Academic literature on the topic 'XIX century Warfare'

The article presents a historical example of solving the issue of providing public health care in hard-to-reach and sparsely populated territories in the context of a lack of medical personnel and the danger of outbreaks of epidemic diseases. The data concerns mobile medical units, specifically their management experience and recruiting in the Far North of the European part of Russia. Particular attention is paid to little-known facts relating to the last quarter of the XIX century and the First World War. In the Arkhangelsk province, the successful experience of “flying” medical teams, tested in the conditions of warfare, began to be applied in peacetime for temporary workers at the time of fishing and hunting on the remote deserted coasts of the northern seas. Due to the expansion of social infrastructure, the need for “medical units” disappeared, but was again requested in 1916-1920, when, in conditions of war and the mobilisation of medical personnel in the army, the civilian population of remote districts did not receive sufficient medical care, which created the danger of massive epidemics. A feature of this period was the widespread involvement of women doctors in the mobile medical units, even before the officially adopted resolution on their mobilisation in wartime. The activities of mobile medical units allowed reducing the risk of epidemics by localising individual cases and preventing them from spreading among the population, which in war conditions could lead to a quarantine of the Arkhangelsk port and paralyse economic and military relations with allies. Mobile anti-epidemic units became widespread in the following decades (especially during the years of the Civil and Great Patriotic / World War II). They were and continue to be of particular importance for assisting the population of remote northern territories, primarily leading a nomadic lifestyle. The article is based on analysing a large number of original archival sources.

The author addresses reflections on the war by Russian 19th century conservatives, which could be of particular relevance within the context of contemporary discourse about the meaning of the military operation in Ukraine and its prospects. Views on wars fought by the State have always been a kind of prism, through which the attitude to the governmental policy was expressed. The Crimean War of 1853-1856 was a special milestone in developing and changing Russian public perceptions of warfare. The themeЭ of both military and value opposition between Russia and the West became one of the most important trends in Russian conservative thought. In the military actions of the West against Russia, many thinkers saw, besides the quest for geopolitical and economic goals, a clash of ideas, spiritual values, civilizations. Thus, as Russian conservatives reasoned during the Crimean War, the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and other conflicts, military challenges were perceived as an opportunity to realize pressing historical tasks and as a strong impetus for the country's development.

The article examines 11 stages of the formation of the defensive system of the Kamenets-Podilsky fortress from the point of view of stage transformations (II - XVIII centuries). The main factor that initially influenced the formation of the concept of urban defense was the topography of the area. The old island town, surrounded by the canyon of the Smotrych River, had a natural protective potential from the very beginning, which was fully used throughout the Middle Ages. Subsequent reconstructions were supposed to strengthen the defensive parameters of the area. However, with the advent of long-range artillery, the former defensive advantages of the island led to the degradation of the fortress. The city on the island, surrounded by a river canyon, became a convenient target for enemy artillery stationed on the opposite high bank. All the disadvantages of this situation appeared at the end of the 17th century, when the city was captured by the Ottoman army after a short siege. In the XIX century, military engineers proposed to create a system of powerful forts on the opposite bank of the river, but the lack of financial resources did not allow this idea to be realized. As a result, the fortified city remained an archaic medieval complex, unsuitable for other military functions

The article analyzes the transformation of concepts like liberty, equality, and democracy depending on the political, historical, and socio-cultural context. The author proposes to trace the significant difference in understanding “universal” socio-political values by using the classical liberal theories of B. Constant and A. de Tocqueville compared to modern international political processes. The author uses comparative and historical analysis methods, and a cultural and axiological approach to studying the ideology and politics. The argument is that the ancient understanding of liberty was irrelevant for the society of the XIX century, just as B. Constant’s classical understanding of liberty no longer meets the changing socio-political needs of people living in the XXI century. It does not consider a fundamentally new sphere of human activity like freedom and privacy in the digital world. Recognizing the value of democracy, the author observes that today, A. de Tocqueville’s approach is more than adequate for understanding political processes. For example, the post-election information warfare in the United States in 2020 shows the relevance of the specific understanding of Tocqueville’s democracy as a profound process of total equality spread. The main conclusion is that the political values familiar to modern discourse often are interpreted inadequately to reality since scientific understanding is rigid and lags behind the rapid development of information technologies, globalization, and virtualization.

Spanish and Ottoman empires had more similarities that could be found at first glance. Both experienced the take-off as leading force in Europe and Asia respectively, being for a while the most fearful and powerful states during XVI, faced economic and political blunders in XVII century and slightly ended with stagnation in XVIII century (as conventional wisdom says). Using comparative method and cultural analysis, article tries to answer a question – how unique or regular was that issues which stroke Spain and Ottoman Empires, how deeply they were engaged in so called decline narrative, created in XIX century European historiography and is it possible to create common trend for empire`s stagnation using not only historical sociology method (sociology of revolution used by Jack Goldstone and Teda Skocpole) and world-system analysis provided by Immanuel Wallerstein, with emphasis on history of ideas or begriffsgeschichte by Reinhardt Kosseleck. Main results are going to provide a more correct view on the status of Spanish and Turkish Empires during the XVIII century. Despite that Ottomans and Spaniards had obvious differences in political distribution, economic capabilities, warfare tactics and external actions, almost simultaneous decline was based on clear and exact reasons: lack of industrialization (production with high surplus value), hush incorporation of Ottoman and Spanish Empires into World-Economy, lack of defending tariffs, ineffective fiscal system and policy, devastating and lasting wars, decreasing price for agricultural products, down warding Kondratieff cycle, rigid political and social units, which constrain strict political actions. These gaps made the Empire’s decline possible notwithstanding those problems which they had previously. Oppositely, major European states (England, France, Prussia) had made reversed actions, which took a long time, but made European “take-off” inevitable, assured their economical breakaway to further domination over the Ottomans and Spaniards as well.

В рецензии рассматривается монография Павла Самойленко, посвященная истории Ставропольской епархии, образованной в середине XIX в. Первые десятилетия она существовала в условиях постоянных военных действий, православное население находилось в иноконфессиональном окружении, хотя на этой территории издавна бытовало христианство. Исследование основано на материалах Государственного архива Ставропольского края, периодической печати («Кавказские епархиальные ведомости» и др.), дореволюционной литературе, трудах святителя Игнатия Брянчанинова, епископа Иеремии и др. Автор подробно освещает административную деятельность восьми ставропольских архиереев. Анализируется деятельность пастырей Ставрополья, развитие духовного образования и просвещения, миссионерская и благотворительная деятельность, храмовое строительство, жизнь монастырских обителей, издательская деятельность, в частности роль «Кавказских епархиальных ведомостей» в духовной жизни края. The review examines the monograph by Pavel Samoilenko, dedicated to the history of the Stavropol diocese, formed in the middle of the 19th century. For the first decades, it existed in conditions of constant warfare, the Orthodox population was surrounded by a different confession, although Christianity had long existed in this territory. The study is based on materials from the State Archives of the Stavropol Region, periodicals («Caucasian Diocesan Paper», etc.), pre-revolutionary literature, the works of St. Ignatius Brianchaninov, Bishop Jeremiah, etc. The author covers in detail the administrative activities of eight Stavropol bishops. The activities of the pastors of Stavropol, the development of spiritual education, missionary and charitable activities, temple construction, the life of monastic communities, publishing activities, in particular the role of the «Caucasian Diocesan Paper» in the spiritual life of the region are analyzed.

This article explores the contribution of scientists, who’s scientific and teaching activities were associated with the Department of International Law of the University of St. Volodymyr in Kiev, in the development of problems of the law of war. In the XIX century began the process of codification of laws and customs of war, which is carried out in two directions – the protection of war victims (i.e., the Geneva law, which began with the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field 1864) and legal regulation of limits on methods and means of waging war (i.e. the Hague Law, which began with documents such as the Liber Code 1863, the St. Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight 1868 and the draft Brussels Declaration Concerning the Laws and Customs of War 1874), which eventually led to adoption of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. It is not surprising, therefore, that the international legal doctrine of the nineteenth century in many countries has paid considerable attention to the study of issues related to the laws and customs of war. International lawyers, whose scientific activity was connected with St. Volodymyr's University in Kyiv, were no exception. All of them have published works on the general question of the relationship between war and international law, or the legal regulation of limits on methods and means of waging war and protecting the victims of war. This topic also dominates in their dissertation research, in particular the dissertation pro venia legendi by R. Baziner, master's dissertation by N. Rennenkampf, master's and doctoral dissertations by O. Eikhel’man and P Bogaevskii. Among the topics that were the subject of scientific research of pre-revolutionary Kyiv international lawyers can be identified general issues of the relationship between war and international law (V. Nezabitovskii), the law of naval warfare, in particular the inviolability of private property during naval war (N. Rennenkampf, R. Baziner), legal status of prisoners of war (O. Eichelman), rights and responsibilities of the occupying state (O. Eikhel’man), legal issues of the Red Cross (P. Bogaevskii), legal content and history of adoption Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field of August 22, 1864 (P. Bogaevskii).

Nowadays, one hundred years after the greatest sea and trench battles, a question is posed: how could this Great European War change not only the continental configurations, but also the concepts of war and war literature? Until the nineteenth century, many saw war as some heroic act through which men could prove their bravery in an open fight, facing the enemy directly. By means of new weapon technology, death comes invisibly: gas, submarines, long-range artilleries, mines, airplanes, tanks, and machine guns. War strategies are altered and the feeling of a worthy fight in order to defend one’s homeland is ended. In this article, the great disillusion with war will be exemplified in the following romances: Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet in the Western Front (1929); concerning land warfare, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez’s The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1916), as well as Reinhard Göring’s Expressionist drama Seeschlacht (1917).Primeira Guerra Mundial sobre a Europa e a Literatura de Guerra em Períodos de Grandes DificuldadesHoje, cem anos depois das maiores batalhas navais e de trincheiras, cabe a pergunta: como esta Grande Guerra Europeia mudou não somente as configurações do continente, mas também os conceitos de guerra e de literatura de guerra? Até o século XIX, a guerra era vista por muitos como um ato heroico, pelo qual os homens podiam comprovar a sua valentia numa luta aberta, encarando diretamente o inimigo. Com a nova tecnologia de armas, a morte vem de forma invisível: gás, submarinos, artilharias de longo alcance, minas, aviões, tanques e metralhadoras. Muda-se a estratégia bélica e finda o sentimento de uma luta nobre para defender a pátria. Neste artigo, a grande desilusão com a guerra será exemplificada através dos romances Nada de novo no front (1929) de Erich Maria Remarque, Os quatro cavaleiros do Apocalipse (1916) de Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, abarcando a guerra terrestre, assim como o drama expressionista Batalha naval (1917) de Reinhard Göring.

This is a study of warfare fought in the name of God by Jews, Christians, andMuslims from biblical until modem times. The book is impressive in its scopeand in the wide range of authorities consulted; the author has gone out of hisway to be neutral and impartial. In his introduction, for example, Partner recognizesthat "less than half a century ago, unconscious of their own arroganceand inaccuracy. Westerners used to write confidently about something theycalled the Arab mind" (p. xix). The book's critical apparatus is nearly perfect:there is a glossary, a chronological table, and an index; and, in addition to ashort bibliography with the notes to each chapter, there is a brief reading list ondifferent topics. This means that students will find the book easy to use.Having said this, readers should be warned that, like most academicresearch, the general tone is dogmatically secular and cynical about spiritualmotives. Although the author criticizes the prejudices of earlier historians, hehimself speaks of Islam as "a program of conquest" and states that "Muslimsset themselves almost from the outset the task of Islamizing the whole worldby force of arms" (p. 38). Despite his remarks on the greater jihad, referring tothe inner spiritual struggle against evil, there is little recognition of Islam as aspiritual message; he says that Muhammad ''came to warn, perhaps also to conquer"(p. 42). Indeed, the striving denoted by the verb jahada is primarily spiritualor moral as in the admonition to the Prophet: "Strive hard against thedeniers of the truth and the hypocrites" (9:73). Other passages indicate that theQur'an itself is the instrument with which believers must strive against unbelievers(25:52; 66:9). As Seyyed Hossein Nasr says, concerning the concept ofjihad, "Its translation into 'holy war,' combined with the erroneous notion ofIslam prevalent in the West as the 'religion of the sword,' has helped to eclipseits inner and spiritual significance."1 All external forms of struggle, such asfighting ignorance and injustice, are incomplete without the inner struggle, andthe result of that struggle will be peace and love: "Repel evil with that whichis better. Then he between whom and thee there was enmity will become asthough he had always been a bosom friend" (41:34) ...

-John Parker, Norman J.W. Thrower, Sir Francis Drake and the famous voyage, 1577-1580. Los Angeles: University of California Press, Contributions of the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Vol. 11, 1984. xix + 214 pp.-Franklin W. Knight, B.W. Higman, Trade, government and society in Caribbean history 1700-1920. Kingston: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983. xii + 172 pp.-A.J.R. Russel-Wood, Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion Volume III, 1984. xxxi + 585 pp.-Tony Martin, John Gaffar la Guerre, The social and political thought of the colonial intelligentsia. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1982. 136 pp.-Egenek K. Galbraith, Raymond T. Smith, Kinship ideology and practice in Latin America. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. 341 pp.-Anthony P. Maingot, James Pack, Nelson's blood: the story of naval rum. Annapolis MD, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press and Havant Hampshire, U.K.: Kenneth Mason, 1982. 200 pp.-Anthony P. Maingot, Hugh Barty-King ,Rum: yesterday and today. London: William Heineman, 1983. xviii + 264 pp., Anton Massel (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Alejandro Portes ,Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. xxi + 387 pp., Robert L. Bach (eds)-Wayne S. Smith, Carlos Franqui, Family portrait wth Fidel: a memoir. New York: Random House, 1984. xxiii + 263 pp.-Sergio G. Roca, Claes Brundenius, Revolutionary Cuba: the challenge of economic growth with equity. Boulder CO: Westview Press and London: Heinemann, 1984. xvi + 224 pp.-H. Hoetink, Bernardo Vega, La migración española de 1939 y los inicios del marxismo-leninismo en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 208 pp.-Antonio T. Díaz-Royo, César Andreú-Iglesias, Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: a contribution to the history of the Puerto Rican community in New York. Translated by Juan Flores. New York and London: Monthly Review, 1984. xix + 243 pp.-Mariano Negrón-Portillo, Harold J. Lidin, History of the Puerto Rican independence movement: 20th century. Maplewood NJ; Waterfront Press, 1983. 250 pp.-Roberto DaMatta, Teodore Vidal, Las caretas de cartón del Carnaval de Ponce. San Juan: Ediciones Alba, 1983. 107 pp.-Manuel Alvarez Nazario, Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu, Esclavos negros en Cartagena y sus aportes léxicos. Bogotá: Institute Caro y Cuervo, 1982. xvii + 247 pp.-J.T. Gilmore, P.F. Campbell, The church in Barbados in the seventeenth century. Garrison, Barbados; Barbados Museum and Historical Society, 1982. 188 pp.-Douglas K. Midgett, Neville Duncan ,Women and politics in Barbados 1948-1981. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research (Eastern Caribbean), Women in the Caribbean Project vol. 3, 1983. x + 68 pp., Kenneth O'Brien (eds)-Ken I. Boodhoo, Maurice Bishop, Forward ever! Three years of the Grenadian Revolution. Speeches of Maurice Bishop. Sydney: Pathfinder Press, 1982. 287 pp.-Michael L. Conniff, Velma Newton, The silver men: West Indian labour migration to Panama, 1850-1914. Kingston: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xx + 218 pp.-Robert Dirks, Frank L. Mills ,Christmas sports in St. Kitts: our neglected cultural tradition. With lessons by Bertram Eugene. Frederiksted VI: Eastern Caribbean Institute, 1984. iv + 66 pp., S.B. Jones-Hendrickson (eds)-Catherine L. Macklin, Virginia Kerns, Woman and the ancestors: Black Carib kinship and ritual. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983. xv + 229 pp.-Marian McClure, Brian Weinstein ,Haiti: political failures, cultural successes. New York: Praeger (copublished with Hoover Institution Press, Stanford), 1984. xi + 175 pp., Aaron Segal (eds)-A.J.F. Köbben, W.S.M. Hoogbergen, De Boni-oorlogen, 1757-1860: marronage en guerilla in Oost-Suriname (The Boni wars, 1757-1860; maroons and guerilla warfare in Eastern Suriname). Bronnen voor de studie van Afro-amerikaanse samenlevinen in de Guyana's, deel 11 (Sources for the Study of Afro-American Societies in the Guyanas, no. 11). Dissertation, University of Utrecht, 1985. 527 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Baijah Mhango, Aid and dependence: the case of Suriname, a study in bilateral aid relations. Paramaribo: SWI, Foundation in the Arts and Sciences, 1984. xiv + 171 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Sandew Hira, Balans van een coup: drie jaar 'surinaamse revolutie.' Rotterdam: Futile (Blok & Flohr), 1983. 175 pp.-Ian Robertson, John A. Holm ,Dictionary of Bahamian English. New York: Lexik House Publishers, 1982. xxxix + 228 pp., Alison Watt Shilling (eds)-Erica Williams Connell, Paul Sutton, Commentary: A reply from Williams Connell (to the review by Anthony Maingot in NWIG 57:89-97).

L’esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell’Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l’effettività militare dell’esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un’analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell’istituzione militare del Regno d’Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l’apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell’esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d’origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d’archivio della Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d’Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l’esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell’Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell’invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive.
The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

The human drive for knowledge, together with the technology development, often accelerated by warfare, has opened new frontiers to exploration. Once the exploration of the Earth globe came to an end with the conquest of the geographical poles, of the high mountains, and the ocean deeps, mankind developed new attention to Space and the exploration of the Universe, not only by means of ground based telescopes, but with rockets, unmanned and manned satellites and spacecrafts. In the mid of XX century, the drivers are similar to those that pushed the Nations of XV century to discover the world: geopolitics strategies, hunger for resources and knowledge, conquer and adventure. We are just at the beginning. This is a brief overview of the Space Age history and of the present and future development.

This chapter investigates how the animated film New Tunnel Warfare (Xin didao zhan, 2009), a remake of the red classic Tunnel Warfare (Didao zhan, 1965), reshapes the socio-political ideologies present in the original film for a twenty-first century child audience. The chapter particularly focuses, firstly, on how New Tunnel Warfare re-inserts the biological family into Communist discourse, in contrast to the original film where the biological family was less important than the Communist ‘family’ of people unrelated by blood. Secondly, the chapter analyses the overt representation of violence in New Tunnel Warfare and the responses of its characters to violent acts. Finally, the chapter examines the film’s revival of the intellectual as a positive figure in Communist mythology. The chapter argues that these changes have been made in New Tunnel Warfare to reflect the major socio-political changes in Chinese society between the 1960s and the early twenty-first century