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Journal articles on the topic 'Xanthorrhoea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Qin, TK, and PJ Gullan. "The Australian mealybugs (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae) of Xanthorrhoea (Xanthorrhoeaceae)." Invertebrate Systematics 3, no. 6 (1989): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9890759.

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Xanthorrhoea is recorded for the first time as a host-plant genus of Australian mealybugs. Three new mealybug species, Dysmicoccus waustensis, D. saustralis, and Pseudococcus xanthorrhoeae, are recorded on Xanthorrhoea species (grass-trees) from disjunct localities. The adult females of all three species and the third instar female of P. xanthorrhoeae are described and illustrated. A key is provided for these grass-tree mealybugs and their relationships to previously described species are discussed.

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2

Shivas, R. G., J. Bathgate, and F. D. Podger. "Colletotrichum xanthorrhoeae sp. nov. on Xanthorrhoea in Western Australia." Mycological Research 102, no. 3 (March 1998): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756297004760.

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3

Sivanesan, A., and B. C. Sutton. "Microfungi on Xanthorrhoea." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85, no. 2 (September 1985): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80186-8.

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4

Kapitany, Attila. "Australian Grasstrees Xanthorrhoea and Kingia." Cactus and Succulent Journal 92, no. 3 (September 9, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2985/015.092.0302.

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5

Duewell, Heinz. "Chemotaxonomy of the genus Xanthorrhoea." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25, no. 8 (December 1997): 717–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00031-8.

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6

Cock, Ian. "Eucalyptus ficifolia and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii." Pharmacognosy Communications 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pc.2011.1.9.

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7

Ogawa, Yuko, Hisae Oku, Emiko Iwaoka, Munekazu Iinuma, and Kyoko Ishiguroa. "Allergy-Preventive Flavonoids from Xanthorrhoea hastilis." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 55, no. 4 (2007): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.55.675.

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8

Kumar, Arun, and S. C. Goel. "Pupal chaetotaxy of Porthesia xanthorrhoea (Kollar) (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)." International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 15, no. 4 (January 1986): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(86)90049-8.

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9

Taylor, Jennifer E., Vaughan Monamy, and Barry J. Fox. "Flowering of Xanthorrhoea fulva: the Effect of Fire and Clipping." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 2 (1998): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96100.

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Xanthorrhoea fulva (A.Lee) Bedford is a dominant plant of wet heath at Myall Lakes National Park, New South Wales, Australia. As for many other members of the genus, fire is the main stimulus for flowering of X. fulva. The stimulus to flowering provided by fire and by crown removal (clipping) of X. fulva was compared in two different seasons and for two different between-fire intervals. The percentage of X. fulva crowns flowering was greater following: (i) summer disturbance when compared with winter disturbance; (ii) short between-fire intervals (3.75 or 5.25 years) when compared with long between-fire intervals (9.3 or 16.9 years); and (iii) burning when compared with clipping. This demonstrates that the stimulus to floral induction in X. fulva is a combination of a seasonal component and crown removal, a component related to the interval since the last fire, and perhaps some other factor(s) not tested for in this study. This variation in flowering response of X. fulva shows the importance of considering immediate and historic characteristics of fire and other disturbances when management decisions are being made.

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10

McKillup, Stephen C., and Ruth V. McKillup. "Fire does not stimulate flowering of the grasstree Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia in central Queensland." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 7 (2013): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13115.

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Many species of grasstree, genus Xanthorrhoea, flower profusely after fire, but little is known about responses to fire by northern Australian species. After noticing flowering in an unburnt population of Xanthorrhoea latifolia (A.Lee) Bedford subsp. latifolia in central Queensland, we tested the hypotheses that (1) X. latifolia latifolia flowers annually in the absence of fire and (2) fire has no effect on the percentage flowering. Flowering in the absence of fire consistently occurred every February–April (late summer–autumn) from 2006 to 2008. A manipulative experiment with two treatments, namely (1) burnt in spring 2009 and (2) an unburnt control, showed that the percentage flowering did not differ significantly between treatments in 2009 (before the experimental treatment was burnt) or from 2010 to 2012. There was a significant negative correlation between the percentage flowering and rainfall before each flowering season. This population may be extremely resilient to fire. Flowering occurred with or without fire, plants resprouted after fire and mortality in the burnt treatment was 2.75%. Our findings emphasise that every species within a ‘fire-dependent’ or ‘fire-tolerant’ genus cannot be assumed to respond in the same way to fire; some may require fire management at the population level.

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11

Aberton, M. J., B. A. Wilson, J. Hill, and D. M. Cahill. "Development of disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in mature Xanthorrhoea australis." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 2 (2001): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00065.

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Over the past 30 years, heathland and open forest communities in south-eastern Australia dominated by Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br. have been severely affected by disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. The disease has caused a sharp decline in numbers of individuals within populations of X. australis; however, the etiology of the disease is unclear. The characteristics and disease symptoms induced by P. cinnamomi were analysed within nine mature X. australis plants that had been removed from the field. Seven plants showed typical disease symptoms that ranged from chlorotic leaves through to plant death. Plants showing disease symptoms had different numbers of infected roots, ranging from 0% in one dead plant, 40% infected roots in a plant showing yellowing of leaf tips and 67 and 86%, respectively, in two plants with severe chlorosis. There was variation within the roots, with some infected close to the stem while others were infected at more distal regions. Within stems of all plants, P. cinnamomi was difficult to isolate but was found in the desmium and stem apex and was associated with massive lesions within the central area of the stem. The symptoms of disease in X. australis are caused by a combination of damage to tissues of the roots and stem that may lead to a reduction in water and mineral transport throughout the plant.

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12

Korczynskyj, Dylan, and Byron B. Lamont. "Grasstree (Xanthorrhoea preissii) recovery after fire in two seasons and habitats." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 6 (2005): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05006.

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To distinguish fire-stimulated growth from the underlying growth patterns imposed by season, we measured leaf production of Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl. (Xanthorrhoeaceae). We compared unburnt with spring- and autumn-burnt sites in forest and woodland habitats. Following fire, X. preissii responded with accelerated leaf production, regardless of season. Rapid leaf production during the initial flush of growth was partly at the expense of starch reserves in the stem, at least after autumn fire. Although this initial flush was relatively short-lived after fire in both seasons (12–32 weeks), the effect of fire on leaf production was sustained for up to 20 months, accompanied by a significant reduction in leaf longevity. Mean maximum leaf production rate was higher for spring-burnt grasstrees (up to 6.1 leaves day–1) than those burnt in autumn (up to 4.5 leaves day–1), associated with seasonally optimal growing conditions in late spring–early summer. Similarly, the timing of autumn burns in relation to declining temperature with the approach of winter appeared to dictate how rapidly grasstrees recovered. The consequences of fire season could have implications for the reproductive success of X. preissii.

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13

KORCZYNSKYJ, DYLAN, and BYRON B. LAMONT. "Grasstree (Xanthorrhoea preissii ) leaf growth in relation to season and water availability." Austral Ecology 30, no. 7 (November 2005): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01517.x.

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14

Weste, G. "Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi of Defined Plots in the Brisbane Ranges, Victoria, 1975-1985." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 6 (1986): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860633.

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Changes in plant species composition over a 10 year period were measured by biennial counts of numbers and areas on seven quadrats at each of three sites; one site pathogen free, one in the process of invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi and one diseased since 1970. Susceptible species died and field-resistant species increased. Partly susceptible species fluctuated in growth. The plant community changed from open forest with sclerophyllous understorey dominated by Xanthorrhoea australis to open forest with large gaps and sedge-dominated ground flora. Tree numbers increased by 25% on the pathogen-free site but decreased by 42.9 and 45.3% on the two infested sites. Susceptible shrub species increased 10% on pathogen-free quadrats but decreased in both numbers and diversity with infestation. The high percentage of bare ground on the old diseased site was gradually colonised by graminoids and legumes. At the end of the 10 year period P. cinnamomi could no longer be isolated from this site, tree crowns showed vigorous growth and seedlings of some susceptible species were observed. The epidemic caused by P. cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges may be finite, with peak death periods in 1979 for the invaded site and in 1972 for the old diseased site. The bare ground was later colonised by field-resistant species and the disease potential of the pathogen declined. Regeneration has commenced on the old diseased site and may eventually become complete for the tree stratum, but incomplete for the understorey because Xanthorrhoea australis, formerly dominant, has a very slow growth rate.

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15

Cock, IE, and FR Kalt. "Toxicity evaluation of Xanthorrhoea johnsonii leaf methanolic extract using the Artemia franciscana bioassay." Pharmacognosy Magazine 6, no. 23 (2010): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.66929.

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16

Zalucki, J. M., and M. I. Daws. "Sources of variation in germination of Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (Xanthorrhoeaceae) seeds: maternal plant and seed mass effects." Seed Science and Technology 36, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2008.36.3.15.

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17

Swinburn, Marnie L., Patricia A. Fleming, Michael D. Craig, Andrew H. Grigg, Mark J. Garkaklis, Richard J. Hobbs, and Giles E. St J. Hardy. "The importance of grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea preissii) as habitat for mardo (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) during post-fire recovery." Wildlife Research 34, no. 8 (2007): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07035.

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Grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea) are an important structural component of many Australian ecosystems and also an important resource for many fauna species. Grasstrees have distinctive morphologies, with a crown of long thin leaves and skirts, the latter of which are accumulated dead leaves; both are incinerated by fire. This study determined the morphological features of Xanthorrhoea preissii, which change in response to fire from 6 months to 21 years post-burn. In addition, using radio-telemetry and spool-tracking, we determined that grasstrees are utilised as foraging and nesting resources for mardos (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster (Gray, 1841), Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Recently burnt grasstrees (6 months post-burn) appeared not to be used by mardos at all. We found few mardos in these recently burnt sites, and the one individual we managed to track for 126 m utilised only a single grasstree: a 2-m-tall multiple-crowned grasstree that had escaped the fire was used as a nest site. For sites 5 years post-burn, mardos selectively utilised grasstrees with larger crown areas and those with a greater number of crowns compared with a random sample of available trees. At the 14-year post-burn sites, mardos still demonstrated some selection for grasstrees, although no specific single feature could be determined as most significant. We recorded humidity and temperature buffering effects in association with post-burn accumulation of grasstree skirt material and found that even dead grasstree ‘logs’ were an important resource for nests. We conclude that mardos utilise both live and dead grasstrees for foraging and nest sites, possibly owing to the availability of dense cover, a buffered microclimate, and potentially also food resources. Fire-management policies that promote habitat heterogeneity and retain several intact-skirted grasstrees within the landscape are likely to benefit mardos.

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18

McLay, Todd G. B., Pauline Y. Ladiges, Stephen R. Doyle, and Michael J. Bayly. "Phylogeographic patterns of the Australian grass trees (Xanthorrhoea Asphodelaceae) shown using targeted amplicon sequencing." Australian Systematic Botany 34, no. 2 (2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20013.

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19

Parr, J. F. "The Identification of Xanthorrhoea Resins by Starch Morphology: Prospects for Archaeological and Taxonomic Applications1." Economic Botany 56, no. 3 (July 2002): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0260:tioxrb]2.0.co;2.

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20

NELSON, E. CHARLES, and D. J. BEDFORD. "The names of the Australian grass-tree: Xanthorrhoea Sm. and Acoroides C. Kite (Xanthorrhoeaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 112, no. 2 (June 1993): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb00311.x.

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21

Frazer, Deborah S., and Sophie Petit. "Use of Xanthorrhoea semiplana (grass-trees) for refuge by Rattus fuscipes (southern bush rat)." Wildlife Research 34, no. 5 (2007): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06123.

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This study investigated the use of the grass-tree, Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell. (family Xanthorrhoeaceae), for shelter by Rattus fuscipes (southern bush rat) in South Australia. Eight bush rats were radio-tracked for 4–8 days each. To identify the understorey shelters available to each animal, surveys were conducted using point-intercept sampling at 2-m intervals along transect lines. Grass-tree density was calculated in each area used by the radio-tracked animals, and canopy thickness of grass-trees selected for refuge was assigned a score; the availability of other potential shelters was also calculated. The results indicated that (1) R. fuscipes preferentially selected grass-trees over other understorey shelter; (2) the grass-trees chosen had thick canopy covers; (3) areas with high grass-tree densities were preferred for cover over areas with fewer grass-trees; and (4) grass-trees provided dense cover and, therefore, concealed burrows and nest sites.

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22

Nelson, E. "The names of the Australian grass-tree: Xanthorrhoea Sin. and Acoroides C. Kite (Xanthorrhoeaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 112, no. 2 (June 1993): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1993.1044.

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23

Bellairs, SM, and DT Bell. "Temperature Effects on the Seed-Germination of 10 Kwongan Species From Eneabba, Western-Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 5 (1990): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900451.

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The germination responses of 10 species (Acacia blakelyi, A. pulchella, Allocasuarina humilis, Beaufortia elegans, Conostylis neocymosa, Eucalyptus tetragona, Kennedia prostrata, Leptospermum spinescens, Melaleuca acerosa and Xanthorrhoea drummondii) to constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 35� C were studied. These Western Australian perennial species had optimum germination percentages between 15 and 20�C, except Eucalyptus tetragona which had an optimum at 25�C and Leptospermum spinescens which had an optimum at 10�C. Seeds were transferred from high and low temperatures to 15�C to determine whether high or low temperatures induced dormancy. Low temperatures tended not to affect subsequent germination but high temperature decreased subsequent germination for some species. Wetting and drying stimulated the germination of Acacia blakelyi, A. pulchella and Kennedia prostrata seeds.

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24

Bellette, Marc P., Ruth E. Lawrence, and Neal J. Enright. "The effect of burnt soils on growth of Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. angustifolia (Xanthorrhoeaceae) seedlings in box-ironbark ecosystems, northern central Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 8 (2015): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15041.

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Seedlings of Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. angustifolia D.J.Bedford (Xanthorrhoeaceae) were grown in burnt, unburnt and ash-rich soils from the box-ironbark ecosystem, northern central Victoria. Analysis of root architecture and the chemistry of leaves and roots demonstrate that burning improves seedling biomass development and acquisition of nutrients. An increased uptake of zinc by seedlings after fire is thought to be ecologically important and may infer vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. The early development of a secondary root system is likely to contribute to seedling survivorship. Given the observed high adult mortality after managed fuel-reduction fires, the importance of understanding and manipulating recruitment dynamics through an adaptive and strategic fire management of the remaining populations is likely to define the long-term survival of the species in Victoria.

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25

Eddy Jai Poinern, Gerrard. "Microscopy Study of Xanthorrhoea glauca Leaves and Preliminary Investigation into Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles." International Journal of Sciences 2, no. 03 (2016): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.970.

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26

Cock, IanE, and FrederickR Kalt. "Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of a Xanthorrhoea johnsonii leaf extract displaying apparent anaesthetic effects." Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals 3, no. 2 (2012): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5119.102749.

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27

Ali, Zahid, and David I. Guest. "Potassium phosphonate controls root rot of Xanthorrhoea australis and X. minor caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australasian Plant Pathology 27, no. 1 (1998): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap98003.

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28

Lamont, Byron B., Perry W. Swanborough, and David Ward. "Plant size and season of burn affect flowering and fruiting of the grasstree Xanthorrhoea preissii." Austral Ecology 25, no. 3 (June 2000): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01028.x.

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29

PARK, KYU-TEK, and SANGMI LEE. "Pacificulla gen. nov. of Lecithoceridae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea) from New Guinea, with descriptions of six new species." Zootaxa 3599, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.1.6.

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Pacificulla Park, gen. nov. related to Crocanthes Meyrick is described from New Guinea, based on the type species P. flaviagra Park, sp. nov. Five additional species are described: P. esdiparki Park, sp. nov., P. searsi Park, sp. nov., P. callisomata Park, sp. nov., P. cervicalis Park, sp. nov., and P. kekamatana Park, sp. nov. The following six new combinations are proposed, the species of which were formerly included in Crocanthes: Pacificulla thrasydora (Meyrick, 1910), comb. nov.; P. philotima (Diakonoff, 1954), comb. nov.; P. miltina (Durrant, 1915), comb. nov.; P. ignigera (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov.; P. zonias (Meyrick, 1904), comb. nov.; and P. geniola (Meyrick, 1931), comb. nov. C. xanthorrhoea Diakonoff is synonymized with P. philotima (Diakonoff). The upper surface of adults, labial palpi, and genitalia of all described species are illustrated, including the wing venation of two representative species.

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30

Whight, Sandra, and Ross Bradstock. "Indices of fire characteristics in sandstone heath near Sydney, Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 2 (1999): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00012.

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The relative sensitivity and performance of post-hocindices of fire characteristics were examined in a heathland area burnt in1994. Sites burnt at differing times before 1994 were selected andqualitatively allocated to classes of high and low crown damage. Subsequentmeasures were made of height of consumption of crowns, length of the deadportion of Xanthorrhoea resinifera leaves, and minimumtip diameters of burnt branches of the shrubs,Banksia oblongifolia andBanksia ericifolia. Results indicated that significantdifferences in mean, minimum tip diameter corresponded to contrasting classesof crown damage (larger mean tip diameters in high crown damage sites). Meanminimum branch tip diameter in B. oblongifolia was notsignificantly correlated with fuel age but significant correlations were foundwith estimates of rate of spread and Byram fire intensity at the study sites.The minimum branch tip diameter method has potential for further developmentand use as an indicator of fire intensity in heathland vegetation.

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31

Valis, Susan. "INVESTIGATION INTO THE DISTORTION OF TRIODIA AND XANTHORRHOEA RESINS ON AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ARTEFACTS IN MUSEUM COLLECTIONS." AICCM Bulletin 17, no. 1-2 (June 1991): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bac.1991.17.1-2.005.

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32

Weste, G., T. Walchhuetter, and T. Walshe. "Regeneration of Xanthorrhoea australis following epidemic disease due to Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges, Victoria." Australasian Plant Pathology 28, no. 2 (1999): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap99027.

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33

Boyd, JD, and RC Foster. "Anomalous Reaction Fibers in the Woody Monocotyledon Xanthorrhea australis R. Br." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 2 (1987): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870193.

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This study of leaves, of the woody monocotyledon Xanthorrhoea australis, relates their progressive growth in length to associated differentiation of cells with apparently significant structural functions. It connects features of development of the readily identifiable cell wall layers, and the in-built axial shape of the growing leaves, as their positions of articulation move across the top of the shoot apex to the side of the stem. Results show that the shape of the leaves, as developed with their growth in length, ensures their upper and lower faces will be exposed to light, when normal progressive movement of their positions of articulation takes them from the centre to the outside of the axial bundle of developing leaves. The study indicates also that the exposure occurs prior to differentiation of so-called 'reaction wood' cells, previously suggested as causing it. Furthermore, evidence of all changes in axial profile of the leaves through to senescence revealed no bending of leaves induced by the so-called reaction cells. The data suggest that those cells are differentiated to stiffen the leaves against excessive bending under gravity forces.

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34

Duncan, MJ, and PJ Keane. "Vegetation Changes Associated With Phytophthora cinnamomi and Its Decline Under Xanthorrhoea australis in Kinglake National Park, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 3 (1996): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960355.

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Changes in the species composition associated with the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and changes in the potential activity of the fungus were measured at a dry sclerophyll forest site in Kinglake National Park. In soil infested with P. cinnamomi, both the percentage cover and density of the major overstorey species (Eucalyptus dives Schauer in Walp. and E. macrorhyncha F.Muell.) and major understorey species (Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br., Daviesia ulicifolia Andrews and Dillwynia phylicoides Cunn.) were significantly reduced, while both the cover and density of the sedge species (Gahnia sieberiana Kunth., Lepidosperma laterale R.Br.and L. semiteres F.Muell.) increased significantly. The density of the major grass species, Chionochloa pallida (R.Br.) S. W. L.Jacobs, did not change. Species that were susceptible to P. cinnamomi showed varying patterns of decline. Xanthorrhoea australis was the most sensitive to the presence of P. cinnamomi, showing an immediate and large decline in both percentage cover and density, while Daviesia ulicifolia was the least sensitive, showing a decline only at later stages of disease development in the vegetation. Lepidosperma laterale and L. seiiziteres were the major colonisers of the diseased vegetation at this site, and were succeeded by Gahnia sieberiana, which became the dominant sedge species in the diseased zone after the dead plants of X. australis had collapsed. A seasonal survey (1992-1994) of P. cinnamomi found the pathogen to be potentially active all year round at this site, with summer and winter maxima. A decline was measured in the potential activity of P. cinnamorni underneath diseased and dead plants of X. australis after a disease outbreak. The potential activity of P. cinnamomi was greatest in soil collected from the base of dying plants of X. australis and zero in soil from under dead and collapsed individuals of that species. A similar pattern of decline in the potential pathogen activity was measured for the same host species at disease sites in the Brisbane Ranges National Park and Angahook State Park. A similar consistent pattern of decline in the disease potential of P. cinnamomi in soil from under diseased and dead plants of X. australis was observed in a pot bioassay. This decline in disease potential was overcome by the addition of Eucalyptus sieberi L.A.S.Johnson seedlings and P. cinnamomi inoculum to the soil.

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35

Kumar, A. "Structural study of larval head and morphometric relationship between successive instars of Porthesia xanthorrhoea (Kollar) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 37, no. 1-3 (April 22, 2008): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19900370130.

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36

Kumar, A. "Structural study of larval head and morphometric relationship between successive instars of Porthesia xanthorrhoea (Kollar) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (neue Folge) 37, no. 1-3 (March 15, 1990): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810370130.

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37

Kaleka, Amritpal Singh, Devinder Singh, and Gagan Preet Kour Bali. "Present status of the genus Sphrageidus Maes, 1984 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) from India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5302.12.9.16153-16160.

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The surveys to different localities of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand yielded three species of genus Sphrageidus Maes, namely S. similis (Fuessly), S. simlensis (Gupta) and S. xanthorrhoea (Kollar) of subfamily Lymantriinae. The external morphological characters particularly wing maculation and venation along with genitalia characteristics have been studied and illustrated in detail. The male genitalic features like distinct saccus, ring-like juxta, simple valva, aedeagus with a hook or reversed spine at the apex and distinct wing venation, i.e., absence of vein M2 in hindwing completely conform the characterization of the genus. In the present studies, the species simlensis has been placed under genus Sphrageidus Maes making a new combination as Sphrageidus simlensis (Gupta) for its proper placement. The genus diagnosis has also been updated. The external morphological characters including wing maculation, venation and particularly the genitalic features proved significant from taxonomic point of view in all the three species.

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38

Dawson, P., G. Weste, and D. Ashton. "Regeneration of Vegetation in the Brisbane Ranges After Fire and Infestation by Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 1 (1985): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850015.

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The distribution, population density and regeneration of some prominent spp. of understorey and overstorey (dominant Eucalyptus spp.) were monitored over a period of 20 yr in seasonally well drained dry sclerophyll forest. Changes varied with susceptibility to the pathogen and to fire. Changes in spp. composition and crown density of the overstorey were attributed to fire. Population density, basal area and crown cover of the Eucalyptus spp. which were associated with the pathogen, also declined in 1962-82. Both distribution and population density of Xanthorrhoea australis and Isopogon ceratophyllus declined markedly following the spread of infestation, whereas those of Hakea sericea and Lepidosperma semiteres increased. Regeneration of X. australis but not of I. Ceratophyllus was observed in certain areas of the infested plots 12-20 years after infection. This is the first record of such regeneration. It is postulated that a bush fire in 1967 both stimulated X. australis seed production and reduced further an already declining pathogen inoculum density.

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39

Keiper, P., and C. N. Johnson. "Diet and habitat preference of the Cape York short-nosed bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus peninsulae) in north-east Queensland." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02030.

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Diet and habitat preferences of the Cape York bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus peninsulae) were studied along a rainfall gradient from dry open woodland to wet Allocasuarina–Eucalyptus forest in the Lamb Range, Queensland. I. o. peninsulae was an omnivore-insectivore with invertebrates contributing 35–56% of faecal contents. Roots represented the most important plant food. Grass, forbs, fruits and hypogeous fungi were also eaten but in small quantities. The species was most abundant at the drier end of the rainfall gradient. Preferred habitats in open woodland were characterised by a high grass tree (Xanthorrhoea johnsonii) abundance and high shrub cover in the understorey. In contrast, areas with a tall and dense grass layer in conjunction with a high litter cover were avoided. I. o. peninsulae did not seem to share its habitat with the sympatrically occurring I. macrourus even though the habitat appeared suitable for the latter. More studies are required to evaluate the causes of differing habitat preferences of sympatric bandicoot species.

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40

Curtis, NP. "Germination and Seedling Survival Studies of Xanthorrhoea australis in the Warby Range State Park, North-Eastern Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 6 (1996): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960635.

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Germination of Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br. was affected by temperature, stratification, the time of seed collecting, and light. Ninety eight percent of seeds germinated at the optimum temperature, 15-20°C, in the laboratory which matched field conditions during times of reliable rainfall. A varying temperature of 20-12°C brought seeds sown in soils out of dormancy 6 weeks earlier than those under a fixed temperature regime. The germination of seeds stratified at 4°C for 11 weeks was 90% compared with 40% for unstratified seeds. For spring- and autumn-picked seeds, germination in the dark was 98%; but for spring-picked seed, germination in light was 90% compared with 60% for autumn-picked seed, with both picked in the same year. After a simulated summer, when temperatures decreased, seeds in light (or on the soil surface) had 3% germination, while those in the dark (buried) had 40% germination. In field trials using five different substrates, germination of buried seed ranged from 30% to 55%, with a seedling survival in the first post-fire autumn of 28-43%, which was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that of the surface-sown seed. However, in cabinet trials with the same substrates, there was no significant difference between germination in buried and surface-sown seeds (25-40% germination). The lower germination in the field of surface-sown seeds could be explained by loss due to seed predation, and lack of moisture, causing incomplete imbibition and water stress on seedling survival. These findings show that to establish X. australis in areas degraded by soil pathogens, fire or clearing, seeds should be sown in the late winter at a depth of 3 mm, with protection from grazing.

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Tippett, JT, TC Hill, and BL Shearer. "Resistance of Eucalyptus Spp. To Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850409.

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The resistance of 21 Eucalyptus spp. to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was assessed using wound inoculation methods. Aggressive lesions were observed in Eucalyptus marginata Uarrah) only. Lesion development was initially compared in E. marginata and E. calophylla (moderately resistant). Further comparisons were made of lesions in roots and stems of E. marginata, E. calophylla, E. patens and E. Wandoo growing in close proximity, in forest south-east of Perth. E. wandoo was the most resistant; the fungus failed to establish. As stems proved convenient for inoculation, summer stem inoculation trials were made to rate the resistance of 21 Eucalyptus spp. grown on a rehabilitated mine site. Lesions formed in the species of the Monocalyptus and Corymbia subgeneric groups but did not develop in species of the subgenus Symphyomyrtus. An alternative laboratory method of rating susceptibility of roots to invasion was also tested. Excised roots of three eucalypts, Banksia grandis and Xanthorrhoea preissii were inoculated and incubated at 25°C. Length of the root invaded was recorded; results were not well correlated with those from field studies.

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42

Laidlaw, W. Scott, and Barbara A. Wilson. "Floristic and structural characteristics of a coastal heathland exhibiting symptoms of Phytophthora cinnamomi infestation in the eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (2003): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02100.

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The floristics and structure of heathland vegetation exhibiting symptoms of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands infestation was assessed at two sites in heathlands at Anglesea, Victoria. There were significant effects in both floristics and structure. Thirteen heathland species were significantly less abundant in diseased areas and 23 species were more abundant. Diseased (infested) vegetation, when compared with non-diseased areas, had less cover of Xanthorrhoea australis and shrub species and a greater cover of sedges, grasses and open ground. Structural differences were observed between heights 0 and 0.6 m, with a decline in cover recorded in diseased vegetation. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of the floristic data showed a clear separation of diseased and non-diseased vegetation and that changes in floristic composition post-infestation were similar at both sites. Although there was some evidence of regeneration of X. australis, the recovery capacity of other susceptible species at Anglesea is unknown. The long-term consequences of loss of species and structure in the eastern Otways mean that the vegetation is unlikely to return to former status, especially if the pathogen continues to reinfect.

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Crawford, A. D., F. R. Hay, J. A. Plummer, R. J. Probert, and K. J. Steadman. "One-step fitting of seed viability constants for two Australian plant species, Eucalyptus erythrocorys (Myrtaceae) and Xanthorrhoea preissii (Xanthorrhoeacea)." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12171.

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Long-term ex-situ seed storage under controlled conditions in gene banks has become an important tool for conserving threatened Australian plants; however, there is scant information about the seed longevity of most species. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the seed longevity of two contrasting Australian species could be modelled using the seed viability equation, and whether the universal temperature constants are applicable to these species. Seeds of Eucalyptus erythrocorys F.Muell. (Myrtaceae) and Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) were aged at moisture contents ranging from 3.9 to 15.7% and temperatures between –20 and 60°C. Survival data were fitted to the seed viability equation in one step and the species constants for each species determined. Both E. erythrocorys and X. preissii seeds exhibited orthodox seed storage behaviour whose longevity could be modelled using the seed viability equation. The viability constants were KE = 8.81, CW = 4.97, CH = 0.0412 and CQ = 0.000379 for E. erythrocorys and KE = 8.77, CW = 5.29, CH = 0.0382 and CQ = 0.000473 for X. preissii. The universal temperature constants could not be used without a significant increase in error. The storage behaviour of these two Australian species is in keeping with that of orthodox species from around the world. Predictions are that E. erythrocorys will be long-lived under gene bank conditions, whereas X. preissii would be moderately long-lived. Current long-term gene bank storage conditions appear suitable for storage of these species; however, recommendations for short-term storage need to be re-evaluated.

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Lamont, Byron B., Roy Wittkuhn, and Dylan Korczynskyj. "Ecology and ecophysiology of grasstrees." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03127.

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‘Xanthorrhoea…is in habit one of the most remarkable genera of Terra Australis, and gives a peculiar character to the vegetation of that part of the country where it abounds’ Robert Brown (1814). Grasstrees (arborescent Xanthorrhoea, Dasypogon, Kingia), with their crown of long narrow leaves and blackened leafbase-covered trunk (caudex), are a characteristic growth form in the Australian flora. Xanthorrhoea is the most widespread genus, with 28 species that are prominent from heathlands to sclerophyll forests. While leaf production for X. preissii reaches a peak in spring–summer, growth never stops even in the cool winter or dry autumn seasons. Summer rain, accompanied by a rapid rise in leaf water potential, may be sufficient to stimulate leaf production, whereas root growth is confined to the usual wet season. Grasstrees are highly flammable yet rarely succumb to fire: while retained dead leaves may reach >1000°C during fire, the temperature 100 mm above the stem apex remains <60°C and the roots are insulated completely. Immediately following fire, leaf production from the intact apical meristem is up to six times greater than that at unburnt sites. For X. preissii, pre-fire biomass is restored within 40 weeks; the mass of live leaves remains uniform from thereon, whereas the mass of dead leaves increases steadily. Leaves usually survive for >2 years. In X. preissii, the post-fire growth flush corresponds to a reduction in starch storage by desmium in the caudex. Minerals, especially P, are remobilised from the caudex to the crown following a spring fire, but accumulate there following an autumn fire. At least 80% of P is withdrawn from senescing leaves, while >95% K and Na are leached from dead leaves. Most stored N and S are volatilised by fire, with 1–85% of all minerals returned as ash. Despite monthly clipping for 16 months, X. preissii plants recover, although starch reserves are depleted by 90%, indicating considerable resilience to herbivory. Analysis of colour band patterns in the leafbases of X. preissii shows that elongation of the caudex may vary more than 5–50 mm per annum, with 10–20 mm being typical. Exceptionally tall plants (>3 m) may reach an age of 250 years, with a record at 450 years (6 m). Fires, recorded as black bands on the leafbases, in south-western Australia have been decreasing in frequency but increasing in variability since 1750–1850. Some grasstrees have survived a mean fire interval of 3–4 years over the last two centuries. In more recent times, some grasstrees have not been burnt for >50 years. The band-analysis technique has been used to show a downward trend in plant δ13C of 2–5.5‰ from 1935 to the present. Grasstrees are most likely to flower in the first spring after fire. A single inflorescence is initiated from the apical meristem, elongating at up to 100 mm day–1 and reaching a length up to 3 m, with one recorded at 5.5 m. This rapid rate of elongation is achieved through leaf (and inflorescence) photosynthesis and desmium starch mobilisation. The developing spike and seeds are vulnerable to a moth larva. Leaf production recommences from axillary buds and the trade-off with reproduction is equivalent to 240 leaves in X. preissii. Flowering and seed production are affected by time of fire. Grasstrees are mainly insect-pollinated. Up to 8000 seeds per spike are produced, although pre-dispersal granivory is common. Seeds are released in autumn and persist in the soil for <2 years. Most fresh seeds germinate in the laboratory but germination is inhibited by light. At any time, seedlings and juveniles may account for most plants in the population, although there may be up to an 80% reduction within 1 year of seedling emergence, often due to kangaroo herbivory. In the absence of fire, mortality of adults may be 4% per annum. Although few grasstree species are considered rare or threatened, their conservation requirements, especially in regard to a suitable fire regime, remain unknown. Grasstrees are particularly susceptible to the exotic root pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi, although recruitment among some species has been observed 20–30 years after pathogen invasion. Much remains to be known about the biology of this icon of the Australian bush.

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Kennedy, J., and G. Weste. "Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Monitored Sites in the Grampians, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 3 (1986): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860251.

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The effects of invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi were measured on sites representing the larger forest regions of the Grampians. Changes were obvious at first, with the death of more than 50% of the species including large plants such as Xanthorrhoea australis, but soon became dificult to detect as susceptible species were replaced by field-resistant graminoids. Reductions were assessed in species heterogeneity and plant density during 1976, at the onset of disease and from 1977 to 1984. Susceptible species disappeared from infested forest and no re-emergence was observed. Less-susceptible plants such as some Euca/yptus spp. declined in number, regeneration and size, due to deaths or dieback of the branches. Reductions in tree canopy and the loss of structural dominants of the understorey caused changes in the flora which are likely to persist. The survival of rare, susceptible endemic species may be endangered. On dry, steep slopes the dead plants were not replaced and the amount of bare ground increased causing erosion of the soil surface. Some graminoid species increased in abundance on level, infested sites, resulting in a different species composition but with both species heterogeneity and plant density numerically similar to the previous flora.

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46

Lazenby, B. T,, T. Pye, A. Richardson, and S. A. Bryant. "Towards a habitat model for the New Holland Mouse Pseudomys novaehollandiae in Tasmania ? population vegetation associations and an investigation into individual habitat use." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 2 (2007): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07018.

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Sixteen study sites across the known north-south range of Pseudomys novaehollandiae in Tasmania were live trapped, and measures of floristic presence and abundance were recorded at each site. Multivariate analysis was used to quantify similarities and differences in plant assemblages at each of the study sites; these included historic sites (sites where P. novaehollandiae had been confirmed to be present 12 years previously) and sites supporting vegetation known to have supported the mouse elsewhere in its range, but from which it had not been recorded. A strong association between P. novaehollandiae capture sites and the occurrence and abundance of the plants Aotus ericoides, Hypolaena fastigiata, Lepidosperma concavum and Xanthorrhoea spp. was found. Nine individual P. novaehollandiae were radio-tracked on one study area to investigate whether the apparent habitat preferences of P. novaehollandiae observed at the population/site level were reflected by individual habitat use. Two individuals were on occasion radio-located in a She-oak stand, a habitat type not typically associated with populations of P. novaehollandiae. Burrow sharing and overlap of home ranges were recorded. Results are interpreted with a view to developing an effective predictive habitat model for P. novaehollandiae in Tasmania.

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47

MÜLLER, GREGG. "A New Frequency Analysis Method for Constructing Fire Histories from Flowering Events in Austral Grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea australis) from Southern Victoria." Geographical Research 44, no. 4 (December 2006): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2006.00405.x.

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48

Fletcher, Murray J., and Melinda L. Moir. "Cryptobarsac rubriops, a new genus and species of selizine Flatidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea preissii) in south Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum 21, no. 3 (2002): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.21(3).2002.221-225.

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COLANGELO, W. I. "The Anatomy and Chemistry of the Colour Bands of Grasstree Stems (Xanthorrhoea preissii) used for Plant Age and Fire History Determination." Annals of Botany 89, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf073.

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50

Curtis, N. Peter. "A Post-fire Ecological Study of Xanthorrhoea australis Following Prescribed Burning in the Warby Range State Park, North-eastern Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 2 (1998): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97018.

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Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br. is considered a fire-tolerant species, a statement evidently based on established adaptive traits rather than fire recorded studies. This two-year post-fire study of X. australis in areas that have been subjected to prescribed burning in 1976 and 1991 compares results with a site unburnt for about 100 years. In the sites burnt in 1991, arborescent plants had a mortality of between 10% and 40% (average 21%), with highest mortality in the youngest and oldest plants, and in the site with the lowest plant density. In the site burnt in 1976, plants were still dying. Mortality of plants in the unburnt site was 4%. Flowering in the first post-fire spring varied from 0–100% throughout the size classes, with no flowering observed in plants smaller than 0.5 m. In the unburnt sites and the 1976 burnt sites, where understorey protected seedlings, recruitment was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in the areas burnt in 1991 that had little ground cover. Plants with severe burn damage to stems at ground level often developed leans (P < 0.001) that were more often opposite to the burnt side (P < 0.001). Leans increased from 2.5˚ to 35˚, and some plants continued to grow, lying horizontally. In all fire sites the horizontal plants had a mortality of 44–92% compared with 29% for those in the unburnt site. In some sites, particularly in areas of high soil moisture, 3–10% of plants developed epicormic shoots after their stems fractured, or their shoot apices died. The study showed that fire has a long-term deleterious effect on large plants of this species. These data should be taken into account by authorities engaged in prescribed burning in forests with significant stands of this species.

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