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Journal articles on the topic 'XVIIIth and XIXth century'

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Published: 23 September 2022
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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1

Morese, Gaetano. "The Lucanian Ionian landscape (XVIIIth–XIXth century)." Landscape History 35, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2014.916909.

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2

Yücel, Yaşar, and Özer Ergenç. "General Characteristics of the Ottoman State Policy During the XVIIIth and the XIXth Centuries." Belleten 54, no. 209 (April 1, 1990): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1990.233.

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This paper is designed to explain the general characteristics of the Ottoman State policy during the XVIIth and the XVIIIth centuries. Two factors made this essential. The first was the effects the late XVIIIth century socio-economic and cultural changes of the world had on the Ottoman Empire. The second was the chain of developments which extended from 1683 through 1918. These dramatic developments joined with one another and resulted in the collapse of classical empires of the world, Ottoman Empire being one of them. In other words, the First World War ended monarchical empires of classical structures. Hence, new and independent states were formed in various regions of wide-spread territories which once were under sovereignty if a single administration recognized as "pax ottomana".
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3

Кокорина, Галина Алексеевна, and Анна Валерьевна Белова. "THE GERMANS IN RUSSIA IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: История, no. 1(57) (May 21, 2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vthistory/2021.1.099-106.

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В статье анализируется историческое пребывание немцев на территории Российской империи XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. Рассматривается правовой статус немецких переселенцев в XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. На основе законодательных актов просматриваются тенденции в период каждого царствования, а также общая тенденция на протяжении исследуемого периода. Проанализированы историографические работы, связанные с нахождением немцев на территории России. Исследуются экономические, политические и культурные связи немцев и российского государства. Рассматривается конфессиональная политика российского государства в отношении немецкого населения. Каждый правитель старался включать иностранцев (немцев) в российское общество. В период с XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. не сформировался особый правовой или экономический статус немцев в Российской империи. The article analyzes the historical stay of the Germans on the territory of the Russian Empire in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The legal status of German immigrants in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century is considered. On the basis of legislative acts, the trends in the period of each reign are viewed, as well as the general trend during the period under study. The historiographical works related to the presence of the Germans on the territory of Russia are analyzed. The economic, political and cultural relations of the Germans and the Russian state are investigated. The article considers the confessional policy of the Russian state in relation to the German population. Each ruler tried to include foreigners (Germans) in Russian society. In the period from the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The special legal or economic status of the Germans in the Russian Empire was not formed.
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4

AZAR, DANY, JACEK SZWEDO, EDMUND JARZEMBOWSKI, NEAL EVENHUIS, and DIYING HUANG. "“Palaeoentomology”: A modern journal for a science dealing with the past." Palaeoentomology 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.1.1.1.

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Palaeoentomology started in the late XVIIIth century, shortly after the 10th edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae (the foundation of modern taxonomy), when papers on the curiosities of insects entombed in fossil resins were published. The beginning of XIXth century (with the growing interest in geological sciences and prehistoric life) witnessed the first attempts to study and describe insects from sedimentary rocks. This discipline then developed during the XIXth and beginning of the XXth centuries; and resulted in some major works and reviews (summarizing the knowledge on fossil insects and other terrestrial arthropods) published in the geological and biological literature. The XXth century was a period of relatively slow but constant development in palaeoentomology, during which the famous “Treatise on invertebrate paleontology: Arthropoda 4. Superclass Hexapoda” (cataloguing the knowledge on fossil insects) was published (Carpenter, 1992). At the beginning of XXIst century, palaeoentomology grew significantly and exponentially; and two major manuals (“History of insects” and “Evolution of the insects”) were published (Rasnitsyn & Quicke, 2002; Grimaldi & Engel, 2005, respectively). These manuals helped to encourage more students and researchers to work on fossil insects and other terrestrial arthropods.
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5

ARECCO, DAVIDE. "ISTITUZIONI E FONTI." Nuncius 17, no. 2 (2002): 547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539102x00090.

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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title In the Republic of Genoa, between XVIIIth and XIXth century, the foundation of the University was accompanied by the diffusion of the Enlightenment culture and by the creation of the early scientific academies and literary circles. The most important Ligurian scientists who lived in those years were the Englishman William Batt, Cesare Nicolo Canefri and, most of all, Domenico Viviani, who had all deep interests in medecine and natural history, chemistry and physics. Their interests in collecting nature was always performed under aristocratic patronage.
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6

SOLOVIOV, A. "FIELD STUDIES OF THE SECOND FLOOR OF THE FORMER GRAND HOTEL BUILDING, 5 F. SKORINA AVENUE, POLOTSK." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series F. Civil engineering. Applied sciences 31, no. 8 (June 29, 2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2022-31-8-102-111.

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The article provides the results of a full-scale study of the second floor of the former Grand Hotel Building. The probing of the walls revealed a number of reconstructions of the building at different times and made it possible to clarify its original layout. The most extensive reconstructions of the building took place in 1874, 1912 and 1971, which led to the complete loss of all elements of its original interiors. During the study of the masonry of the existing building, a fragment of the wall of an XVIIIth century building was found as part of the studied floor, about which there is no information. The outlines of the brick building in the western part of the object we are studying are known only from the plans of Polotsk at the end of the XVIIIth century, but its purpose and type of architecture are not indicated. During the work, a number of architectural elements of the eastern facade of this building were cleared – the remnants of windows and cornices. It was found that in the middle of the XIXth century during the construction process in the eastern part of the "Grand Hotel" at the level of the second floor, it was connected with the building of the XVIIIth century that we have identified. By that time, it had already been rebuilt through two arched openings. This indicated that both buildings had the same owner for some time, but soon they were divided and completely isolated from each other. The buildings were connected again only after 1912 by arranging a new passage and using vaults on rails as ceilings for the entrance and toilets.
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7

Clouet, Richard. "The Robin Hood legend and its cultural adaptation for the film industry : comparing literary sources with filmic representations." Journal of English Studies 3 (May 29, 2002): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.68.

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The legend of Robin Hood has been going strong for over 600 years. In that time, the English hero has been a medieval revolutionary, an earl in Renaissance drama, a Saxon freedom fighter in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries or a courteous robber. Nowadays the hero is especially known as a famous romantic film star. This paper is about the way the legendary hero has been interpreted over the centuries and the medieval texts translated and adapted to suit the taste of the new audience. This capacity of adaptation in the Robin Hood legend has been demonstrated in the twentieth century through the various film adapatations of the now legitimate bandit, rightfully fighting against coercive and unjust authorities
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8

Кокорина, Галина Алексеевна. "LEGISLATION CONCERNING FOREIGNERS IN THE RUSSIAN EM-PIRE IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY." Тверского государственного университета. Серия: История, no. 3(55) (December 25, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vthistory/2020.3.109.

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Рассматривается положение иностранцев, находящихся на территории Российской империи. Проанализированы законодательные акты, связанные с приездом и условиями проживания иностранных подданных. Появившиеся, еще при Петре I, права и привилегии для иностранных специалистов, в дальнейшем, позволили им стать привилегированной ячейкой российского общества. Продолжательницей Петра I в деле развития правового положения иностранцев стала императрица Екатерина II. Рассмотрена политика веротерпимости, проводимая монархами, которая сочеталась и с тенденцией ограничения влияния католических священников на православное население. К концу XVIII в. в законодательстве сложились общие правила для иностранцев в отношении въезда, выезда, юрисдикции, владения имуществом и отправления религии. The position of foreigners in the territory of the Russian Empire is considered. Legislative acts related to the arrival and living conditions of foreign nationals are analyzed. The rights and privileges for foreign specialists, which appeared under Peter I, allowed them to become a privileged cell of Russian society. The successor of Peter I in the development of the legal status of foreigners was the Empress Catherine II. The article considers the policy of religious tolerance pursued by monarchs, which was combined with the tendency to limit the influence of Catholic priests on the Orthodox population. By the end of the eighteenth century, legislation had established General rules for foreigners with regard to entry, exit, jurisdiction, possession of property and the exercise of religion.
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9

Nadzhafov, I. "THE CONCEPT OF «EASTERN EUROPE» IN REFLECTION OF THE EUROPEAN INTELLECTUAL THOUGHT OF THE XVIIITH – EARLY XIXTH CENTURY." Zaporizhzhia Historical Review 5, no. 57 (2021): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/zhv-2021-5-57-23.

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10

Artemova, O. G., E. P. Komarova, and O. O. Boriskina. "Markemes in Jane Austen's novels through the mirror of English realism of the late XVIIIth - the early XIXth century." Yazyk i kul'tura, no. 56 (December 1, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19996195/56/1.

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11

Giusti, F. "ALESSANDRO ANTONELLI AND THE BAROQUE PRE-EXISTENCE: THE PROJECT FOR THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT IN TURIN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 17, 2017): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-679-2017.

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The contribution is focused on Alessandro Antonelli’s project for the seat of the new italian parliament in Turin. The project, unrealized, began back in 1860, when the annexation to the Piedmont of Tuscany and the Emilia asked for the building in the capital of a decent seat for the National Parliament. It had to be situated on the area of the ex Carignano garden, behind the homonym building and the “antonellian” Collegio delle Provincie, in the heart of the city, that comes to be as representative place of the absolutist and dynastic power, through the phases of XVIIIth century of amplification and architectural-urbanism new configuration. <br><br> To deepen therefore the knowledge of Antonelli’s project and to understand better the reasons that have brought to the choice to locate in Palazzo Carignano the Italian Parliament, is has been chosen to deepen the relationships between the building and the city, through a punctual iconografic and archivistic documentation that it has allowed to read the development of the building among XVIIth and XIXth century, also in relationship to the urban transformation, putting to comparison the various projects of the contest with the Baroque existence. Through the restitution of virtual images it has been possible to optimize the hypothesis, putting not only to fire the philosophy of the project, but above all Antonelli’s way to measure himself with such an incisive existence in the city as the “guariniano” Palazzo Carignano and to bring back the linguistic choice to the amplest circle of the works that the architect realized in the city of Turin.
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12

Raevskaya, Maria V. "OBSERVATION ON FUCTIONING OF THE PREPOSITION ЗА IN OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS BELONGING TO THE END OF THE XVIIITH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE XIXTH CENTURY." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2017): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ling170109.

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13

Gazelle, François, and Philippe Valette. "L'impact des sociétés du XVIIIe et du XIXe s sur les paysages garonnais. / The impact of XVIIIth and XIXth century societies on the landscapes of the Garonne." Géocarrefour 75, no. 4 (2000): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geoca.2000.2485.

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14

MYKHAILENKO, Halyna, and Oleksandr CHEREMISIN. "NEW UKRAINE vs NOVORUSSIA: MYTHS AND REALITIES OF GEOPOLITICAL CHANGES DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE XVIIIth – AT THE END OF THE XIXth CENTURY." Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, no. 14 (March 13, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.14.197177.

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15

Пустовойт., Е. В. "НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ КОРОЛЕВСТВА РЮКЮ В XVII–XIX вв." Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 55, no. 1 (2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2021-1/15-20.

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В статье анализируются особенности правовой системы и юридической практики королевства Рюкю с XVII в. по XIX в. в части наказаний, которые полагались за различные виды преступлений. В силу того, что королевство находилось в вассальных отношениях с Японией в лице клана Сацума, правовая система Рюкю в целом подверглась влиянию юридической практики и правовых установлений феодальной Японии, однако исполнение наказания по некоторым видам преступлений имело свои особенности и определялось спецификой присущих Рюкю законодательных традиций. Ключевые слова: Рюкю, Сацума, Япония, правовая система, Рюкюкарицу, кисёмон, законодательство
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16

Korniy, Lidiya. "Ukrainian School Christmas Drama of the XVIIth–XVIIIth Centuries and Puppet Nativity Play Theatre: Problem of Adaptation and Interpretation of a Musical Factor." Folk art and ethnology, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/nte2021.02.005.

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The article states that the Ukrainian baroque art has become differentiated into the high, middle and lower stylistic levels. There were certain connections between them, and new art genres appeared on the verges of these levels. The problem of the connection between distinct stylistic levels of the Ukrainian musical baroque has not yet attracted the attention of researchers. The study examines the links between the Ukrainian school Christmas drama of the XVIIth– XVIIIth centuries and the puppet Nativity play theatre. It is noted that for the first time a comparison of these two kinds of theatrical art is drawn in terms of the use of a musical factor in them. It is established that the first act of the Nativity play drama is related to the high style of Ukrainian Christmas school drama. This is revealed on the basis of analysing the dramatic functions of a Choir in both school drama and Nativity play drama. A choir in these spectacles took an active part in revealing the Christmas story, playing the role of a character. What they had in common was the genre of spiritual chant with the syllabic versification. Despite its association with the high style of school drama, the Nativity play drama was a quite new theatrical genre that belongs to the middle stylistic level. Focusing on the folk environment, authors of the Nativity play drama intelligibly conveyed to a wide audience the sacred plot. It is noted that in the second act of the Nativity scene were adapted interludes of school dramas, which represented the lower stylistic level of the Baroque. In this act, a funny line came to the fore, and a musical component is marked by influences of the Ukrainian musical folklore with a predominance of its dancing variety. The interaction of folklore with the lower version of the Baroque had a great potential for the further development of the Ukrainian national theatre. Due to the fact that music was an integral part of the puppet Nativity play drama and played an important dramatic function, this theatrical spectacle, like some school dramas, had the features of the drama with music genre. Thus, school drama and Nativity play drama created the foundation, on which in the XIXth century, the Ukrainian dramaturgy emerged, with a significant role of the musical factor in it, which was essentially a drama with music.
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17

PONOMARENKO, E. V. "NATIONAL TRADITIONS IN PLANNING OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF THE SOUTH URALS XVIII – 1/2 XIX CENTERY." Urban construction and architecture 1, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.03.22.

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The research work covers the peculiarities of national traditions of housing. It is devoted to the analysis of origin and development of settlements of various ethnic groups of the South Urals. The formation of their architectural space is examined and the analysis of interaction of cultures and traditions in the formation of architectural space is made in the work. On the basis of the XIXth century eyewitnesses recollections, archive investigations in the Russian State Historical Archive and analysis of general settlements planning schemes, the researcher discovers the peculiarities of planning and housing systems.
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18

Carvalho, Ana P., M. Fatima Vaz, Maria J. Samora, and João Pires. "Characterisation of Ceramic Pastes of Portuguese Ancient Tiles." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1648.

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Portuguese ceramic tiles of different origins from XVIth century to XXth century were studied. In this work we describe microstructural, mechanical and mineralogical characterisation and water absorption studies. Microstructural features (pore size) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Mechanical tests (four point bending) were performed and the bending strength was determined from the fracture loads. From water absorption essays the absorption coefficient and the total amount of water retained were obtained and the open porosity was estimated. The maximum water absorbed tends to decrease from XVIth century until XXth century, showing a more pronounced drop for the tiles of the XIXth and XXth centuries. This evolution is also observed in the open porosity values. From image analysis data we also observed that porosity decreases progressively with time and an important drop is observed for XXth century tiles. The bending resistance of tiles from XVIIth to XXth century is almost constant and higher than that of XVIth century samples. This evolution does not correlate with porosity. Advances in ceramic processing, such as higher firing temperatures may lead to the appearance of quartz as almost the only crystalline phase. We consider that an increase in the bending strength is due to a more effective vitrification and a lower porosity.
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Felea, Alina. "From the history of the institution of marriage in Moldova in the 17th - beginning of the 19th centuries: conditions for concluding the marriage and the investigation procedure." Revista de istorie a Moldovei, no. 1-2(129-130) (November 2022): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.58187/rim.129-130.02.

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This article examines the research procedure that was mandatory for the conclusion of a matrimonial alliance in Moldova in the XVIIth - the beginning of the XIXth century and which was based on the ascertance of the presence of the necessary conditions for marriage (voluntary agreement of the young people, consent of the parents / relatives of the young people, age allowed for marriage), lack of any kind of impediments and the presence of the wedding authorization act. The country of Moldova, being an Orthodox country, in matters of matrimonial law was guided by Orthodox canon law, according to which in order to conclude a legitimate marriage certain conditions had to be observed. The execution of the investigation procedure was entrusted to the priest.
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20

Anatolii, Filiniuk, and Mozdir Vitalii. "The influence of the Russian factor on spiritual, religious and cultural processes in Podillia province at the end of XVIIIth – in the first half of the XIXth century." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History. 124, no. 28 (2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2019-28-52-59.

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21

Karbashevska, Oksana. "English Folk Ballads Collected By Cecil James Sharp in The Southern Appalachians: Genesis, Transformation and Ukrainian Parallels." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, no. 2-3 (December 22, 2014): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.2-3.79-85.

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The purpose of this research, presented at the Conference sectional meeting, is to tracepeculiarities of transformation of British folk medieval ballads, which were brought to theSouthern Appalachians in the east of the USA by British immigrants at the end of the XVIIIth –beginning of the XIXth century and retained by their descendants, through analyzing certain textson the levels of motifs, dramatis personae, composition, style and artistic means, as well as tooutline relevant Ukrainian parallels. The analysis of such ballads, plot types and epic songs wascarried out: 1) British № 10: “The Twa Sisters” (21 variants); American “The Two Sisters”(5variants) and Ukrainian plot type I – C-5: “the elder sister drowns the younger one because of envyand jealousy” (8 variants); 2) British № 26: The Three Ravens” (2), “The Twa Corbies” (2);American “The Three Ravens” (1), “The Two Crows”(1) and Ukrainian epic songs with the motif oflonely death of a Cossack warrior on the steppe (4). In our study British traditional ballads areclassified according to the grouping worked out by the American scholar Francis Child(305 numbers), Ukrainian folk ballads – the plot-thematic catalogue developed by the Ukrainianfolklorist Оleksiy Dey (here 288 plots are divided into 3 spheres, cycles and plot types). Theinvestigation and comparison of the above indicated texts witness such main tendencies: 1) theAmerican counterparts, collected in the Appalachian Mountains, preserve the historic-nationalmemory and cultural heritage of the British immigrant bearers on the level of leading motifs,dramatis personae, composition peculiarities, traditional medieval images, epithets, similes,commonplaces; 2) some motifs, characters, images, artistic means, archaic and dialectal English ofthe Child ballads are reduced or substituted in the Appalachian texts; 3) realism of Americanballad transformations, which overshadows fantasy and aristocracy of their British prototypes, issimilar to the manner of poetic presentation of the typologically-arisen and described events by theUkrainian folk ballads and dumas .
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Boyko, Vladimir P. "Review : Komleva E.V. From the legacy of Krasnoyarsk merchants Larionovs. Issue. 1: letters from the end of the XVIIIth - the first third of the XIXth century. Novosibirsk : Akademizdat, 2016. 324 p." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 47 (June 1, 2017): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988613/47/20.

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23

GOROKHOV, SERGEY V. "COMPARATIVE METAL ALLOY COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF THE XVIITH – XIXTH CENTURY CROSS PENDANTS FROM SIBERIA, VOLGA REGION, AND NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA." Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 49, no. 3 (2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2019-3/39-51.

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Stępkowski, Aleksander. "ROZWÓJ INSTYTUCJI TRUSTU W PRAWIE SZKOCKIM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2004.4.1.06.

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Development of the Law of Trusts in ScotlandSummaryThe earliest indisputable traces of trusts law in Scotland may be found in reports from the first half of the XVH‘h century. There are several examples of even earlier dispositions to which a fiduciary character might be ascribed, coming from the XV,h and XVTh centuries. Nevertheless, we are not able to state categorically that these represent examples of trusts, since there is nothing about priority of beneficiary's rights in respect to trust property, before trustee’s personal creditors, whereas it seems to be today differentiam specificam discerning trust from contractual relations.According to the aforementioned case law, the main subject of trust dispositions was land (immoveable property, called in Scotland “heritable”). The main issue giving rise to legal controversies was the question of the manner in which the existence of a trust in land was allowed to be proved. The rules of evidence adopted by the Court of Session differed substantially from those of Scottish land law which were usually applied when proving titles in land. According to Scottish institutional writers, it seems to be most probable that the reason for such a favourable standing of land being subject to trust was that the Court of Session proceeded on the ground of its’ nobile officium, extraordinary equitable jurisdiction performed by this court, most probably since the very early stages of it’s activity, on the basis of a statutory provision from 1540.During the XVIIth century the first statutory regulations concerning trusts appeared, but more substantial progress in this respect took place in the XIXth century. Most often, it was statutory implementation of earlier common law principles and, in relation to trustees’ competences, of standards relating to the professional drafting of trust deeds. XIXth century legislation was consolidated in 1921 as the Trusts (Scotland) Act 1921 which was subsequently amended in 1961 and, together with the British Trustee Investments Act 1961 (which is still in force in Scotland although will be repealed soon, as it was already done in England in 2001), is partial codification of Scottish trusts law. Nevertheless it should be emphasised that Scottish trust law is still principally based on case law.As regards the influence of English Equity on the development of the Scottish law of trusts, it seems to be negligible in the early stage of the latter’s development. A considerable influence of the Chancery Court’s cases upon Scots law in respect of trusts only began in the fourth decade of the XIXth century, with a book by Charles Forsyth ( The Principles and Practice o f the Law o f Trusts and Trustees in Scotland (1844)), who had used intensively English case law as an illustration, he claimed, of Scottish law principles. Since this publication, nevertheless, English case law, as exposed in English textbooks, though not necessarily in the Chancery Reports, became an important source of inspiration for Scottish lawyers writing books on this subject and, subsequently, it was also used in the Court of Session as an important source of authority. Notwithstanding the above, Scottish judges were always more critical and generally have applied English principles in a less willing manner than has been seen from Scottish advocates and solicitors. Generally speaking, the English influence, although considerable, has not changed the very construction of Scottish trusts law. A beneficiary’s claim in respect of trust property is still considered to be a personal right, as opposed to a sui generis right in real estate.Contemporary Scottish jurisprudence considers trust property as a trustee’s special patrimony, distinct from his general patrimony and, as such, not accessible by his personal creditors. In this way, the Scots have worked out a civil law approach to trust, which was long considered to be hardly possible. This is also a reason why Scottish trusts law, as well as the whole of Scottish law, attracts so much attention from lawyers from Continental Europe.
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Silva-León, Isabel, Javier Reyes, Tezozomoc Pérez, Elia Alonso, and P. Bartolo Pérez. "Stratigraphic Analysis of Weathering Crusts from the Historic Bastion of San Pedro, Campeche (XVIII century)." MRS Proceedings 1618 (2014): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.472.

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ABSTRACTThe Bastion of San Pedro is part of the defensive infrastructure projected by Spanish colonizers in San Francisco de Campeche City, in order to protect the city and their inhabitants from pirates who ravaged the region during the XVIth and XIXth centuries. The bastion is a masonry structure built by using calcareous materials according the Spanish procedures from the edge. Since its construction, it has been under the synergetic interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors that promote degradation. In this study optical microscopy (MO) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to a dispersive analysis system (SEM/EDS) were used in order to analyze the stratigraphic profile of mortar weathered samples collected from walls of the Bastion of San Pedro. According the results, the samples were formed by three substrata: an upper external layer in contact with the environment (100 to 300 µm), the other one is an inner layer with thickness around 100 to 400 µm. The last substrate was formed by the mortar matrix composed by elements such as C, O, Ca, Si and Al, that indicate their mineral origin. By the other hand, it is important to note that the upper layer contained higher proportion of C respect to the other layers. It is probably major consequence of biomass encrustation rather that atmospheric pollution according to the particular environmental conditions surrounding the building.
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Berlińska, Anna. "Pogranicze normy skodyfikowanej. Cz. II." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 8 (2008): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2008.08.01.

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The paper is a continuation of the analysis by the same author, publisher in the previous issue of this review and concerning some linguistic fenomena, largely accepted by educated language users but not at all - or not uninanimously regarded as correct by language codifiers. In this part, the usage in Polish texts of the syntactic structures similar to the latin nominativus cum infinitivo is looked into. Their presence, in the texts in Old Polish due to the imitation of Latin, was later (at the end of the XVIIlth and during the XIXth century) very probably maintained by the influence of the French language on the literary Polish of the time. Nowadays, it is English that seems to help nom.c.inf. to survive in Polish. Yet, the structures with the conjugated forms of the verbs okazywać się / wydawać się / zdawać się 'to prove / to appear / to seem' and the infinitive być 'to be', frequently used in written and spoken official varieties of Polish, are qualified as incorrect in normative dictionaries, especially the most recent ones. To admit that, for exemple, both To wydaje się słuszne and To wydaje się być słuszne are correct Polish sentences would probably be better description of the real standard.
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Karlina, Oksana. "THE ATTEMPT TO RECONSTRUCT THE LIBRARY OF THE KREMENETS BASILIAN MONASTERY OF THE FIRST DECADES OF THE XIX CENTURY." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 1 (46) (June 27, 2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257543.

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The article attempts to reconstruct the genre and thematic composition of the library of the Kremenets Basilian Monastery, which was formed in the early 1820s, based on an analysis of the visitation protocol, in which a significant part is a description of the monastery library. At the beginning of the XIX century, the library had 2,156 volumes (1,241 works) published in the XVI–XVIII centuries and until 1821. Of these, 508 works (41%) date from the second half of the XVIII century. The presence in the library of 283 works (23%) published in 1801–1821 indicates that the library continued to be regularly replenished with new books. The geography of the publications covered the cities of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Kyiv, Moscow, and Saint Petersburg. The basis of the library were works in Polish and Latin, numbered 640 and 440, respectively (52% and 35%). There were only 54 (4%) Cyrillic editions. The entire book collection is divided into thematic sections: Holy Scripture, divinity, law (civil and canonical), "books of ascetics," homiletics, philosophy, physics and mathematics, chemistry, geography, economics, history, rhetoric and poetics, "letters," grammar, medicine. In terms of the number of works, the largest is the section "History," which includes periodicals published in Warsaw and Vilnius in the early nineteenth century and fiction of instructive content. It is noted that many works by ancient authors, textbooks in many mathematical disciplines, dictionaries, phrasebooks, and grammars in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Polish, German, French, and Russian were kept in the monastery library. The conclusion is that the themes of the monastery library in Kremenets in the early XIXth century reflected the state of the rich spiritual life of the Basilians, which closely combined the traditions of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The Basilians, through preaching and missionary activity, indeed spread and consolidated in society the spiritual and moral values that they nurtured within the walls of the monastery. The library in general, reflected the development of education, science, art, and contemporary socio-political thought in the Ukrainian lands.
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Plongeron, Bernard. "Ideologic Practises of a Christian Policy (XVIIIth - XIXth centuries)." Revista de História das Ideias 8, Tomo I (1986): 351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_8-1_14.

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Yakovlev, Alexei G., Vitalii A. Maydan, Sergey M. Kuznetsov, and Ivan V. Baranov. "Hygienic assessment of the hospital environment and methods of providing medical care to patients at the stages of health care development in Russia in the XVIIIth–XIXth centuries." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 24, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma100931.

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The article analyzes the problem of hygienic assessment of the conditions of the hospital environment and health-improving methods of treatment of patients of medical institutions at the stages of formation and development of healthcare in Russia in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries. It has been established that in various historical periods, the problem of patient safety in medical organizations has always been the leading one in the management of people's health and the organization of healthcare as an agency that has been forming for several centuries. Organizational, legal, administrative, economic, and hygienic measures have been developed purposefully in the system of public health protection in Russia. This made it possible to improve the system of medical care on the basis of compliance with the provisions of hospital hygiene, such as the placement of patients in hospitals and compliance with the anti-epidemic regime. The systematization and analysis of the data from the Russian literature on the studied scientific problem were performed. Three leading directions of hospital hygiene development were established: organization of medical care, architectural and planning solutions, and therapeutic nutrition. The importance of developing the legislative framework of the listed areas at the state and departmental levels is shown. The results of the analysis of the application of sanitary and hygienic measures and scientific solutions of the XVIIIth to XIXth centuries confirm the need to use scientific, practical, and organizational experience in the introduction of new solutions to the modern system of medical care, including elements of hospital hygiene and patient safety. Proposals have been developed on the legality and prospects of using the historical experience of the development of preventive medicine and hygienic education of the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries, as well as the achievements of predecessors in the field of monitoring and accounting for the peculiarities of patient care and ensuring an anti-epidemic regime.
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Lusini, Gianfrancesco. "I Codici Etiopici del Fondo Martini nella Biblioteca Forteguerriana di Pistoia." Aethiopica 5 (May 8, 2013): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.5.1.452.

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In the Biblioteca Forteguerriana of Pistoia (Italy), a small collection of Ethiopian manuscripts is kept, entrusted to the Library by the heirs of Ferdinando Martini (1841-1928), “governatore civile” of the Colonia Eritrea from 1897 to 1907. These five manuscripts are catalogued here. Of great philological and artistic relevance is the illustrated Octateuch dated 1438 (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 2 = Zanutto n. 5), probably written in Tigrāy, namely in the monastery of Dabra Seqwert, district of Saḥart. In the XIXth-cent. chronological codex Martini etiop. n. 1 (= Zanutto n. 1), the materials transmitted by the traditional Liber Axumae are considerably enlarged and updated. The homiletic volume Martini etiop. n. 5 (= Zanutto n. 2), previously owned by Eǧǧegāyyahu, the mother of Menilek II (1844–1913), Emperor from 1889 to 1913, dates back to the XIXth cent. and contains various texts, still unpublished. The collection includes also an XVIIIth-cent. Hāymānota ’abaw (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 4 = Zanutto n. 4), closing with the apocryphal Book of the Letter, and a XVII–XVIIIth-cent. History of the Galla (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 3 = Zanutto n. 3), possibly the oldest manuscript of one of the first works of Amharic literature.
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Koziuba, V. K. "NEW SITES OF THE Хth—ХVІІІth CENTURIES IN KYIV (materials to the archaeological map)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.14.

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62 archeological sites officially registered on the territory of Kyiv, 23 of which are of national, others — of local value. Half of these objects are architectural monuments or individual buildings (brick-burning furnaces, wooden water pipes, etc.). These sites are mostly located in the central historic part of the city. More common types of archaeological sites — hillforts, settlements, burial grounds. At the beginning of the XXIth century 76 sites of these types were known in the territory of Kyiv, of which only a few are with protected status now. Since 2011, the author has conducted archaeological surveys in the city. Their purpose is to inspect the places of known archaeological sites and search for new ones. During this time, 78 sites were inspected, of which 61 were discovered for the first time. Among these open sites 27 dated to the Xth—XVIIIth centuries or contain finds of this time. 13 sites existed in epoch of Old Rus’ (Xth—XIIIth centuries). Accordingly, today 72 sites of this period, 4 settlements, 38 settlements, 10 burial mounds and 4 ground cemetery, 8 monasteries, 7 caves and 1 fortification rempart are registered in Kyiv. Pottery of the second half of the XIIIth—XVIIth centuries was found at 10 sites. Magority of settlements dated to the early modern time — they were villages and farms around Kyiv. Their study allows us to find out in detail the extensive system of settlement at the Kyiv outskirts in this period and the active economic use of the latter. A fortification rempart which has a length of 2.9 km was also inspected on the southern outskirts of the city. Its height is generally 0.2—0.5 m, width — up to 10 m. This fortification is believed to have been emerged at the turn of the Xth—XIth centuries in order to protect Kyiv from the attacks of nomads. The discovery and study of new archaeological sites of the Middle Ages and early modern times allows us to explore the peculiarities of the emergence and development of settlement structures around one of the largest urban centers of Central and Eastern Europe, increases the number of sources on the historical urbanism of Kyiv, contributes to the memorial component of the socio-cultural development of the capital Of Ukraine.
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32

Прилуцкий, В. В. "Freemasons and Anti-Masons in British North America and the United States in the 18th – First Half of the 19th Centuries: Ideological Confrontation." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.018.

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В статье рассматриваются конфликтные отношения между американскими франкмасонами и их идейными противниками в XVIII – первой половине XIX в. Масонство в изучаемый исторический период стало влиятельной социально-политической силой, что вызывало как справедливые обвинения в адрес секретного братства, так и незаслуженные нападки на тайный союз. Имели место две волны американского антимасонского движения: на рубеже XVIII в. и XIX в. и в 1820–1840-е гг. Первый период антимасонства был во многом связан с событиями Французской революции, потрясшей западный мир. Второй период имел внутриамериканскую историю – «дело Моргана» 1826 г. Показано, что франкмасоны, несмотря на элитарность, уже изначально прочно ассоциировались с прогрессом и либеральными реформами. Они были одними из первых, предлагавшими проекты объединения североамериканских колоний в единый союз или федерацию (Б. Франклин и ранее), принимали активное участие в борьбе за независимость и создании американского государства. Антимасоны выступали как преимущественно консервативная социальная и политическая сила. The article deals with the conflict relations between American Freemasons and their ideological opponents in the XVIIIth – first half of the XIXth c. Freemasonry in this historical period became an influential socio-political force, which caused both fair accusations against the secret brotherhood and undeserved attacks on the secret alliance. There were two waves of the American Anti-Masonic movement: at the turn of the XVIIIth and XIXth cc., and in the 1820s – 1840s. The first period of Anti-Masonry was largely associated with the events of the Great French Revolution, which shook the Western world. The second period had an internal American history – the «Morgan case» of 1826. It is shown that Freemasons, despite their elitism, were already strongly associated with progress and liberal reforms from the very beginning. They were among the first to propose projects for the unification of the North American colonies into a single union or federation (B. Franklin and earlier), took an active part in the struggle for independence and the creation of the American state. The Anti-Masons acted as a predominantly conservative social and political force. Key words: history of Freemasonry in North America, American Anti-Masons, the idea of a Masonic conspiracy, the protest movement, socio-political struggle in the USA in the late XVIIIth – first half of the XIXth c.
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UNYAY ACIKGOZ, FATMA. "Making and Distribution Of Ashura At The Ottoman Palace (XVIIIth - XIXth Centuries)." Türk Kültürü ve HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ Araştırma Dergisi, no. 90 (June 19, 2019): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.34189/hbv.90.007.

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34

Louis, René. "Anatomy in the XVIIIth century." Anatomia Clinica 7, no. 3 (September 1985): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01654634.

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35

Strunskiy, A. D. "CRIMINAL LAW AND CONCILIATION AGREEMENTS IN THE MUSCOVY OF THE XVTH–XVIIth CENTURY." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 2 (2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-2-39-46.

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The issue of possibility of concluding a conciliation agreement on criminal cases in the Muscovy of the XVth–XVIIth centuries is discussed in the article. The regulations of the XIVth–XVIIth century containing pro-visions on the possibility of concluding a conciliation agreement as to the criminal cases are analyzed. The conclusion about the possibility of concluding a conciliation agreement in relation to crimes of private matter is made by the author on the basis of the use of the formal legal method. Robbery and theft, which the legislator began to classify as crimes of a public matter is the only exception. At the same time, with regard to the possibility of concluding a conciliation agreement on cases related to theft, the legislator mitigated the position in the XVIIth century. These conclusions are supported by a microhistorical research of conciliation agreements of the XVIIth century. The author concludes that practice of concluding conciliation agreements in criminal cases of private prosecution was widespread, did not contradict the law, corresponded to legal customs and social context.
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36

Gorbatiuk, T. V., and Т. V. Danylova. "The development of the theories of civilizations in the XVIIIth – XIXth centuries in Europe." Humanitarian studios: pedagogics, psychology, philosophy 10, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2019.03.090.

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37

Volkov, D. V. "TRADITIONS OF GUSLI PLAYING IN VILLAGE LIFE." Arts education and science 1, no. 1 (2021): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202101021.

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The article is devoted to the traditions of gusli playing in the Russian countryside, primarily in the Pskov-Novgorod region. Based on the field research by F. V. Sokolova, E. V. Gippius, N. L. Kotikova, Z. V. Ewald, the author examines the textural, rhythmical and genre diversity of gusli playing. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of different forms of performance: solo and ensemble playing, accompaniment and singing with own accompaniment on gusli. The main conclusion of the study: the opinion about the extreme primitiveness of the peasant tradition of gusli playing, which is often referred to the works on folk music of the XVIIIth — XIXth centuries, does not correspond to reality. Everyday music playing on gusli appears to be a very flexible and universal phenomenon.
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Luniak, Y. M. "Razumovsky and Baturin." Literature and Culture of Polissya 105, no. 15i (December 2, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2520-6966-2021-15i-105-5-18.

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The article examines the life path of Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky, son of the last hetman of Ukraine, outstanding diplomat of the Russian Empire of the late XVIIIth – early XIXth centuries, long-term Russian ambassador in Vienna. Particular attention is paid to the relations of Andrey Razumovsky with Baturin, the former hetman capital, where his father’s estate (Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky) was located. The article analyzes his economic activities and uses materials from biographical research about Andrei Razumovsky (first of all the multivolumed work Alexander Alexeyevich Vassil’chikov «The Razumovsky family»), his published correspondence, pictorial sources, topographic surveys. The conclusion was made about the significant contribution of this figure to the history of Baturin. Key words: Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky, diplomacy, Baturin, Hetmanate, Russian Empire, Vienna.
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Alekseeva, O. V., and E. Ya Antonova. "Lomonosov as an emblem of the Russian poetry (Russian poets of the XVIIIth century about the portrait of M.V. Lomonosov)." Literature at School, no. 3, 2020 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/0130-3414-2020-3-24-31.

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The purpose of this work is to analyze the poetic responses of writers of the XVIIIth century to the lifetime portrait of M.V. Lomonosov in the context of interest in the emblem. Research methods are cultural-historical and semiotic. Throughout the XVIIIth century, the emblem studies were incorporated into the Russian culture; they were used as a decorative and semantic element in visual arts and as an artistic device in literature being the reflection of the emblematic way of thinking of the time. The emblematic beginning has become the focuse of attention of modern researchers of Stefan Yavorsky, A.D. Kantemir and G.R. Derzhavin. The emblematic way of thinking of the time, manifesting in the lyrical genre of the portrait caption, is believed to be unstudied. The subject of this work is the single lifetime portrait of Lomonosov to which several poets (N.N. Popovsky, V.I. Maikov, G.R. Derzhavin and N.M. Karamzin) responded in different decades of the XVIIIth century. Working in the genre of the signature to the portrait, characteristic of their era, the poets, who were successors to the ode tradition established by Lomonosov, gave an assessment to the work of their predecessor. The comparative analysis of four poems shows how the poetic perception of Lomonosov changed during the XVIIIth century. In the middle of the century Lomonosov in the cultural consciousness of the era was significant as an epic poet, as an odes writer and as a scientist while at the end of the century Lomonosov is perceived exclusively as the creator of the solemn ode. We can say that the image of Lomonosov is emblematized and becomes a sign of Russia’s rootedness in the cultural context of Europe. The poems themselves, connected with the image and thought of as captions to the portrait, become the part of the emblem. At the end of the article, a number of questions and tasks are proposed that can be used by teachers of literature during the study of the Russian literature of the XVIIIth century and the works of M.V. Lomonosov’s, in particular.
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40

Gaudant, Jean, and Genevieve Bouillet. "La genese et l'interpretation des "fossiles" dans la science classique; de la Renaissance aux Lumieres." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 171, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.5.587.

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Abstract The main interpretations of fossils from the XVIth to the XVIIIth century are reviewed. They proceed from two philosophical conceptions that were successful at that time: Aristotelism and Neoplatonicism, that were both making reference to occult influences exerted on living beings and mineral world by planets and, more generally, by the whole universe. The acceptance of the organic origin of fossils, near the end of the XVIIth century, followed an obvious weakening of both schools. Consequently, at the beginning of the XVIIIth century, the diluvialist doctrine appeared as being reinvigorated. Similarly, it would be illusive to believe that modern conceptions relative to fossils are totally devoid of any, even implicit, philosophical influence.
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Mamedov, Rauf Nazim oglu. "Modernist movements in Islam. Historical overview. XIXth century." Politicus, no. 1 (2022): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2022-1.25.

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42

Brändström, Anders. "Illegitimacy and Lone-Parenthood in XIXth Century Sweden." Annales de démographie historique 1998, no. 2 (1999): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/adh.1999.1938.

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S., Hostiuc. "Confidentiality in obstetrics in the XIXth century Romania." Gineco.eu 10, no. 1 (March 20, 2014): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18643/gieu.2014.20.

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Korpelainen, Elizaveta. "Luterans-iconographers in Peterburg in the XIXth century." St.Tikhons' University Review. Series V. Christian Art 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturv201416.162-170.

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장연욱. "French Society and Culture of the XVIIIth and the XIXth Centuries as Viewed by the Goncourt Brothers." Cross-Cultural Studies 45, no. ll (December 2016): 349–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21049/ccs.2016.45..349.

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46

Charle, Christophe. "Trasformazioni del pubblico teatrale in Francia e a Parigi nel XIX secolo: un tentativo di approccio indiretto." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 29 (March 2009): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2008-029002.

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Analyzing the transformations of theatrical audiences in France, and particularly in Paris, during the XIXth century, the essay try to overcome the discourse produced by contemporaries about the public to explain his relevant changements. Many different, direct and indirect evidences allow us to draw a more complicated and multiform image of XIXth century audiences, that is defined not only by the new economic and commercial conditions of mass frequency, but by the new modes of perception and the new spectacular strategies of a growing entertainement business. The emotive and turbulent public that we can see at the beginning of the century is gradually transformed in a fascinated crowd at his end.
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Prilutskiy, V. V. "AMERICAN-MEXICAN BORDER CONFLICTS IN THE 1870–1910S." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 03, no. 07 (September 27, 2021): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-03-139-147.

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The article analyzes the border conflicts between Mexico and the United States at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries. American-Mexican relations were an important factor in the development of the regional subsystem of international relations in the Western Hemisphere. Historically, Mexico and the United States have had a complicated relationship. Mexico in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries was a secondary peripheral state, which was mainly agrarian in nature. There were both phases of acute confrontation (almost the entire XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century), as well as periods of good neighborliness, relatively good, friendly, stable relationships and constructive cooperation. In relations with the United States at that time, it remained rather not a subject, but an object of influence. The extreme American expansionists proposed in the middle of the XIXth century to capture all of Mexico. In response to the aggressive aspirations of America, the Mexican radicals put forward their territorial claims to the neighboring country. They hoped to regain the vast northern region, that was lost during the wars of 1835-1848, which included Upper California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona and Texas (which was called the "New Philippines" during the era of Spanish colonization). There are two stages of confrontation between the two countries: the 1870s – 1890s and the 1910s – 1920s. The most serious exacerbations on the border occurred in 1876, 1877, 1891-1893, 1896, 1906 and 1910-1919. Both government troops and irregular (militias, partisans, rebels) formations took part in the regional armed conflict. As a result, the situation stabilized for almost a century.
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48

Tuganova, K. "MARRIAGE STATUS OF ENGLISH WOMEN IN THE XVIIITH CENTURY." Bulletin of the Moskow State Regional University, no. 4 (2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2015-4-53-59.

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49

Vallat, François. "An outbreak in France in the XVIIIth Century: Rinderpest." Comptes Rendus Biologies 335, no. 5 (May 2012): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2012.02.003.

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50

Martynova, Daria O. "VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES: EXAMPLES AND PROBLEMS OF STUDY." Articult, no. 2 (2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2021-2-49-56.

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Abstract:
The article is devoted to a retrospective analysis of the causes of the appearance of representations of mental diseases in the visual field and the problems of visualization of pathologies on the example of cases and artworks of the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries. The problems and points of interaction between art and psychiatry are touched upon, the reasons for the appearance of psychiatric illustration, the commonwealth of psychiatry and photography, and the genre of medical portraits are analyzed. As a result, it can be concluded that psychiatric photography, medical portraits and psychiatric illustrations inherited previously existing aesthetic and representative traditions, as well as cultural and historical ideas about mental diseases, which in turn gave rise to symptoms. Such a visual “dead end” has created a problem of representation, which also exists in contemporary art. Thus, the “objective” representation of psychopathologies in art is still problematic and requires analysis and search for solutions.
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