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Journal articles on the topic 'Xerogel aerogel'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 22 June 2024

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1

Ksouri, Dalila, Hafit Khireddine, Ali Aksas, Tiago Valente, Fatima Bir, Nadir Slimani, Belén Cabal, Ramón Torrecillas, and José Domingos Santos. "Synthesis of ternary bioactive glass derived aerogel and xerogel: study of their structure and bioactivity." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2018-0016.

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Abstract In this work ternary bioactive glasses with the molar composition 63 % SiO2, 28 % CaO, and 9 % P2O5 have been prepared via sol-gel processing route leading to xerogel or aerogel glasses, depending on the drying conditions. Two types of drying methods were used: atmospheric pressure drying (evaporative), to produce xerogels, and supercritical fluids drying, to obtain aerogels. Both dried gels were subjected to heat-treatment at three different temperatures: 400, 600 and 800 ºC in order to the removal of synthesis byproducts and structural modifications. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and by in vitro bioactivity tests in simulated body fluid. The influence of the drying and the sintering temperature of their structure, morphology, and bioactivity of the final products were evaluated. The results show a good bioactivity of xerogel and aerogel bioactive glass powders with the formation of an apatite layer after one day of immersion in SBF solution for aerogel bioactive glass powders and a particle size less than 10 nm. An apatite layer formed after 3 days in the case of xerogel bioactive glass powders and a particle size around 100 nm.

2

Xu, Bi, Jing Jing Ge, and Zai Sheng Cai. "One-Step Processing to Fabricate Highly Transparent Superhydrophobic Surface via Granuliform Silica Aerogels." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1042–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1042.

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A simple, versatile method has been developed to fabricate the transparent superhydrophobic surface via granuliform silica aerogels. The effect of ageing on the wettability, microstructure morphology and chemical structure of the dried gels has been investigated. Silica aerogel (dried alcogel with ageing) has a 3D porous network exhibiting the high surface area and pore volume. In comparison, large aggregates of silica nanoparticles exist within the backbone of the silica xerogel (dried alcogel without ageing). Both the aerogel and xerogel exhibit analogous chemical composition with abundant of methyl groups on the surface. The rough surface due to the high porosity and low surface energy provided by the methyl groups of aerogel contribute to the superhydrophobicity. Meanwhile, glass slides coated with aerogel film is highly transparent because the roughness created by the aerogel film is limited.

3

Ammar, Muhammad, Aneela Wakeel, Muhammad Ali Nasir, and Muhammad Zubair. "Investigation of mechanical and thermal behavior of fiber-reinforced silica xerogel composites." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 12, 2024): e0303293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303293.

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Silica aerogels or xerogels are renowned dried gels with low density, high surface area, higher porosity, and better thermal stability which makes it suitable for aerospace, light weight structures, thermal insulation, and hydrophobic coatings. But brittle behaviour, low mechanical strength, and high manufacturing cost restrict its usage. Recently, the addition of various fibres like glass or carbon fiber is one of the best reinforcement methods to minimize the brittle behaviour. Supercritical drying technique usually used to develop aerogel that is expensive and difficult to produce in bulk quantities. Higher cost obstacle can be tackled by applying ambient pressure drying technique to develop xerogel. But researcher observed cracks in samples prepared through the ambient pressure drying technique is still a major shortcoming. The aim of this study is to systematically analyze the influence of silica gel fiber reinforcement on silica xerogels, encompassing morphology, mechanics, thermal behaviour, compression test, and thermogravimetric characteristics. The research used a low-cost precursor named Tetraethyl orthosilicate to synthesize low-cost composite Silica xerogel and glass and carbon fiber added to provide strength and flexibility to the overall composite. Silica gel works as binder in strengthening the xerogel network. The investigation employs scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the morphology of the composites, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis to affirm hydrophobic characteristics, compression tests to assess mechanical strength, and thermogravimetric tests to study weight loss under different conditions. SEM results reveals that glass fibers exhibit lower adhesion to the xerogel network compared to carbon fibers. FTIR analysis confirms the hydrophobicity of the composite silica xerogel. Compression tests showed that, under a 48% strain rate, the carbon fiber composite demonstrates superior compressive stress endurance. Thermogravimetric tests revealed a 1% lower weight loss for the carbon fiber composite compared to the glass fiber composite. This work concludes that glass and carbon fiber together with silica gel particles successfully facilitated in developing flexible, less costly, hydrophobic, and crack-free silica xerogel composites by APD. These advancements have the potential to drive innovations in material science and technology across diverse industries.

4

Lassoued, Hela, Noelia Mota, Elena Millán Ordóñez, Sahar Raissi, Mohamed Kadri Younes, Carlos Quilis Romero, and Rufino M. Navarro Yerga. "Improved Dimethyl Ether Production from Syngas over Aerogel Sulfated Zirconia and Cu-ZnO(Al) Bifunctional Composite Catalysts." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237328.

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This work is dedicated to the study of the effect of the synthesis conditions (drying and calcination) of sulfated zirconia on the final catalytic behavior of bifunctional composite catalysts prepared by the physical mixing of the sulfated zirconia (methanol dehydration catalyst) with Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA; methanol synthesis catalyst). The main objective was to optimize the CZA-ZrO2/SO42− composite catalyst for its use in the direct production of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas. Sulfated zirconia aerogel (AZS) and xerogel (XZS) were prepared using the sol–gel method using different solvent evacuation conditions and calcination temperatures, while the Cu-ZnO(Al) catalyst was synthesized using the coprecipitation procedure. The effectivity of CZA-ZrO2/SO42− composite catalysts for the direct production of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas was evaluated in a flow reactor at 250 °C and 30 bar total pressure. The characterization of the sulfated zirconia aerogels and xerogels using different techniques showed that the mesoporous aerogel (AZS0.5300) exhibited the best textural and acidic properties due to the gel drying under supercritical conditions and calcination at 300 °C. As a result, the composite catalyst CZA-AZS0.5300 exhibited seven times higher DME production than its xerogel-containing counterpart (364 vs. 52 μmolDME·min−1·gcat−1). This was attributed to its well-matched metal surface, mesoporous structure, optimal crystallite size and, most importantly, its higher acidity.

5

Pérez-Moreno, Antonio, Manuel Piñero, Rafael Fernández-Montesinos, Gonzalo Pinaglia-Tobaruela, María V. Reyes-Peces, María del Mar Mesa-Díaz, José Ignacio Vilches-Pérez, Luis Esquivias, Nicolás de la Rosa-Fox, and Mercedes Salido. "Chitosan-Silica Hybrid Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Comparative Study of Xerogels and Aerogels." Gels 9, no. 5 (May 5, 2023): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9050383.

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Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that shows promise as a biomaterial for bone-tissue regeneration. However, because of their limited ability to induce cell differentiation and high degradation rate, among other drawbacks associated with its use, the creation of CS-based biomaterials remains a problem in bone tissue engineering research. Here we aimed to reduce these disadvantages while retaining the benefits of potential CS biomaterial by combining it with silica to provide sufficient additional structural support for bone regeneration. In this work, CS-silica xerogel and aerogel hybrids with 8 wt.% CS content, designated SCS8X and SCS8A, respectively, were prepared by sol-gel method, either by direct solvent evaporation at the atmospheric pressure or by supercritical drying in CO2, respectively. As reported in previous studies, it was confirmed that both types of mesoporous materials exhibited large surface areas (821 m2g−1–858 m2g−1) and outstanding bioactivity, as well as osteoconductive properties. In addition to silica and chitosan, the inclusion of 10 wt.% of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), designated SCS8T10X, was also considered, which stimulates a fast bioactive response of the xerogel surface. The results here obtained also demonstrate that xerogels induced earlier cell differentiation than the aerogels with identical composition. In conclusion, our study shows that the sol-gel synthesis of CS-silica xerogels and aerogels enhances not only their bioactive response, but also osteoconduction and cell differentiation properties. Therefore, these new biomaterials should provide adequate secretion of the osteoid for a fast bone regeneration.

6

Gupta, Swati, Anil Gaikwad, Ashok Mahajan, Hongxiao Lin, and Zhewei He. "Sol–gel deposited xerogel, aerogel and porogen based porous low-k thin films: A comparative investigation." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 14n16 (May 5, 2021): 2140019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221400191.

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Low dielectric constant (Low-[Formula: see text]) films are used as inter layer dielectric (ILD) in nanoelectronic devices to reduce interconnect delay, crosstalk noise and power consumption. Tailoring capability of porous low-[Formula: see text] films attracted more attention. Present work investigates comparative study of xerogel, aerogel and porogen based porous low-[Formula: see text] films. Deposition of SiO2 and incorporation of less polar bonds in film matrix is confirmed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Refractive indices (RI) of xerogel, aerogel and porogen based low-[Formula: see text] films observed to be as low as 1.25, 1.19 and 1.14, respectively. Higher porosity percentage of 69.46% is observed for porogen-based films while for shrinked xerogel films, it is lowered to 45.47%. Porous structure of low-[Formula: see text] films has been validated by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The pore diameters of porogen based annealed samples were in the range of 3.53–25.50 nm. The dielectric constant ([Formula: see text]) obtained from RI for xerogel, aerogel and porogen based films are 2.58, 2.20 and 1.88, respectively.

7

Gaumet, Alizé, Francesco Caddeo, Danilo Loche, Anna Corrias, Maria Casula, Andrea Falqui, and Alberto Casu. "Magnetic Study of CuFe2O4-SiO2 Aerogel and Xerogel Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102680.

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CuFe2O4 is an example of ferrites whose physico-chemical properties can vary greatly at the nanoscale. Here, sol-gel techniques are used to produce CuFe2O4-SiO2 nanocomposites where copper ferrite nanocrystals are grown within a porous dielectric silica matrix. Nanocomposites in the form of both xerogels and aerogels with variable loadings of copper ferrite (5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%) were synthesized. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction investigations showed the occurrence of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles with average crystal size ranging from a few nanometers up to around 9 nm, homogeneously distributed within the porous silica matrix, after thermal treatment of the samples at 900 °C. Evidence of some impurities of CuO and α-Fe2O3 was found in the aerogel samples with 10 wt% and 15 wt% loading. DC magnetometry was used to investigate the magnetic properties of these nanocomposites, as a function of the loading of copper ferrite and of the porosity characteristics. All the nanocomposites show a blocking temperature lower than RT and soft magnetic features at low temperature. The observed magnetic parameters are interpreted taking into account the occurrence of size and interaction effects in an ensemble of superparamagnetic nanoparticles distributed in a matrix. These results highlight how aerogel and xerogel matrices give rise to nanocomposites with different magnetic features and how the spatial distribution of the nanophase in the matrices modifies the final magnetic properties with respect to the case of conventional unsupported nanoparticles.

8

Casula, M. F., A. Corrias, and G. Paschina. "Nickel oxide–silica and nickel–silica aerogel and xerogel nanocomposite materials." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 10 (October 2000): 2187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0315.

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The sol-gel method was used to prepare nickel oxide–silica and nickel–silica nanocomposite materials and the corresponding silica matrices. Different drying conditions were used to obtain aerogel and xerogel materials. The samples were characterized by thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, N2–physisorption, transmission electron microscopy techniques, and infrared spectroscopy. Aerogel samples had a much higher surface area than the xerogel samples; moreover, different supercritical drying conditions gave rise to a different porous structure, which influenced the size and distribution of the nanoparticles in the matrix.

9

Liu, Chunling, and Sridhar Komarneni. "Carbon-silica xerogel and aerogel composites." Journal of Porous Materials 1, no. 1 (1995): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00486526.

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10

Jung, Sung Mi, Dong Won Kim, and Hyun Young Jung. "Which is the most effective pristine graphene electrode for energy storage devices: aerogel or xerogel?" Nanoscale 11, no. 38 (2019): 17563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06898h.

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11

Orlovic, Aleksandar, Djordje Janackovic, Sasa Drmanic, Zorica Marinkovic, and Dejan Skala. "Alumina/silica aerogel with zinc chloride as an alkylation catalyst." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 66, no. 10 (2001): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0110685o.

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The alumina/silica with zinc chloride aerogel alkylation catalyst was obtained using a one step sol-gel synthesis, and subsequent drying with supercritical carbon dioxide. The aerogel catalyst activity was found to be higher compared to the corresponding xerogel catalyst, as a result of the higher aerogel surface area, total pore volume and favourable pore size distribution. Mixed Al-O-Si bonds were present in both gel catalyst types. Activation by thermal treatment in air was needed prior to catalytic alkylation, due to the presence of residual organic groups on the aerogel surface. The optimal activation temperature was found to be in the range 185-225 ?C, while higher temperatures resulted in the removal of zinc chloride from the surface of the aerogel catalyst with a consequential decrease in the catalytic activity. On varying the zinc chloride content, the catalytic activity of the aerogel catalyst exhibited a maximum. High zinc chloride contents decreased the catalytic activity of the aerogel catalyst as the result of the pores of the catalyst being plugged with this compound, and the separation of the alumina/silica support into Al-rich and Si-rich phases. The surface area, total pore volume, pore size distribution and zinc chloride content had a similar influence on the activity of the aerogel catalyst as was the case of xerogel catalyst and supported zinc chloride catalysts.

12

Mizushima, Yasuyuki, and Makoto Hori. "Preparation of barium hexa-aluminate aerogel." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 9 (September 1994): 2272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2272.

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Barium hexa-aluminate (BaO · 6Al2O3) aerogels were prepared using a supercritical drying method and their properties examined. A barium hexa-aluminate aerogel prepared from a double alkoxide of barium and aluminum showed a high specific surface area of 421 m2/g. Monolithic barium hexa-aluminate formed. No BaO · Al2O3 or alumina was observed, as is often the case in powder processing. The specific surface area of the monolithic barium hexa-aluminate fired at 1400 °C for 2 h was 12 m2/g, while that of the barium hexa-aluminate xerogel was only 0.8 m2/g. A barium hexa-aluminate aerogel was also prepared using barium by using a chelating agent. This aerogel showed a specific surface area of 454 m2/g as-dried. In the case of the chelating agent, BaO · Al2O3 was also detected along with barium hexa-aluminate after firing.

13

Tursiloadi, Silvester, Hiroaki Imai, and Hiroshi Hirashima. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS ALUMINA-TITANIA AEROGEL VIA CO₂ SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 4, no. 3 (June 10, 2010): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21845.

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Porous aerogel of titania-alumina were prepared by hydrolysis of metal alkoxides and supercritical extraction of the solvent. Monolithic wet-gel of 0.2TiO2-0.8Al2O3, prepared by hydrolysis of metal alkoxides in alcoholic solutions, and the solvent in wet gel was supercritically extracted in CO2 at 60oC and 24Mpa for 2h. Thermal evolutions of the microstructure of the gel were evaluated by differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometer. After calcination at 500oC, the specific surface area of the gel was more than 400m2g-1. The average pore radius of aerogel, about 8nm, was about 50% of that for alumina aerogel, but about 4 times larger than that of the xerogel. The specific surface area of the aerogel was more than 200m2g-1 after calcination at 800oC. The pore size and pore volume of aerogel hardly decreased after calcinations at 800oC, although those values of the xerogel remarkably decreased after calcination up to 800oC. The thermal stability of the microstructure of porous titania-alumina is improved by supercritical extraction. Keywords: Oxides, Sol-gel chemistry, X-ray diffraction, Infrared pectroscopy

14

Kim, Hyeonjung, Kangyong Kim, Hyunhong Kim, Doo Jin Lee, and Jongnam Park. "Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Water-Glass-Based Silica Aerogels via Catechol-Based Modifier." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122406.

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Silica aerogels have attracted much attention owing to their excellent thermal insulation properties. However, the conventional synthesis of silica aerogels involves the use of expensive and toxic alkoxide precursors and surface modifiers such as trimethylchlorosilane. In this study, cost-effective water-glass silica aerogels were synthesized using an eco-friendly catechol derivative surface modifier instead of trimethylchlorosilane. Polydopamine was introduced to increase adhesion to the SiO2 surface. The addition of 4-tert-butyl catechol and hexylamine imparted hydrophobicity to the surface and suppressed the polymerization of the polydopamine. After an ambient pressure drying process, catechol-modified aerogel exhibited a specific surface area of 377 m2/g and an average pore diameter of approximately 21 nm. To investigate their thermal conductivities, glass wool sheets were impregnated with catechol-modified aerogel. The thermal conductivity was 40.4 mWm−1K−1, which is lower than that of xerogel at 48.7 mWm−1K−1. Thus, by precisely controlling the catechol coating in the mesoporous framework, an eco-friendly synthetic method for aerogel preparation is proposed.

15

Weng, Kevin C., Johan J. R. Stålgren, David J. Duval, Subhash H. Risbud, and Curtis W. Frank. "Fluid Biomembranes Supported on Nanoporous Aerogel/Xerogel Substrates." Langmuir 20, no. 17 (August 2004): 7232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la049940d.

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16

Casula, Maria F., Anna Corrias, and Giorgio Paschina. "Iron oxide–silica aerogel and xerogel nanocomposite materials." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 293-295 (November 2001): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(01)00641-x.

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17

Rastegar, Ayoob, Mitra Gholami, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Majid Kermani, and Yeganeh Kosar Hashemi. "Use of NH4Cl for activation of carbon xerogel to prepare a novel efficacious adsorbent for benzene removal from contaminated air streams in a fixed-bed column." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 18, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00533-5.

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Abstract Background Ammonium chloride as an explosive salt has proved to be a prominent activation agent for adsorbents and increase the specific surface area and volume of cavities. In this work, the ability of this substance was scrutinized for activation of carbon aerogel to prepare an efficient adsorbent for benzene removal from air streams. Methods A carbon xerogel was fabricated from Novallac polymer and activated by ammonium chloride.The changes in structure and morphology were considered via Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. Also, comprehensive studies were conducted to vouchsafe the properties of the new adsorbent for benzene removal, using a fixed-bed column mode. Results The results showed both the successful synthesis and the suitability of the activation process. ACX possessed a higher specific surface area (1008 g/m3), compared to the parent carbon xerogel (CX; 543.7 g/m3) and organic xerogel (OX; 47 g/m3), as well as a higher adsorption capacity. Conclusion NH4CL is a very beneficial for modifying the structure and morphology of carbon aerogel, and the dynamic behavior of the column with respect inlet benzene concentration can be explained by Yan-Nelson model.

18

Priyono, Bambang, Akhmad Herman Yuwono, B. Munir, A. Rahman, A. Maulana, and H. Abimanyu. "Synthesis of Highly-Ordered TiO₂ through CO₂ Supercritical Extraction for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Application." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.28.

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Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the very promising alternative renewable energy sources to anticipate the diminishing in the fossil fuel reserves in the next few decades and to make use of the abundance of intensive sunlight energy in tropical countries like Indonesia. TiO2nanoparticles have been used as the photo electrode in DSSC because of its high surface area and allow the adsorption of a large number of dye molecules. In the present study, TiO2aerogel have been synthesized via sol-gel process with water to inorganic precursor ratio (Rw) of 2.00, followed with subsequent drying by CO2supercritical extraction (SCE). As comparison, the TiO2xerogel was also prepared by conventional drying and annealing. Both types of gels were subjected to conventional and multi-step annealing. The resulting nanoparticles in aerogel and xerogel have a band-gap energy of 3.10 and 3.04 eV, respectively. The open circuit voltage (Voc) measurement reveals that the DSSC fabricated with aerogel provided a higher voltage (21,40 mV) than xerogel (1,10 mV).

19

Ruben, G. C., and R. W. Pekala. "Imaging organic aerogels at the molecular level." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086398.

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The sol-gel polymerization of metal alkoxides or certain multifunctional organic monomers leads to the formation of highly crosslinked, transparent gels. If the solvent is simply evaporated from the pores of these gels, large capillary forces are exerted, and a collapsed structure known as a xerogel is formed. In order to preserve the gel skeleton, it is necessary to remove the the aforementioned solvent under supercritical conditions. The low density, microporous material that results from this operation is known as an aerogel. Aerogels have an ultrafine cell/pore size (< 500 Å), connected porosity, high surface areas (400-1000 m2/g), and an ultrastructure composed of interconnected colloidal-like particles or polymeric chains with characteristic dimensions of 100 Å. This ultrastructure is responsible for the unique optical, thermal, and acoustic properties of aerogels. For example, the ultrafine cell/pore size minimizes light scattering; and thus, aerogels are transparent porous solids. The high porosity of aerogels makes them excellent insulators with their thermal conductivity being approximately 100X lower than that of the fully dense matrix. Finally, the aerogel skeleton is responsible for the low sound velocities observed in these materials (i.e. 100-300 m/sec).

20

Cotet, L. C., C. I. Fort, V. Danciu, and A. Maicaneanu. "Cu and Cd Adsorption on Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel." E3S Web of Conferences 1 (2013): 25007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130125007.

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Coteţ, L. Cosmin, Andrada Măicăneanu, C. Ioana Forţ, and Virginia Danciu. "Alpha-Cypermethrin Pesticide Adsorption on Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel." Separation Science and Technology 48, no. 17 (November 22, 2013): 2649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2013.805782.

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Li, Lichun, Baris Yalcin, Baochau N. Nguyen, Mary Ann B. Meador, and Miko Cakmak. "Flexible Nanofiber-Reinforced Aerogel (Xerogel) Synthesis, Manufacture, and Characterization." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1, no. 11 (October 23, 2009): 2491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am900451x.

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23

Heinrichs, Benoît, Francis Noville, and Jean-Paul Pirard. "Pd/SiO2-Cogelled Aerogel Catalysts and Impregnated Aerogel and Xerogel Catalysts: Synthesis and Characterization." Journal of Catalysis 170, no. 2 (January 1997): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1997.1772.

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24

Hostetler, J. L., D. Stewart, C. E. Daitch, C. S. Ashley, and P. M. Norris. "Optical polarized reflectance characterization of thin aerogel and xerogel films." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 225 (April 1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00004-0.

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Goksu, Emel I., Matthew I. Hoopes, Barbara A. Nellis, Chenyue Xing, Roland Faller, Curtis W. Frank, Subhash H. Risbud, Joe H. Satcher, and Marjorie L. Longo. "Silica xerogel/aerogel-supported lipid bilayers: Consequences of surface corrugation." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1798, no. 4 (April 2010): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.09.007.

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Signoretto, Michela, Elena Ghedini, Federica Menegazzo, Giuseppina Cerrato, Valentina Crocellà, and Claudia Letizia Bianchi. "Aerogel and xerogel WO3/ZrO2 samples for fine chemicals production." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 165 (January 2013): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.08.003.

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Tokudome, Yasuaki, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, Koji Fujita, Hirofumi Akamatsu, and Teiichi Hanada. "Structural characterization of hierarchically porous alumina aerogel and xerogel monoliths." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 338, no. 2 (October 2009): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2009.06.042.

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Kim, Sung-Wook, Shinji Iwamoto, and Masashi Inoue. "Surface and pore structure of alumina derived from xerogel/aerogel." Journal of Porous Materials 17, no. 3 (June 24, 2009): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10934-009-9302-7.

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Ksouri, Dalila, Hafit Khireddine, and Ali Aksas. "Structure, Morphology and Bioactivity of Bioactive Glass Derived Xerogel and Aerogel." Journal of New Technology and Materials 7, no. 2 (December 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0044600.

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Fenech, Justine, Céline Viazzi, Jean-Pierre Bonino, Florence Ansart, and Antoine Barnabé. "Morphology and structure of YSZ powders: Comparison between xerogel and aerogel." Ceramics International 35, no. 8 (December 2009): 3427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.06.014.

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Papachristopoulou, Konstantina, and Nikolaos A. Vainos. "Systolic Nanofabrication of Super-Resolved Photonics and Biomimetics." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122418.

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Systolic nanofabrication is demonstrated via conformal downsizing of three-dimensional micropatterned monolithic master-casts made of extremely nanoporous aerogel and xerogel materials. The porous solid skeleton collapses by thermal treatment, generating miniaturized replicas, which preserve the original stereometric forms and incorporate minified nanoscale patterns. Paradigmatic holographic and biomimetic nanoarchitectures are conformally downsized by ~4×, yielding subwavelength surface features of less than ~150 nm. The operations demonstrate the super-resolution capabilities of this alternative concept and its potential evolution to an innovative nanotechnology of the future.

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Chong, Saehwa, Brian J. Riley, Jacob A. Peterson, Matthew J. Olszta, and Zayne J. Nelson. "Gaseous Iodine Sorbents: A Comparison between Ag-Loaded Aerogel and Xerogel Scaffolds." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 23 (May 13, 2020): 26127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c02396.

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Bali, Sumit, Frank E. Huggins, Gerald P. Huffman, Richard D. Ernst, Ronald J. Pugmire, and Edward M. Eyring. "Iron Aerogel and Xerogel Catalysts for Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis of Diesel Fuel." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 1 (January 22, 2009): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef8005367.

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Rodríguez, Nicolás, Yazmin Yaneth Agámez-Pertuz, Eduard Romero, Jose de Jesús Díaz-Velásquez, José Antonio Odriozola, and Miguel Ángel Centeno. "Effect of starch as binder in carbon aerogel and carbon xerogel preparation." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 522 (October 2019): 119554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119554.

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Morales-Flórez, V., A. Santos, and L. Esquivias. "Recent insights into xerogel and aerogel mineral composites for CO2 mineral sequestration." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (July 14, 2010): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-010-2276-8.

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Alattar, Ashraf M., Ruaa A. Mohammed, Mohammed J. Alwazzan, and Wesam A. A. Twej. "Dispersion of pure silica xerogel vs NaYF4- xerogel nanomaterials in silica aerogel and their effect on the optical and structural properties." Optical Materials 118 (August 2021): 111274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111274.

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Tinoco Navarro, Lizeth Katherine, and Cihlar Jaroslav. "Enhancing Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst and Heterojunctions: A Comprehensive Review of the Impact of Biphasic Systems in Aerogels and Xerogels Synthesis, Methods, and Mechanisms for Environmental Applications." Gels 9, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9120976.

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This review provides a detailed exploration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts, emphasizing structural phases, heterophase junctions, and their impact on efficiency. Key points include diverse synthesis methods, with a focus on the sol-gel route and variants like low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis (LTHT). The review delves into the influence of acid-base donors on gelation, dissects crucial drying techniques for TiO2 aerogel or xerogel catalysts, and meticulously examines mechanisms underlying photocatalytic activity. It highlights the role of physicochemical properties in charge diffusion, carrier recombination, and the impact of scavengers in photo-oxidation/reduction. Additionally, TiO2 doping techniques and heterostructures and their potential for enhancing efficiency are briefly discussed, all within the context of environmental applications.

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Huggins, Frank E., Sumit Bali, Gerald P. Huffman, and Edward M. Eyring. "Iron-oxide aerogel and xerogel catalyst formulations: Characterization by 57Fe Mössbauer and XAFS spectroscopies." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 76, no. 1 (June 2010): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2010.02.049.

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Bilanovic, Dragoljub, Jeanna Starosvetsky, and Robert H. Armon. "Preparation of biodegradable xanthan–glycerol hydrogel, foam, film, aerogel and xerogel at room temperature." Carbohydrate Polymers 148 (September 2016): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.058.

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Zeng, Y. W., G. Fagherazzi, F. Pinna, S. Polizzi, P. Riello, and M. Signoretto. "Short-range structure of zirconia xerogel and aerogel, determined by wide angle X-ray scattering." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 155, no. 3 (May 1993): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(93)91260-a.

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Mejri, Imene, Mohamed Kadri Younes, and Abdelhamid Ghorbel. "Comparative study of the textural and structural properties of the aerogel and xerogel sulphated zirconia." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (August 22, 2006): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-006-9114-z.

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Popa, Aurelien Florin, Laurence Courthéoux, Eric Gautron, Sylvie Rossignol, and Charles Kappenstein. "Aerogel and Xerogel Catalysts Based on θ-Alumina Doped with Silicon for High Temperature Reactions." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2005, no. 3 (December 6, 2004): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200400657.

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Makarova, A. O., L. R. Bogdanova, and O. S. Zueva. "Use of Natural Biopolymers to Create Nanocomposite Materials." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.299.

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Method of carbon nanotubes disaggregation with the help of protein material, gelatin, has been proposed which facilitate to disperse evenly nanotubes in hydrogels based on gelatin and polysaccharides (sodium alginate or κ-carrageenan). In the obtained composite hydrogels carbon nanotubes are located in the biopolymer matrix, i.e. being in biocompatible form without losing their unique properties. The removal of water from the pores of the hydrogel by means of freeze drying allowed to obtain materials having high porosity and with included carbon nanotubes. The produced hydrogels can be used to create eco-friendly composite materials for biomedical and technical purposes. Depending on the tasks the developed systems can also be used in the forms of xerogel (films), cryogel, aerogel, and even in the form of powder, containing carbon nanotubes.

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Jiang, Zheng, Xin Liao, and Yongxiang Zhao. "Comparative study of the dry reforming of methane on fluidised aerogel and xerogel Ni/Al2O3 catalysts." Applied Petrochemical Research 3, no. 3-4 (October 16, 2013): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-013-0035-9.

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Janackovic, Dj, A. Orlovic, D. Skala, S. Drmanic, Lj Kostic-Gvozdenovic, V. Jokanovic, and D. Uskokovic. "Synthesis of nanostructured mullite from xerogel and aerogel obtained by the non-hydrolytic sol-gel method." Nanostructured Materials 12, no. 1-4 (January 1999): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-9773(99)00085-9.

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Kamoun, N., M. K. Younes, A. Ghorbel, A. S. Mamede, and A. Rives. "Comparative study of the texture and structure of aerogel and xerogel sulphated zirconia doped with nickel." Journal of Porous Materials 19, no. 3 (July 8, 2011): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10934-011-9484-7.

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Mohd Salleh, Kushairi, Sarani Zakaria, Marhaini Mostapha, Umar Adli Amran, Wan Noor Aidawati Wan Nadhari, and Nur Ain Ibrahim. "Keterlarutan Selulosa, Pelarut dan Produk Selulosa yang Dijana Semula: Suatu Ulasan." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 3107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-23.

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Selulosa ialah polimer semula jadi yang boleh diperbaharui dan biasanya ditemui di dalam dinding sel tumbuhan. Interaksi hidrofobik yang kompleks serta sifat amfifilik menyebabkan ia sukar dilarutkan dan seterusnya membataskan penggunaannya secara menyeluruh. Pemahaman kepada struktur kimia dan fiziknya membolehkan proses pelarutan berlaku dengan penggunaan jenis pelarut yang bersesuaian. Namun, pelarut sedia ada bukanlah yang terbaik dan efisien terhadap pelarutan selulosa. Sehingga kini, kajian kepada jenis pelarut dan mekanisme pelarutan masih menjadi topik utama penyelidikan. Selulosa yang terlarut pula boleh dijana semula kepada produk fizikal yang lain, contohnya hidrogel, aerogel, kriogel dan xerogel. Produk yang dijana semula daripada selulosa yang terlarut boleh diacukan kepada pelbagai bentuk yang mempunyai struktur tulang yang kuat dan bersifat hidrofilik, bioserasi dan terbiodegradasi. Potensi dalam aplikasi yang pelbagai serta terbukti sebagai alternatif kepada polimer sintetik menjadikan polimer semula jadi ini berpotensi besar dalam bidang sains dan teknologi. Maka, ulasan kajian terhadap selulosa, jenis pelarut serta produk yang dijana semula daripadanya menjadi fokus dalam penulisan makalah ini.

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Rolison, Debra R. "(Keynote) Integrating Catalytic and Transport Functions within Multiscale Architectures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (April 13, 2018): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1843.

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Our team at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory is pursuing an opportunity unique within heterogeneous catalytic science: Correlating catalytic activity to our ability to integrate multiple transport and reactivity functions within practical, not model, architectures. We exploit sol–gel-derived aerogels as a hierarchical platform—structurally complex, but functionally simple—to address in detail whether controlling ionic transport to three-phase boundaries affects the catalytic activity of AuNP–modified oxide nanoarchitectures for model, CO-centered reactions and for the oxidation of water and alcohols. We can also address whether long ionic diffusion lengths (determined via impedance measurements) correlate with local ion mobility near the catalysis zone (monitored by NMR spectroscopy) and does either length scale affect catalytic activity (tracked by determining reaction turnover frequency)? Our synthetic processing protocols to control pore–solid architectures are established, ranging from a continuous 3D porous network with 1–100 nm pores (aerogel) to a continuous 3D porous network containing only 10–50 nm mesopores (ambigel) to a collapsed porous network with 10 nm pores (xerogel). The choice of architecture determines the through-connectedness of two critical transport networks: electrical wiring along the solid network and facile molecular flux through the pore network (approaching open-medium diffusion rates). This class of hierarchical nanoarchitectures provides a tunable platform with which to develop comprehensive mechanistic understanding that will allow us to design next-generation catalytic architectures with superior performance.

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Barão, Carlos Eduardo, Leandro Daniel de Paris, João Henrique Dantas, Matheus Mendonça Pereira, Lucio Cardozo Filho, Heizir Ferreira de Castro, Gisella Maria Zanin, Flavio Faria de Moraes, and Cleide Mara Faria Soares. "Characterization of Biocatalysts Prepared with Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Different Silica Precursors, Dried using Aerogel and Xerogel Techniques." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 172, no. 1 (September 28, 2013): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0533-3.

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Kuznetsova, T. S., T. V. Pasko, A. E. Burakov, I. V. Burakova, E. S. Mkrtchyan, O. A. Ananyeva, and A. G. Tkachev. "Investigation of pH effect on adsorption properties of the nanostructured graphene-containing composite materials, modified by polyaniline, in the adsorption of various chemical nature pollutants." Perspektivnye Materialy 1 (2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2023-1-28-36.

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Liquid-phase sorption is a multi-stage process, the success of which depends on many factors. One of the key parameters that determines the extraction efficiency is the liquid medium pH value. In this study, the effect of the pH value of model aqueous solutions containing separately heavy metal ions (using zinc and lead ions as an example), as well as organic dyes methylene blue (MB) and sunset yellow (SY), was evaluated. The required pH value was achieved by preparing the solutions in appropriate buffer systems. As a sorbent, a nanostructured composite material was used, represented by a matrix of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide modified with polyaniline, where phenol-formaldehyde resin acted as a binding agent. Various forms of this material were considered — xerogel, cryogel, aerogel, as well as their carbonized modifications. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that for all used heavy metal ions (zinc and lead) and MB for all sorbents forms, the maximum adsorption capacity was noted at pH = 6. At the anionic dye SY adsorption, the best result was achieved at pH = 2.