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Journal articles on the topic 'Xenopus laevi'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Munck, B. G., and L. K. Munck. "Na+-independent transport of bipolar and cationic amino acids across the luminal membrane of the small intestine." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): R1060—R1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.4.r1060.

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The role of sodium in transport of bipolar and cationic amino acids and their interactions were examined in vitro by measuring unidirectional influx across the brush-border membrane of intact rat jejunal and rabbit ileal epithelia. The chloride-dependent and beta-alanine inhibitable B(0,+) present in rabbit ileum was blocked by combining inhibition by beta-alanine with Na(+)- or Cl(-)-free conditions. Under these conditions, lysine influx across the brush-border membrane is Na+ independent. All Na+-independent influx of cationic and bipolar amino acids is by a system b(0,+) equivalent in the brush-border membrane of both species, where a system y+ is not present. System b(0,+) is shown to be a potent exchanger of intracellular leucine for extracellular lysine and of intracellular lysine for extracellular leucine. The model used to explain leucine stimulation of mucosa to serosa lysine transport can explain Na+ dependence of net lysine absorption. On the assumption that b(0,+) in situ, like the transporter induced by retroperitoneal brown adipose tissue in Xenopus laevi oocytes, acts as an obligatory exchanger, this model can also explain the effects of lysine on short-circuit current and net transport of sodium and the effect on transport capacity by preincubation at Na+-free conditions.

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2

Liu, Xia, Xue-mei Ji, Xi-ning Du, Xi-cui Zong, Ding-fang Liang, Li Ma, Hai-tao Wu, and Shuang-quan Zhang. "Molecular Cloning, Expression, Bioinformatics Analysis, and Bioactivity of TNFSF13 (APRIL) in the South African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevi): A New Model to Study Immunological Diseases." OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 17, no. 7 (July 2013): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/omi.2013.0004.

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3

de Koning, Harry P., Bruce G. Jenks, Wim J. J. M. Scheenen, Eveline P. C. T. de Rijk, Raymond T. J. M. Caris, and Eric W. Roubos. "Indirect Action of Elevated Potassium and Neuropeptide Y on αMSH Secretion from the Pars Intermedia of Xenopus laevis: A Biochemical and Morphological Study." Neuroendocrinology 54, no. 1 (1991): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000125853.

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4

Dores, Robert M., Tami C. Steveson, and Kristin Lopez. "Differential Mechanisms for the N-Acetylation of Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and Beta-Endorphin in the Intermediate Pituitary of the Frog, Xenopus laevis." Neuroendocrinology 53, no. 1 (1991): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000125697.

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5

Saveliev, S. V., N. V. Besova, E. S. Savelieva, and V. I. Gulimova. "NEUROBLASTS MIGRATION AND PATTERN FORMATION DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE XENOPUS LAEVIS." CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY 29, no. 1 (2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31088/2226-5988-2019-29-1-63-70.

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6

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Xenopus laevis Einstecks." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 12 (June 1, 2007): pdb.prot4750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4750.

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7

Parain, Karine, Sophie Lourdel, Alicia Donval, Albert Chesneau, Caroline Borday, Odile Bronchain, Morgane Locker, and Muriel Perron. "CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa Reveal Differential Proliferative Response of Müller Cells between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis." Cells 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11050807.

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Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal dystrophy that ultimately leads to blindness due to the progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptors and the subsequent non-cell autonomous death of cones. Rhodopsin is the most frequently mutated gene in this disease. We here developed rhodopsin gene editing-based models of retinitis pigmentosa in two Xenopus species, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In both of them, loss of rhodopsin function results in massive rod cell degeneration characterized by progressive shortening of outer segments and occasional cell death. This is followed by cone morphology deterioration. Despite these apparently similar degenerative environments, we found that Müller glial cells behave differently in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. While a significant proportion of Müller cells re-enter into the cell cycle in Xenopus laevis, their proliferation remains extremely limited in Xenopus tropicalis. This work thus reveals divergent responses to retinal injury in closely related species. These models should help in the future to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that have shaped regeneration during evolution, with tremendous differences across vertebrates.

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8

Arystarhova, E. "Toxicological biotesting of waters of surface sources of water service and drinking water using larvas of Хenopus laevis." Visnyk agrarnoi nauky 96, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/agrovisnyk201802-10.

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9

Shrestha, Bindesh, Prabhakar Sripadi, Brent R. Reschke, Holly D. Henderson, Matthew J. Powell, Sally A. Moody, and Akos Vertes. "Subcellular Metabolite and Lipid Analysis of Xenopus laevis Eggs by LAESI Mass Spectrometry." PLoS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): e115173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115173.

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10

Shaidani, Nikko-Ideen, Sean McNamara, Marcin Wlizla, and Marko E. Horb. "Obtaining Xenopus laevis Embryos." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2021, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): pdb.prot106211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot106211.

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11

Shaidani, Nikko-Ideen, Sean McNamara, Marcin Wlizla, and Marko E. Horb. "Obtaining Xenopus laevis Eggs." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2021, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): pdb.prot106203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot106203.

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12

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Dejellying Xenopus laevis Embryos." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): pdb.prot4731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4731.

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13

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Handling Xenopus laevis Adults." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): pdb.prot4733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4733.

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14

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Isolating Xenopus laevis Testes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): pdb.prot4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4735.

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15

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Xenopus laevis Egg Collection." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): pdb.prot4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4736.

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16

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Xenopus laevis Keller Explants." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 12 (June 1, 2007): pdb.prot4749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4749.

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17

Mohun, Tim, Robert Wilson, Elisa Gionti, and Malcolm Logan. "Myogenesis in Xenopus laevis." Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 4, no. 3 (May 1994): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-1738(94)90067-1.

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18

Kiefer, P., M. Mathieu, M. J. Close, G. Peters, and C. Dickson. "FGF3 from Xenopus laevis." EMBO Journal 12, no. 11 (November 1993): 4159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06100.x.

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19

Hadji-Azimi, I., V. Coosemans, and C. Canicatti. "Atlas of adult Xenopus laevis laevis hematology." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 11, no. 4 (September 1987): 807–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(87)90068-1.

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20

Asada-Kubota, M. "A monoclonal antibody specific for an epidermal cell antigen of Xenopus laevis: electron microscopic observations using a gold-labeling method." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 5 (May 1988): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.5.3356895.

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A monoclonal antibody (EPI-1), raised against the supernatant of a homogenate of Xenopus laevis larvae at the tailbud stage (stage 36/37), interacts specifically with a 250 KD epidermal antigen of Xenopus. An immunocytochemical gold-labeling technique was used to investigate changes in antigen distribution during epidermal development of Xenopus laevis. Specific immunolabeling was initially detected over the endoplasmic reticulum in the outer epithelial cells of the late gastrula stage (stage 12.5). After the early neurula stage (stage 13), immunolabeling appeared over moderately electron-dense bodies (these bodies disappear after stage 29), and also over the apical cell surface and adjacent cytoplasm of all the outer epithelial cells. During metamorphosis, labeling decreased and disappeared after stage 62, as the superficial layer had peeled off. These data suggest that the antigen is useful as a marker of general differentiation in studies of epidermal development during the embryonic and larval stages of Xenopus laevis.

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21

Serrano, Elba E., and Quincy A. Quick. "Auditory organs in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 5 (November 2002): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4808622.

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22

Roco, Álvaro S., Thomas Liehr, Adrián Ruiz-García, Kateryna Guzmán, and Mónica Bullejos. "Comparative Distribution of Repetitive Sequences in the Karyotypes of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis (Anura, Pipidae)." Genes 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050617.

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Xenopus laevis and its diploid relative, Xenopus tropicalis, are the most used amphibian models. Their genomes have been sequenced, and they are emerging as model organisms for research into disease mechanisms. Despite the growing knowledge on their genomes based on data obtained from massive genome sequencing, basic research on repetitive sequences in these species is lacking. This study conducted a comparative analysis of repetitive sequences in X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with Cot DNA of both species revealed a conserved enrichment of repetitive sequences at the ends of the chromosomes in these Xenopus species. The repeated sequences located on the short arm of chromosome 3 from X. tropicalis were not related to the sequences on the short arm of chromosomes 3L and 3S from X. laevis, although these chromosomes were homoeologous, indicating that these regions evolved independently in these species. Furthermore, all the other repetitive sequences in X. tropicalis and X. laevis may be species-specific, as they were not revealed in cross-species hybridizations. Painting experiments in X. laevis with chromosome 7 from X. tropicalis revealed shared sequences with the short arm of chromosome 3L. These regions could be related by the presence of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) in both chromosomes, although the region revealed by chromosome painting in the short arm of chromosome 3L in X. laevis did not correspond to 18S + 28S rDNA sequences, as they did not colocalize. The identification of these repeated sequences is of interest as they provide an explanation to some problems already described in the genome assemblies of these species. Furthermore, the distribution of repetitive DNA in the genomes of X. laevis and X. tropicalis might be a valuable marker to assist us in understanding the genome evolution in a group characterized by numerous polyploidization events coupled with hybridizations.

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23

Claußen, Maike, Thomas Lingner, Claudia Pommerenke, Lennart Opitz, Gabriela Salinas, and Tomas Pieler. "Global analysis of asymmetric RNA enrichment in oocytes reveals low conservation between closely related Xenopus species." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 21 (November 2015): 3777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0115.

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RNAs that localize to the vegetal cortex during Xenopus laevis oogenesis have been reported to function in germ layer patterning, axis determination, and development of the primordial germ cells. Here we report on the genome-wide, comparative analysis of differentially localizing RNAs in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis oocytes, revealing a surprisingly weak degree of conservation in respect to the identity of animally as well as vegetally enriched transcripts in these closely related species. Heterologous RNA injections and protein binding studies indicate that the different RNA localization patterns in these two species are due to gain/loss of cis-acting localization signals rather than to differences in the RNA-localizing machinery.

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24

Matsuda, Yoichi, Yoshinobu Uno, Mariko Kondo, Michael J. Gilchrist, Aaron M. Zorn, Daniel S. Rokhsar, Michael Schmid, and Masanori Taira. "A New Nomenclature of Xenopus laevis Chromosomes Based on the Phylogenetic Relationship to Silurana/Xenopus tropicalis." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 145, no. 3-4 (2015): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381292.

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Xenopus laevis (XLA) is an allotetraploid species which appears to have undergone whole-genome duplication after the interspecific hybridization of 2 diploid species closely related to Silurana/Xenopus tropicalis (XTR). Previous cDNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments have identified 9 sets of homoeologous chromosomes in X. laevis, in which 8 sets correspond to chromosomes 1-8 of X. tropicalis (XTR1-XTR8), and the last set corresponds to a fusion of XTR9 and XTR10. In addition, recent X. laevis genome sequencing and BAC-FISH experiments support this physiological relationship and show no gross chromosome translocation in the X. laevis karyotype. Therefore, for the benefit of both comparative cytogenetics and genome research, we here propose a new chromosome nomenclature for X. laevis based on the phylogenetic relationship and chromosome length, i.e. XLA1L, XLA1S, XLA2L, XLA2S, and so on, in which the numbering of XLA chromosomes corresponds to that in X. tropicalis and the postfixes ‘L' and ‘S' stand for ‘long' and ‘short' chromosomes in the homoeologous pairs, which can be distinguished cytologically by their relative size. The last chromosome set is named XLA9L and XLA9S, in which XLA9 corresponds to both XTR9 and XTR10, and hence, to emphasize the phylogenetic relationship to X. tropicalis, XLA9_10L and XLA9_10S are also used as synonyms.

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25

Foulkrod, Ashley M., Gretchen M. Geibel, Yuthana Kongprachaya, and Pierette M. Appasamy. "Expression of T cell genes in adult Xenopus laevis and TCR gene expression in the Xenopus tadpole tail." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 216.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.216.3.

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Abstract Xenopus laevis is a unique and useful model for studies of the evolution and development of the adaptive immune response. The Xenopus immune system shares much similarity with the immune system of higher animals, with some unique exceptions, is relatively easy to maintain, and it’s larval period can be manipulated since it exists outside the female. This study explored the distribution of T cell specific genes, as markers for the presence of T cells, in adult X. laevis as well as X. laevis tadpoles. Transcripts for all four TCR genes (γ, δ, α and β) were detected in the adult Xenopus thymus and spleen and TCR δ and β were detected in adult Xenopus skin, intestine and lung, using RT-PCR of total cellular RNA extracted from these tissues. These data suggest that γδ and αβ T cells are plentiful in X. laevis and that the development and distribution of these cells is similar to that of humans and mice. In addition, because epidermal T cells are increasingly appreciated as having a significant role in wound healing, the mammalian equivalent of regeneration, we have begun to examine the expression of T cell-specific genes in the parts of the tadpole that are able to regenerate, specifically the tadpole tail and limbs. We have observed the presence of TCR β transcripts in the tadpole tail, and are extending our studies to an evaluation of the other TCR genes and other T cell-specific genes. These findings point to the utility of X. laevis in studies of the role of T cells in regeneration.

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26

Chang, W. Y., F. KhosrowShahian, M. Wolanski, R. Marshall, W. McCormick, S. Perry, and M. J. Crawford. "Conservation of Pitx1 expression during amphibian limb morphogenesis." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o06-036.

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In contrast to the pattern of limb emergence in mammals, chicks, and the newt N. viridescens, embryos such as Xenopus laevis and Eleutherodactylus coqui initiate pelvic limb buds before they develop pectoral ones. We studied the expression of Pitx1 in X. laevis and E. coqui to determine if this paired-like homeodomain transcription factor directs differentiation specifically of the hindlimb, or if it directs the second pair of limbs to form, namely the forelimbs. We also undertook to determine if embryonic expression patterns were recapitulated during the regeneration of an amputated limb bud. Pitx1 is expressed in hindlimbs in both X. laevis and E. coqui, and expression is similar in both developing and regenerating limb buds. Expression in hindlimbs is restricted to regions of proliferating mesenchyme.Key words: regeneration, Xenopus laevis, limb bud, Pitx1 protein, specification.

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27

BOĞA, Ayper, Seçil BİNOKAY, Ayşe KENDİRCİ, and Tuncay ÖZGÜNEN. "Experimental Embryology in Xenopus Laevis." Turkish Journal of Biology 21, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0152.2515.

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28

Loidl, J., and D. Schweizer. "Synaptonemal Complexes of Xenopus laevis." Journal of Heredity 83, no. 4 (July 1, 1992): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111218.

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29

Bernardini, Giovanni, Rosalba Gornati, Silvana Rapelli, Federica Rossi, and Bruno Berra. "Lipids of Xenopus laevis Spermatozoa." Development, Growth and Differentiation 34, no. 3 (June 1992): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.1992.tb00022.x.

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30

Bassham, Susan, Aaron Beam, and Janis Shampay. "Telomere Variation in Xenopus laevis." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.1.269.

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ABSTRACT Eukaryotic telomeres are variable at several levels, from the length of the simple sequence telomeric repeat tract in different cell types to the presence or number of telomere-adjacent DNA sequence elements in different strains or individuals. We have investigated the sequence organization of Xenopus laevis telomeres by use of the vertebrate telomeric repeat (TTAGGG) n and blot hybridization analysis. The (TTAGGG) n -hybridizing fragments, which ranged from less than 10 to over 50 kb with frequently cutting enzymes, defined a pattern that was polymorphic between individuals. BAL 31 exonuclease treatment confirmed that these fragments were telomeric. The polymorphic fragments analyzed did not hybridize to 5S RNA sequences, which are telomeric according to in situ hybridization. When telomeric fragments from offspring (whole embryos) were compared to those from the spleens of the parents, the inheritance pattern of some bands was found to be unusual. Furthermore, in one cross, the telomeres of the embryo were shorter than the telomeres of the parents’ spleen, and in another, the male’s testis telomeres were shorter than those of the male’s spleen. Our data are consistent with a model for chromosome behavior that involves a significant amount of DNA rearrangement at telomeres and suggest that length regulation ofXenopus telomeres is different from that observed forMus spretus and human telomeres.

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31

White-James, Jaime, Dustin McAndrew, James Badman, and Michael McGarry. "Alternative housing for Xenopus laevis." Lab Animal 37, no. 4 (April 2008): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0408-161.

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32

Vignali, Robert, Simone Macrì, Marco Onorati, Emanuela Basaldella, Riccardo Sgarra, and Guidalberto Manfioletti. "HMGA proteins in Xenopus laevis." Developmental Biology 319, no. 2 (July 2008): 589–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.487.

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33

Jerome, Alexander S., Maria N. Vergara, and Katia Del Rio-Tsonis. "Transdifferentiation in Xenopus laevis eye." Developmental Biology 295, no. 1 (July 2006): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.220.

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34

Pope, Amanda Popielski, Chen Liu, Amy K. Sater, and Marc Servetnick. "FGFR3 expression in Xenopus laevis." Gene Expression Patterns 10, no. 2-3 (February 2010): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2009.12.002.

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35

Harland, Richard M., and Michael J. Gilchrist. "Editorial: The Xenopus laevis genome." Developmental Biology 426, no. 2 (June 2017): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.016.

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36

Mashoof, Sara, Breanna Breaux, and Michael F. Criscitiello. "Larval Thymectomy of Xenopus laevis." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2018, no. 7 (May 16, 2018): pdb.prot099192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot099192.

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37

Shaidani, Nikko-Ideen, Sean McNamara, Marcin Wlizla, and Marko E. Horb. "Animal Maintenance Systems: Xenopus laevis." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): pdb.prot106138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot106138.

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38

Sive, H. L., R. M. Grainger, and R. M. Harland. "Inducing Ovulation in Xenopus laevis." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): pdb.prot4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4734.

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Morrow, S., J. Gosálvez, C. López-Fernández, F. Arroyo, W. V. Holt, and M. J. Guille. "Effects of freezing and activation on membrane quality and DNA damage in Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis spermatozoa." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 8 (2017): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd16190.

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There is growing concern over the effect of sperm cryopreservation on DNA integrity and the subsequent development of offspring generated from this cryopreserved material. In the present study, membrane integrity and DNA stability of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis spermatozoa were evaluated in response to cryopreservation with or without activation, a process that happens upon exposure to water to spermatozoa of some aquatic species. A dye exclusion assay revealed that sperm plasma membrane integrity in both species decreased after freezing, more so for X. laevis than X. tropicalis spermatozoa. The sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test showed that for both X. tropicalis and X. laevis, activated frozen spermatozoa produced the highest levels of DNA fragmentation compared with all fresh samples and frozen non-activated samples (P < 0.05). Understanding the nature of DNA and membrane damage that occurs in cryopreserved spermatozoa from Xenopus species represents the first step in exploiting these powerful model organisms to understand the developmental consequences of fertilising with cryopreservation-damaged spermatozoa.

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40

Kelley, Darcy B., Martha L. Tobias, and Mark Ellisman. "Androgen-induced plasticity at a “vocal” neuromuscular synapse." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167895.

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Brain and muscle are sexually differentiated tissues in which masculinization is controlled by the secretion of androgens from the testes. Sensitivity to androgen is conferred by the expression of an intracellular protein, the androgen receptor. A central problem of sexual differentiation is thus to understand the cellular and molecular basis of androgen action. We do not understand how hormone occupancy of a receptor translates into an alteration in the developmental program of the target cell. Our studies on sexual differentiation of brain and muscle in Xenopus laevis are designed to explore the molecular basis of androgen induced sexual differentiation by examining how this hormone controls the masculinization of brain and muscle targets.Our approach to this problem has focused on a highly androgen sensitive, sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system: laryngeal muscles and motor neurons of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We have been studying sex differences at a synapse, the laryngeal neuromuscular junction, which mediates sexually dimorphic vocal behavior in Xenopus laevis frogs.

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41

Scherer, Warren J., and Susan B. Udin. "Differential intertectal delay between Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis: Implications for species-specific visual plasticity." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 5 (September 1995): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009548.

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AbstractIn the frog Xenopus laevis, the isthmotectal projection, which relays input from the ipsilateral eye, exhibits anatomical reorganization following surgical eye rotation performed during tadpole stages while the isthmotectal projection in the frog Rana pipiens fails to show reorganization. This plasticity has been shown to be dependent upon activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor located on tectal cell dendrites. The reorganization process in Xenopus is hypothesized to employ a Hebbian mechanism requiring correlated firing of ipsilateral and contralateral inputs to a given tectal cell; when an ipsilateral axon synapses onto a tectal cell that receives input from a contralateral axon with a matching receptive-field location, the correlation in activity triggers stabilization of the ipsilateral synapse. However, in neither Xenopus nor Rana do ipsilateral and contralateral inputs begin to fire simultaneously in response to a given visual stimulus; the ipsilateral input is delayed because it reaches the tectum indirectly, through a polysynaptic relay via the opposite tectum and nucleus isthmi. The objective of this experiment was to test whether there is a significant difference in this intertectal delay between Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens in order to determine whether intertectal delay could be a contributing factor in this species-specific ability to exhibit visual plasticity. We have found that intertectal delay is 26.16 ms longer in Rana pipiens (36.53 ms) than in Xenopus laevis (10.37 ms).

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42

Fischer, W. J., W. A. Koch, and A. Elepfandt. "Sympatry and hybridization between the clawed frogs Xenopus laevis laevis and Xenopus muelleri (Pipidae)." Journal of Zoology 252, no. 1 (September 2000): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00824.x.

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Ghaseminejad, Farhad, Beatrice M. Tam, Colette N. Chiu, Joanna M. Feehan, and Orson L. Moritz. "Gene editing treatment strategies for retinitis pigmentosa assessed in Xenopus laevis carrying a mutant Rhodopsin allele." Journal of Translational Genetics and Genomics 6 (2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2021.49.

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Aim: To examine the utility of gene editing therapies for retinitis pigmentosa using Xenopus laevis carrying a mutation in Rhodopsin. Methods: Xenopus laevis were genetically modified using CRISPR-Cas9 based methods and characterized by Sanger sequencing, dot blot, electroretinography, and confocal microscopy. Results: We identified genetically modified Xenopus laevis carrying a net 12 base pair deletion in the Rho.L gene. These animals have a retinal degeneration that is apparent by 14 days, with abnormal or missing rod outer segments, and a reduced electroretinogram signal. We prevented the majority of this retinal degeneration via a treatment strategy using a single sgRNA to neutralize the mutant allele via non-homologous end joining, yielding long-term improvements in histology and the electroretinogram. A second strategy using two sgRNAs to generate large deletions in the mutant allele was also successful, but did not significantly improve outcomes relative to the single-guide strategy as it was less efficient. We found limited evidence of success with a third strategy dependent on homology-directed repair; this treatment was also too inefficient to generate an outcome superior to the single-guide strategy. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the utility of this new Xenopus laevis model for rapidly assessing and comparing multiple gene-editing based treatment strategies. We conclude that it would be technically difficult to improve on the simple single-guide based strategy, as strategies requiring multiple successive events (such as cleavage followed by homology-directed repair) are likely to be less efficient.

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McCallum, F. S., and B. E. H Maden. "Human 18 S ribosomal RNA sequence inferred from DNA sequence. Variations in 18 S sequences and secondary modification patterns between vertebrates." Biochemical Journal 232, no. 3 (December 15, 1985): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2320725.

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We have determined the DNA sequences encoding 18 S ribosomal RNA in man and in the frog, Xenopus borealis. We have also corrected the Xenopus laevis 18 S sequence: an A residue follows G-684 in the sequence. These and other available data provide a number of representative examples of variation in primary structure and secondary modification of 18 S ribosomal RNA between different groups of vertebrates. First, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis 18 S ribosomal genes differ from each other by only two base substitutions, and we have found no evidence of intraspecies heterogeneity within the 18 S ribosomal DNA of Xenopus (in contrast to the Xenopus transcribed spacers). Second, the human 18 S sequence differs from that of Xenopus by approx. 6.5%. About 4% of the differences are single base changes; the remainder comprise insertions in the human sequence and other changes affecting several nucleotides. Most of these more extensive changes are clustered in a relatively short region between nucleotides 190 and 280 in the human sequence. Third, the human 18 S sequence differs from non-primate mammalian sequences by only about 1%. Fourth, nearly all of the 47 methyl groups in mammalian 18 S ribosomal RNA can be located in the sequence. The methyl group distribution corresponds closely to that in Xenopus, but there are several extra methyl groups in mammalian 18 S ribosomal RNA. Finally, minor revisions are made to the estimated numbers of pseudouridines in human and Xenopus 18 S ribosomal RNA.

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Shum, B. P., D. Avila, L. Du Pasquier, M. Kasahara, and M. F. Flajnik. "Isolation of a classical MHC class I cDNA from an amphibian. Evidence for only one class I locus in the Xenopus MHC." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 10 (November 15, 1993): 5376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.10.5376.

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Abstract The amphibian Xenopus is an ectothermic vertebrate in which the MHC has been studied extensively at the functional, biochemical, and genetic levels. A cDNA clone corresponding to the MHC class la gene (Xela-UAA1f) of Xenopus laevis was isolated by screening a cDNA phage library with oligonucleotides based on NH2-terminal protein sequence. Three pieces of evidence support its status as a class la gene: 1) Previous biochemical data suggested that only one polymorphic class la molecule is expressed per MHC haplotype in X. laevis. NH2-terminal sequencing of the class I protein encoded by the f haplotype showed a single unambiguous sequence of the first 22 amino acids; the deduced protein sequence of the cDNA clone matches precisely to this peptide sequence; 2) Genes that hybridized to the cDNA clone segregated perfectly with the serologically typed MHC in two family studies; and 3) There is a strong conservation of amino acids in the peptide-binding region that have been shown in mammals to dock peptides at their NH2- and COOH-termini. In contrast to all other species that have been examined, there appears to be only one class I locus present in the MHC of X. laevis. Xenopus speciates by allopolyploidization, and there are Xenopus species with different levels of ploidy (2n-12n). Functionally, the MHC has been shown to be "diploidized" in most Xenopus species. As in previous studies with MHC class II and HSP70 probes, there is a trend toward maintaining a diploid number of class la genes in all Xenopus species regardless of their chromosome number, probably accomplished through a deletional mechanism. Thus, there is a strong pressure in Xenopus to maintain very few MHC-linked class I genes, exemplified both by the number of class I genes per MHC haplotype and by the number of class la genes per organism.

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Charalambous, Anna, Maria Koyioni, Ioanna Antoniades, Despoina Pegeioti, Iro Eleftheriou, Sophia S. Michaelidou, Stanislav A. Amelichev, et al. "1,2,3-Dithiazoles – new reversible melanin synthesis inhibitors: a chemical genomics study." MedChemComm 6, no. 5 (2015): 935–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5md00052a.

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Hammoud, Lamis, Logan A. Walsh, and Sashko Damjanovski. "Cloning and developmental characterization of Xenopus laevis membrane type-3 matrix metalloproteinase (MT3-MMP)." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o05-175.

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Proper extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is crucial for the development and survival of multicellular organisms. Full-length Xenopus laevis membrane type-3 matrix metallo proteinase (MT3-MMP) was amplified by PCR and cloned from a stage 28 Xenopus head cDNA library. A comparison of the derived Xenopus MT3-MMP protein sequence to that of other vertebrates revealed 86% identity with human and mouse and 85% identity with chicken. The expression profile of MT3-MMP was examined during Xenopus embryogenesis: MT3-MMP transcripts were first detected at the later stages of development and were localized to dorsal and anterior structures. During metamorphosis and in the adult frog, MT3-MMP expression was restricted to specific tissues and organs. Treatment of Xenopus embryos with lithium chloride (LiCl), ultraviolet irradiation (UV), or retinoic acid (RA) revealed that MT3-MMP levels increased with LiCl-dorsalizing treatments and decreased with UV-ventralizing and RA-anterior neural truncating treatments. Overexpression of MT3-MMP through RNA injections led to dose-dependent developmental abnormalities and death. Moreover, MT3-MMP overexpression resulted in neural and head structure abnormalities, as well as truncated axes. Taken together, these results indicate that MT3-MMP expression in Xenopus is spatially and temporally restricted. Furthermore, deregulation of MT3-MMP during early embryogenesis has detrimental effects on development.Key words: Xenopus laevis, MT3-MMP, development, ECM, dorsalization, ventralization.

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Baronsky, Thilo, Aliaksandr Dzementsei, Marieelen Oelkers, Juliane Melchert, Tomas Pieler, and Andreas Janshoff. "Reduction in E-cadherin expression fosters migration of Xenopus laevis primordial germ cells." Integrative Biology 8, no. 3 (2016): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ib00291e.

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Nonaka, M., C. Namikawa-Yamada, M. Sasaki, L. Salter-Cid, and M. F. Flajnik. "Evolution of proteasome subunits delta and LMP2: complementary DNA cloning and linkage analysis with MHC in lower vertebrates." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 2 (July 15, 1997): 734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.2.734.

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Abstract The class II region of the mammalian MHC harbors two proteasome subunit genes, LMP2 and LMP7. These genes are induced by IFN-gamma, and their products are incorporated into proteasomes substituting for their closest relatives, the delta and X subunits, respectively. This substitution is believed to change the proteolytic specificity of proteasomes, making it more suitable for generation of peptides to be presented by class I molecules. To elucidate the phylogenetic origin of LMP2 and the linkage of its gene with the MHC, reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification of Xenopus laevis and lamprey liver mRNA was performed with primers designed to amplify both the mammalian LMP2 and delta sequences. Both LMP2 and delta were amplified from X. laevis, whereas only delta was amplified from lamprey, suggesting that delta/LMP2 gene duplication occurred after divergence of cyclostomes but before divergence of amphibians. The linkage between the LMP2 gene and the MHC was observed in a diploid Xenopus species, Xenopus tropicalis, but not in a tetraploid species, X. laevis, indicating that this linkage was established before the divergence of amphibian from higher vertebrates, but that this linkage was lost in X. laevis, probably by a gene reorganization accompanying the tetraploidization. The X. laevis LMP2 and LMP7 mRNA showed a similar tissue distribution, indicating that the genetic linkage is not required for apparently coordinated tissue-specific expression of these genes. Sequence and linkage analyses suggest that LMP2 may not play as vital a role as LMP7 in Ag presentation.

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Kaufman, J. F., M. F. Flajnik, and L. Du Pasquier. "Xenopus MHC class II molecules. II. Polymorphism as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 3258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.5.3258.

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Abstract The class II antigens from four inbred strains of Xenopus laevis (r, f, g, and j haplotypes) and six gynogenetic LG clones (two Xenopus laevis, two Xenopus gilli haplotypes) with functionally well-defined MHC types have been immunoprecipitated with the rabbit anti-human class II beta-chain serum anti-p29boost and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The glycosylated material from 15-hr biosynthetically labeled cells runs as a broad fuzzy band around 33kD that, upon removal of N-linked glycans by Endo F, resolves into upper beta-chain bands and lower alpha-chain bands. Both the glycosylated and deglycosylated class II antigens give rise to multiple IEF spots in evenly spaced arrays (alpha-chain: two to eight spots in one to three arrays, beta-chain: two to 12 spots in one to five arrays). Both chains are polymorphic and both map to the functionally defined MHC. The large number of spots argues for multiple class II antigens; by radioactive N-terminal sequencing, two homologous alpha-chains and five beta-chains are present in the f haplotype. By comparison with MHC-linked alloantisera, anti-p29boost recognizes all major polymorphic class II molecules in Xenopus laevis. A selection of outbred animals were typed by using an IEF procedure requiring only a million PHA-stimulated blood cells.

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