Academic literature on the topic 'Xue ke xin li xue'

Abstract Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193) is one of the most prominent philosophers of the Song dynasty. He belonged to the School of Mind (Xin-Xue), one of the two main schools of Neo-Confucianism - the other being the School of Principle (Li Xue), of which Zhu Xi (1130-1200) is the outstanding figure. This essay investigates the onto-logical and epistemological teachings of Lu Jiuyuan and compares them with the thought of other Neo-Confucian thinkers such as Zhu Xi. The most important term in Zhu Xi's philosophy is li (universal principle). Lu Jiuyuan equated li with the mind of man. He developed his philosophy on the basis of li- present in and apprehended by the mind - as the moral criterion of human conduct. For him, the purpose of study is to recognize li and return to the originally pure condition of the mind. Every man, he said, is responsible for the condition of his mind and must strive to attain knowledge of the truth. Lu refused to consider as important the acquisition of factual knowledge by external investigation, emphasizing instead that li is to be known intuitively. The realization of li is the result of inner, subjective self-examination.

Introdução: Lesões endoperiodontais são lesões originadas de produtos inflamatórios encontrados tanto em periodonto quanto em polpa. Tais lesões podem se originar devido a uma infecção pulpar ou periodontal. Visando o prognóstico favorável, é imprescindível o conhecimento da etiologia, realização do correto diagnóstico e elaboração do plano de tratamento que envolve o tratamento endodôntico precedido do tratamento periodontal. Objetivo: O propósito do presente trabalho foi de relatar um caso clínico de lesão endoperiodontal e o tratamento realizado. Relato de caso clínico: Paciente gênero feminino, 51 anos, compareceu à clínica com uma fístula na região do dente 46, procedeu-se com exame radiográfico, rastreamento de fístula, testes endodônticos e avaliação periodontal. Foi diagnosticada lesão endoperiodontal. Executou-se, então, o tratamento endodôntico em sessões múltiplas, utilizando hidróxido de cálcio como medicação intracanal e o tratamento periodontal concomitante; finalizou-se endodontia obturando-se os canais radiculares. Conclusão: Observou-se, no controle, que a associação de tratamentos foi eficaz e houve melhora significativa do quadro, constatando-se silêncio clínico e sucesso do tratamento. Realizar o tratamento conservador a despeito da exodontia foi a melhor escolha para a paciente. Descritores: Endodontia; Periodontia; Polpa Dentária; Periodonto. Referências Sunitha VR, Emmadi P, Namasivayam A, Thyegarajan R, Rajaraman V. The periodontal - endodontic continuum A review. J Conserv Dent. 2008;11(2):54-62. Betancourt P, Elgueta R, Fuentes R. Treatment of endo-periodontal lesion using leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin - a case report. Colomb Med. 2017;48(4):204-7. Lopes HP, Siqueira JF. Endodontia: Biologia e Técnica. Rio de Janeiro: Medsi-Guanabara Koogan; 2015. Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP. Tratado de periodontia clínica e implantologia oral. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2010. Anand V, Govila V, Gulati M. Endo-perio lesion part II (the treatment) - a review. 2012;3(1):10-6. Rotstein I, Simon JH. Diagnosis, prognosis and decision-making in the treatment of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions. J Periodontol. 2004;34:165-203. Parolia A, Gait TC, Porto ICCM, Mala K. Endo-perio lesion: a dilemma from 19th until 21st century. J Interdisp Dent. 2013;3(1):2-11. Kim E, Song JS, Jung IY, Lee SJ, Kim S. Prospective clinical study evaluating endodontic microsurgery outcomes for cases with lesions of endodontic origin compared with cases with lesions of combined periodontal-endodontic origin. J Endod. 2008;34(5):546-51. Heasman PA. An endodontic conundrum: the association between pulpal infection and periodontal disease. Br Dent J. 2014;216(6):275-9. Schmidt JC, Walter C, Amato M, Weiger R. Treatment of periodontal-endodontic lesions--a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2014; 41(8):779-90. Jivoinovici R, Suciu I, Dimitriu B, Perlea P, Bartok R, Malita M, Ionescu C. Endo-periodontal lesion--endodontic approach. J Med Life. 2014;7(4):542-44. Estrela C. Endodontia laboratorial e clínica, Série Abeno: Odontologia Essencial - Parte Clínica. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2013. Vera J, Siqueira JF Jr, Ricucci D, Loghin S, Fernández N, Flores B et al. One-versus two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a histobacteriologic study. J Endod. 2012;38(8):1040-52. Mohammadi Z, Dummer PMH. Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Inter Endod J. 2011;44(8):697-730. Batista VES, Olian DA, Mori GG. Diffusion of hydroxyl ions from calcium hydroxide and aloe vera pastes. Braz Dent J. 2014;25(3):212-16. Pereira TC, da Silva Munhoz Vasconcelos LR, Graeff MSZ, Ribeiro MCM, Duarte MAH, de Andrade FB. Intratubular decontamination ability and physicochemical properties of calcium hydroxidepastes. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(3):1253-62. Andolfatto C, da Silva GF, Cornélio AL, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Faria G, Bonetti-Filho I, Cerri PS. Biocompatibility of intracanal medications based on calcium hydroxide. ISRN Dent. 2012;2012:904963. Duque TM, Prado M, Herrera DR, Gomes BPFA. Periodontal and endodontic infectious/inflammatory profile in primary periodontal lesions with secondary endodontic involvement after a calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medication. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(1):53-63. Kim D, Kim E. Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment: a literature review - Part I. In vitro studies. Restor Dent Endod. 2014; 39(4):241-52. Adl A, Motamedifar M, Shams MS, Mirzaie A. Clinical investigation of the effect of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing on bacterial lipopolysaccharide reduction from infected root canals. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1):12-6. Hilton TJ, Ferracane JL, Mancl L; Northwest Practice-based Research Collaborative in Evidence-based Dentistry (NWP). Comparison of CaOH with MTA for direct pulp capping: a PBRN randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2013;92(7 Suppl):16S-22S. Labban N, Yassen GH, Windsor LJ, Platt JA. The direct cytotoxic effects of medicaments used in endodontic regeneration on human dental pulp cells. Dent Traumatol. 2014;30(6):429-34. McIntyre PW, Wu JL, Kolte R, Zhang R, Gregory RL, Bruzzaniti A, Yassen GH. The antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, and differentiation potential of double antibiotic intracanal medicaments loaded into hydrogel system. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(3):1051-59. Bergenholtz, G., Hasselgren, G. Endodontics and periodontics. In: Lindhe, K., Karring, T., Lang, N. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Copenhagen:Munksgaard; 2015. Harrington GW, Steiner DR, Ammons WF. The periodontal-endodontic controversy. Periodontol 2000. 2002;30:123-30. Fernandes LA, Martins TM, Almeida JM, Nagata MJ, Theodoro LH, Garcia VG, Bosco AF. Experimental periodontal disease treatment by subgingival irrigation with tetracycline hydrochloride in rats. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010;18(6):635-40. Storrer CM, Bordin GM, Pereira TT. How to diagnose and treat periodontal endodontic lesions? 2012;9(4):427-33. Verma PK, Srivastava R, Gupta KK, Srivastava A. Combined endodontic periodontal lesions: A clinical dilema. J Interdiscip Dent. 2011;1(2):119-24. Oh SL, Fouad AF, Park SH. Treatment strategy for guided tissue regeneration in combined endodontic-periodontal lesions: case report and review. J Endod. 2009;35(10):1331-36. Malli R, Lele P, Vishakha. Guided tissue regeneration in communicating periodontal and endodontic lesions - a hope for the hopeless. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(4):410-13. Ghezzi C, Virzì M, Schupbach P, Broccaioli A, Simion M. Treatment of combined endodontic-periodontic lesions using guided tissue regeneration: clinical case and histology. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2012;32(4):433-9. Sun J, Liu Q. [Bio-Oss collagen bone grafting in the treatment of endodontic-periodontic lesion]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2009;29(9):1905-6. Sharma R, Hegde V, Siddharth M, Hegde R, Manchanda G, Agarwal P. Endodontic-periodontal microsurgery for combined endodontic-periodontal lesions: An overview. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(6):510-16. Li Y, Wang X, Xu J, Zhou X, Xie K. [The clinical study on the use of diode laser irradiation in the treatment of periodontal-endodontic combined lesions]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012;30(2):161-64, 168. Narang S, Narang A, Gupta R. A sequential approach in treatment of perio-endo lesion. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(2):177-80. Pereira AL, Orzechowski PR, Filho SB, Cortelli JR. Subepithelial connective tissue graft: an alternative application for treating endoperiodontal lesions. Gen Dent. 2013;61(2):50-3. Yoneda M, Motooka N, Naito T, Maeda K, Hirofuji T. Resolution of furcation bone loss after non-surgical root canal treatment: application of a peptidase-detection kit for treatment of type I endoperiodontal lesion. J Oral Sci. 2005; 47(3):143-47. Shenoy N, Shenoy A. Endo-perio lesions: diagnosis and clinical considerations. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21(4):579-85. Gerritsen AE, Allen PF, Witter DJ, Bronkhorst EM, Creugers NH. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:126.

近年來，香港有不少國際學校和直資學校開辦國際文憑課程（IB，International Baccalaureate），很多非華語學生選擇學習中文作為第二語言。然而，當中很多學生在使用詞彙上產生偏誤，而在二零零八年，香港教育局發布了《中國語文課程補充指引（非華語學生）》諮詢文件中，指出漢字的字形、聲調、語彙都是中文第二語言學習者的難點（香港課程發展議會，2008），這些難點均涉及語素。以往曾有不少研究，探討語素意識與詞彙知識習得的關係，因此，研究者期望以中文第二語言學習者作為研究對象，探討漢語語素意識與詞彙能力的關係。 本研究為量性研究，以語素意識與詞彙能力測驗和單元評估試卷來蒐集數據，並採用相關度測量研究方法分析數據，從而探討國際文憑課程中學項目學生在詞彙上的偏誤類型以及漢語語素意識與詞彙能力的關係，並提出建議以提升中文第二語言學習者的詞彙能力。本研究目的有三：（一）探究香港國際文憑課程中學項目學生在詞彙上的偏誤類型；（二）探究香港國際文憑課程中學項目學生的漢語語素意識與詞彙能力的關係；（三）歸納研究結果，並就教學和後續研究上提出具體建議，作為對外漢語教學之參考。 研究結果顯示，中文第二語言學習者的詞彙偏誤類型以「語音」為主，發展同音語素意識對於減少詞彙偏誤相當重要，此外亦需要加強發展部件規則的意識以及組字規則的概念，幫助他們掌握字形，對於減少詞彙偏誤亦有相當重要的作用。在漢語語素意識與詞彙能力的關係方面，中文第二語言學習者的語素意識對於詞彙能力有預測作用，同音語素意識對詞彙能力的預測作用大於同形語素意識的作用；而心理詞彙的語素意識、心理詞彙的數量及用詞能力三者有互相影響的關係，但仍需要進一步的研究。 International Baccalaureate (IB) Curriculum is adopted by more and more international schools and direct-subsidy schools in Hong Kong. At the same time, more and more non-Chinese speaking (NCS) students choose to study Chinese Language as a second language in IB curriculum. However, the vocabulary learning is one of the difficulties when they learn Chinese. The Education Bureau has published ‘Consultation Paper on Developing a “Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students” ’ and points out those NCS students encounter difficulties in learning Chinese graphemes, tones, vocabulary, etc. These difficulties are related to morpheme. Many researchers have conducted to study on relationship between morphological awareness and lexical knowledge. This dissertation aims to study on the relationship between morphological awareness and lexical ability of IB Middle Year Programme (MYP) students in Hong Kong. This is a quantitative research. Data collection includes two tests of the morphological awareness and lexical ability paper-pencil tests and one summative unit test of Chinese Language subject in a school. IB MYP students of two classes participated in this study and their morphological awareness and lexical ability were tested and analyzed by the statistical analysis software. The objectives of the study are: (1) Analysis on the types of lexicon errors of IB MYP students in Hong Kong; (2) Analysis on the relationship between morphological awareness and lexical ability of IB MYP students in Hong Kong; (3) Suggestions on developing of morphological awareness in learning Chinese Language as a second language. The results find that most of the lexicon errors were related to the tones and radical components of Chinese character, it is suggested to develop the homophone awareness and the orthographic awareness of Chinese character to reduce the lexicon errors. The morphological awareness of students has influence on student’s lexical ability. The homophone awareness has a closer relationship with lexical ability. The morphological awareness of the mental lexicon has an influence on the amount of mental lexicon and the ability of using lexicon. It is suggested to develop the morphological awareness of students in teaching Chinese as a second language to further study the relationship between the development of morphological awareness and mental lexicon in the future.
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Master of Education