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Farrell, Christopher A. "Xenophon Poroi 5." Polis, The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 33, no. 2 (September 20, 2016): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340097.
The present study examines section five of Poroi and Xenophon’s proposal to restore the reputation of Athens. After outlining his plan for ‘justly’ supplying the dēmos with sufficient sustenance in Poroi 1-4, section 5 addresses the desire to regain hegemony after Athens had lost the Social War. Xenophon does not adopt an anti-imperialist stance; instead he seeks to re-align imperial aspirations with Athenian ideals and earlier paradigms for securing hegemony. Xenophon’s ideas in Poroi are contextualized with consideration for his ‘Socratic’ distinction between tyranny and kingship, as well as his wider advice for ruling well. It is shown that his proposals for securing the consent of the allies reiterates ideas that Xenophon outlines across his corpus, especially Hiero and Cyropaedia. In Poroi Xenophon therefore applies his political thought in an attempt to re-direct Athenian ambitions away from policies that prompted charges of being a ‘tyrant polis’ and towards ‘legitimate rule’.
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Huitink, Luuk, and Tim Rood. "Xenophon de Halbattiker?" Lampas 53, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2020.4.003.hutt.
Summary This article analyses Xenophon’s lexical choices in Anabasis. It examines ancient and modern critical approaches to his language: Xenophon has often been criticized for lapses from ‘pure’ Attic, but this notion of a ‘pure’ Attic should be regarded as a conservative response to the increasing variety of spoken Attic in the fourth century BC. Xenophon’s lexical choices reflect the influence both of this ‘Great Attic’ (which developed into koine Greek) and of the non-parochial historiographical tradition inaugurated by Thucydides.
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Altman, William H. F. "Xenophon, the Old Oligarch, and Alcibiades." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek and Roman Political Thought 39, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340365.
Abstract Modifying the conjecture of Wolfgang Helbig (1861) by means of the distinction between Xenophon and his various narrators introduced by Benjamin McCloskey (2017), this paper uses the insights of Hartvig Frisch (1942) to show how drawing a distinction between the first-person speaker in pseudo-Xenophon’s Constitution of the Athenians and its author indicates that the former is Alcibiades and the latter is Xenophon himself.
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Rood, Tim. "Cato the Elder, Livy, and Xenophon’s Anabasis." Mnemosyne 71, no. 5 (September 13, 2018): 823–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342352.
AbstractThis article argues firstly that Cato the Elder’s account of a daring plan involving the tribune Caedicius in the First Punic War is modelled on a scene in Xenophon’s Anabasis. It then argues that Livy’s account of a heroic escape in the First Samnite War orchestrated by P. Decius Mus is modelled not just on the First Punic War episode described by Cato, as scholars have suggested, but on the same passage of Xenophon; it also proposes that Livy’s use of Xenophon may be mediated through Cato. The article then sets out other evidence for the use of Xenophon in Roman historiography and explores the implications of the proposed intertextuality for Roman self-positioning and for ideas of leadership and military hierarchy. The article as a whole suggests that the influence of Xenophon on Latin historiography is greater than has often been conceived.
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Rood, Tim. "Political Thought in Xenophon: Straussian Readings of the Anabasis." POLIS, The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 32, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340041.
The main aim of this paper is to discuss some influential approaches to political thought in Xenophon’s Anabasis within the field of Political Science, especially within the United States, where the influence of Leo Strauss’ writings on Xenophon has been powerful. It starts by discussing a number of features shared by these discussions, notably a strong idealisation of Xenophon’s wisdom and accuracy; a lack of interest in the conditions under which Xenophon wrote; a pro-Hellenic perspective; and a tendency to innovative (and often allegorical) literary explication. It then discusses the two most important themes treated by Strauss and his followers, Xenophon’s piety and philosophy and politics. It argues that Straussian exegesis introduces anachronistic conceptions while neglecting the narrative dynamics of the text. The final section sets out briefly some ways of exploring Xenophon’s relationship to other currents in Greek political thought.
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Jaskelevičius, Alius. "Xenophon’s political philosophy: a project for the whole of Greece." Literatūra 60, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/literatura.2018.2.
[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian]
This paper discusses Xenophon’s political philosophy and its Greek context. One of the major themes running through Xenophon’s works is leadership, which he tackles implicitly or explicitly in virtually all of his writings (be it his philosophical, historical or literary writings). For Xenophon, the leader was important not only as an individual leading the armed forces, but as a leader of a city or a community as well. Bearing in mind the importance of leadership and the role of leaders for Xenophon, the author of this paper tries to show that Xenophon’s political philosophy can be seen as part of his Panhellenic program. The aim of this program is to politically unite the Greeks by making them enter into an alliance in the name of a common Panhellenic crusade against Persia.
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Vandiver, Josh. "Xenophon contra Plato: Citizen Motivation and Socratic Biography." Polis, The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2014): 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340004.
Abstract Xenophon’s Cyropaedia should be considered a classic text of political theory. It inaugurated the political biography and is one of the most extensive classical Greek works on political leadership. It has, however, been neglected or, when studied, misunderstood as a cautionary tale of political corruption. I argue that Xenophon’s method in the Cyropaedia is illustrative of Socratic biography and focused on three problems: why leaders emerge, what motivates them, and how their character is constituted. Xenophon responds to these questions by modelling a spirited character type, a person uniquely motivated by philotimia, the desire for political status and honour, and thus uniquely suited for development into a political leader. Furthermore, Xenophon is in theoretic dialogue with Plato over the concepts which comprise this model and a proper understanding of their dialogue impacts interpretations of the Cyropaedia as a whole, Xenophon’s intervention in Greek political discourse, and Plato’s influence on contemporaries.
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Whidden, Christopher. "Cyrus’s Imperial Household: an Aristotelian Reading of Xenophon’s Cyropaedia." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 25, no. 1 (2008): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000124.
Xenophon’s Cyropaedia is a fictional account of the life of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire. This article argues that reading the Cyropaedia through an Aristotelian lens provides a useful means by which to understand Xenophon’s analysis of Cyrus’s empire. On an Aristotelian reading, a crucial facet of Cyrus’s knowledge is his view that the household provides an appropriate model by which to found and govern an empire. By incorporating many nations into what I call his ‘imperial household’, Cyrus finds a way to avoid what Xenophon sees as the fundamental problem of political rule, which is that human beings do not wish to be ruled by others and eventually revolt against their rulers. But in contrast to all previous rulers known to Xenophon, Cyrus secures his subjects’ obedience. He does so by treating them as women, children, and slaves, each of whom looks to him as the head of the household. Under Cyrus, the perpetual political revolutions Xenophon describes thus become a thing of the past, at least so long as Cyrus is alive to preside over his imperial household. But Xenophon also suggests that order, peace, and security in the empire come at a cost. In order to keep his subjects in line, Cyrus as leader must distort and do violence to their humanity. Read carefully, the Cyropaedia thus provides a thoughtful critique of imperial ambition and empire.
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Hindley, Clifford. "Xenophon on male love." Classical Quarterly 49, no. 1 (May 1999): 74–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/49.1.74.
In a previous article I attempted to trace the way in which, for Xenophon, homosexual liaisons might or might not affect the discipline of military life, and the emphasis which he placed upon the virtue of self-control (έγκράτεια) in dealing with desires of this kind. The present paper seeks to broaden the enquiry into a study of Xenophon's attitude to male same-sex affairs in general.
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Dobski, Bernard J. "Athenian Democracy Refosunded: Xenophon’ss Political History in the Hellenika." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 26, no. 2 (2009): 316–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000156.
This article aims to shed new light on the character of political history as written by Xenophon, by exploring the first two Books of the Hellenika, which, it is argued, implicity correct Thucydides’ judgment that the regime of the Five Thousand in Athens was the best Athenian regime during his lifetime. Thucydides and Xenophon thus appear to disagree about the best regime, a theme central to classical political philosophy. But when we consider Thucydides’ praise of this regime in light of Xenophon’s Socratic defence of traditional political authorities (especially as presented in Euryptolemus’ speech), we see that the two treatments complement each other. Xenophon’s endorsement of a regime rooted in traditional authorities protects the Socratic way of life, while Thucydides’ praise of a non-conventional regime endorses those conditions that make such a life possible.
Katsaros, Andrea Helen. "Literary perspectives on Pseudo-Xenophon's Athenaion Politeia." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk196.pdf.
Harman, Rosie. "Viewing Sparta, viewing Asia : vision and Greek identity in Xenophon." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/1969/.
What happens when we look at others, and when others look at us? How does the experience of looking at or being seen by others shape our perceptions of ourselves? This thesis addresses these questions with reference to a specific historical and cultural moment; I examine scenes of vision and display in the Athenian writer Xenophon's representations of Spartans, Persians and other non-Greek peoples in Asia as a means of investigating the place of Sparta, Persia and the non-Greek in fourth century Athenian thought. Focusing in particular on the Anabasis, Cyropaedia, Lakedaimonion Politeia and Agesilaus, I analyse the representation of the responses of spectators to foreign sights in order to consider how these texts position their readers in relation to Spartans, Persians and others, and also, therefore, how they articulate and interrogate what it means to be Athenian, and what it means to be Greek. I will argue that sight is involved in the construction of Greek identity; that although some of the ways in which Greek identity is represented imply its cohesion, more often Xenophon's scenes of vision reveal the uncertainties and manipulations involved in attempting to imagine or lay claim to Greekness; and that Xenophon reveals the complexities of Panhellenist thought and of the intellectual and political climate of the fourth century. This thesis contributes towards a history of Greek identity and a history of visuality; it also seeks to reappraise Xenophon as a writer, revealing him as a valuable source for Greek conceptions of political power and conflict, and of ethnic, political and cultural selfconsciousness.
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Higginson, T. "Greek attitudes to Persian kingship down to the time of Xenophon." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384799.
Tuplin, Christopher J. "The failings of empire : a reading of Xenophon "Hellenica" 2.3.11-7.5.27 /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35582522r.
Tagliabue, Aldo Carlo Fernando. "Commentary on the first book of the Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43155.
Tagliabue, Aldo. "Commentary on the first book of the "Ephesiaca" of Xenophon of Ephesus." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427452.
Most of the previous studies of the novel of Xenophon of Ephesus have pointed out its apparent lack of literary quality and consistency, coming to the conclusion that the version we have is an epitome.
Conversely, my commentary offers a new interpretation of the "Ephesiaca" as a Bildungsroman, in which there is a progress from a physical conception of love to a more spiritual one, along with a systematic use of the two most important hypotexts of the genre: Homer's Odyssey and Plato's love dialogues. Le "Efesiache" di Senofonte Efesio sono da sempre state considerate dagli studiosi del mondo antico un testo privo di qualità letteraria e di una coerenza interna. Per questo motivo, dalla fine dell'Ottocento si è diffusa la teoria che il testo che abbiamo non sia l'originale, ma una tarda epitome dell'opera scritta da Senofonte.
Il mio commento offre una nuova interpretazione dell'opera come un "Romanzo di formazione", in cui i protagonisti sono
introdotti alla scoperta di Eros e delle sue dimensioni fisiche e soprattutto spirituali.
Questa traiettoria viene costruita da Senofonte attraverso
un costante e talvolta sorprendente uso dell'Odissea e dei dialoghi amore platonici: tale fatto conferma la letterarietà e l'originalità di questo testo.
Wächter, Lars. "Xenophon." In Ökonomen auf einen Blick, 47–51. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29069-6_3.
Wächter, Lars. "Xenophon." In Ökonomen auf einen Blick, 43–47. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14307-7_3.
Hau, Lisa Irene. "Xenophon, Hellenica." In Moral History from Herodotus to Diodorus Siculus. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474411073.003.0007.
This chapter analyses the moralising techniques and moral lessons of Xenophon’s Hellenika. In terms of techniques, it discovers that Xenophon stands at a midway point between his Classical predecessors and Hellenistic successors, but that he uses scenes with dialogue without explicit narratorial interpretation more than any of the other historiographers studied. With regard to moral lessons, piety looms large in Xenophon, where divine justice also plays a large part in how the world works. In addition, friendship is more important than in any of the other historiographers studied, but otherwise the moral virtues of Xenophon are largely traditional. The chapter ends with a brief comparison of moralising in the Hellenika with Xenophon’s other works, which confirms the distinctions drawn in the Introduction between moralising in historiography compared with other genres.
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Saintsbury, George. "Xenophon." In A Last Vintage, edited by John W. Oliver, Arthur Melville Clark, Augustus Muir, David Nichol Smith, Dorothy Margaret Stuart, and Helen Waddell, 66–71. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315121741-7.
Mihailov, Penyu. "LAND RENT AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINATION." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.26.
The issues of land rents are of particular importance today, the new times have brought them to the fore, now they are new dimensions. Previously in the works of Plato, Xenophon and others it was mentioned but not used as a term. With the entry of capitalism into agricultural politics - everyone talks about it. Agriculture became the main branch of social production, and rent became the object of study. Contribution to the development of the problem have: У. Petit, Fr. F. P?ti, F. Kenet, A. Smith, D. The work of Marx is indisputable. The neoclassical theory advocates a subjective treatment of the problem -opposed to Marx. The reasons are to be sought in the following circumstances: capitalism has undergone fundamental changes; it has entered a stage of global integration; the scientific-technical revolution has raised it to a greater height; new technologies have entered the economy; electronization, robotization, computerization, science has penetrated all spheres of life, has become an immediate productive force; it is rising to a higher level; production is being naturalized, it is becoming a field of application of science. History, however, follows its own logic. The immature economic forms of production do not submit to exact theoretical reflections; as they change, so do our ideas about them.
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Eklund, Robert, and Anders Lindström. "How to handle "foreign" sounds in Swedish text-to-speech conversion: approaching the 'xenophone' problem." In 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA: ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-54.
