Journal articles on the topic 'Yaganes'

En este trabajo analizaré la reemergencia del pueblo selk’nam en Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), un territorio que desde los albores de la colonización llevada a cabo por los Estados argentino y chileno, ha sido imaginado como blanco y europeo, como un sitio donde ya no habrían indígenas. La reemergencia de los selk’nam y los yaganes, su presencia ontológica y el avance de sus agendas políticas en los últimos treinta años tensionan las narrativas fundacionales del territorio provincial y cuestionan el lugar de la Antropología en la extinción discursiva de estos pueblos.

This article analyzes the situation of the Argentine Republic for the protection of Marine Areas in order to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem processes. In this regard, we see how the normative process began in 2013 with the creation of the first Protected Marine Area Namuncurá Banco Burdwood I and continued with the creation of a National System of Protected Marine Areas and the creation of two new protected areas: Namuncurá Banco Burdwood II and Yaganes. In line with this, and notwithstanding the progress made by the country in terms of care and conservation of these spaces, there is a lack of Management and Conservation Plans, as well as human and economic resources, in order for the legal protection of these areas to be truly effective.

En este trabajo indagaremos en los diferentes ritmos que tuvo la adopción de cultura material occidental por parte de la sociedad Yagán de Tierra de Fuego desde fines del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Para ello, centraremos el análisis en un corpus de 428 fotografías etnográficas de este pueblo originario, obtenidas entre 1881 y 1987 en Tierra del Fuego, a fin de analizar de manera diacrónica la adopción desigual de cultura material occidental, específicamente respecto de la vestimenta y los adornos. De esta manera, esperamos discutir los distintos procesos desarrollados respecto de esta cultura material a partir del contacto con los europeos: adopción plena, adopción parcial (ciclaje), reciclaje y resiliencia. Así, encontramos que los yaganes fueron agentes activos de su propio cambio cultural, que tuvo distintos ritmos vinculados a procesos de negociación y resiliencia, que permitieron la supervivencia física y cultural de este Pueblo Originario.

This article analyzes two experiences of returning photographs to the yagans - indigenous hare of southern Patagonia - taken by Martin Gusinde, anthropologist and Austrian priest, to their context of origin. The first return, made from his trips to the extreme Chilean and Argentinean between 1918 and 1923; The second, held between 2012 and 2014 as part of the joint work of the Martín Gusinde Anthropological Museum with the yagán indigenous community (Puerto Williams, Chile).In this circuit, photography is a visual medium that depends on the place of enunciation to be reactualized and resignified. The "reencounter" presupposes a reading in front of the circulation circuits of the archive, the ethnographic text and the museum, thus confirming that there are transits of sense of the image, from which tensions arise on the imaginary Fuegian, as well as stories And family and regional memories.

En 1599, el marino holandés Oliver van Noort halló en el Estrecho de Magallanes a un grupo de nativos de talla semejante a la de los europeos de la época, con cuerpos y tórax amplios. Los mismos cazaban pingüinos para alimentarse y vestirse, usaban arcos y flechas, vivían en cuevas naturales, y eran presuntamente canoeros. En un confuso episodio, la mayoría de ellos fueron muertos mediante armas de fuego, cautivándose varios niños. Uno de ellos enseñó a sus captores algunas palabras de su propio idioma, de las que destacamos el autónimo de la tribu: 1. Se han realizado varios intentos de identificar la etnia a la cual pertenecían los infortunados nativos, concluyéndose en general que se trataba de alacalufes. Sobre la base de las palabras rescatadas por Van Noort, y con ayuda de otro documento poco conocido, el autor concluye que los enoo pertenecían a la etnia yamana –también conocida como yaganes– o que eran una tribu mixta yámana-chon. Además, desde que la zona en que fueron hallados los enoo en el siglo XVI es cercana a aquella ocupada por la tribu huemul, mixta fueguino-chon, hallada en el siglo XIX, se plantea la hipótesis de que los segundos pudieran ser descendientes de los primeros.

<p>Este trabajo se propone discutir el aporte del estudio de las fotografías etnográficas acerca de los adornos corporales y las regulaciones de género de la sociedad Yámana/Yagán de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina y Chile). Se entiende a la fotografía como un artefacto cultural que permite rescatar múltiples agencias, considerando que los elementos incluidos en la imagen -como los adornos corporales- refieren no sólo a los intereses del fotógrafo sino también a los de los fotografiados. A fin de analizar esos elementos, se estudiaron 428 fotografías etnográficas de Yámanas/Yaganes, obtenidas entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX; de las cuales se seleccionaron 140 individuos fotografiados que portaban un total de 171 adornos corporales -entre collares, brazaletes y/o tobilleras-. Se analizó el vínculo entre tipo de adorno y género de su portador, y se encontró que los collares fueron usados tanto por mujeres como por varones, mientras que brazaletes y tobilleras lo fueron por mujeres. Estos resultados permiten discutir el rol de los adornos en la construcción y regulación de roles de género en la sociedad Yámana/Yagán. Simultáneamente se evalúa el aporte de las fotografías etnográficas como artefactos de cultura material que, mediante la combinación de una mirada antropológica y arqueológica, resultan relevantes para producir nuevos conocimientos sobre el pasado indígena. </p>

This paper analyses the tangible and intangible Yagan heritage contents exhibited by the Museo del Fin del Mundo (MFM, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) and presented during its guided tour led by Yagan Community Counsellor Victor Vargas Filgueira. We show how the critical outlook of Fuegian history offered in the latter challenges the traditional past-only fossilized view of the Yagan, building past–present links and helping to overcome biased hegemonic discourses. We also discuss how employing a member of the Yagan Community at the MFM has been an efficient and low-budget strategy that helps to comply with some Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which are difficult to attain in developing countries. Significant outcomes of this process include: (a) providing a full-time formal job to a member of an Indigenous Community who has been traditionally dispossessed of/in their own territory; (b) acknowledging him as a knowledge holder and valuable member of society; (c) moving the role of Yagan People from subject to agent of the MFM. This process has fostered the dialogue between Yagan voices and academic discourses, challenging traditional Western dichotomies-ecology/economy, natural/cultural heritage, and so forth, and contributing to the discussion of key concepts on sustainability and engagement.

Mirza Wajid Hussain, known as Yagana Changezi, was born in Azeemabad (Patna).He belonged to the famous dynasty of Changez Khan. Urdu literature remained indebted to him for his manly poetic tone and choice of diverse themes. He tried to curtail the deplorable and lamenting picture of the lover,often painted with, in Urdu literature. This practice badly affected his works and supress the subtleness of poetic expression yet he became a voice of the restless and impatient souls of twentieth entury.

This article examines aspects of cultural exchange between the Middle East and the West in which Sufism, Christianity, the traditions of the Circassians and New Age concepts played a central role. It focuses on the teaching of Murat Yagan, of Abkhaz-Circassian origin who grew up in Turkey and immigrated to Canada in the 1960s, where he developed his philosophy, Ahmsta Kebzeh (“the knowledge of the art of living”). The Kebzeh way of life emphasizes modesty, mutual responsibility and compassion. Yagan linked these values to the ancient ethos of the Caucasus Mountains which he sought to revive as the basis of a universal vision. The nature of Kebzeh was influenced by the cosmopolitan environment in which Yagan was educated in Turkey; by his enrollment with Sufi circles in North America; and by the multicultural Canadian atmosphere. These diverse influences enabled him to devise an ecumenical model of dialogue between cultures. The article provides a first-time survey and analysis of Kebzeh ideological and communal features. It sheds new light on the role of ethnicity and cultural heritage in immigrant societies in the context of the evolution of spirituality in Canada, a relatively unexplored milieu in comparison to the United States and Europe.

En este trabajo presentamos la descripción y el análisis de la colección de artefactos etnográficos fueguinos recolectados y trasladados por Martin Gusinde al Monasterio de Sankt Gabriel, en Viena, Austria. Esta colección fue reunida por el etnógrafo y sacerdote alemán durante sus trabajos de campo desarrollados entre 1918 y 1924 con los pueblos originarios de Tierra del Fuego: Selk´nam, Yagan y Kawésqar. La colección incluye 292 artefactos, de los cuales 82 objetos son de origen Selk´nam, 96 de origen Yagan y 50 de origen Kawésqar; además de 9 objetos Yagan o Kawésqar y 55 objetos catalogados como “fueguinos” y cuyo origen étnico permanece sin determinar. Analizaremos esta colección por sociedad y clase de artefacto, a fin de mostrar que se trata de una colección heterogénea y etnográficamente representativa de cada pueblo, que refleja tanto la selección del etnógrafo como las agencias de las comunidades indígenas. Finalmente, demostramos cómo el estudio sistemático de esta colección permite, por un lado, develar nuevos elementos sobre los procesos de formación del registro etnográfico y, por otro lado, descifrar múltiples implicaciones sociales, históricas y culturales que le subyacen, contribuyendo así a su valoración e interpretación en clavepatrimonial y comunitaria. Esta valoración involucra directamente a las comunidades de Pueblos Originarios Fueguinos, con quienes comenzamos un proceso de información sobre el paradero de esta colección y de consenso sobre los futuros pasos en la investigación.

This article presents key concepts and methods used to develop a visual archaeology of two Indigenous societies of Tierra del Fuego (Shelk’nam, Yámana/Yagan). Photographs are conceived as artifacts, which condense the traces of at least two agents: photographers and photographed subjects. These visual records are not only biased by the different photographers who took them, but also shed light on the different material culture patterns produced by each Indigenous society, which are visible on the images when studied in large samples. The article discusses some results of systematic investigations carried out on a corpus of 847 photographs taken by 39 photographers of Shelk’nam and Yámana/Yagan persons (19th and early 20th centuries). These are compared to materials found in the archaeological record in order to generate new data about the material culture used by Fueguian hunter-gatherers.

The romantic movement has an important place in literary movements. This movement had its effects on both poetry and prose. The impact of this movement has been evaluated in this research paper. Impact of the Romantic movement is described in the non- romantic style of the great poet Yas Yagana. Apart from this, various points of his poetry have been described which will help in understanding the aspects of his poetry. This research article also proves that it is possible to maintain a separate identity even under the shadow of a particular movement.

En las Estaciones Experimentales del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias de Chile (INIA), en Santiago (La Platina) y Osorno (Remehue), se establecieron dos ensayos de evaluación, por dos temporadas consecutivas con el propósito de evaluar el comportamiento de variedades y líneas experimentales de diverso origen, introducidas por el Centro Internacional de la Papa, (CIP). Para ambas temporadas se incluyeron 19 genotipos de papa, de los cuales 15 correspondieron a cultivares introducidos. Como testigo se utilizaron las variedades comerciales: Yagana-INIA, Ultimus, Mirka y Desiree. De las evaluaciones efectuadas durante dos años, el cultivar más promisorio fue Serrana-INTA, con un rendimiento comercial promedio para Osorno y Santiago, de 63.8 y 45.8 t/ha, respectivamente. El cultivar Piratini, también presentó un amplio nivel de adaptación, y mantuvo un comportamiento uniforme en ambas Estaciones Experimentales.

The subfamily Exogoninae was studied from samples collected in shallow waters of the fjords and channels of the Patagonian region of Chile. Two new species are described: Exogone yagan n. sp. and Erinaceusyllis carrascoi n. sp. The species Exogone heterosetoides, Erinaceusyllis bidentata and Erinaceusyllis perspicax are newly reported to Chile, as well as the genus Erinaceusyllis San Martín, 2005. Parapionosyllis brevicirra, Sphaerosyllis hirsuta and Salvatoria rhopalophora, n. comb., are also reported, with the latter redescribed. Finally, we redescribe Exogone anomalochaeta from Antarctica. Most of the species were found inside tubes of Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus; this habitat is new for Exogoninae. This research is a new taxonomic account of Syllidae in Chile and improves the knowledge of Exogoninae of the Patagonian region.

The world-famous Japanese novelist Murakami Haruki (1949-) has been said to write universally-legible, made-to-be-translated fiction that is designed to circulate through the channels of global cultural commerce unimpeded by the thorny particularities of local specificity. But this article explores a different side of Murakami—a side that attuned to the untranslatable particularity of socially contextualized language as he heard it spoken around him during his time living in the United States in the early 1990s. Drawing on the scholar of comparative literature Michael Lucey’s approach to reading “the ethnography of talk,” the analysis focuses on how Murakami reconstructs a conversation about jazz that he had with a Black American interlocutor in New Jersey in the short essay “The Road Home From Berkeley” (Bākurē kara no kaerimichi), which appears in his volume of essays about living in the United States titled The Sadness of Foreign Language (Yagate kanashiki gaikokugo, 1994). As the article compares the styles of speaking documented in “The Road Home From Berkeley” with those that appear in the English- and Japanese-language versions of Miles Davis’s autobiography Miles (which Murakami discusses in “The Road Home From Berkeley”) and J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye (which Murakami translated himself), it reveals how Murakami has reflected on the specter of the untranslatable that haunts the global circulations of literature and pop culture.

The article discusses the discrepancy between the meaning of the mythological image of the East Slavic Baba-Yaga and the etymological meaning of the name yaga / yazya in the Slavic languages. Alternative versions of the yaga’s etymology are cited that raise it to an ancient Indo-European name of the snake (and hedgehog). Also folklore plots confirming such semantics are denoted in which Yaga is interchangeable with the Snake. A hypothesis offered by O. A. Cherepanova about possible contacts of Slavs with Greeks and Iranians in the Northern Black Sea area is developed and a possible source of the Slavic Baba-Yaga image is considered: the Scythian legends about the serpentine goddess ancestress of Scythians as described by Herodotus based on Greek images of snake demons, including Echidna. В статье обсуждается несоответствие значения мифологического образа восточнославянской бабы-Яги этимологическому значению имени яга / язя в славянских языках. Приводятся альтернативные версии этимологии имени яга, возводящие его к древнему индоевропейскому названию змеи (и ежа), а также подтверждающие эту семантику фольклорные сюжеты, в которых Яга взаимозаменяема со Змеей. Развивается предложенная О. А. Черепановой гипотеза о возможном контакте славян с греками и иранцами в Северном Причерноморье и как возможный источник образа славянской бабы-Яги рассматриваются скифские легенды о змееногой богине-прародительнице скифов в изложении Геродота, основанные на греческих образах змееподобных демонов, включая Ехидну.

The paper analyzes the changes in interpreting magic, fairytale fiction that occurred in translated and original stories of the late 17th - first third of the 18th centuries. A number of fiction works of this period show representations of magic closely linked to the Christian worldview, with some works appearing referring to magic and sorcery as a non-judgmental category. The first Russian translations of fairy tales by M.-C. d’Aulnoy’s made in the Petrine era contributed to the appearance of pure genre fiction free from judgment. These were “The Tale of Florine” (1700 - late 1710s, “L’oiseau bleu”) and “The History of Prince Adolf” (1720-1730s, L’Ile de la Félicité). A fairy was an entirely unfamiliar character to the Russian reader. In The Tale of Florine, the word “fée” was translated by “ega baba” (“yaga baba”) commonly used to refer to women with demonic forces. Magical abilities were designated by “vorozhenie” (divination) and “yagina mudrost’” (yaga’s wisdom). In the manuscripts of The History of Prince Adolf, fairies appear as “goddesses” and “gods”, and magical abilities - “l’esprit de féerie” - as “divine spirit”. When describing magical actions, Russian translators of French fairy tales use everyday vocabulary related to the sphere of folk magical beliefs or associated with the Russian folklore and book tradition. In the period under study, we observe the formation of the genre category of fairy-tale magic and a gradual replacement of the category of “miracle” by a genre-conditioned understanding of magic.

In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), protoplast techniques are limited to a few genotypes; thus, the use of regular regeneration procedures of multicellular explants causes us to face complexities associated to CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing efficiency and final identification of individuals. Geminivirus-based replicons contained in T-DNAs could provide an improvement to these procedures considering their cargo capability. We built a Bean yellow dwarf virus-derived replicon vector, pGEF-U, that expresses all the editing reagents under a multi-guide RNA condition, and the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) marker gene. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer experiments were carried out on ‘Yagana-INIA’, a relevant local variety with no previous regeneration protocol. Assays showed that pGEF-U had GFP transient expression for up to 10 days post-infiltration when leaf explants were used. A dedicated potato genome analysis tool allowed for the design of guide RNA pairs to induce double cuts of genes associated to enzymatic browning (StPPO1 and 2) and to cold-induced sweetening (StvacINV1 and StBAM1). Monitoring GFP at 7 days post-infiltration, explants led to vector validation as well as to selection for regeneration (34.3% of starting explants). Plant sets were evaluated for the targeted deletion, showing individuals edited for StPPO1 and StBAM1 genes (1 and 4 lines, respectively), although with a transgenic condition. While no targeted deletion was seen in StvacINV1 and StPPO2 plant sets, stable GFP-expressing calli were chosen for analysis; we observed different repair alternatives, ranging from the expected loss of large gene fragments to those showing punctual insertions/deletions at both cut sites or incomplete repairs along the target region. Results validate pGEF-U for gene editing coupled to regular regeneration protocols, and both targeted deletion and single site editings encourage further characterization of the set of plants already generated.

AbstractSituated between the North China Craton to the east and the Tarim Craton to the west, the northern Alxa area in westernmost Inner Mongolia in China occupies a key location for interpreting the late-stage tectonic evolution of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. New LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating results reveal 282.2 ± 3.9 Ma gabbros and 216.3 ± 3.2 Ma granites from the Yagan metamorphic core complex in northern Alxa, NW China. The gabbros are characterized by low contents of Si, Na, K, Ti and P and high contents of Mg, Ca, Al and Fe. These gabbros have arc geochemical signatures with relative enrichments in large ion lithophile elements and depletions in high field strength elements, as well as negative εNd(t) (−0.91 to −0.54) and positive εHf(t) (2.59 to 6.37) values. These features indicate that a depleted mantle magma source metasomatized by subduction fluids/melts and contaminated by crustal materials was involved in the processes of magma migration and emplacement. The granites show high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous affinities, similar to A-type granites. They have positive εNd(t) (1.55 to 1.99) and εHf(t) (5.03 to 7.64) values. These features suggest that the granites were derived from the mixing of mantle and crustal sources and formed in a postcollisional tectonic setting. Considering previous studies, we infer that the final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean in the central part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt occurred in late Permian to Early–Middle Triassic times.

The article presents an analysis of historiography devoted to the biography of J. Broeckell, an engineer who in 1697 supervised the construction of the first shipping canal, which was supposed to connect the Volga and the Don through their tributaries Kamyshinka and Ilovlya. The analysis showed that despite the fact that in the XVIII-XX centuries many sources containing reliable information about the activities of J. Broeckell in Russia were introduced into scientific circulation, the authors of works on the history of the construction of the Volga-Don Canal were based mainly not on these sources, but on the book by Englishman John Perry "The State Russia under the present tsar", who led the construction work on Kamyshinka in 1698-1702. In the course of the research, it was possible to establish the main biographical information about Johann Broeckell before his arrival in Russia, to clarify the circumstances of his admission to the tsarist service. Analysis of a wide range of published and archival data allowed us to prove that in 1696 J. Broeckell took part in the Azov campaign, was engaged in the construction of earthworks after the capture of the city by Russian troops. In 1697, under his leadership the canal between the tributaries of the Volga and Don Kamyshinka and Ilovlya was begun to built. At the beginning of 1698, apparently realizing that he would not be able to successfully complete the construction of the canal, J. Broeckell left Russia. At the end of 1698, he was captured by Russian troops while trying to transfer to the service of the Turks.

The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is a rare species with declining numbers listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. In the Turkestan Region it is present during migration and wintering periods with the earliest sighting on September 10 (2018), and the latest on March 23 (2021) (Koksarai Reservoir, Gubin, 2020). Since 2003, wintering birds have been regularly observed on water bodies. Initially, counts were conducted in December–February, but starting from 2006 – in mid-January. The participants included S.N. Erokhov from 2003 to 2005, O.V. Belyalov in 2003 and 2004, F.F. Karpov in 2004 and 2006, A.V. Kovalenko from 2005 to 2014 (Kovalenko, 2015), S.A. Kravchenko in 2005 and 2006, B.M. Gubin from 2016 to 2018 (Gubin, 2020), and the author together with A.Zh. Abayev and M.A. Yaganin in 2014, 2020–2022. The White-Tailed Eagle was regularly observed at the Shardara Reservoir (area 783 km2), constructed on the Syrdarya River. The number of wintering individuals here is variable and depends on the presence of snow cover and the extent of ice coverage. However, in recent years, a decrease in the species' population has been noted: from 2003 to 2016, an average of 69 individuals were recorded (15 in 2004 and 120 in 2003), while from 2017 to 2022 – 21 individuals (12 in 2017 and 29 in 2022). The distribution of the species within the reservoir is uneven. The main concentration is below the Shuarden Dam in Shuarden, where the water never freezes. The birds gather in groups on rocks along the riverbank, occasionally on the ice. On January 21, 2014, 16 individuals were recorded, 25 ind. on January 13, 2020, 23 ind. on January 17, 2021, and 17 ind. on January 21, 2022. Along the reservoir, the species was encountered less frequently and more often as individuals: on January 22, 2014, 22 individuals were observed, and on January 20, 2022, 12 were recorded. In January 2020 and 2021, the species was not observed due to fog and rain. Other water bodies, smaller in area and shallower, often covered with ice, which limits the number of overwintering birds. Along the road from Shuarden to the village of Bayir Kum, which runs along the Syrdarya River valley (usually frozen in January), the White-Tailed Eagle was recorded on February 13, 2006 (2 individuals), January 20, 2014, and January 16, 2018 (6 each), January 13, 2020 (4 ind.), and January 17, 2021 (1 ind.). Further down the valley to the mouth of the Aris River, 9 birds were observed on November 11–12, 2021 (1, 2, 5, and 1), and 1 individual on March 9, 2016. The Koksarai Regulator (area 467 km2), located to the right of the Syrdarya River channel, 160 km downstream from the Shardara Reservoir, contains the maximum amount of water in spring and summer, which gradually drops throughout the summer and partially in autumn. In winter, only separate shallow bays remain that often freeze over. The reservoir is filled in January–February with the rise of water levels in the Syrdarya River. Winter counts were conducted in January from 2016 to 2022 (three individuals in 2021 and 44 in 2018, on average – 15 ind.). Along with rising water levels and the beginning of spring migration, the number of birds increases: 9 ind. on February 9–17 and 35 ind. on March 16, 2019 (Gubin, 2020). The Shoshkakol System consisting of 15 lakes occupies a salt-marsh lowland (area 535 km2), fed by the Bugun River and located 40 km from the middle flow of the Syrdarya River. Since the lake shores are concealed with reeds and the lakes freeze over a full-scale, winter bird count is not always possible. Nevertheless, from 7 to 15 (on average 11) White-tailed Eagles were recorded from 2004 to 2006, and from 3 to 10 (6) in 2016–2018. The Bugun Reservoir is located above the Bugun River (area 65 km2) and often completely covered in ice in winter. When it freezes, the birds migrate southward, resulting in the observation of 45 Whitetailed Eagles during 7 counts (2004, 2013, 2016–2018, 2020–2022) (from 1 to 18, on average 8). The Badam Reservoir (area 4.75 km2) is situated in the foothills of the Karzhantau Mountains on the Badam River, which, unlike the previous reservoir, never freezes due to its flow. The White-Tailed Eagle was only recorded from 2015 to 2017 (from 1 to 6, on average 4), and an individual was spotted on December 22, 2021. Along the Badam River waterfront in Shymkent (downstream), single individuals were encountered on January 19, 2014 (2 inds), December 13, 2020, February 18, October 20 and 29, December 18, 2022, January 15 and 26, 2023. On the city's sewage reservoir, located on the western outskirts of the city (area 2000 hectares), the species was recorded on January 14 and 18, February 26, December 24, 2020 (4, 3, 1, and 5 individuals, respectively), February 16, 2021 (2 ind.), February 16, 2022 (2 ind.), and February 6 and 27, 2023 (1 and 2 ind.). A pair was spotted on January 14, 2020, at the Burzhar River weir. Outside water bodies, single Whitetailed Eagles were recorded on migratory flights on January 13 near the village of Karabulak, on November 9 and 11, 2014, in the vicinity of Ryskulov Village, on January 22, 2016, near Shokpak-Baba Village, on February 12, 2019, near Aksukent Village, on February 14, 2015, January 25, November 8, 2020, December 17, 2022, and February 12, 2023, near Zhabagily Village.

ABSTRAKPangsa pasar perbankan Syariah di Indonesia masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel pengetahuan, motivasi, dan marketing terhadap keengganan minat UMKM di sekitar wisata religi di Madura untuk mempunyai produk pembiayaan di bank syariah. Jenis data pada penelitian merupakan data primer yang didapatkan melalui penyebaran kuesioner pada pemiliki UMKM pada kawasan wisata religi di Madura dan tidak memiliki produk pembiayaan di bank syariah. Regresi liniear berganda digunakan untuk mengolah data penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pengetahuan dan motivasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keengganan minat UMKM mengambil pembiayaan pada bank syariah. Variabel marketing tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keengganan minat mengambil pembiayaan pada bank syariah. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengidentifikasi faktor lain yang akan mendorong minat UMKM untuk mengambil pembiyaan pada bank syariah.Kata Kunci: Bank syariah, Pariwisata Syariah, Keengganan Minat, UMKM. ABSTRACTThe market share of Islamic banking in Indonesia is still low. his study aims to determine the effect of knowledge, motivation, and marketing variables on the reluctance of MSME interest in religious tourism in Madura to have financing products in Islamic banks. The type of data in this study is primary data obtained through distributing questionnaires to MSME owners in religious tourism areas in Madura and not having financing products at Islamic banks. Multiple linear regression was used to process the research data. The results of this study are knowledge and motivation have a significant effect on the reluctance of MSMEs to take financing at Islamic banks. The marketing variable has no significant effect on the reluctance of interest in taking financing at Islamic banks. Based on these results, it is necessary to conduct further research to identify other factors that will encourage the interest of MSMEs to take financing in Islamic banks.Keywords: Islamic Bank, Shariah Tourism, Reluctance of Interest, MSME. DAFTAR PUSTAKAAchmad, L. I. (2020). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keengganan menabung di bank syariah. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Pelita Bangsa, 5(1), 64–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37366/jespb.v5i01.85Amalia, R. (2017). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kurangnya minat masyarakat muslim di kecamatan Bara mengambil pembiayaan. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Palopo: IAIN Palopo.Amin, H., Rahman, A. R. A., Sondoh, S. L., & Hwa, A. M. C. (2011). Determinants of customers’ intention to use Islamic personal financing: The case of Malaysian Islamic banks. 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Developing halal travel and halal tourism to promote economic growth: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 5(1), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v5i1.1054Dharmmesta, B. S., & Handoko, T. H. (2000). Manajemen pemasaran: Analisa perilaku konsumen. Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta.Effasa, A. S., & Ain, F. A. (2017). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rendahnya minat pedagang muslim dalam menggunakan jasa bank syariah mandiri kc Sumberrejo-Bojonegoro. Jurnal Fakultas Ekonomi, 8(1), 41–53.Farida, Zulaikha, & Putro, E. H. (2020). Desentralisasi wisata religi Indonesia melalui city branding wisata kabupaten Bangkalan Madura. Bricolage Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi, 6(2), 223–234. https://journal.ubm.ac.id/index.php/bricolage/article/view/2149Fathurrahman, A., & Zulfikar, F. (2020). Empirical determinants of saving in Islamic Banks at Tasikmalaya City. Falah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 5(2), 58–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22219/jes.v5i2.13303Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis mutivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Jaelani, A. (2017). Halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2899864Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2018). Marketing management. In S. Yagan (Ed.), Essentials of Management for Healthcare Professionals (14th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall International, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315099200-17Kurniawan, M. Z., & Gitayuda, M. B. S. (2020). Peran inklusi keuangan pada perkembangan UMKM di Madura. Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH), Ciastech, 97–104. http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal-v2/index.php/ciastech/article/view/1852Kusnandar, V. B. (2021). Sebanyak 97% penduduk Jawa Timur beragama Islam pada Juni 2021. Diakses dari https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/09/18/sebanyak-97-penduduk-jawa-timur-beragama-islam-pada-juni-2021Lestari, S., & Mukaromah, H. (2018). Literasi keuangan syariah pengelola koperasi pondok pesantren An-Nawawi Kec. Gebang, Kab. Purworejo. An-Nawa: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 1(1), 61-87.Maulana, F. R., Hasnita, N., & Evriyenni, E. (2020). Pengaruh pengetahuan produk dan word of mouth terhadap keputusan nasabah memilih bank syariah. JIHBIZ :Global Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 2(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.22373/jihbiz.v2i2.8644Mujahidin, A. (2017). Factor of public interest to islamic banking services. International Journal of Development Research, 07(10), 16318–16322.Nitisusatro, M. (2020). Perilaku konsumen dalam perspektif kewirausahaan. Bandung: Alfabeta.Novita, E., & Aqliyah, H. (2018). Faktor penyebab rendahnya minat UMKM di Kecamatan Pamijahan dalam memilih pembiayaan pada bank syariah. El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 1(1), 132–160. https://doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v1i1.294Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2021). Statistik Perbankan Indonesia (19th ed.). Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Diakses dari https://www.ojk.go.id/id/kanal/perbankan/data-dan-statistik/statistik-perbankan-indonesia/Pages/Statistik-Perbankan-Indonesia---Oktober-2021.aspxQodariyah, L. (2014). Membaca peluang kyai dalam upaya penguatan lembaga perbankan syariah di Madura. Dinar: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, 1(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.21107/dinar.v1i2.2727Rahmawati. (2016). Manajeman pemasaran. Samarinda: Mulawarman University Press.Rahmawati, E. N., Kafid, N., & Wijaya, T. (2017). Analisis faktor penyebab rendahnya minat masyarakat memilih produk pembiayaan pada bank syariah. Anil Islam, 10(1), 3–24.Rini, H. Z. (2017). Peran perbankan syariah terhadap eksistensi UMKM industri rumah tangga batik laweyan. Academica: Jurnal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 68–80.Rosana, F. C. (2021, January). Tak capai 10 persen, OJK sebut indeks literasi keuangan syariah masih rendah. Diakses dari https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1424676/tak-capai-10-persen-ojk-sebut-indeks-literasi-keuangan-syariah-masih-rendah/full&view=okSabani, A. (2012). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rendahnya minat masyarakat muslim menabung pada bank syariah di Kota Palopo. Tesis tidak dipublikasikan. Makassar: UIN Alauddin.Setyani, I., Damelia, D., & Puspita, D. W. (2013). Model inklusi keuangan pada UMKM berbasis pedesaan. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v6i2.3885Shinta, A. (2011). Manajemen pemasaran. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya Press.Subagyo, P., & Djarwanto. (2014). Statistika induktif. Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta.Sujarwo, M., & Sari, A. I. (2015). Perkembangan nasabah dalam menggunakan produk perbankan Syariah Mandiri Tbk. BENEFIT: Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 2(1), 102–114.Supriyadi, Rahman, A., Fauzan, & Hana, U. A. (2021). Optimalisasi pariwisata syariah dalam upaya peningkatan ekonomi lokal masyarakat Madura. Greenomika, 3(2), 56–66.Wardani, I. S. (2020). Persepsi etnis Madura terhadap perbankan syariah. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Malang: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik IbrahimZainuddin, Z., Hamja, Y., & Rustiana, S. H. (2016). Analisis faktor dalam pengambilan keputusan nasabah memilih produk pembiayaan perbankan syariah (Studi kasus pada PT Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Ciputat). Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 1(1), 1–12.

A principios de la década de 1990, la pesquería de merluza negra argentina ganó protagonismo gracias a la rápida expansión de las flotas de arrastre y palangre que se dirigían a esta especie. Esta zona de pesca cubre el talud y plataforma desde los 60° S hasta los 37° S en la Zona Económica Exclusiva argentina. El principal caladero se encuentra en la zona sur, colindando con las áreas marinas protegidas (AMP) Banco Namuncurá-Burdwood II (NBBII) y Yaganes (Y), establecidas en 2018. Para determinar el impacto que generan las AMP en la distribución del esfuerzo, se analizaron espacialmente 308 viajes de pesca realizados entre 2010 y 2020, que reportaron 82% del total del esfuerzo pesquero declarado de merluza negra argentina en ese período. El sector Y-AMP categorizado como Reserva Nacional Marina y ubicado al sur de Tierra del Fuego, reportó más de la mitad (58%) de la captura de merluza negra registrada durante ese período, mientras que el NBBII-AMP ubicado al este de Tierra del Fuego y sur de la Isla de los Estados representaron 17%. El sector NBBII-AMP establecido como Reserva Nacional Marina Estricta y ubicado al sur del Banco Burdwood representó el 25%. Con el establecimiento de las AMP se ha cumplido 7,11% del requerimiento internacional. En la actualidad, los efectos resultantes de la creación de AMP solo pueden especularse cualitativamente, pero deberían cuantificarse en un futuro próximo.

Abstract The aim of this study is to quantify the sources of pollution in the Yagang River Basin. The 1-D hydrodynamic model and the 1-D water quality model are combined with the excessive pollutant flux analysis method to calculate pollution data of the Yagang area. The results showed the following. (1) Upstream pollution was the primary cause of water quality degradation for the Yagang Basin, exceeding the water quality standards. In addition, the pollution problem ranking of the entire basin was the following: the Yagang area (30.4%) &gt; the Foshan area (23.2%) &gt; the Baini River Basin (13.1%) &gt; the Liuxi River Basin (0.6%). In addition, the rainy season had the greatest influence on pollution concentrations. (2) It was also concluded that if the boundary water quality could meet the inspection requirements (class IV water), the internal research area sewage collection rate would reach 60%, and the ammonia in the river discharge would reach 35.7%. This would allow the water quality reach standard class IV.

AbstractReverend Thomas Bridges’ Yagan-English dictionary (1879) has hitherto been little explored outside of linguistics but is highly valuable as a complementary source to archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic records in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina and Chile). The dictionary contains 22,800 entries and yields rich information concerning the marine lifeways of the Yagan and their and intimate knowledge about Fuegian seascapes. The idea behind this paper is that environments have strong bearings on linguistic vocabularies. Treating words as archaeological objects that map onto landscapes, we identify important landforms for Yagan marine foragers and Norwegian fisher-farmers in a comparative study of word frequencies in Bridges’ dictionary and Ivar Aasen’s Norwegian dictionary (1850). Moreover, we explore in detail how marine lifestyles and Fuegian seascapes emerge in Bridges’ dictionary and discuss the dictionary’s relevance for historical archaeology in Tierra del Fuego.

International audience Disney’s animation is accused of “americanizing” occidental folklore, butdoes soviet animation “sovietize” figure of the witch Baba Yaga? Far from the agitproppropaganda, the witch nevertheless serves the interests of the Party in an indirectmanner by shaping a feeling of national belonging. Supposedly “intemporal”, Russianfolklore is a construction related to the unaccomplished quest of a defined Russianidentity. Baba Yaga is a notable figure of a mythical past who keeps inscribing the national image in the tradition while she continues to evolve. The typical problem of anational soviet art defined by “being not” while not managing to define itself reachesits apex in the animated representations of Baba Yaga. The national symbol of thisfairy tale witch thus expresses the societal changes that Russia went through during thexxth century. From decade to decade, Baba Yaga evolves and becomes more modern.When she is animated, however, she preserves her visual identity with the repetition oficonic elements from movie to movie and remains identifiable at first sight no matterwhat technique is used. Crossing the xxth century without a wrinkle, Baba Yaga is oneof the pictures of the Russian folklore threatened to be occidentalized. Now a resilientfigure in feature-length movies that try to compete with American animated movies byimitating their processes while keeping a familiar national folklore, Baba Yaga subsistsas an essential point of reference in the history of soviet animation. si le cinéma d’animation de Disney est accusé d’américaniser le folkloreoccidental, qu’en est-il du cinéma d’animation soviétique avec la figure de la sorcièreBaba Yaga ? Loin de la propagande de l’agit-prop, la sorcière sert les intérêts du Partid’une manière indirecte en participant à façonner un sentiment d’appartenancenationale. Supposément intemporel, le folklore russe est une construction liée à laquête toujours inachevée d’une identité russe définie. Baba Yaga, figure surgie d’unpassé mythique, continue d’inscrire l’imaginaire national dans la tradition tout enévoluant avec le temps. Le questionnement typiquement soviétique d’un art nationalse distinguant en « n’étant pas » tout en peinant à définir ce qu’il « est » atteintson paroxysme à travers les différentes figures de Baba Yaga. À travers le symbolenational de cette sorcière de conte de fée s’expriment les changements sociétauxqu’a connus la Russie au cours du xxe siècle. De décennie en décennie, Baba Yagaévolue et se modernise. Animée, elle conserve pourtant son identité visuelle avec larépétition d’éléments iconiques d’un style graphique à un autre et reste identifiableau premier coup d’oeil qu’importe la technique employée. Traversant le xxe sièclesans prendre une ride, elle est l’une des images du folklore russe menacée d’êtreoccidentalisée. Figure résiliente encore aujourd’hui des long-métrages d’animationrusse, qui cherchent à concurrencer le cinéma américain en imitant leurs procédéstout en usant d’un folklore typiquement national familier, la Baba Yaga subsistecomme un point de repère essentiel de l’histoire de l’animation russe et soviétique. aнимационные фильмы Диснея обвиняют в «американизации»западного фольклора, а советская анимация – не «осоветчивает» ли она фигуруведьмы Бабы-яги? Далёкая от агитпроповской пропаганды, ведьма эта, тем неменее, косвенным образом обслуживает партийные интересы, формируя чувствонациональной принадлежности. Предположительно «вневременной», русскийфольклор представляет собой конструкцию, соотносящуюся с не свершившимисяпоисками самоопределения русской идентичности. Баба-яга – это заметнаяфигура мифологического прошлого, национальный образ, вписывающийся втрадицию, продолжающий, между тем, развиваться. Типическая проблемасоветского национального искусства, определяемого как «быть не-», меж темне сумевшего дать самоопределения, обретает свой пик в отображении Бабы-яги в анимационных репрезентациях. Эта сказочная ведьма как национальныйсимвол выражает, таким образом, общественные перемены, которыепретерпела Россия в течение xx века. От десятилетия к десятилетию,Баба-яга развивается и осовременивается. Однако в анимации, из фильма вфильм, она сохраняет свою визуальную идентичность посредством повтораиконических элементов и остаётся опознаваемой с первого взгляда, какая быни использовалась техника. Переживая xx век без единой новой морщинки,Баба-яга оказывается одним из образов русского фольклора, которому угрожает«озападничеванье». Ныне живучий персонаж в полнометражных фильмах,которые пытаются соперничать с американским анимационным кино,имитируя его процессы, но придерживаясь знакомого национального фольклора, Баба-яга продолжает оставаться существенной точкой отсчёта в историисоветской анимации.

Late Paleozoic magmatic rock outcrops are common in the Northern Alxa, Southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), which is a key area for understanding tectonic processes and defining the final closure time of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO). We present zircon U‒Pb chronology and whole-rock geochemistry data for late Paleozoic magmatic rocks from the Yagan area of northern Alxa. This paper reveals two periods of magmatism: syenogranite (374.8 Ma) and bimodal intrusive rocks, which consist of gabbro (261.4 Ma), diabase (262.9 Ma) and biotite monzogranite (263.4 Ma). The syenogranite is high-K calc-alkaline and shows enrichments in Th, Zr, Hf and LREEs; depletions in Sr, Nb, Ta, and Ti; and low Mg# values (6.9–13.2); the syenogranite was derived from partial melting of the crust and has volcanic arc characteristics. The gabbro and diabase have similar geochemical characteristics, such as enrichments in Pb, Rb, Sr, Zr, and Hf and depletions in Nb, Ta, and Ti, with positive εHf(t) values (+0.9–+2.7 and +2.6–+3.6, respectively), indicating that they originated from partial melting of depleted mantle and experienced crustal contamination during magma emplacement. The biotite monzogranite shows depletions in Nb, Ta, and Ti and εNd (t) values of -2.6 to −2.4 and resulted from partial melting of the lower crust caused by asthenospheric underplating. The bimodal intrusive rocks formed in a postcollision extensional setting. Combined with previous data, we conclude that northern Alxa was an active continental margin during the late Devonian and that the final closure of the Yagan branch ocean of the PAO occurred prior to the middle Permian.

Félix Faustino Outes (1878-1939) fue un especialista en ciencias antropológicas que, además de indagar en distintas temáticas sobre arqueología y geografía, también se encargó del estudio de las lenguas indígenas del actual territorio argentino. Como continuación de un trabajo previo (DOMÍNGUEZ, L. 2022), en esta ocasión nos proponemos examinar, desde la perspectiva de la historiografía lingüística, los aportes que realizó al estudio de las lenguas indígenas fuegopatagónicas, a lo que sumaremos un trabajo también de su autoría sobre las lenguas rioplatenses. La totalidad de estas contribuciones partieron de la base de fuentes documentales debidas a hallazgos ocasionales o a sus propios contactos académicos. La primera serie que analizaremos consiste en trabajos basados en el descubrimiento, en 1910, de un conjunto de códices en el Museo Británico que le permitieron rectificar hipótesis clasificatorias de lenguas rioplatenses y patagónicas. La segunda serie parte de un grupo de materiales que le fueron cedidos por un viajero suizo, Georges Claraz, en la década del 20, entre los que se destacan un vocabulario yagan y uno “pehuenche”.

Abstract The northern Alxa orogenic belt, located in the middle segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is a junction between the North China Craton, Tarim Craton and Mongolian microcontinents. However, its Permo-Carboniferous tectono-palaeogeographic evolution has not been well established. In this study, new zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic data for the Permo-Carboniferous clastic rocks were used to address the above issue. Based on our dating work and fossil assemblages, we confirmed that the Amushan, Maihanhada, Aqide and Haersuhai formations were formed in the late Carboniferous to early Permian, early to middle Permian, middle Permian and late Permian periods, respectively. The Amushan Formation sandstone in the Zhusileng area contains abundant Palaeozoic zircons (with age peaks at 440 Ma, 475 Ma and 539 Ma) and some Precambrian zircons. These zircon ages and the southeast transgressive direction suggest the provenance to be the local Zhusileng–Hangwula block and the nearby Yagan continental margin. The zircon age pattern with a high proportion of detrital zircons much older than the depositional time and no detrital zircons close to the depositional time suggest an extensional basin depositional setting. The clastic rocks of the Maihanhada, Aqide and Haersuhai formations inherited the source for the Amushan Formation, with a greatly increased input of Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks with post-collision or intraplate chemical affinity. Accordingly, a Permo-Carboniferous extensional stage was suggested. Finally, a tectono-palaeogeographic model was reconstructed for the northern Alxa orogenic belt, evolving from a late Carboniferous transgression with crustal extension to early to middle Permian rapid basin filling and a late Permian marine regression.

AbstractMultiple branch oceans existed in the Paleo‐Asian Ocean (PAO), but their closure times are in dispute and unclear, which constrains our understanding of the final closure time of the PAO and the tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This study focuses on the Permian plutons of the northern Alxa, which is located in the middle segment of the southern CAOB that recorded the final subduction history of the PAO. We performed the 1:50000 mapping, whole‐rock geochemistry, geochronology, and Sr‐Nd‐Hf isotopic analysis and compiled the Sr‐Nd‐Hf isotopic compositions and whole‐rock geochemical data of igneous rocks from the northern Alxa. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating reveals the study plutons emplaced in the Early Permian (285–296 Ma). Whole‐rock geochemical data show the intrusion belongs to medium‐K calc‐alkaline peraluminous highly fractionated I‐type granite, enriched in Rb, K, Th, Pb, and depleted in Nb, Ta, Ti, Sr, and P elements, which suggest a subduction arc‐related setting and metaluminous to weak peraluminous parental magma. The weak negative εNd(t) (from −2.3 to −1.2), relatively high ISr (0.704772–0.708037) and depleted mantle model ages TDM (1.14–1.49 Ga), combining with weak negative to slightly positive εHf(t) (from −2.0 to +4.1) and crustal model ages TDMC (1.18–1.43 Ga), indicate that the parental magma might originate from remelting of the Mesoproterozoic lower crust and mixing with mantle‐derived materials. The field occurrence, deformation, and geochemical features, integrating with the compiled data and regional geology, show that the igneous rocks formed before or after the late Early Permian show different features in terms of deformation, zircon saturation temperatures, crustal thickness, potassium contents, and εHf(t) values. This might relate to the closure of the Yagan branch ocean of the PAO in northern Alxa.

One of the main factors limiting the productivity of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is water stress. Two irrigation systems: full irrigation (I) and rainfed conditions (R), were compared over the growing seasons from 2012–13 to 2019–20. The evaluated varieties were Desiree, Karú-INIA, Patagonia-INIA, Puyehue-INIA, Yagana-INIA, Yaike, and Porvenir. This study determined (i) the yield and tuber size distribution, (ii) their relationship between productivity and environmental conditions, and (iii) the most drought-tolerant varieties based on drought tolerance indices. Nine indices including yield index (YI), tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (Harm), stress tolerance index (STI), harmonic mean productivity (HMP), yield reduction (Yr), and stress susceptible index (SSI) were calculated by using tuber yield under I and R conditions. Tuber yield under R conditions decreased by 27 and 34%. However, the highest yield under R conditions occurred in years with more precipitation between 60 and 120 days after planting (DAP; ±60 mm). Under R conditions, the varieties Porvenir, Patagonia-INIA, Yaike, and Puyehue-INIA showed more tolerance to water stress. Water stress negatively affected tuber size distribution, reducing the production of tubers with size &gt;65 mm by 50–60%. The best indices to study drought tolerance were TOL, MP, GMP, Harm, STI, and HMP. This study suggests that in southern Chile, an area with big yield potential, typically cultivated as rainfed, with cool temperate climate conditions and favorable soil properties for potatoes, as Andisols, available rainfall is still a constraint for yield. Therefore, using more water stress-tolerant varieties and providing supplementary irrigation between 60 and 120 DAP are critical to optimize yield and avoid the failure of the crop in years with remarkably low precipitations, which will be more pronounced in the future according to weather trends. These results exemplify how much we can lose in productivity in rainfed conditions even in one of the most favorable areas for growing potatoes in the world and how risky this situation can be for the performance of the potato farms in the future.

California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA) has committed to becoming Los Angeles’ premier educational anchor institution, forging meaningful partnerships that contribute to the overall well-being of the region. Cal State LA ranks number one in the nation for the upward mobility of its students (Chetty, Friedman, Saez, Turner, & Yagan, 2017). The Democracy Collaborative (TDC) developed the Anchor Dashboard Learning Cohort to create a critical mass of colleges and universities committed to addressing economic, educational, and health disparities through engaged anchor mission strategies (Sladek, 2017). TDC identified five Thematic Anchor Dashboard Success Indicators as elements for establishing an engaged anchor mission mindset and structure. The Cal State LA example illustrates the importance of the themes and offers support for establishing field-wide best practices based on the principles outlined by TDC (Dubb, McKinley, & Howard, 2013; Sladek, 2017). The university’s experience suggests that successful implementation of its engaged anchor mission strategy will benefit from a comprehensive approach. The course and manner of its strategy consists of the five TDC indicators: (1) leadership support at the university’s highest level; (2) incorporation of the anchor mission into the institution’s strategic plan, and university-wide identity or brand-building initiatives; (3) establishment of anchor mission committees and structures to coordinate work; (4) promotion and advancement of place-based cohesive narratives and expectations to embed an institutional anchor mission culture and build trust; and (5) development and support for anchor mission coordinating and support catalysts to manage anchor projects. These require two additional elements, added to the list: (6) implementing data collection protocols, including the measurement of local community student success after graduation using Mobility Report Cards (Chetty et al., 2017); and (7) continuous and faithful relationship building with external partners. Urban and metropolitan public comprehensive universities, such as Cal State LA and many of CUMU’s member institutions have gained the experience and resources to serve and help transform struggling communities. CUMU and TDC’s Higher Education Anchor Mission Initiative collaboration can provide a coordinated structure for supporting institutions that have committed to an anchor mission strategy and for developing best practices and guidance to those considering an anchor mission.

The 2022 4th International Conference on Polymer Synthesis and Application (ICPSA 2022) was be held in Chengdu, China during June 24-26, 2022. ICPSA 2022 provided an enabling platform for innovative academics, engineers and industrial experts in the field of synthesis and application of polymer to exchange new ideas and present research results. This conference also promoted the establishing of business or research relations among global partners for future collaboration. We hope that this conference could make significant contribution to the update of knowledge about these latest scientific field. The conference model was divided into three sessions, including oral presentations, keynote speeches and invited speeches. In the first part, some scholars, whose submissions were selected as the excellent papers, were given 15 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. Then in the second and three parts, keynote speakers and invited speakers were each allocated 30-45 minutes to hold their speeches. More than 50 participants attended the conference. We are greatly honored to have invited Prof. Shahid Hussain, from School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, China to serve as our Conference Chair. On this conference, two keynote speakers and four invited speakers delivered their research works in area of Polymer Synthesis and Application. The first keynote speakers, Prof. Wenbin Yang, Southwest University of Science and Technology, China. He delivered a wonderful speech: Study on functional polymer composites based on phase change microcapsules. The next keynote speakers were Prof. Jinming Hu, University of Science and Technology of China, China. In the invited speech part, we were glad to invited Prof. Yagang Zhang, School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China. His research focused on developing advanced functional materials, polymer composite, bio-based materials, fine chemicals based on molecular recognition and molecular imprinting. Others invited speakers were Dr. Hemin Zhang, Sichuan University, China; Prof. Umapada Pal, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico; Prof. Xin Wu, Sun Yat-sen University, China. We would like to especially thank all the speakers who shared their latest research results with the audience. ICPSA 2022 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Polymer Synthesis and Application to a common forum. Therefore, we compiled a lot of excellent papers featuring the latest advanced studies on the following topics: Research trends of polymer science, Synthesis and reaction of polymer materials, Functional polymers, Preparation and testing of fine polymer materials and other related topics. All the papers have been through rigorous review and process to meet the requirements of international publication standard. We would like to acknowledge all of those who have supported ICPSA 2022. Each individual and institutional help were very important for the success of this conference. Especially we would like to thank the organizing committee for their valuable advices in the organization and helpful peer review of the papers. The Committee of ICPSA 2022 List of Committee member is available in the pdf.

Special Care Notice This article contains images of deceased people that might cause sadness or distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers. Introduction Like many cities, Perth was founded on wetlands that have been integral to its history and culture (Seddon 226–32). However, in order to promote a settlement agenda, early mapmakers sought to erase the city’s wetlands from cartographic depictions (Giblett, Cities). Since the colonial era, inner-Perth’s swamps and lakes have been drained, filled, significantly reduced in size, or otherwise reclaimed for urban expansion (Bekle). Not only have the swamps and lakes physically disappeared, the memories of their presence and influence on the city’s development over time are also largely forgotten. What was the site of Perth, specifically its wetlands, like before British settlement? In 2014, an interdisciplinary team at Edith Cowan University developed a digital visualisation process to re-imagine Perth prior to colonisation. This was based on early maps of the Swan River Colony and a range of archival information. The images depicted the city’s topography, hydrology, and vegetation and became the centerpiece of a physical exhibition entitled Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands and a virtual exhibition hosted by the Western Australian Museum. Alongside historic maps, paintings, photographs, and writings, the visual reconstruction of Perth aimed to foster appreciation of the pre-settlement environment—the homeland of the Whadjuck Nyoongar, or Bibbulmun, people (Carter and Nutter). The exhibition included the narrative of Fanny Balbuk, a Nyoongar woman who voiced her indignation over the “usurping of her beloved home ground” (Bates, The Passing 69) by flouting property lines and walking through private residences to reach places of cultural significance. Beginning with Balbuk’s story and the digital tracing of her walking route through colonial Perth, this article discusses the project in the context of contemporary pressures on the city’s extant wetlands. The re-imagining of Perth through historically, culturally, and geographically-grounded digital visualisation approaches can inspire the conservation of its wetlands heritage. Balbuk’s Walk through the City For many who grew up in Perth, Fanny Balbuk’s perambulations have achieved legendary status in the collective cultural imagination. In his memoir, David Whish-Wilson mentions Balbuk’s defiant walks and the lighting up of the city for astronaut John Glenn in 1962 as the two stories that had the most impact on his Perth childhood. From Gordon Stephenson House, Whish-Wilson visualises her journey in his mind’s eye, past Government House on St Georges Terrace (the main thoroughfare through the city centre), then north on Barrack Street towards the railway station, the site of Lake Kingsford where Balbuk once gathered bush tucker (4). He considers the footpaths “beneath the geometric frame of the modern city […] worn smooth over millennia that snake up through the sheoak and marri woodland and into the city’s heart” (Whish-Wilson 4). Balbuk’s story embodies the intertwined culture and nature of Perth—a city of wetlands. Born in 1840 on Heirisson Island, Balbuk (also known as Yooreel) (Figure 1) had ancestral bonds to the urban landscape. According to Daisy Bates, writing in the early 1900s, the Nyoongar term Matagarup, or “leg deep,” denotes the passage of shallow water near Heirisson Island where Balbuk would have forded the Swan River (“Oldest” 16). Yoonderup was recorded as the Nyoongar name for Heirisson Island (Bates, “Oldest” 16) and the birthplace of Balbuk’s mother (Bates, “Aboriginal”). In the suburb of Shenton Park near present-day Lake Jualbup, her father bequeathed to her a red ochre (or wilgi) pit that she guarded fervently throughout her life (Bates, “Aboriginal”).Figure 1. Group of Aboriginal Women at Perth, including Fanny Balbuk (far right) (c. 1900). Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: 44c). Balbuk’s grandparents were culturally linked to the site. At his favourite camp beside the freshwater spring near Kings Park on Mounts Bay Road, her grandfather witnessed the arrival of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Irwin, cousin of James Stirling (Bates, “Fanny”). In 1879, colonial entrepreneurs established the Swan Brewery at this significant locale (Welborn). Her grandmother’s gravesite later became Government House (Bates, “Fanny”) and she protested vociferously outside “the stone gates guarded by a sentry [that] enclosed her grandmother’s burial ground” (Bates, The Passing 70). Balbuk’s other grandmother was buried beneath Bishop’s Grove, the residence of the city’s first archibishop, now Terrace Hotel (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Historian Bob Reece observes that Balbuk was “the last full-descent woman of Kar’gatta (Karrakatta), the Bibbulmun name for the Mount Eliza [Kings Park] area of Perth” (134). According to accounts drawn from Bates, her home ground traversed the area between Heirisson Island and Perth’s north-western limits. In Kings Park, one of her relatives was buried near a large, hollow tree used by Nyoongar people like a cistern to capture water and which later became the site of the Queen Victoria Statue (Bates, “Aboriginal”). On the slopes of Mount Eliza, the highest point of Kings Park, at the western end of St Georges Terrace, she harvested plant foods, including zamia fruits (Macrozamia riedlei) (Bates, “Fanny”). Fanny Balbuk’s knowledge contributed to the native title claim lodged by Nyoongar people in 2006 as Bennell v. State of Western Australia—the first of its kind to acknowledge Aboriginal land rights in a capital city and part of the larger Single Nyoongar Claim (South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council et al.). Perth’s colonial administration perceived the city’s wetlands as impediments to progress and as insalubrious environments to be eradicated through reclamation practices. For Balbuk and other Nyoongar people, however, wetlands were “nourishing terrains” (Rose) that afforded sustenance seasonally and meaning perpetually (O’Connor, Quartermaine, and Bodney). Mary Graham, a Kombu-merri elder from Queensland, articulates the connection between land and culture, “because land is sacred and must be looked after, the relation between people and land becomes the template for society and social relations. Therefore all meaning comes from land.” Traditional, embodied reliance on Perth’s wetlands is evident in Bates’ documentation. For instance, Boojoormeup was a “big swamp full of all kinds of food, now turned into Palmerston and Lake streets” (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Considering her cultural values, Balbuk’s determination to maintain pathways through the increasingly colonial Perth environment is unsurprising (Figure 2). From Heirisson Island: a straight track had led to the place where once she had gathered jilgies [crayfish] and vegetable food with the women, in the swamp where Perth railway station now stands. Through fences and over them, Balbuk took the straight track to the end. When a house was built in the way, she broke its fence-palings with her digging stick and charged up the steps and through the rooms. (Bates, The Passing 70) One obstacle was Hooper’s Fence, which Balbuk broke repeatedly on her trips to areas between Kings Park and the railway station (Bates, “Hooper’s”). Her tenacious commitment to walking ancestral routes signifies the friction between settlement infrastructure and traditional Nyoongar livelihood during an era of rapid change. Figure 2. Determination of Fanny Balbuk’s Journey between Yoonderup (Heirisson Island) and Lake Kingsford, traversing what is now the central business district of Perth on the Swan River (2014). Image background prepared by Dimitri Fotev. Track interpolation by Jeff Murray. Project Background and Approach Inspired by Fanny Balbuk’s story, Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands began as an Australian response to the Mannahatta Project. Founded in 1999, that project used spatial analysis techniques and mapping software to visualise New York’s urbanised Manhattan Island—or Mannahatta as it was called by indigenous people—in the early 1600s (Sanderson). Based on research into the island’s original biogeography and the ecological practices of Native Americans, Mannahatta enabled the public to “peel back” the city’s strata, revealing the original composition of the New York site. The layers of visuals included rich details about the island’s landforms, water systems, and vegetation. Mannahatta compelled Rod Giblett, a cultural researcher at Edith Cowan University, to develop an analogous model for visualising Perth circa 1829. The idea attracted support from the City of Perth, Landgate, and the University. Using stories, artefacts, and maps, the team—comprising a cartographer, designer, three-dimensional modelling expert, and historical researchers—set out to generate visualisations of the landscape at the time of British colonisation. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup approved culturally sensitive material and contributed his perspective on Aboriginal content to include in the exhibition. The initiative’s context remains pressing. In many ways, Perth has become a template for development in the metropolitan area (Weller). While not unusual for a capital, the rate of transformation is perhaps unexpected in a city less than 200 years old (Forster). There also remains a persistent view of existing wetlands as obstructions to progress that, once removed, are soon forgotten (Urban Bushland Council). Digital visualisation can contribute to appreciating environments prior to colonisation but also to re-imagining possibilities for future human interactions with land, water, and space. Despite the rapid pace of change, many Perth area residents have memories of wetlands lost during their lifetimes (for example, Giblett, Forrestdale). However, as the clearing and drainage of the inner city occurred early in settlement, recollections of urban wetlands exist exclusively in historical records. In 1935, a local correspondent using the name “Sandgroper” reminisced about swamps, connecting them to Perth’s colonial heritage: But the Swamps were very real in fact, and in name in the [eighteen-] Nineties, and the Perth of my youth cannot be visualised without them. They were, of course, drying up apace, but they were swamps for all that, and they linked us directly with the earliest days of the Colony when our great-grandparents had founded this City of Perth on a sort of hog's-back, of which Hay-street was the ridge, and from which a succession of streamlets ran down its southern slope to the river, while land locked to the north of it lay a series of lakes which have long since been filled to and built over so that the only evidence that they have ever existed lies in the original street plans of Perth prepared by Roe and Hillman in the early eighteen-thirties. A salient consequence of the loss of ecological memory is the tendency to repeat the miscues of the past, especially the blatant disregard for natural and cultural heritage, as suburbanisation engulfs the area. While the swamps of inner Perth remain only in the names of streets, existing wetlands in the metropolitan area are still being threatened, as the Roe Highway (Roe 8) Campaign demonstrates. To re-imagine Perth’s lost landscape, we used several colonial survey maps to plot the location of the original lakes and swamps. At this time, a series of interconnecting waterbodies, known as the Perth Great Lakes, spread across the north of the city (Bekle and Gentilli). This phase required the earliest cartographic sources (Figure 3) because, by 1855, city maps no longer depicted wetlands. We synthesised contextual information, such as well depths, geological and botanical maps, settlers’ accounts, Nyoongar oral histories, and colonial-era artists’ impressions, to produce renderings of Perth. This diverse collection of primary and secondary materials served as the basis for creating new images of the city. Team member Jeff Murray interpolated Balbuk’s route using historical mappings and accounts, topographical data, court records, and cartographic common sense. He determined that Balbuk would have camped on the high ground of the southern part of Lake Kingsford rather than the more inundated northern part (Figure 2). Furthermore, she would have followed a reasonably direct course north of St Georges Terrace (contrary to David Whish-Wilson’s imaginings) because she was barred from Government House for protesting. This easier route would have also avoided the springs and gullies that appear on early maps of Perth. Figure 3. Townsite of Perth in Western Australia by Colonial Draftsman A. Hillman and John Septimus Roe (1838). This map of Perth depicts the wetlands that existed overlaid by the geomentric grid of the new city. Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: BA1961/14). Additionally, we produced an animated display based on aerial photographs to show the historical extent of change. Prompted by the build up to World War II, the earliest aerial photography of Perth dates from the late 1930s (Dixon 148–54). As “Sandgroper” noted, by this time, most of the urban wetlands had been drained or substantially modified. The animation revealed considerable alterations to the formerly swampy Swan River shoreline. Most prominent was the transformation of the Matagarup shallows across the Swan River, originally consisting of small islands. Now traversed by a causeway, this area was transformed into a single island, Heirisson—the general site of Balbuk’s birth. The animation and accompanying materials (maps, images, and writings) enabled viewers to apprehend the changes in real time and to imagine what the city was once like. Re-imagining Perth’s Urban Heart The physical environment of inner Perth includes virtually no trace of its wetland origins. Consequently, we considered whether a representation of Perth, as it existed previously, could enhance public understanding of natural heritage and thereby increase its value. For this reason, interpretive materials were exhibited centrally at Perth Town Hall. Built partly by convicts between 1867 and 1870, the venue is close to the site of the 1829 Foundation of Perth, depicted in George Pitt Morrison’s painting. Balbuk’s grandfather “camped somewhere in the city of Perth, not far from the Town Hall” (Bates, “Fanny”). The building lies one block from the site of the railway station on the site of Lake Kingsford, the subsistence grounds of Balbuk and her forebears: The old swamp which is now the Perth railway yards had been a favourite jilgi ground; a spring near the Town Hall had been a camping place of Maiago […] and others of her fathers' folk; and all around and about city and suburbs she had gathered roots and fished for crayfish in the days gone by. (Bates, “Derelicts” 55) Beginning in 1848, the draining of Lake Kingsford reached completion during the construction of the Town Hall. While the swamps of the city were not appreciated by many residents, some organisations, such as the Perth Town Trust, vigorously opposed the reclamation of the lake, alluding to its hydrological role: That, the soil being sand, it is not to be supposed that Lake Kingsford has in itself any material effect on the wells of Perth; but that, from this same reason of the sandy soil, it would be impossible to keep the lake dry without, by so doing, withdrawing the water from at least the adjacent parts of the townsite to the same depth. (Independent Journal of Politics and News 3) At the time of our exhibition, the Lake Kingsford site was again being reworked to sink the railway line and build Yagan Square, a public space named after a colonial-era Nyoongar leader. The project required specialised construction techniques due to the high water table—the remnants of the lake. People travelling to the exhibition by train in October 2014 could have seen the lake reasserting itself in partly-filled depressions, flush with winter rain (Figure 4).Figure 4. Rise of the Repressed (2014). Water Rising in the former site of Lake Kingsford/Irwin during construction, corner of Roe and Fitzgerald Streets, Northbridge, WA. Image Credit: Nandi Chinna (2014). The exhibition was situated in the Town Hall’s enclosed undercroft designed for markets and more recently for shops. While some visited after peering curiously through the glass walls of the undercroft, others hailed from local and state government organisations. Guest comments applauded the alternative view of Perth we presented. The content invited the public to re-imagine Perth as a city of wetlands that were both environmentally and culturally important. A display panel described how the city’s infrastructure presented a hindrance for Balbuk as she attempted to negotiate the once-familiar route between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford (Figure 2). Perth’s growth “restricted Balbuk’s wanderings; towns, trains, and farms came through her ‘line of march’; old landmarks were thus swept away, and year after year saw her less confident of the locality of one-time familiar spots” (Bates, “Fanny”). Conserving Wetlands: From Re-Claiming to Re-Valuing? Imagination, for philosopher Roger Scruton, involves “thinking of, and attending to, a present object (by thinking of it, or perceiving it, in terms of something absent)” (155). According to Scruton, the feelings aroused through imagination can prompt creative, transformative experiences. While environmental conservation tends to rely on data-driven empirical approaches, it appeals to imagination less commonly. We have found, however, that attending to the present object (the city) in terms of something absent (its wetlands) through evocative visual material can complement traditional conservation agendas focused on habitats and species. The actual extent of wetlands loss in the Swan Coastal Plain—the flat and sandy region extending from Jurien Bay south to Cape Naturaliste, including Perth—is contested. However, estimates suggest that 80 per cent of wetlands have been lost, with remaining habitats threatened by climate change, suburban development, agriculture, and industry (Department of Environment and Conservation). As with the swamps and lakes of the inner city, many regional wetlands were cleared, drained, or filled before they could be properly documented. Additionally, the seasonal fluctuations of swampy places have never been easily translatable to two-dimensional records. As Giblett notes, the creation of cartographic representations and the assignment of English names were attempts to fix the dynamic boundaries of wetlands, at least in the minds of settlers and administrators (Postmodern 72–73). Moreover, European colonists found the Western Australian landscape, including its wetlands, generally discomfiting. In a letter from 1833, metaphors failed George Fletcher Moore, the effusive colonial commentator, “I cannot compare these swamps to any marshes with which you are familiar” (220). The intermediate nature of wetlands—as neither land nor lake—is perhaps one reason for their cultural marginalisation (Giblett, Postmodern 39). The conviction that unsanitary, miasmic wetlands should be converted to more useful purposes largely prevailed (Giblett, Black 105–22). Felicity Morel-EdnieBrown’s research into land ownership records in colonial Perth demonstrated that town lots on swampland were often preferred. By layering records using geographic information systems (GIS), she revealed modifications to town plans to accommodate swampland frontages. The decline of wetlands in the region appears to have been driven initially by their exploitation for water and later for fertile soil. Northern market gardens supplied the needs of the early city. It is likely that the depletion of Nyoongar bush foods predated the flourishing of these gardens (Carter and Nutter). Engaging with the history of Perth’s swamps raises questions about the appreciation of wetlands today. In an era where numerous conservation strategies and alternatives have been developed (for example, Bobbink et al. 93–220), the exploitation of wetlands in service to population growth persists. On Perth’s north side, wetlands have long been subdued by controlling their water levels and landscaping their boundaries, as the suburban examples of Lake Monger and Hyde Park (formerly Third Swamp Reserve) reveal. Largely unmodified wetlands, such as Forrestdale Lake, exist south of Perth, but they too are in danger (Giblett, Black Swan). The Beeliar Wetlands near the suburb of Bibra Lake comprise an interconnected series of lakes and swamps that are vulnerable to a highway extension project first proposed in the 1950s. Just as the Perth Town Trust debated Lake Kingsford’s draining, local councils and the public are fiercely contesting the construction of the Roe Highway, which will bisect Beeliar Wetlands, destroying Roe Swamp (Chinna). The conservation value of wetlands still struggles to compete with traffic planning underpinned by a modernist ideology that associates cars and freeways with progress (Gregory). Outside of archives, the debate about Lake Kingsford is almost entirely forgotten and its physical presence has been erased. Despite the magnitude of loss, re-imagining the city’s swamplands, in the way that we have, calls attention to past indiscretions while invigorating future possibilities. We hope that the re-imagining of Perth’s wetlands stimulates public respect for ancestral tracks and songlines like Balbuk’s. Despite the accretions of settler history and colonial discourse, songlines endure as a fundamental cultural heritage. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup states, “as people, if we can get out there on our songlines, even though there may be farms or roads overlaying them, fences, whatever it is that might impede us from travelling directly upon them, if we can get close proximity, we can still keep our culture alive. That is why it is so important for us to have our songlines.” Just as Fanny Balbuk plied her songlines between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford, the traditional custodians of Beeliar and other wetlands around Perth walk the landscape as an act of resistance and solidarity, keeping the stories of place alive. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Rod Giblett (ECU), Nandi Chinna (ECU), Susanna Iuliano (ECU), Jeff Murray (Kareff Consulting), Dimitri Fotev (City of Perth), and Brendan McAtee (Landgate) for their contributions to this project. The authors also acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands upon which this paper was researched and written. 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