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Journal articles on the topic 'YAG laser'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Abdulwaahb, Hala Mahmood, Bassam G. Rasheed, and Hanadi H. Altawil. "Deposition of MgO Nanoparticles by Laser Pyrolysis." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 25, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.25010020.

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Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were deposited by laser pyrolysis process. Three types of lasers were employed CW CO2, Q-switched Nd-YAG (short pulses) and long pulses Nd-YAG lasers. The size and density of nanoparticles vary with laser energy, power, pulse duration and the scanning speed of the laser. In this method, MgO nanoparticles were deposited by a laser beam on a quartz substrate from aqueous solution of magnesium nitrate. AFM images reveal formation of small nanoparticle size of 24.5 nm with surface roughness 6.97nm by Q-switched Nd-YAG laser (10 ns) when the energy was 1J. While for CO2 laser, the smallest size was 18.8 nm at 0.4mm/s scanning speed with surface roughness 5.21nm at the same scanning speed. Moreover, long Nd-YAG pulses laser produces relatively larger average size of 37.5nm at 0.8ms pulse duration. The absorption spectra from UV-Visible spectroscopy were also conducted. The best absorption intensity was obtained at a wavelength ranging between 420-430 nm for both lasers. Finally, Thermal analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics software for the deposition process reveals that maximum temperature about 440Kfor Q-Switched Nd-YAG laser at 1J laser energy. While for RF CO2 laser, the maximum temperature obtained at 0.4mm/s scanning speed is 850K.This work provides a good knowledge for the deposition of nanoparticles using laser beams.

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2

Journal, Baghdad Science. "A comparative study of the effects of argon laser and continuous Nd: YAG laser on blood vessel." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2010): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.1.113-118.

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Several types of laser are used in experimental works in order to study the effects of laser on blood vessel. They differ from each other by a lot of properties mainly in wavelength, energy of the laser and pulse duration. In this study argon laser (488 nm- 514 nm) and continuous Nd: YAG laSer (1064 nm), have been applied to 50 samples of sheep blgod tesselS. Histologically, tha results of the study were different According to the txpe of L`sar used; apgon larer had distrabtave effects on $he blood vessal while continuous Nd: YAG laser Appeaped to be the safesd one on the blmod vessel architecture. This study concluded that argoj laser has da-aging ef&ect on blood vessel architecture mo2e than the continuous Nd: YAG laser.

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3

Cattoni, Francesca, Lucrezia Ferrante, Sara Mandile, Giulia Tetè, Elisabetta Maria Polizzi, and Giorgio Gastaldi. "Comparison of Lasers and Desensitizing Agents in Dentinal Hypersensitivity Therapy." Dentistry Journal 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj11030063.

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The main objective of this review is to verify the validity of laser therapy in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, an extremely common problem in patients, with Nd: YAG lasers or high- and/or low-power diode lasers to obtain a definitive protocol for the treatment of hypersensitivity, given the multiplicity of laser treatments proposed by the numerous authors evaluated. The authors performed an electronic search on PubMed, favouring it as a search engine. Lasers represent a means of treating dentin hypersensitivity, used alone and/or in conjunction with specific products for the treatment of such a pathology. The selected articles that examined diode lasers were divided according to the wattage (w) used: low-level laser therapy protocols, i.e., those using a wattage of less than 1 W, and high-level laser therapy protocols, i.e., those using a wattage of 1 W or more. Regarding the Nd: YAG laser, it was not necessary to subdivide the studies in this way, as they used a wattage of 1 W or more. A total of 21 articles were included in the final selection. Laser therapy was found to be effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. However, the level of effectiveness depends on the laser used. The results obtained from this review show that both the Nd: YAG laser and the diode laser (high and low power) are effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. However, the high-power laser appears to be more effective in combination with fluoride varnish and the Nd: YAG laser achieved greater long-term benefits than the diode laser.

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4

Al-Bakaa, Muhammad K., Muhsin A. Al-Dhalimi, Prabhatchandra Dube, and Fatimah K. Khalaf. "Evaluating the Roles of Different Types of Laser Therapy in Becker’s Nevus Treatment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144230.

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Becker’s nevus (BN) is a cutaneous hamartoma of benign nature that develops through adolescence and affects mostly young men. The nevus is usually located unilaterally and is characterized by hypertrichosis and hyperpigmentation. Despite recent advances in treatment modalities, no effective treatment has been established for BN hyperpigmentation. We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of fractional Erbium: YAG 2940 nm and Q-switched Nd: YAG 1064 nm lasers in the treatment of BN hyperpigmentation. Twenty-three patients with BN were included in a prospective, randomized-controlled, observer-blinded, split-lesion comparative technique trial. In each patient, two similar square test regions were randomized to either be treated with a fractional Erbium: YAG 2940 nm laser or with a Q-switched Nd: YAG 1064 nm laser. Each patient was treated with three sessions at six-week intervals. At the follow-up, clearance of hyperpigmentation was assessed by physician global assessment, visual analogue scale, grade of improvement, patient global assessment, and patient satisfaction. Regions treated with the fractional Erbium: YAG 2940 nm laser demonstrated significantly better improvement compared to ones treated with the Q-switched Nd: YAG 1064 nm (p-value = 0.001) laser. Adverse effects such as repigmentation and hypertrophic scarring were not reported during the follow-up period. The outcomes were cosmetically acceptable with overall high satisfaction among the included patients. Our data suggest a superior role for the fractional Erbium: YAG (2940 nm) laser in the treatment of BN hyperpigmentation compared to the Q-switched Nd: YAG (1064 nm) laser, along with being a safer method and having no reported side effects.

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5

Alam, Mohammad. "ND: YAG LASER." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 1848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4743.

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Objectives: To find out the visual acuity outcome after Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in posterior capsular opacification in pseudophakic patients after cataract surgery. Study Design: Analytical study. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology Khyber Medical University Institute of Medical Sciences / K.D.A Teaching Hospital Kohat. Period: January 2016 to June 2017. Materials and methods: Special proforma was designed for record of patients. PreNd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy best corrected visual acuity was checked and noted. Anterior and posterior segments examination was done with slit lamp and indirect slit lamp bimicroscopy. Pupils were dilated with tropicamide eye drops. Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was done. All these procedure were conducted as out door. Patients were put on topical steroid and antiglaucoma drops for ten days to control inflammation and rise in IOP. Post laser best corrected visual acuity was recorded after one month of laser. Results: Total 92 patients were selected with age range from 21 to 83 years. Out of these patients 43(46.74%) were male and 49(53.26%) were female. Post surgical laser period was from 7 months to 13 years. Prelaser best corrected visual acuity of 6/24-6/36 was present in 59(64.13%) patients, 6/60 in 24(26.08%) patients while 9(9.78%) patients had visual acuity of counting finger (CF). Post laser best corrected visual acuity after one month of 6/6-6/9 was recorded in 43(46.39%) patients ,6/12-6/18 in 27(29.34%), 6/24-6/36 in 13(14.13%)and 6/60 & below in 9(9.71%) patients. Conclusion: Post laser best corrected visual acuity is highly improved with Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in posterior capsular opacification.

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6

Al-Hosiny, N. M., A. A. El-Maaref, and R. M. El-Agmy. "Mitigation of Thermal Effects in End Pumping of Nd : YAG and Composite YAG/Nd : YAG Laser Crystas, Modelling and Experiments-=SUP=-1-=/SUP=-." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 8 (2021): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.08.51103.38-21.

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In this work, we have presented a finite element (FE) numerical modelling simulations to study and analyze the thermal effects in Nd : YAG and composite YAG/Nd : YAG laser rods. We have calculated the temperature distributions, stress intensity and thermal focal lengths at different pump powers for both rods. The FE simulations showed that using composite laser rod of undoped cap reduces the maximum value of stress intensity and thermal focal length by ~35% and ~ 50%, respectively. We have verified the FE calculations experimentally by direct measurement of focal length of thermally induced lens by using Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. Good agreement was obtained between FE calculations and experimental measurements. Keywords: Nd : YAG lasers, Thermal lens, Wavefront sensing, solid state lasers.

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7

Lomshakov, A. A., and V. V. Astashov. "Use of Laser Technologies in Oncourology." CARDIOMETRY, no. 20 (November 21, 2021): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2021.20.4446.

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Due to the increasing use of laser technologies in oncourology,we consider it relevant to publish a review of domesticand foreign articles for 2015-2021. The range of application ofvarious lasers in oncourology is very wide (holmium (Ho): YAG,thulium (Tm): YAG, etc.). In comparison with traditional surgicalinterventions, the greatest effectiveness of laser technologies incombination with endoscopy is clearly traced, the risks of intra –and postoperative complications are minimized, the period ofinpatient stay for patients changes.

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8

Yanai, Akira. "ERBIUM-YAG LASER." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 109, no. 2 (February 2002): 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200202000-00096.

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9

McDougall, John C., Denis A. Cortese, and W. Mark Brutinel. "YAG Laser Therapy." Chest 87, no. 4 (April 1985): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.87.4.416-b.

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10

Mark, James B. D. "YAG Laser Bronchoscopy." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 40, no. 4 (October 1985): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60092-6.

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11

Russin, David J. "Neodymium-YAG Laser." Archives of Surgery 121, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400120045007.

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12

Moeintaghavi, Amir, Hossein Bagheri, Mahdie Yavari Pour, Shervin Shafiei, Hamidreza Moslemi, Kamyar Abbasi, Behrad Rahbani Nobar, Amirreza Mehdizadeh, Farzaneh Ahrari, and Mostafa Alam. "Effects of Diode, CO2, Er : YAG, and Er and Cr : YSGG on Titanium Implant Surfaces by Scanning Electron Microscopy." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3551097.

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This study aimed to determine the effects of various lasers on dental implants’ surface characteristics. Nine explanted dental implants were included. Two implants were randomly allocated to four intervention groups, namely, diode (2 W, 810 nm, 10 s), CO2 (2 W, 10600 nm, 10 s), Er : YAG (200 mJ/20 Hz, 2940 nm, 10 s), and Er, Cr : YSGG (200 mJ/20 Hz, 2780 nm, 10 s) groups and one control group. After laser irradiation, all implants were imaged with scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative changes on the surface of implants were evaluated. Quantitative surface changes at the threads and between the threads were assessed by software using depression and prominence plots. The paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Diode laser irradiation showed the least surface changes while the Er : YAG group showed the greatest surface changes. Furthermore, CO2 and Er : YAG laser irradiation significantly altered the mean profile area at the threads ( p < 0.05 ), while CO2 and Er, Cr : YSGG laser irradiation significantly altered the mean profile area between the threads ( p < 0.05 ). Diode laser irradiation does not alter the implant surface characteristics. However, the use of CO2, Er : YAG, and Er, Cr : YSGG lasers on titanium implant surfaces is discouraged as they damage the titanium implant surfaces.

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13

Striova, Jana, Raffaella Fontana, Ilaria Barbetti, Luca Pezzati, Annamaria Fedele, and Cristiano Riminesi. "Multisensorial Assessment of Laser Effects on Shellac Applied on Wall Paintings." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103354.

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The assessment of five different laser treatments in the conservation of wall paintings was devised on the basis of the surface temperature monitoring by infrared thermography (IRT), ultraviolet-induced fluorescence-visible (UV-VIS) imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A series of yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) lasers were tested for removal of shellac layers from wall painting mock-ups. The mock-ups were realized as buon fresco with different mineral based pigments (earths and iron oxide) on a lime- and sand-based mortar. After the carbonatation process, all the samples were treated with shellac (5% in ethanol). The effects of neodymium (Nd):YAG, holmium (Ho):YAG, and erbium (Er):YAG laser sources, in different operative modes, on average temperature of the surface, color, and morphology were inspected with complementary sensors. The results show the necessity to adopt a combined approach in establishing safe laser operating conditions to avoid any undesired effects induced on the artefacts by the laser treatments. We demonstrate, for the first time, the performance of the Ho:YAG laser in the removal of a conservation treatment.

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14

Perng, Reury-Perng, Yu-Chin Lee, and Kuo-Hwa Chiang. "Nd-YAG Laser Treatment for Tracheobronchial Obstruction." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.3.107.

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The Nd-YAG laser has good tissue penetration and coagulation effects thus has become an important weapon for photoresection of tracheobronchial obstructive lesions since 1980.Treatment of benign lesions including benign tumors and scar tissues using the Nd-YAG laser has good results. In the treatment of malignant tumors however, it has a lower effectivity rate when compared to benign lesions. From July 1984 to September 1995, a total of 65 patients were treated with Nd-YAG laser for tracheobronchial obstruction. There were 32 (49%) malignant tumors and 33 (51%) benign lesions. 116 resections were performed in 48 patients using the non-contact Nd-YAG laser (MBB, Medilas 2) before 1992. Thereafter, another 41 resections were performed in 17 cases using contact Nd-YAG laser (SLT, CL-X). The overall effectivity rate was 60%. The effectivity rate for benign lesions was 81.3% and 39.4% for malignant tumor. The effectivity rate between non-contact and contact Nd-YAG laser was not significantly different.

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15

Herdman, Rory C. D., Andrew Charlton, Anthony E. Hinton, and Anthony J. Freemont. "An in vitro comparison of the erbium: YAG laser and the carbon dioxide laser in laryngeal surgery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 107, no. 10 (October 1993): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100124764.

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AbstractThis study compares the relative thermal damage caused by a surgical CO2 laser and the Erbium: YAG laser when used to incise the human vocal fold in vitro. Results show that charring is completely eliminated when using the Erbium: YAG laser. The depth of coagulative necrosis adjacent to an incision is reduced from 510 ±m(µ 75) using the CO2 laser to 23 ±m(µ 12) using the Ebrium: YAG laser and at the base is reduced from 125 ±m (µ 45) using the CO2 laser to 12 ±m (µ 8 ) using the Erbium: YAG laser. The potential advantages regarding post-operative healing after laryngeal surgery are discussed.

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16

Gueorgieva, Tzvetelina G., and Raina T. Gergova. "INVESTIGATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ND: YAG - LASER AND STANDARD ENDODONTIC TREATMENT." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 3736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021272.3736.

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Introduction: The microbial infection is one of the main causes of the dental pulp and periodontal diseases. Previously used methods for its elimination are not fully effective, and often some microorganisms in root canals (RC) remain unaffected after treatment. Another modern method for disinfection of root canal system is laser disinfection. Different types of lasers are used - Nd: YAG, Er: YAG, Diode laser. Purpose: The purpose of our study is to compare the antibacterial activity of ND: YAG laser and conventional endodontic therapy in the treatment of infected root canals. Materials and methods The study involved 36 teeth of patients diagnosed with pulp gangrene or chronic periapical periodontitis, requiring endodontic treatment. They were divided into two groups of 18 teeth each one. The teeth in both groups are prepared by Protaper Universal rotary instruments (Maillefer Instruments SA, Ballaigues, Switzerland). In group 1the root canals disinfection is performed with a Nd: YAG laser (source of Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm) is the AT Fidelis - Fotona d.d., Ljubljana laser system). In group 2 was used the following protocol of root canal disinfection: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and 17% EDTA divided by irrigation with distilled water. Then a sterile paper point is placed in the root canals, and a microbiological sample is taken again. Results: In all compared pairs, there was no significantly different effect regarding the number of microorganisms. Conclusions: The disinfection rinsing method with NaOCl has the strongest antimicrobial effect in clinical studies (90% against all microbial isolates). The use of Nd: YAG laser independently is not always sufficient for root canal disinfection - the effect is about 66%.

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17

Park, Jung I. "Nd-Yag Laser Use in Face-Lift Surgery." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 13, no. 3 (September 1996): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880689601300309.

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The use of the Nd-Yag laser with contact tip for face-lift surgery has significantly reduced postoperative ecchymosis. The Nd-Yag laser causes less tissue damage than electrocautery, and has a better ability to coagulate blood vessels than the CO2 laser. This paper describes laser physics and the mechanics of the Nd-Yag laser contact tip and the clinical applications, and shows results of patients who have had the procedure done with the Nd-Yag laser contact tip. There was very little evidence of ecchymosis postoperatively, which enables patients to return to social activities and/or work rapidly.

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18

Kato, Harubumi, Tetsuya Okunaka, Chimori Konaka, Kiyoyuki Furuse, Yoko Kusunoki, Takeshi Horai, Nobuhide Takifuji, et al. "Photodynamic Therapy With YAG-OPO Laser for Early Stage Lung Cancer." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 4, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.4.75.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing Photofrin is proving to be effective for the treatment of early stage lung cancers. The effect of PDT utilizing YAG-OPO laser as new light source was evaluated in 26 patients (29 lesions) with early stage lung cancers. YAG-OPO laser is solid state tunable laser which is easy to change wavelength between 620 and 670 nm exciting various kinds of photosensitizers. Moreover, YAG-OPO laser is more reliable, smaller and has less consumables than argon-dye laser or excimer-dye laser. As the result of PDT with YAG-OPO laser, complete remission (CR) was obtained in 82.6% of the 29 lesions, partial remission (PR) in 13.8% and no change (NC) was obtained in 3.4%. We conclude that PDT utilizing YAG-OPO laser is efficacious in the treatment of early stage lung cancers and can achieve complete remission.

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Duda, S. H., M. Wehrmann, K. K. Haase, P. E. Huppert, K. R. Karsch, and C. D. Claussen. "Holmium: Yag Laser Angioplasty." Acta Radiologica 33, no. 6 (November 1992): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519203300607.

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This experimental study was designed to define the potential value of a mid-infrared holmium laser in the free running mode for angioplasty. Immediately after removal, fresh normal and diseased human cadaveric arteries were irradiated under saline with a Ho:YAG laser (wavelength 2.13 μm). The laser was pulsed at 3 Hz, 250 μs pulse width and fluences of 10 to 40 J/cm2. The laser beam was coupled to ring catheters with multiple low-OH quartz fibers. The tip of the delivery device was held in direct contact with the vessel surface with the laser beam oriented perpendicularly. Ablation of atherosclerotic plaque was accomplished at an ablation threshold of 10 J/cm2. The ablation rate was 2.1 to 8.3 μm/pulse. Removal of calcified plaque was only partially effective. There were marked thermal effects with vacuolizations extending up to 1505 ± 178 μm into the adjacent tissue. Laser light at the mid-infrared wavelength of 2.13 μm is supposed to be attractive as it is readily absorbed in water and can easily be transmitted through optical fibers. However, Q-switching seems to be essential to minimize thermal side effects and to make effective ablation of calcium possible.

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20

Nalbantgil, Didem, Murat Tozlu, and Mehmet Oguz Oztoprak. "Pulpal Thermal Changes following Er-YAG Laser Debonding of Ceramic Brackets." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/912429.

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Lasers are effective in debonding ceramic brackets. Unfortunately, while reducing the adhesive bond strength, lasers are also reported to increase pulpal temperature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths and temperature increase levels after debonding ceramic brackets using an Er-YAG laser with or without water-cooling. Sixty polycrystalline upper premolar ceramic brackets were placed on the labial surface of sixty human premolar teeth which were randomly divided into three groups of twenty. A laser pulse at 5 W for 9 seconds was delivered to each bracket in both study groups either with water-cooling (water group) or without water-cooling (waterless group) using an Er-YAG laser. Debonding was performed 45 seconds after laser exposure and shear bond strengths were measured. Data comparison revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups. Mean temperature increases of 2.41°C and 4.59°C were recorded for the water and waterless laser groups, respectively. The shear bond strength value for the control group was 22.76 MPa and 10.46 and 6.36 MPa for the water and waterless laser groups, respectively. The application of Er-YAG laser with water-cooling was an efficient and safe method of debonding ceramic brackets.

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21

Vorona, Ihor, Roman Yavetskiy, Andrey Doroshenko, Sergey Parkhomenko, Ekaterina Chernomorets, Alexander Tolmachev, Sergey Frolov, Viktor Taranenko, Ruslan Limarenko, and Denis Kosyanov. "Reactive sintering of highly-doped YAG/Nd3+:YAG/YAG composite ceramics." Processing and Application of Ceramics 11, no. 4 (2017): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1704290v.

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Multilayer YAG/Nd3+:YAG/YAG composite laser ceramics were obtained by the reactive sintering in vacuum. The effect of the neodymium ion concentration (1-4 at.%) on the formation of defects and optical quality of composite ceramics was studied. It was found that neodymium ions modify densification kinetics during solid-state reactive sintering of the highly-doped Nd3+:YAG ceramics by decreasing shrinkage rate in the temperature range 1320-1350 ?C. Differences in phase transformation kinetics during reactive sintering lead to generation of pores at the interface of adjacent layers which decrease the optical homogeneity of fabricated YAG/Nd3+:YAG/YAG composite ceramics. The influence of layered structure on the laser performance of optical ceramics was investigated. It was shown that the ceramics with multilayer composite architecture have slope efficiency almost twice as the single-layer ceramics with the same composition (22% and 12.5%, respectively).

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22

Katayama, Seiji, Yasuaki Naito, Satoru Uchiumi, and Masami Mizutani. "Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding." Solid State Phenomena 127 (September 2007): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.127.295.

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Hybrid welding of stainless steels or aluminum alloys was performed using the heat sources of YAG laser and TIG, or YAG laser and MIG, respectively. The effects of welding conditions and melt flows on penetration depth, weld bead geometry and bubble/porosity formation were investigated with X-ray transmission real-time observation method. A great effect of melt flows on penetration depth and weld geometry was consequently confirmed. Concerning porosity suppression in YAG-TIG hybrid welding of stainless steel, no bubble generation was attributed to no porosity formation. On the other hand, it was revealed that the disappearance of bubbles from the concave molten pool surface played an important role of no porosity in YAG laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloys.

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23

Chittoria, Ravi Kumar, Rohan Bhattacharjee, and Imran Pathan. "Role of Erbium: YAG Laser in Management of Cutaneous Warts." Dermatology and Dermatitis 6, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/077.

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Cutaneous warts are one of the commonest presenting complaints of patients reporting to Dermatology OPD. Most of the warts are viral in origin and they can be either single or multiple. Their morphology varies from flat-topped, angulated, filiform etc. Nowadays, various options are available for management of warts which include topical application of medications, surgical excision and laser treatment. Conventionally, CO2 laser has been used for treatment of warts but Erbium: yttrium aluminium-garnet (YAG) laser is one of the lasers which has recently come into the literature for treatment of warts. This study highlights our experience of using of Erbium: YAG laser in the management of cutaneous warts.

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24

Balashov, V. V., V. V. Bezotosnyi, E. A. Cheshev, V. P. Gordeev, A. Yu Kanaev, Yu L. Kopylov, A. L. Koromyslov, K. V. Lopukhin, K. A. Polevov, and I. M. Tupitsyn. "Composite Ceramic Nd3+:YAG/Cr4+:YAG Laser Elements." Journal of Russian Laser Research 40, no. 3 (May 2019): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10946-019-09795-3.

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25

Brazier, D. J. "Neodymium-YAG Laser Iridotomy." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 79, no. 11 (November 1986): 658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688607901115.

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Results of neodymium-YAG laser iridotomy in 34 eyes with narrow drainage angles are reported. Irido-tomies appeared patent on slit-lamp examination in 32 (94%) eyes. Complications included failed patency of iridotomy and acute elevation of intraocular pressure.

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Duda, S. H., M. Wehrmann, K. K. Haase, P. E. Huppert, K. R. Karsch, and C. D. Claussen. "Holmium: Yag Laser Angioplasty." Acta Radiologica 33, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859209173207.

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27

Anonymous. "CooperVision YAG Laser System." Journal of Refractive Surgery 2, no. 6 (November 1986): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19861101-14.

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28

Ann, Hwoe Young. "Contact YAG Laser Palatopharygoplasty." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 15, Supplement (1994): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.15.supplement_431.

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29

Imaoka, Wataru, and Masatsugu Nakajima. "Endoscopic YAG Laser Lithotripsy." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 5, no. 3 (1985): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.5.3_573.

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30

WASHIO, KUNIHIKO. "YAG laser general remarks." Review of Laser Engineering 21, no. 1 (1993): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.21.52.

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Duda, S. H., M. Wehrmann, K. K. Haase, P. E. Huppert, K. R. Karsch, and C. D. Claussen. "Holmium: Yag Laser Angioplasty." Acta Radiologica 33, no. 6 (January 1992): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859209173207.

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32

Mrochen, M., P. Riedel, A. Kempe, and T. Seiler. "Erbium: YAG-Laser Vitrektomie." Der Ophthalmologe 97, no. 3 (March 14, 2000): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050510.

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33

Tubaro, Andrea. "Holmium: YAG laser ureterolithotripsy." Current Opinion in Urology 9, no. 5 (September 1999): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042307-199909000-00036.

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34

Asbell, Penny A. "YAG laser ophthalmic microsurgery." Survey of Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (January 1985): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6257(85)90155-9.

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Drake, Michael V. "Neodymium: YAG laser iridotomy." Survey of Ophthalmology 32, no. 3 (November 1987): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6257(87)90092-0.

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36

Rosen, P. H., J. K. Dart, and G. S. Turner. "Neodymium-YAG Laser Zonulotomy." Archives of Ophthalmology 105, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 892–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1987.01060070028011.

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37

Xia, Danqing, Zenggui Mo, Gang Zhao, Fei Guo, Chao You, Ze Chen, Xiao Zhu, Zhengjia Li, Di Chen, and Xiaohong Fan. "Nd:YAG Lasers Treating of Carious Lesion and Root Canal In Vitro." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/584079.

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Dental caries is a transmissible bacterial disease process, with cavities at the end, and caused by acids from bacterial metabolism. The essence of dental treatment is to clean and disinfect bacterial contamination from the tooth. In this work, we tried to demonstrate the cleaning and disinfecting effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on dental carious lesion and root canal in vitro. Acousto-optic Q-switched quasicontinuous and Cr3+:YAG crystal Q-switched pulse Nd:YAG lasers were employed to treat caries lesion and the root canal, respectively. Results showed that acousto-optic Q-switched quasicontinuous Nd:YAG laser irradiation and Cr3+:YAG crystal Q-switched pulse Nd:YAG laser irradiation could rapidly clean decayed material and bacterial contamination from dental carious lesion and the narrow tail end of root canal with minimally invasive in vitro, respectively. It was concluded that acousto-optic Q-switched quasicontinuous laser irradiation may be a rapid and effective alternative caries treatment, and Cr3+:YAG crystal Q-switched pulse Nd:YAG laser irradiation may be an effective method for canal cleaning and disinfecting during root canal therapy.

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38

Sierra, Alba, Mariela Corrales, Bhaskar Somani, and Olivier Traxer. "Laser Efficiency and Laser Safety: Holmium YAG vs. Thulium Fiber Laser." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010149.

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(1) Objective: To support the efficacy and safety of a range of thulium fiber laser (TFL) pre-set parameters for laser lithotripsy: the efficiency is compared against the Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser in the hands of juniors and experienced urologists using an in vitro ureteral model; the ureteral damage of both lasers is evaluated in an in vivo porcine model. (2) Materials and Methods: Ho:YAG laser technology and TFL technology, with a 200 µm core-diameter laser fibers in an in vitro saline ureteral model were used. Each participant performed 12 laser sessions. Each session included a 3-min lasering of stone phantoms (Begostone) with each laser technology in six different pre-settings retained from the Coloplast TFL Drive user interface pre-settings, for stone dusting: 0.5 J/10 Hz, 0.5 J/20 Hz, 0.7 J/10 Hz, 0.7 J/20 Hz, 1 J/12 Hz and 1 J/20 Hz. Both lasers were also used in three in vivo porcine models, lasering up to 20 W and 12 W in the renal pelvis and the ureter, respectively. Temperature was continuously recorded. After 3 weeks, a second look was done to verify the integrity of the ureters and kidney and an anatomopathological analysis was performed. (3) Results: Regarding laser lithotripsy efficiency, after 3 min of continuous lasering, the overall ablation rate (AR) percentage was 27% greater with the TFL technology (p < 0.0001). The energy per ablated mass [J/mg] was 24% lower when using the TFL (p < 0.0001). While junior urologists performed worse than seniors in all tests, they performed better when using the TFL than Ho:YAG technology (36% more AR and 36% fewer J/mg). In the in vivo porcine model, no urothelial damage was observed for both laser technologies, neither endoscopically during lasering, three weeks later, nor in the pathological test. (4) Conclusions: By using Coloplast TFL Drive GUI pre-set, TFL lithotripsy efficiency is higher than Ho:YAG laser, even in unexperienced hands. Concerning urothelial damage, both laser technologies with low power present no lesions.

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Angela Toshie Araki, Alexandre Gomes Bezerra, Priscila Alonso Henriques, Andrea Kanako Yamazaki Arasaki, Igor Prokopowitsch, and Celso Luis Caldeira. "Analysis of apical sealing of canals irradiated with Er: YAG and Nd: YAG lasers and filled with AH Plus®." RSBO 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 20–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v10i1.889.

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Laser technology is gaining increasing importance in dental practice and also in the field of Endodontics with its ability to promote disinfection and experimentally in the preparation of root canal. The action of different types of lasers results in changes representing the increase in permeability of dentinal tissue (Er: YAG) or sometimes by a decrease in melting and recrystallization of dentin (Nd: YAG). Objective: this study assessed through apical dye leakage, the influence of irradiation with two types of laser, regarding to the quality of apical sealing of endodontic fillings. Material and methods:Thirty-six single-rooted teeth were used after being prepared with the ProFile system up to size #40 instrument and then divided into four experimental and two control groups. The technique used previously to the filling was as follows: G1 – not irradiated; G2 – irradiated with Er: YAG; G3 – irradiated with Nd: YAG and G4 – irradiated with Er: YAG followed by Nd: YAG. After external waterproofing and dry, the specimens were filled with a cold vertical condensation technique, using AH Plus sealer, and immediately immersed into 0.5% methylene blue solution for subsequent cleavage. The linear values of apical marginal leakage were obtained with the aid of an optical microscope connected to a computer using the Image Lab® software. Results: Data analysis showed the non-existence of statistically significant (p = 0.05) differences between different groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that the laser does not have influence on the apical sealing.

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Rightsell, Chris, David Sanchez, José Escudero, Eduardo Ortega, Gangadharan Ajithkumar, Dhiraj Sardar, and Arturo Ponce. "Synthesis of Er3+:YAG Nanocrystals and Comparative Spectroscopic Analysis with Bulk Counterparts." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020255.

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Single-crystal Er3+:YAG has long been used as a laser material, and recent work has shown polycrystalline ceramic Er3+:YAG to be a suitable laser material, with benefits of lower cost and easier production. However, relatively little work has been done with the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of Er3+:YAG nanocrystals. In this work, we present the synthesis of nanocrystalline Er3+:YAG and the results of comparative spectroscopic characterization with single-crystal and polycrystalline ceramic counterparts. The results show good agreement between the optical properties of the three hosts, with the nanocrystals demonstrating relatively higher intensity in the 1.53 μm emission. These results demonstrate the viability of Er3+:YAG nanocrystals as a potential laser material.

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Saiki, T., N. Hirota, S. Kanemori, and Y. Iida. "Q-Switched and Mode-Locked Nd/Cr:YAG Ceramic Pulse Laser." International Journal of Optics 2020 (February 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4084587.

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A mode-locked and Q-switched short pulse laser using the Nd3+/Cr3+:YAG ceramic has been constructed with a SESAM and Cr4+:YAG crystal optical switch based on excite state absorption (ESA). Laser oscillations of the pulse laser were observed experimentally. The Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic laser has a high conversion efficiency from white light (such as lamp light or solar light) to the laser. The Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic has a higher laser gain than the Nd:YAG laser for the same pumping power. The laser oscillation can be obtained very easily. A single-mode-locked laser pulse with fast modulation on the order of 100 ps was obtained in some pump power regimes when using the Cr4+:YAG crystal. The obtained pulse duration of the short pulse was a few hundred ps. A maximum peak power of 60 kW was obtained when using a SESAM. The same level of peak power (60 kW) was also obtained when using the Cr4+:YAG crystal.

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AN, JING, SHENGZHI ZHAO, GUIQIU LI, KEJIAN YANG, DECHUN LI, JING WANG, and MING LI. "LASER-DIODE END-PUMPED DOUBLY PASSIVELY Q-SWITCHED INTRACAVITY-FREQUENCY-DOUBLING Nd:YVO4/KTP GREEN LASER WITH Cr4+:YAG AND GaAs SATURABLE ABSORBERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 02 (January 20, 2011): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211056743.

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Doubly passively Q-switched Nd : YVO 4/ KTP green lasers with Cr 4+: YAG and GaAs saturable absorbers have been realized. Different small-signal transmissions T0 of Cr 4+: YAG are used and when T0 = 0.71, the highest average output power can be generated by the doubly passively Q-switched green laser. The experimental results reveal that the output characteristics of doubly passively Q-switched green lasers depend on the small-signal transmissions of two saturable absorbers. The suitable small-signal transmissions of two saturable absorbers should be reasonably chosen to meet the needs of applications.

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NIAZI, MUHAMMAD KHIZAR. "NEODYMIUM: YAG;." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4920.

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Objective: To evaluate the incidence of posterior capsule opacificationafter phacoemulsification, between acrylic and polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses, by comparing their YAG lasercapsulotomy rates. Design: It was a randomized clinical trial. Place and duration of study: Department ofOphthalmology, Military Hospital Rawalpindi, between March 2002-04. Patients and Methods: One hundred and fivepatients were randomized to receive either a foldable acrylic lens (fifty-two cases), or rigid polymethylmethacrylate lens(fifty-three cases) following phacoemulsification for cataracts. Postoperatively their visual acuities were recorded alongwith the presence of posterior capsular opacification. Laser capsulotomy was performed if the eyes had lost 2 or morelines of visual acuity. Results: The visual acuity loss at six months in the PMMA group was greater than that in theacrylic group (p< 0.001,Chi-square test).65% cases exhibiting PCO in the Polymethylmethacrylate group developedit within the first six months, whereas in the acrylic group the development of posterior capsular opacification was seeneighteen months after surgery in 60% cases. Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy was performed in 28% of cases in the PMMAgroup compared to 6% in the AcrySof group (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Acrylic intraocular lenses is associated with lessincidence of posterior capsular opacification and with a significantly reduced rate of YAG laser capsulotomy comparedwith Polymethylmethacrylate lenses.

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Hendawy, Alyaa Farouk, Dalia Gamal Aly, Hisham Aly Shokeir, and Nevien Ahmed Samy. "Comparative Study Between the efficacy of Long-Pulsed Neodymium- YAG Laser and Fractional Co2 Laser in the Treatment of Striae Distensae." Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2021): e57-e57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2021.57.

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Introduction: Stretch marks, or striae distensae (SD), are the lesions of the dermis caused by its linear atrophy at the sites of stretching. They occur in more than 70% of pregnant women and adolescents as a result of cutaneous stretching. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the clinical and histological efficacy of the fractional CO2 laser versus the long pulsed (LP) Nd: YAG laser in the treatment of striae alba. Methods: Thirty female subjects having bilateral symmetrical stretch marks were managed by the LP Nd: YAG laser on the right side and the fractional CO2 laser on the left side. The laser treatment course consisted of 3 sessions with an interval of 3 weeks. The patient satisfaction score and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) were employed in the study in order to assess the improvement 3 months after therapy. Punch biopsies measuring 4 mm were extracted from one lesion on each side at baseline and after the last treatment session by 3 months to evaluate the thickness of both collagen and epidermis Results: Clinical improvement was more significant in the lesions treated by the LP Nd:YAG laser than those treated with the fractional CO2 laser. The patient satisfaction score and the GAIS were higher with a statistically significant value in the side treated by the LP Nd:YAG laser. Collagen and epidermal thickness increased more in the LP Nd: YAG laser-treated lesions in comparison to their thickness in the fractional CO2 laser-managed lesions, but this difference did not have a statistical significance. Conclusion: The clinical efficacy of the LP Nd-YAG laser exceeded that of the fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of striae alba without severe side effects in spite of the insignificant histological difference between the two lasers.

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Jo, Daehyun. "The Extent of Tissue Damage in the Epidural Space by Ho / YAG Laser During Epiduroscopic Laser Neural Decompression." Pain Physician 1;19, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2016): E209—E214. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e209.

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Background: Lasers have recently become very useful for epiduroscopy. As the use of lasers increases, the potential for unwanted complications with direct application of laser energy to nerve tissue has also increased. Even using the lowest laser power to test for nerve stimulation, there are still risks of laser ablation. However, there are no studies investigating tissue damage from laser procedures in the epidural space. Objective: This is a study on the risks of Ho/YAG laser usage during epiduroscopy. Study Design: Observatory cadaver study. Setting: Department of anatomy and clinical research institute at the University Hospital. Methods: We used 5 cadavers for this study. After removing the dura and nerve root from the spinal column, laser energy from a Ho/YAG laser was applied directly to the dura and nerve root as well as in the virtual epidural space, which mimicked the conditions of epiduroscopy with the dura folded. Tissue destruction at all laser ablation sites was observed with the naked eye as well as with a microscope. Specimens were collected from each site of laser exposure, fixed in 10% neutral formalin, and dyed with H/E staining. Results: Tissue destruction was observed in all laser ablation sites, regardless of the length of exposure and the power of the laser beam. Limitations: A cadaver is not exactly the same as a living human because dura characteristics change and tissue damage can be influenced by dura thickness according to the spinal level. Conclusion: Even with low power and short duration, a laser can destroy tissue if the laser beam makes direct contact with the tissue. Key words: Epiduroscopic laser neural decompression, epiduroscopy, Ho/YAG laser, laser damage, neural decompression, dura histology

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Reddy Banda, Naveen, Vanaja Reddy G, and N. Shashikiran. "Evaluation of Primary Tooth Enamel Surface Morphology and Microhardness after Nd: YAG Laser Irradiation and APF Gel Treatment—An in vitro study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 35, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.35.4.8550556gp6r5xt6t.

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Objective: Laser irradiation and fluoride has been used as a preventive tool to combat dental caries in permanent teeth, but little has been done for primary teeth which are more prone to caries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate microhardness alterations in the primary tooth enamel after Nd-YAG laser irradiation alone and combined with topical fluoride treatment either before or after Nd-YAG laser irradiation.Method: Ten primary molars were sectioned and assigned randomly to: control group, Nd-YAG laser irradiation,Nd-YAG lasing before APF and APF followed by Nd-YAG lasing. The groups were evaluated for microhardness. Surface morphological changes were observed using SEM. Results: Statistical comparisons were performed. The control group's SEM showed a relatively smooth enamel surface and lasing group had fine cracks and porosities. In the lasing + fluoride group a homogenous confluent surface was seen. In the fluoride + lasing group an irregular contour with marked crack propagation was noted. There was a significant increase in the microhardness of the treatment groups. Conclusion: Nd-YAG laser irradiation and combined APF treatment of the primary tooth enamel gave morphologically hardened enamel surface which can be a protective barrier against a cariogenic attack

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Furukawa, Kinya, Tetsuya Okunaka, Hideki Yamamoto, Takaaki Tsuchida, Jitsuo Usuda, Hideo Kumasaka, Junzou Ishida, Chimori Konaka, and Harubumi Kato. "Effectiveness of Photodynamic Therapy and Nd-YAG Laser Treatment for Obstructed Tracheobronchial Malignancies." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.5.161.

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Since 1980, advanced lung carcinomas were treated with palliative laser therapy for the purpose of opening the endobronchial stenosis and obstruction by either photodynamic therapy (PDT) or Nd-YAG laser treatment at Tokyo Medical University. A total of 258 lesions were treated, 81 by PDT and 177 by Nd-YAG laser treatment. PDT achieved effective results in 61 (75%) of 81 lesions. In the Nd-YAG laser group, 143 (81%) of 177 lesions showed effective results. When the tumor was located in the trachea or main bronchi, effective results were obtained in 73% (19 of 26) of cases treated by PDT and in 93% of cases (64 of 69) treated by Nd-YAG laser. However, in cases in which the tumor was located in lobar or segmental bronchi, the tumor response was effective in 76% (42 of 55) of PDT-treated patients and 73% (79 of 108) of Nd-YAG laser-treated patients. With a mortality rate of 0%, the greatest advantage of PDT over Nd-YAG treatment was safety. Considering complications, PDT seems to be useful for obstruction of lobar and segmental bronchus. Nevertheless, when deciding among alternative therapies, physicians treating patients with advanced lung carcinoma should give careful consideration to the benefit and complications of both laser therapies and decide the most suitable modality.

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Stupak, V. V., A. V. Kalinovsky, S. V. Maiorov, and S. G. Struts. "Clinical results of basal meningiomas laser surgery." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 7, no. 5-2 (December 30, 2008): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2008-5-2-399-402.

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Methods of surgical treatment of patients with skull base meningiomas using high intensity infrared laser radiation (ND-YAG laser) at a wavelength of 1.06 micron were developed. The paper presents results of Nd-YAG laser application in skull base meningioma removal with assessment of its efficacy as compared with conventional surgical methods.

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Wang, Ying Chun, Yu Yong Yang, and Mei Chun Wang. "Bioceramic Composite Coatings Fabricated by Nd-YAG Laser Cladding Process on Ti6Al4V Substrate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.68.

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Laser cladding technology was adopted to fabricate hydroxyapatite(HAP) and calcium phosphate compound coating according to the feature that a metallurgical bonding can be formed by laser cladding process. Compared with CO2laser, Nd-YAG laser has different wavelength(the former is 1.06μm and the latter is 10.06μm). Metal and ceramic material has quite different absorbance ability towards them and thus they can generate different laser cladding products by these two laser surface processings with different wavelength. This paper presents a new process and mechanism analysis to obtain bioceramic composite coating on Ti6Al4V substrate by Nd-YAG laser cladding. A bioceramic composite coating including HAP，Ca2P2O7，Ca3(PO4)2and calcium titanates and was successfully obtained by Nd-YAG laser cladding with pre-depositing mixed powders of CaHPO4•2H2O and CaCO3directly on Ti6Al4V substrate. Nd-YAG laser transmits mixed powders of CaHPO4•2H2O and CaCO3and the laser power is absorbed by Ti6Al4V substrate to produce a thin layer of molten region. There are mainly two kinds of chemical reaction systems in the coating during laser cladding processing. When CaHPO4•2H2O and CaCO3react together, they make calcium phosphate bioceramic products; The microstructure of the bioceramic composite coating is even and minute because of the rapid solidification in laser processing. A chemical metallergical bonding is formed between the boceramic composite coating and Ti6Al4V substrate. It can also be expected that Nd-YAG laser cladding technology can be used as a further modification procedure to enhance HAp/metal interface property.

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Rao, Han, Zhaojun Liu, Zhenhua Cong, Qingjie Huang, Yang Liu, Sasa Zhang, Xingyu Zhang, et al. "High power YAG/Nd:YAG/YAG ceramic planar waveguide laser." Laser Physics Letters 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2017): 045801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/aa5d2d.

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