour forecasting period, upper-air sounding data assimilation and mixed data assimilation experiments predicted better rainfall than non-assimilation tests. The results of the assessment based on the phase prediction indicators also show that the ensemble Kalman filter assimilating satellite wind data and mixed data sets improve the rain forecasting capability of the model at 48 hours and 72 hour ranges, while the upper-air sounding data assimilation test produces satisfactory results at the 72 hour forecast range, and the multi-physical ensemble test predicted good rainfall at 24 hour and 48 hour forecasts. The results of this research initially lead to a new research approach, Kalman Filter Application that assimilates the existing observation data into input data of the model that can improve the quality of rainfall forecast in Southern Vietnam and overall country in general.References Bui Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Truong, 2013. 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Nallathiga, Ramakrishna. "Institutional Intervention in River Water Management: The Study of Yamuna River Sub-Basin in India." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2037734.
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Pradhan, Ajay, and Raveendra Kumar Rai. "ROLE OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR RIVER POLLUTION CONTROL." Journal of Water Engineering and Management 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.47884/jweam.v1i1pp01-13.
Full textAbstract:
Due to continuous population growth and industrialization along with intensive agriculture to meet food demand, good quality water has become rare in most of the basins of India. Up to the last decade, to solve the water related issues in India, water quantity and quality were considered individually; and it was realized that individual consideration of these parameters will not solve the problem for long term. Therefore, at present, a concept of integrated water resources management has been encouraged to manage the water resources and pollution control in the rivers. In the present study, an efficacy of a decision support system (DSS) has been presented for the Yamuna River to augment the good quality of water as environmental flows, which include the hydrology, natural resources, pollution, socio-economics, infrastructural development, etc of the basin. Using the DSS, numbers of possible scenarios were tested and it is revealed that installation of sewage treatment plants (STPs) alone cannot improve the water quality of the river when river is highly intercepted. To ensure the environmental flows in the river, integrated water resources management has become important at micro-watershed level
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Khan, Musharraf Ali, Nawaz Khan, Anees Ahmad, Rakesh Kumar, Anuradha Singh, Deepshi Chaurasia, Suvadip Neogi, Vinod Kumar, and Preeti Chaturvedi Bhargava. "Potential health risk assessment, spatio-temporal hydrochemistry and groundwater quality of Yamuna river basin, Northern India." Chemosphere, October 2022, 136880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136880.
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Devrani, Rahul, Rohit Kumar, Som Dutt, and Rongsenzulu Jamir. "Geoheritage Assessment of a Hermit Cave System at Lakhamandal Valley, Upper Yamuna River Basin, NW Himalaya." Geoheritage 15, no. 1 (February 15, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00799-9.
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Chandna, Priyanka. "DIVERSITY AND RESIDENTIAL STATUS OF WADER BIRDS AT HODAL IN PALWAL DISTRICT, IN HARYANA, INDIA." INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, September 1, 2021, 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/2315406.
Full textAbstract:
Waders belonging to order Charadriiformes are commonly found along shorelines and mudats that wade in order to forage for food (such as insects or crustaceans) in the mud or sand. Bogs, marshes, mudats, shorelines, ponds, and ooded areas are all popular habitats for wading birds. The waders include storks, spoonbills, cranes, herons, egrets and ibises. They have certain physical and behavioural adaptations for living on or near water. Wading birds depend on water as a source of food, shelter, and nesting sites. Wading birds wade into shallow water to obtain food, instead of swimming and diving in water in search of feed that is not found on land. If we study the morphology of wading birds, they have lots of characteristics and adaptations that are useful in a watery habitat. Long legs of the wading birds help them to keep their feathers high and dry when wading into water in search of food. A long neck and a long bill are adaptations that make it possible to strike at prey while walking around on long legs. The benets of wading bird′s long, thin, spread-out toes are three-fold: toes help them to keep their balance and also help them to walk in mud without sinking. While walking in water and mushy mud, thin toes are easier to lift and set down. Spread-out toes also prevent them from sinking into soft mud in the water and at the water's edge, and above all those toes also disperse the weight of these big, tall birds, helping them keep their balance over their long legs. Waders are ecologically dependent on wetlands, as they provide good habitat to them for feeding, roosting, breeding, nesting, pre-migratory requirements, migration and protection from predators. So, wet lands plays an important part in the life cycle of wading birds. Wetlands have got highest capacity and are often extremely rich in bird and animal life. The present study aims at the assessment of diversity and residential status of wading birds in Yamuna basin near Hodal in Palwal District. It is located at 27°53′39″N and 77°22′09″E having an average elevation of 190 meters. Many ornithologists pay lots of their attention on eld study of birds during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century and till today many more are involved in the study of avian diversity near rivers. Avian fauna of Kalesar forests in immediate vicinity of River Yamuna in Yamuna-nagar District has been analysed by Kalsi (1998). Kulkarni et al.(2011) reported 151 species of birds from river Godavari; Balapureet al. (2012) reported 63 avian species from river Narmada. Other workers like Bahuguna(2008), Taketal.(2010), Gupta & Kaushik (2011), Gupta et.al(2012), Anupma et al (2014), Ankita et al (2019) have studied wetlands birds in various regions along the banks of rivers.
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Chandna, Priyanka. "DIVERSITY AND RESIDENTIAL STATUS OF WADER BIRDS AT HODAL IN PALWAL DISTRICT, IN HARYANA, INDIA." INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, September 1, 2021, 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/2315406.
Full textAbstract:
Waders belonging to order Charadriiformes are commonly found along shorelines and mudats that wade in order to forage for food (such as insects or crustaceans) in the mud or sand. Bogs, marshes, mudats, shorelines, ponds, and ooded areas are all popular habitats for wading birds. The waders include storks, spoonbills, cranes, herons, egrets and ibises. They have certain physical and behavioural adaptations for living on or near water. Wading birds depend on water as a source of food, shelter, and nesting sites. Wading birds wade into shallow water to obtain food, instead of swimming and diving in water in search of feed that is not found on land. If we study the morphology of wading birds, they have lots of characteristics and adaptations that are useful in a watery habitat. Long legs of the wading birds help them to keep their feathers high and dry when wading into water in search of food. A long neck and a long bill are adaptations that make it possible to strike at prey while walking around on long legs. The benets of wading bird′s long, thin, spread-out toes are three-fold: toes help them to keep their balance and also help them to walk in mud without sinking. While walking in water and mushy mud, thin toes are easier to lift and set down. Spread-out toes also prevent them from sinking into soft mud in the water and at the water's edge, and above all those toes also disperse the weight of these big, tall birds, helping them keep their balance over their long legs. Waders are ecologically dependent on wetlands, as they provide good habitat to them for feeding, roosting, breeding, nesting, pre-migratory requirements, migration and protection from predators. So, wet lands plays an important part in the life cycle of wading birds. Wetlands have got highest capacity and are often extremely rich in bird and animal life. The present study aims at the assessment of diversity and residential status of wading birds in Yamuna basin near Hodal in Palwal District. It is located at 27°53′39″N and 77°22′09″E having an average elevation of 190 meters. Many ornithologists pay lots of their attention on eld study of birds during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century and till today many more are involved in the study of avian diversity near rivers. Avian fauna of Kalesar forests in immediate vicinity of River Yamuna in Yamuna-nagar District has been analysed by Kalsi (1998). Kulkarni et al.(2011) reported 151 species of birds from river Godavari; Balapureet al. (2012) reported 63 avian species from river Narmada. Other workers like Bahuguna(2008), Taketal.(2010), Gupta & Kaushik (2011), Gupta et.al(2012), Anupma et al (2014), Ankita et al (2019) have studied wetlands birds in various regions along the banks of rivers.