Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Xanthorrhoea'

Australian grasstrees are a long-lived group of arborescent, monocotyledonous plants that persist in fire-prone landscapes. Renowned for their capacity to survive fire, and flower soon after, these species have long attracted the attention of biologists. A southwestern Australian species, Xanthorrhoea preissii, has been the subject of several recent studies, including use and verification of the "leafbase banding technique" that prompted my study. This technique, which is used to determine the age and fire history of grasstrees, correlates alternating brown- and cream-coloured, transverse bands along the stem of grasstrees with seasonal growth, and intermittent black bands with the burning of the plant. Combined, this information provides a chronology for the fire events. Fundamental to this interpretation is the assumption that grasstrees grow continually, and this growth varies annually in accordance with changes between the two contrasting seasons of its mediterranean climate. I studied X. preissii in two habitats (jarrah forest and banksia woodland) adjacent to the Perth metropolitan area, in southwestern Australia, focussing on leaf growth and phenology in relation to four factors important to the species lifecycle; climate, fire, reproduction and herbivory. Leaf production monitored for grasstrees in both habitats revealed continuous growth, oscillating between maximum rates (2.5-3.2 leaves/d) from late-spring (November) to autumn (April/May), to a minimum rate of as low as 0.5 leaf/d during winter. In additional support of the "leafbase banding technique", annual leaf production was not different from the number of leafbases comprising one cream and one brown band.Synchronised with leaf production, grasstree water potentials cycled annually, with predawn readings commonly measured as 0 MPa during winter-spring and were as low as -1.26 MPa during summer, but they never exceeded the turgor loss point (-1.85 to -2.18 MPa). The fast summer growth was characterised by a fluctuating pattern of leaf production, particularly in banksia woodland, where grasstrees reliably responded to >18 mm of rainfall. Twenty-four hours after 59 mm of simulated rainfall, grasstrees in banksia woodland showed a significant increase in water potential and increased leaf production by 7.5 times. Reflecting this result, rainfall was the best climatic variable for predicting banksia woodland grasstree leaf production rate during summer, whereas leaf production of jarrah forest grasstrees was most closely correlated with daylength. Substrate differences between the two habitats can explain this variation in leaf growth patterns. While water appears to have played an important role in the evolution of this species, growth phenology suggests that X. preissii may have retained a mesotherm growth rhythm from the subtropical early Tertiary Period. To distinguish fire-stimulated growth from the underlying growth patterns imposed by season, leaf production and starch reserves of X. preissii were compared between plants from unburnt sites and those burnt in spring and autumn. Immediately following fire, X. preissii responded with accelerated leaf production, regardless of season. Rapid leaf accumulation during the initial flush of growth was partly at the expense of starch reserves in the stem. Although this initial flush was relatively short-lived (12-32 weeks), the effect of fire on leaf production was sustained for much longer (up to 19 months).Mean maximum leaf production rate was higher for spring-burnt grasstrees (up to 6.1 leaves/d) than those burnt in autumn (up to 4.5 leaves/d), due to optimum growing conditions in late spring/early summer. Similarly, the timing of autumn burns in relation to declining temperatures with the approach of winter appeared to dictate how rapidly grasstrees resprouted. These consequences of fire season may have implications for the reproductive success of X. preissii, reflected in the greater mean spike mass of spring-burnt grasstrees (1.19 kg) than those burnt in autumn (0.78 kg). Leaf and spike growth, starch reserves and the effect of restricting light to reproductive plants on spike elongation were assessed. The emergence of the spike from within the plant's apex triggers a reduction in leaf production of up to 4.6 times that of a vegetative grasstree that is sustained until seed release 4.5-5 months later. Jarrah forest grasstrees experienced the largest trade-off in leaf production (7% lower leaf production than grasstrees in banksia woodland), and produced the shortest mature inflorescences (50% of banksia woodland grasstree inflorescences), suggesting a constraint imposed by resource availability in this habitat. During the period from inflorescence elongation to seed release starch reserves were depleted.Experimentation in the banksia woodland revealed that, although the developing spike is itself photosynthetic, it is the daily production of photosynthates by the surrounding foliage that contributes most significantly to its growth. When light was prevented from reaching the leaves the starch stored within the stem was not a sufficient substitute, evidenced by a significant reduction in spike biomass of 41%. A fire simulation experiment with a factorial design was used to assess three factors considered important for postfire grasstree leaf growth in banksia woodland: water, ash and shade. While results identified that ash and reduced shade significantly affect leaf growth, their effects were small compared with the stimulation derived solely from leaf removal by fire, simulated in this experiment by clipping. Clipping, also used to simulate herbivory, was imposed on a series of grasstrees at different frequencies. X. preissii demonstrated a strong capacity to recover in both jarrah forest and banksia woodland, even after clipping every month for 16 months. Starch reserves were depleted as the result of clipping, providing a cause of the eventual deterioration of grasstree 'health' associated with chronic herbivory. The similarity of growth responses to leaf removal independent of the mechanism (eg. fire or herbivory), provided reason to question the interpretation that grasstrees are essentially adapted to fire, rather than the alternative, that they are adapted to herbivory.

Studies in plant population ecology are concerned with explaining the patterns in spatial and temporal variation of abundance. These patterns are a consequence of the demographic patterns of birth, death, emigration and immigration. These studies are easier on short lived species but generalisations to other species, in particular long lived species, may not be valid. Xanthorrhoea johnsonii is a long lived perennial plant endemic to Australia. Seed set in this species is highly variable with individual plants producing anything from a few seeds to over 9 000 seeds in one flowering season. The aim of this study is to examine the spatial and temporal variation in seed set and to try and determine whether or not the observed variation could be correlated with levels of seed predation or various plant traits such as age, size of floral display, synchrony of flowering with other individuals in the population, or distance to nearest flowering neighbour. Spatial autocorrelation analysis from four study sites indicated that seed set was not random but patchy. Correlations of seed set with various plant traits showed some significant trends but were not consistent across all sites. It seems that, while individual sites show very different trends, the sites that had a higher density of flowering plants had higher seed set per plant. This has been suggested by others as 'masting seed set' and is one way of avoiding high levels of seed predation. Allozyme electrophoresis was used to examine genetic variability and while the numbers of readable, variable loci were limited (5), analysis of the data suggests that there is some evidence of limited gene flow in the populations examined. Progeny arrays were also examined from ten plants from four sites to determine the level of outcrossing in the population. Plants at all sites consistently showed high levels of outcrossing which is consistent with the protandrous nature of the flowering pattern. Significant deviations from total outcrossing was observed at a site that had extremely low flowering density. At this site the plants that flowered early in the flowering season were separated both temporally and spatially from nearest flowering neighbours and showed significant levels of true selfing. This situation is analogous to small fragmented populations. Germination response to temperature indicated that high germination rates could be expected under field conditions during summer seasons with good rainfall. Germination response showed no correlation with the maternal outcrossing rates but was correlated with seed weight. These results lend support to the argument that the maternal environment of the plant (both environmental and genetic) influences the germination response in seeds.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

Australian grasstrees are a long-lived group of arborescent, monocotyledonous plants that persist in fire-prone landscapes. Renowned for their capacity to survive fire, and flower soon after, these species have long attracted the attention of biologists. A southwestern Australian species, Xanthorrhoea preissii, has been the subject of several recent studies, including use and verification of the "leafbase banding technique" that prompted my study. This technique, which is used to determine the age and fire history of grasstrees, correlates alternating brown- and cream-coloured, transverse bands along the stem of grasstrees with seasonal growth, and intermittent black bands with the burning of the plant. Combined, this information provides a chronology for the fire events. Fundamental to this interpretation is the assumption that grasstrees grow continually, and this growth varies annually in accordance with changes between the two contrasting seasons of its mediterranean climate. I studied X. preissii in two habitats (jarrah forest and banksia woodland) adjacent to the Perth metropolitan area, in southwestern Australia, focussing on leaf growth and phenology in relation to four factors important to the species lifecycle; climate, fire, reproduction and herbivory. Leaf production monitored for grasstrees in both habitats revealed continuous growth, oscillating between maximum rates (2.5-3.2 leaves/d) from late-spring (November) to autumn (April/May), to a minimum rate of as low as 0.5 leaf/d during winter. In additional support of the "leafbase banding technique", annual leaf production was not different from the number of leafbases comprising one cream and one brown band.
Synchronised with leaf production, grasstree water potentials cycled annually, with predawn readings commonly measured as 0 MPa during winter-spring and were as low as -1.26 MPa during summer, but they never exceeded the turgor loss point (-1.85 to -2.18 MPa). The fast summer growth was characterised by a fluctuating pattern of leaf production, particularly in banksia woodland, where grasstrees reliably responded to >18 mm of rainfall. Twenty-four hours after 59 mm of simulated rainfall, grasstrees in banksia woodland showed a significant increase in water potential and increased leaf production by 7.5 times. Reflecting this result, rainfall was the best climatic variable for predicting banksia woodland grasstree leaf production rate during summer, whereas leaf production of jarrah forest grasstrees was most closely correlated with daylength. Substrate differences between the two habitats can explain this variation in leaf growth patterns. While water appears to have played an important role in the evolution of this species, growth phenology suggests that X. preissii may have retained a mesotherm growth rhythm from the subtropical early Tertiary Period. To distinguish fire-stimulated growth from the underlying growth patterns imposed by season, leaf production and starch reserves of X. preissii were compared between plants from unburnt sites and those burnt in spring and autumn. Immediately following fire, X. preissii responded with accelerated leaf production, regardless of season. Rapid leaf accumulation during the initial flush of growth was partly at the expense of starch reserves in the stem. Although this initial flush was relatively short-lived (12-32 weeks), the effect of fire on leaf production was sustained for much longer (up to 19 months).
Mean maximum leaf production rate was higher for spring-burnt grasstrees (up to 6.1 leaves/d) than those burnt in autumn (up to 4.5 leaves/d), due to optimum growing conditions in late spring/early summer. Similarly, the timing of autumn burns in relation to declining temperatures with the approach of winter appeared to dictate how rapidly grasstrees resprouted. These consequences of fire season may have implications for the reproductive success of X. preissii, reflected in the greater mean spike mass of spring-burnt grasstrees (1.19 kg) than those burnt in autumn (0.78 kg). Leaf and spike growth, starch reserves and the effect of restricting light to reproductive plants on spike elongation were assessed. The emergence of the spike from within the plant's apex triggers a reduction in leaf production of up to 4.6 times that of a vegetative grasstree that is sustained until seed release 4.5-5 months later. Jarrah forest grasstrees experienced the largest trade-off in leaf production (7% lower leaf production than grasstrees in banksia woodland), and produced the shortest mature inflorescences (50% of banksia woodland grasstree inflorescences), suggesting a constraint imposed by resource availability in this habitat. During the period from inflorescence elongation to seed release starch reserves were depleted.
Experimentation in the banksia woodland revealed that, although the developing spike is itself photosynthetic, it is the daily production of photosynthates by the surrounding foliage that contributes most significantly to its growth. When light was prevented from reaching the leaves the starch stored within the stem was not a sufficient substitute, evidenced by a significant reduction in spike biomass of 41%. A fire simulation experiment with a factorial design was used to assess three factors considered important for postfire grasstree leaf growth in banksia woodland: water, ash and shade. While results identified that ash and reduced shade significantly affect leaf growth, their effects were small compared with the stimulation derived solely from leaf removal by fire, simulated in this experiment by clipping. Clipping, also used to simulate herbivory, was imposed on a series of grasstrees at different frequencies. X. preissii demonstrated a strong capacity to recover in both jarrah forest and banksia woodland, even after clipping every month for 16 months. Starch reserves were depleted as the result of clipping, providing a cause of the eventual deterioration of grasstree 'health' associated with chronic herbivory. The similarity of growth responses to leaf removal independent of the mechanism (eg. fire or herbivory), provided reason to question the interpretation that grasstrees are essentially adapted to fire, rather than the alternative, that they are adapted to herbivory.

One of the major aims of the research presented in this thesis was to assist managers of native vegetation communities in southeastern Australia in understanding the dynamics of P. cinnamomi with an important ecological species, Xanthorrhoea australis. It trialed the use of phosphite in large-scale field applications to establish the usefulness of this management option for the first time on Victorian flora. This thesis describes the process of disease development within mature X. Australia plants. For the first time it was shown that within X. australis plants, secondary disease symptoms are related to the percentage of stem that has been infested by the disease. It was evident that after initial invasion the pathogen moves via root xylem and throughout the plant within vascular to the stem, especially within the desmium. The research shows that the pathogen could not be isolated consistently even though it was considered to be responsible for disease symptoms. Trials of a control fungicide (Foli-R-fos 200) shows that protection occurs in many susceptible plants when 2 and 6g a.i./L phosphite is applied. Phytotoxicity occurred in native plants at Anglesea and within controlled environment trials when using ≥ 6g a.i./L. It will be shown that 2g a.i./L phosphite controls disease in sprayed plots within heathlands at Anglesea and a recently burnt coastal woodland community at Wilson’s Promontory. The proportion of healthy X. australis plants treated with phosphite was significantly higher than the proportion in control plots without phosphite. The research shows that phosphite was recovered from leaves of three species treated with Foli-R-fos 200 in the field. For the first time it has been shown that seed germination was reduced in two species when high concentrations of phosphite were applied. The first documentation of the effect that phosphite has on soil properties showed that nitrogen and oxidised organic carbon were the only parameters to alter significantly. This thesis provides answers to some important questions, answers that can now be used by managers in formulating better policies and actions at an operational level. There has been a dire need in Victoria to address many issues regarding P. cinnamomi and this thesis provides relevant and informative approaches to disease control, and a better understanding of the disease progress.

Diseases in natural ecosystems are often assumed to be less severe than those observed in domestic cropping systems due to the extensive biodiversity exhibited in wild vegetation communities. In Australia, it is this natural biodiversity that is now under threat from Phytophthora cinnamomi. The soilborne Oomycete causes severe decline of native vegetation communities in south-western Victoria, Australia, disrupting the ecological balance of native forest and heathland communities. While the effect of disease caused by P. cinnamomi on native vegetation communities in Victoria has been extensively investigated, little work has focused on the Anglesea healthlands in south-western Victoria. Nothing is known about the population structure of P. cinnamomi at Anglesea. This project was divided into two main components to investigate fundamental issues affecting the management of P. cinnamomi in the Anglesea heathlands. The first component examined the phenotypic characteristics of P. cinnamomi isolates sampled from the population at Anglesea, and compared these with isolates from other regions in Victoria, and also from Western Australia. The second component of the project investigated the effect of the fungicide phosphonate on the host response following infection by P. cinnamomi. Following soil sampling in the Anglesea heathlands, a collection of P, cinnamomi isolates was established. Morphological and physiological traits of each isolate were examined. All isolates were found to be of the A2 mating type. Variation was demonstrated among isolates in the following characteristics: radial growth rate on various nutrient media, sporangial production, and sporangial dimensions. Oogonial dimensions did not differ significantly between isolates. Morphological and physiological variation was rarely dependant on isolate origin. To examine the genetic diversity among isolates and to determine whether phenotypic variation observed was genetically based, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were conducted. No significant variation was observed among isolates based on an analysis of molecular variance (AMQVA). The results are discussed in relation to population biology, and the effect of genetic variation on population structure and population dynamics. X australis, an arborescent monocotyledon indigenous to Australia, is highly susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi. It forms an important component of the heathland vegetation community, providing habitat for native flora and fauna, A cell suspension culture system was developed to investigate the effect of the fungicide phosphonate on the host-pathogen interaction between X. australis and P. cinnamomi. This allowed the interaction between the host and the pathogen to be examined at a cellular level. Subsequently, histological studies using X. australis seedlings were undertaken to support the cellular study. Observations in the cell culture system correlated well with those in the plant. The anatomical structure of X australis roots was examined to assist in the interpretation of results of histopathological studies. The infection of single cells and roots of X. australis, and the effect of phosphonate on the interaction are described. Phosphonate application prior to inoculation with P. cinnamomi reduced the infection of cells in culture and of cells in planta. In particular, phosphonate was found to stimulate the production of phenolic material in roots of X australis seedlings and in cells in suspension cultures. In phosphonate-treated roots of X australis seedlings, the deposition of electron dense material, possibly lignin or cellulose, was observed following infection with P. cinnamomi. It is proposed that this is a significant consequence of the stimulation of plant defence pathways by the fungicide. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the implications of the findings on management of the Anglesea heathlands in Victoria, taking into account variation in pathogen morphology, pathogenicity and genotype. The mode of action of phosphonate in the plant is discussed in relation to plant physiology and biochemistry.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, a produção e composição físicoquímica de raízes e amidos de mandioquinha-salsa e suas potencialidades. Foram avaliados nove clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 e 7609) e a cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral, os quais foram cultivados na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel- SP, safra de 2009. O delineamento experimental utilizado no plantio foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram avaliados o crescimento vegetativo durante o cultivo, produção total, comercial, por classe e calibre das raízes e as características físico-químicas das raízes: umidade, amido, cinzas, proteína bruta, matéria-graxa, açúcares, fibra bruta, pH, acidez e cor e caracterização do amido quanto ao teor de amilose, propriedades térmicas e de pasta. Os materiais que destacaram foram BGH 6414, maior crescimento vegetativo; ‘Amarela de Senador Amaral’ e BGH 5741, menores quantidades de raízes por planta; e BGH 6414, menor produção total, comercial, nas classes e calibres. Na caracterização da coloração das raízes, BGH 6513 e BGH 4560 apresentaram menores valores de luminosidade, BGH 6414 e BGH 5744 maiores valores para croma a* e BGH 5746, BGH 6513 e BGH 5744 os menores valores para o croma b*. A cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral apresentou pH mais alto e a maior quantidade de acidez foi observada no clone BGH 6525. Os clones que apresentaram maiores teores de umidade foram BGH 7609 e BGH 6414. Os clones BGH 5744, BGH 7609, BGH 6414 e BGH 5741 apresentaram menores teores de cinzas e na avaliação de matéria graxa BGH 6525, BGH 5741 e BGH 5744 apresentaram os maiores teores. O clone BGH 7609 apresentou maior teor de fibras, açúcares totais, menor teor de amido, maiores temperaturas de gelatinização e menor temperatura de pico nos amidos retrogradados, além de apresentar a maior porcentagem de amidos retrogradados...
The objective was to evaluate the growth, yield and physico-chemical composition of starches from roots and peruvian carrot and its capabilities. We evaluated nine clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 and 7609) and cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral, which were cultivated at the Experimental Farm São Manuel-SP, the 2009 harvest. The experiment was planted in a randomized block design with three replications. We evaluated the vegetative growth during cultivation, total production, trade, by class and size of roots and the physicochemical characteristics of the roots for moisture, starch, ash, protein, raw grease, sugar, crude fiber, pH, acidity and color and characterization of starch and amylose content, thermal properties and paste. The materials that were highlighted BGH 6414, increased vegetative growth, 'Amarela de Senador Amaral' and BGH 5741, lower amounts of roots per plant, and BGH 6414, lower overall production, commercial classes and sizes. In characterizing the coloration of the roots, BGH 6513 and BGH 4560 had lower levels of brightness, BGH 6414 and BGH 5744 higher values for chroma and a* BGH 5746, BGH 6513 and BGH 5744 the lowest values in the chrome b*. The cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral presented higher pH and higher amount of acidity was observed in clones BGH 6525. The clones that showed higher levels of humidity were BGH 7609 and BGH 6414. Clones BGH 5744, BGH 7609, BGH 6414 and BGH 5741 had lower levels of ash and fatty matter in the evaluation of BGH 6525, BGH 5741 and BGH 5744 showed the highest levels. BGH Clone 7609 showed a higher fiber content, total sugar, less starch, higher temperatures and lower gelatinization peak temperature in starch downgraded, besides presenting the highest percentage of retrograded starch. Differ significantly higher than BGH 4560 and 'Amarela de Senador Amaral in crude protein and BGH 5746, BGH 6513... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, a produção e composição físicoquímica de raízes e amidos de mandioquinha-salsa e suas potencialidades. Foram avaliados nove clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 e 7609) e a cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral, os quais foram cultivados na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel- SP, safra de 2009. O delineamento experimental utilizado no plantio foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram avaliados o crescimento vegetativo durante o cultivo, produção total, comercial, por classe e calibre das raízes e as características físico-químicas das raízes: umidade, amido, cinzas, proteína bruta, matéria-graxa, açúcares, fibra bruta, pH, acidez e cor e caracterização do amido quanto ao teor de amilose, propriedades térmicas e de pasta. Os materiais que destacaram foram BGH 6414, maior crescimento vegetativo; 'Amarela de Senador Amaral' e BGH 5741, menores quantidades de raízes por planta; e BGH 6414, menor produção total, comercial, nas classes e calibres. Na caracterização da coloração das raízes, BGH 6513 e BGH 4560 apresentaram menores valores de luminosidade, BGH 6414 e BGH 5744 maiores valores para croma a* e BGH 5746, BGH 6513 e BGH 5744 os menores valores para o croma b*. A cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral apresentou pH mais alto e a maior quantidade de acidez foi observada no clone BGH 6525. Os clones que apresentaram maiores teores de umidade foram BGH 7609 e BGH 6414. Os clones BGH 5744, BGH 7609, BGH 6414 e BGH 5741 apresentaram menores teores de cinzas e na avaliação de matéria graxa BGH 6525, BGH 5741 e BGH 5744 apresentaram os maiores teores. O clone BGH 7609 apresentou maior teor de fibras, açúcares totais, menor teor de amido, maiores temperaturas de gelatinização e menor temperatura de pico nos amidos retrogradados, além de apresentar a maior porcentagem de amidos retrogradados... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the growth, yield and physico-chemical composition of starches from roots and peruvian carrot and its capabilities. We evaluated nine clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 and 7609) and cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral, which were cultivated at the Experimental Farm São Manuel-SP, the 2009 harvest. The experiment was planted in a randomized block design with three replications. We evaluated the vegetative growth during cultivation, total production, trade, by class and size of roots and the physicochemical characteristics of the roots for moisture, starch, ash, protein, raw grease, sugar, crude fiber, pH, acidity and color and characterization of starch and amylose content, thermal properties and paste. The materials that were highlighted BGH 6414, increased vegetative growth, 'Amarela de Senador Amaral' and BGH 5741, lower amounts of roots per plant, and BGH 6414, lower overall production, commercial classes and sizes. In characterizing the coloration of the roots, BGH 6513 and BGH 4560 had lower levels of brightness, BGH 6414 and BGH 5744 higher values for chroma and a* BGH 5746, BGH 6513 and BGH 5744 the lowest values in the chrome b*. The cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral presented higher pH and higher amount of acidity was observed in clones BGH 6525. The clones that showed higher levels of humidity were BGH 7609 and BGH 6414. Clones BGH 5744, BGH 7609, BGH 6414 and BGH 5741 had lower levels of ash and fatty matter in the evaluation of BGH 6525, BGH 5741 and BGH 5744 showed the highest levels. BGH Clone 7609 showed a higher fiber content, total sugar, less starch, higher temperatures and lower gelatinization peak temperature in starch downgraded, besides presenting the highest percentage of retrograded starch. Differ significantly higher than BGH 4560 and 'Amarela de Senador Amaral "in crude protein and BGH 5746, BGH 6513... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Magali Leonel
Coorientador: Silvio José Bicudo
Banca: Cláudio Cabello
Banca: Marcelo Alvares de Oliveira
Mestre

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os amidos, além da sua importância nutricional, apresentam um importante papel tecnológico em alimentos processados. As propriedades funcionais dos amidos, como a relação amido-água, temperatura de gelatinização, formação de gel e viscosidade de pasta definem o uso industrial e o consumo. Por outro lado, a composição e a estrutura dos grânulos variam com a fonte botânica, afetando suas propriedades e funcionalidade. O amido de mandioquinha-salsa é considerado de fácil cozimento, apresentando baixa temperatura de gelatinização e alta viscosidade de pico. Também possui baixa tendência à retrogradação e sinérese, o que contribui para sua alta digestibilidade. O comportamento reológico dos géis de amido de mandioquinha salsa nas concentrações de 2, 6 e 10% e temperaturas de 10, 30, 50 e 70 ºC foi estudado em cisalhamento estado estacionário e oscilatório. No estado estacionário com taxa de deformação de 1 a 1000 s -1 foi ajustado o modelo da Lei da Potencia às curvas de fluxo e os resultados mostraram que os géis de amido apresentam comportamento pseudoplástico (n < 1) nas concentrações e temperaturas estudadas, elevado grau de tixotropia, sendo esta mais acentuada na maior temperatura (70 ºC) e na menor concentração (2 %). O gap usado nos ensaios reológicos com placas paralelas teve forte influência nos parâmetros reológicos dos géis de amido, diminuindo a viscosidade aparente para uma mesma taxa de deformação, havendo a estabilização das medidas reológicas no gap de 800 μm. A temperatura teve forte influência na reologia do gel, que apresentou maior energia de ativação em maiores concentrações. No estado oscilatório foram avaliados a faixa de deformação para...
Starches have a great nutritional and technological importance in processed foods. Functional properties, such as gelatinization temperature, gel formation and paste viscosity, define the industrial use and the consumption. Moreover, the composition and structure of the granules vary with the botanical source, affecting their properties and functionality. The Peruvian carrot starch is considered easy to cook, with a low gelatinization temperature and high viscosity peak. It also has a low tendency to retrogradation and syneresis, which contributes to high digestibility. The rheological behavior of starch gels from Peruvian carrot at concentrations of 2, 6 and 10 % and temperatures of 10, 30, 50 and 70 ºC have been studied in steady shear and oscillatory shear. In steady state and shear rate from 1 to 1000 s -1 power law model was adjusted to the flow curves and the results showed that the starch gels present pseudoplastic behavior (n <1) in the studied range of concentrations and temperatures, high degree of thixotropy, which is more pronounced at higher temperature (70 ºC) and at the lowest concentration (2 %). The gap used in the rheological measurements with parallel plates had a strong influence on the rheological parameters of starch gels, reducing the apparent viscosity for the same shear rate, with stabilization of rheological measurements in the gap of 800 µm. Temperature had strong influence on the gel with higher activation energy at higher concentrations. In oscillatory shear the strain range for linear viscoelasticity was assessed, as well as the frequency ramp, phase angle, and complex viscosity (*). All samples showed mechanical spectra with the loss modulus (G”) increasing faster with frequency than the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A cultura da mandioquinha-salsa tem mostrado produção abaixo da demanda, na região sudeste, isso tem despertado o interesse dos produtores paulistas. Assim este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar algumas práticas na fase de produção de mudas e no sistema de cultivo, que permitam a expressão do potencial da cultura. As mudas foram avaliadas quanto ao tipo de propágulo: ápice e base do rebento maduro, e ápice do rebento juvenil; modo de pré enraizamento: canteiro de areia, tubete e plantio direto; no plantio de abril e no plantio de julho, em São Bento do Sapucaí –SP. O desempenho das plantas, a produção de raízes e rebentos, foi avaliado nos plantios de maio e de setembro, em Piracicaba – SP, utilizando as mudas produzidas em São Bento do Sapucaí. Durante o desenvolvimento das plantas, realizaram-se coletas de material vegetal, até o momento do transplantio e da colheita. Do período do pré-enraizamento até 30 dias após o transplantio no local definitivo, o propágulo juvenil apresentou o melhor desempenho. Contudo em épocas favoráveis podemos utilizar diversos tipos de propágulos, mediante a prática do pré-enraizamento dos rebentos. Em maio o ápice do rebento maduro pré-enraizado em tubete, promoveu uma produtividade estimada de 19,37 t/ha e na base do rebento maduro pré-enraizado em tubete 420.000 rebentos/ha As maiores quantidades raízes de melhor qualidade foram produzidas pelos rebentos maduros. No plantio de setembro os resultados foram insatisfatórios, com produtividade estimada de no máximo 1,65 t/ha de raízes. Em ambas as épocas de plantio os rebentos não serviram para serem utilizados como mudas, devido a infecções causadas por Xhanthomonas sp e Erwinia sp. Portanto, nesta região é possível a produção comercial de raízes. Entretanto é de fundamental importância, para se obter altas produtividades, utilizar rebentos maduros sadios e pré- enraizados. A instalação da cultura deve ser realizada no início do outono, para se colher as raízes durante o período de alta cotação e antes do aumento da pluviosidade.
The arracacha production in the southeast of Brazil has not met market demands, which has awakened the interest of growers. The purpose of the present work was to identify procedures in plantlets production and crop system which would allow the crop to express its full productive potential. Plantlets were evaluated considering the type of propagule (apex and base of mature shoots, and apex of juvenile shoots) and pre-rooting (in sand, in tubets or direct planting, without pre-rooting), for planting in April and July in São Bento do Sapucaí – SP. The plants performance and the production of roots and shoots were evaluated in crops planted in May and September in Piracicaba-SP, using plantlets produced in São Bento do Sapucaí. Plant material was collected during the plants development until transplanting and harvest. Juvenile propagules showed the best performance for plantlet production from the pre-rooting stage up to 30 days after transplanting to the field. However, in favorable periods several types of propagules undergoing pre-rooting can be used. In May, the plantlets produced from the apex of mature shoots pre-rooted in tubets promoted an estimate yield of 19.37 t/ha and 420,000 shoots/ha at the base of the mature shoots pre-rooted in tubets. Mature shoots yielded the largest amounts of best quality roots. Results were unsatisfactory for the September planting, with a maximum estimate yield of 1.65 t of roots/ha. Shoots were unsuitable for use as plantlets in both planting periods due to infections by Xanthomonas sp and Erwinia sp. The commercial production of roots in the studied region is possible. However, the use of good quality, pre-rooted shoots. The planting of the culture in mid-fall enable the harvest at the period of high market prices for the product, so that the harvest happens before the increase in rainfall, is fundamental to ensure high productivity and good quality.

A mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft.) possui um período de conservação pós-colheita de cerca de uma semana, que contrasta com o seu ciclo de cultivo, em torno de 10 meses. Os mecanismos de deterioração das raízes ainda não são conhecidos e tampouco foram estudadas as principais vias enzimáticas de degradação do amido, sua principal reserva energética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de identificar e caracterizar bioquimicamente o extrato enzimático dessas raízes, que possuem atividade amilolítica. Os resultados mostraram que as enzimas apresentam pH e temperatura ótimos de atividade enzimática em torno de 6,2 e 46°C, respectivamente, confirmados por Análise de Superfície de Resposta. Foram detectadas três bandas com atividade amilolítica em gel de poliacrilamida. Os valores de Ea, Km e Vmáx aparentes encontrados para o extrato enzimático foram de 7,53 kcal/mol, 0,41 mg/mol e 1,11 mg/mL/min, respectivamente. A hidrólise do amido aumenta 95% na presença de Ca+2 e a enzima mantém apenas cerca de 47% da sua atividade original na presença de EDTA. Os resultados mostraram a presença de duas possíveis isoformas de α-amilase e uma β-amilase no extrato enzimático in vitro, podendo estar ativas na raiz íntegra. Um ensaio de acompanhamento da atividade amilásica das raízes durante o armazenamento por 9 dias mostrou um aumento na atividade de água acompanhado de perda de textura e de oscilação na atividade hidrolítica. No entanto, tais alterações devem ocorrer também devido a ação de enzimas exógenas de mofos, que participam do processo de deterioração da mandioquinha-salsa.
Roots of Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Brancroft) have a post-harvest conservation time of approximately one-week, a very short period related to its long cultivation cycle, around 10-11 months. The mechanisms of post-harvest deterioration of the roots are unknown as well as the main enzymatic pathways such as the starch degradation, have not been studied. The purpose of this investigation was to identify and characterize the amylolitic activity of this root. The results showed that the optimum enzymatic conditions for the maximum activity are 46°C and pH 6.2 confirmed by Surface Ternary Plots. Three bands with amylolitic activity were detected in native PAGE. The kinetic values were Ea 7.53 kcal/mol, Km 0.41 mg/mol and Vmáx 1.11 mg/mL/min. The starch hydrolysis speed increases almost twice when Ca+2 is present and remained only 20% on the presence of EDT A. The results showed two possible isoforms of α-amylase and one β-amylase in the crude extract. An essay following the amylolitic activity during a 9-day storage period showed an increase of water activity associated to a loose of texture and a oscillating starch hydrolytic activity, although these behavior may have the contribution of exogenous enzymes from molds on the deteriorative process of the Peruvian carrots.

Orientador: Vânia Regina Nicoletti Telis
Coorientador: Célia Maria Landi Franco
Banca: Izabel Cristina Freitas Moraes
Banca: José Antônio Gomes Vieira
Resumo: Os amidos, além da sua importância nutricional, apresentam um importante papel tecnológico em alimentos processados. As propriedades funcionais dos amidos, como a relação amido-água, temperatura de gelatinização, formação de gel e viscosidade de pasta definem o uso industrial e o consumo. Por outro lado, a composição e a estrutura dos grânulos variam com a fonte botânica, afetando suas propriedades e funcionalidade. O amido de mandioquinha-salsa é considerado de fácil cozimento, apresentando baixa temperatura de gelatinização e alta viscosidade de pico. Também possui baixa tendência à retrogradação e sinérese, o que contribui para sua alta digestibilidade. O comportamento reológico dos géis de amido de mandioquinha salsa nas concentrações de 2, 6 e 10% e temperaturas de 10, 30, 50 e 70 ºC foi estudado em cisalhamento estado estacionário e oscilatório. No estado estacionário com taxa de deformação de 1 a 1000 s -1 foi ajustado o modelo da Lei da Potencia às curvas de fluxo e os resultados mostraram que os géis de amido apresentam comportamento pseudoplástico (n < 1) nas concentrações e temperaturas estudadas, elevado grau de tixotropia, sendo esta mais acentuada na maior temperatura (70 ºC) e na menor concentração (2 %). O gap usado nos ensaios reológicos com placas paralelas teve forte influência nos parâmetros reológicos dos géis de amido, diminuindo a viscosidade aparente para uma mesma taxa de deformação, havendo a estabilização das medidas reológicas no gap de 800 μm. A temperatura teve forte influência na reologia do gel, que apresentou maior energia de ativação em maiores concentrações. No estado oscilatório foram avaliados a faixa de deformação para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Starches have a great nutritional and technological importance in processed foods. Functional properties, such as gelatinization temperature, gel formation and paste viscosity, define the industrial use and the consumption. Moreover, the composition and structure of the granules vary with the botanical source, affecting their properties and functionality. The Peruvian carrot starch is considered easy to cook, with a low gelatinization temperature and high viscosity peak. It also has a low tendency to retrogradation and syneresis, which contributes to high digestibility. The rheological behavior of starch gels from Peruvian carrot at concentrations of 2, 6 and 10 % and temperatures of 10, 30, 50 and 70 ºC have been studied in steady shear and oscillatory shear. In steady state and shear rate from 1 to 1000 s -1 power law model was adjusted to the flow curves and the results showed that the starch gels present pseudoplastic behavior (n <1) in the studied range of concentrations and temperatures, high degree of thixotropy, which is more pronounced at higher temperature (70 ºC) and at the lowest concentration (2 %). The gap used in the rheological measurements with parallel plates had a strong influence on the rheological parameters of starch gels, reducing the apparent viscosity for the same shear rate, with stabilization of rheological measurements in the gap of 800 µm. Temperature had strong influence on the gel with higher activation energy at higher concentrations. In oscillatory shear the strain range for linear viscoelasticity was assessed, as well as the frequency ramp, phase angle, and complex viscosity (*). All samples showed mechanical spectra with the loss modulus (G") increasing faster with frequency than the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aimed to know yield and net income of amarela de carandaí Peruvian carrot in answer to the use of two and three rows per plot (50 cm and 33 cm, respectively) and three spaces among plants (20, 30 and 40 cm). Treatments were arranged as 2 (number of rows per plot) x 3 (spaces among plants) factorial, in a randomized experimental block design, with four replications. Harvest was done in two dates: at 213 and 242 days after planting (DAP), when plants showed, respectively, more than 50% and 70% of senescence of leaf area. Plant heights, fresh and dried mass of leaves, shoots, crowns, commercial (mass greater than 40g) and non-commercial (smaller than 40g) roots were evaluated. The validation of this work was done by determination of gross and net income. In harvest done at 213 DAP, significative effect of number of rows per plot for fresh mass of non commercial roots and of spaces among plants for plant heights and for fresh mass of shoots was found. In harvest done at 242 DAP, there was a significative effect of number of rows for yields of fresh mass of shoots, crowns, commercial and non commercial roots and of spaces among plants for fresh mass of shoots, crowns and non commercial roots. By obtained results for yields of fresh and dried masses of different botanical compounds that were evaluated for Peruvian carrot, as a function of number of rows of plants per plot, independed on the existence or not of the significative effect of the treatment, it was concluded that the planting under three rows per plot was the best (average of 65,934 plants ha-1) in relation to the yields of plants under two rows (average of 43,956 plants ha-1). When it is compared the average yield obtained from harvest at 213 DAP and at 242 DAP, for fresh and dried mass, it was observed that in the second harvest there were yield increases for different morphological compounds of plants, in relation to the first harvest. Fresh masses of commercial roots represented discardable residues. The greatest yields of commercial roots (12.98 t ha-1) and net income (R$ 17,820.66) were obtained from plants that were harvest at 242 DAP and cultivated under three rows per plot and spaced 30 cm among plants when related with the greatest yields (6.94 t ha-1) and net income (R$ 8,760.66) that were obtained from plants that were harvested at 213 DAP and cultivated under three rows per plot and spaced 20 cm among plants. Observing the estimative average related to net income, it was concluded that, for Peruvian carrot producer, harvest done at 242 DAP was the best because it can increase in 107.52% (R$ 13,413.95) net income, in average, in relation to harvest done at 213 DAP (R$ 6,463.95)
O trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a produção e a renda líquida da mandioquinha-salsa Amarela de Carandaí em resposta ao uso de duas e três fileiras de plantas no canteiro (50 cm e 33 cm respectivamente) e três espaçamentos entre plantas (20, 30 e 40 cm), no município de Dourados MS, em solo do tipo Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. Os tratamentos foram arranjados como fatorial 2 (número de fileiras no canteiro) x 3 (espaçamentos entre plantas), no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A colheita foi feita em duas épocas: aos 213 e 242 dias após o plantio (DAP), quando as plantas apresentavam, respectivamente, mais de 50% e 70% de senescência da parte foliar, época em que avaliaram-se as alturas das plantas. No laboratório foram determinadas as produções de massas frescas e secas de folhas, rebentos, coroas, raízes comerciais (massa maior que 40 g) e raízes não comerciais (menores que 40 g). A validação do trabalho foi realizada pela determinação das rendas bruta e líquida. Na colheita aos 213 DAP encontrou-se efeito significativo do número de fileiras no canteiro para massa fresca de raízes não comerciais e do espaçamento entre plantas para altura de plantas e para massa fresca de rebentos. Na colheita aos 242 DAP houve efeito significativo do número de fileiras para as produções de massas frescas de rebentos, coroas, raízes comerciais e raízes não-comerciais e do espaçamento entre plantas para massa fresca de rebentos, coroas e raízes nãocomerciais. Os resultados obtidos para produções de massas frescas e secas dos diferentes componentes botânicos avaliados na mandioquinha-salsa, em função do número de fileiras de plantas no canteiro, independente da existência ou não de efeito significativo do tratamento, mostraram que foi melhor o plantio com três fileiras de plantas por canteiro (média de 65.934 plantas ha-1) em relação às produções das plantas sob duas fileiras (média de 43.956 plantas ha-1). Quando se compararam as médias produtivas obtidas nas colheitas aos 213 DAP e aos 242 DAP, para massas frescas e secas, observou-se que na segunda colheita houve incrementos produtivos nos diferentes componentes morfológicos das plantas, em relação à primeira colheita. As massas frescas de raízes comercializáveis representaram apenas 26,81% na colheita aos 213 DAP e 31,90% aos 242 DAP em relação à produção total das plantas onde, as folhas, rebentos, coroas e raízes não-comercializáveis, representaram os resíduos descartáveis. As maiores produções de raízes comerciais (12,98 t ha-1) e renda líquida (R$ 17.820,66) foram obtidas nas plantas colhidas aos 242 DAP e cultivadas sob três fileiras no canteiro e 30 cm de espaçamento entre plantas quando relacionadas com as maiores produção (6,94 t ha-1) e renda líquida (R$ 8.760,66) obtidas nas plantas colhidas aos 213 DAP e cultivadas sob três fileiras no canteiro e 20 cm de espaçamento entre plantas. Observando-se as estimativas médias relativas à renda líquida, conclui-se que para o produtor de mandioquinha-salsa, foi melhor a colheita aos 242 DAP porque poderia aumentar em 107,52 % (R$ 13.413,95) a renda líquida, em média, em relação à colheita aos 213 DAP (R$ 6.463,95)

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The work was carried out in Dourados-MS, between March, 2007, and January, 2008, in Distroferric Red Latossol, very clay texture. The aim was to study ‘Amarela de Carandaí’ peruvian carrot that was cultivated in soil with chicken manure – DF (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1) and under two-2F or three-3F rows of plants per plot, which resulted in 66,000 and 99,000 plants ha-1. Those ten treatments were arranged as 5 x 2 factorial scheme in randomized block experimental design, with four replications. Harvests were done on 210 and 248 days after planting (DAP), when plants showed more than 50% of senescence of foliar part, respectively. Plant heights were not influenced significantly by CF doses neither by number of rows in harvest done on 210 DAP, with average of 30.70 cm. On 248 DAP, plant heights showed linear growth as a function of CF doses, which highest value was 24.20 cm under 20 t ha-1 of CF. Yields of fresh masses of leaves, crowns and shoots were influenced significantly by CF doses. The greatest yield, regarding to number of rows, were obtained under 3F on both two harvests. On 210 DAP, the greatest yield of commercial roots was 10.86 t ha-1 with the use of 16.36 t ha-1 of CF and, on 248 was 14.00 t ha-1 with the use of 20 t ha-1 of CF. Yields of fresh masses of non-commercial roots, on 210 DAP, dried mass of leaf and of commercial root on 248 DAP, were influenced significantly by chicken manure doses as soil covering and number of rows per plot interaction, and showed quadratic growth with different rates. In harvest done on 248 DAP, it was obtained the greatest yields of fresh mass of non-commercial roots (5.94 t ha-1) with the use of 14.86 t ha-1 of CF, and of dried mass of leaves, with 3F (2.11 t ha-1), and of commercial root with 2F (2.87 t ha-1) with dose of 20 t ha-1 of CF. Yields of dried mass of shoot and crown on 210 DAP and of crown and non-commercial root on 248 DAP were influenced significantly by chicken manure doses. The greatest accumulating of dried mass were 1.0 t ha-1 of shoots, with the use of 13.71 t ha-1 of CF; 1.22 t ha-1 of crown with 13.59 t ha-1 of CF, on 210 DAP and 1.18 t ha-1 of no-commercial root with the use of 13.98 t ha-1 of CF, on 248 DAP. The greatest yield of commercial roots of Peruvian carrot was obtained under three rows of plants, using 20 t ha-1 of chicken manure as soil covering, which harvest was done on 248 DAP, with 70% of senescence of aerial part.
O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Dourados-MS, entre março de 2007 e janeiro de 2008, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, de textura muito argilosa. O objetivo foi estudar a mandioquinha-salsa ‘Amarela de Carandaí’, cultivada em solo com cama-de-frango-CF (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1) e sob duas-2F ou três fileiras-3F de plantas no canteiro, resultando em 66.000 e 99.000 plantas ha-1. Os dez tratamentos foram arranjados como fatorial 5 x 2, no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas colheitas aos 210 e 248 dias após o plantio (DAP), quando as plantas apresentavam mais de 50% e 70% de senescência da parte foliar, respectivamente. As alturas das plantas não foram influenciadas significativamente pelas doses de CF e nem pelo número de fileiras, na colheita aos 210 DAP, com média de 30,70 cm. Aos 248 DAP, a altura das plantas apresentou crescimento linear em função das doses de CF, sendo o maior valor 24,20 cm, sob 20 t ha-1 de CF. As produções de massas frescas de folhas, coroas e rebentos foram influenciadas significativamente pelas doses de CF. As maiores produções, quanto ao número de fileiras, foram obtidas sob 3F, nas duas colheitas. Aos 210 DAP, a maior produção de raízes comerciais foi de 10,86 t ha-1 com o uso de 16,36 t ha-1 de CF e, aos 248 DAP foi de 14,00 t ha-1, com o uso de 20 t ha-1 de CF. As produções de massas frescas de raiz não-comercial, aos 210 DAP, massa seca de folha e de raiz comercial aos 248 DAP, foram influenciadas significativamente pela interação doses de cama-de-frango em cobertura do solo e número de fileiras de plantas no canteiro, apresentando crescimento quadrático com taxas diferentes. Na colheita realizada aos 248 DAP obtiveram-se as maiores produções de massa fresca de raiz não-comercial (5,94 t ha-1), com o uso de 14,86 t ha-1 de CF, e de massa seca de folhas, com 3F (2,11 t ha-1), e de raiz comercial, com 2F (2,87 t ha-1) na dose de 20 t ha-1 de CF. As produções de massa seca de rebento e coroa aos 210 DAP e de coroa e raiz não-comercial aos 248 DAP foram influenciadas significativamente pelas doses de cama-de-frango. Os maiores acúmulos de massa seca foram de 1,0 t ha-1 de rebentos, com o uso de 13,71 t ha-1 de CF; de 1,22 t ha-1 de coroa com 13,59 t ha-1 de CF, aos 210 DAP e de 1,18 t ha-1 de raiz não-comercial com o uso de 13,98 t ha-1 de CF, aos 248 DAP. A maior produtividade de raízes comerciais da mandioquinha-salsa foi obtida sob três fileiras de plantas, utilizando 20 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango em cobertura do solo, realizando a colheita aos 248 DAP, com 70% de senescência da parte aérea.

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A mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) é uma hortaliça originária da região andina, Venezuela, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e Bolívia. A família das apiáceas compreende também outras hortaliças importantes, como cenoura, salsa, coentro, aipo, dentre outras. A mandioquinha-salsa é propagada de forma vegetativa através dos propágulos, e isso pode favorecer a ocorrência de um número considerável de patógenos que causam degenerescência, principalmente os vírus. Está comprovado que alguns vírus são fator limitante em culturas de propagação vegetativa. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar por meio de métodos sorológico e molecular 241 amostras oriundas de diferentes localidades, a fim de fazer um estudo de ocorrência e predominância das espécies virais e verificar a variabilidade biológica dos isolados encontrados por meio de transmissão por extratos vegetais. A detecção foi realizada através de Enzyme linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA) utilizando antissoro comercial anti-poty para o gênero Potyvirus. Para a análise da variabilidade, foram desenhados 2 oligonucleotídeos para amplificar a região codificadora da proteína capsidial para o gênero Cheravirus, e para a detecção de potyvirus e nepovirus, oligonucleotídeos foram obtidos da literatura. No estudo foi possível detectar a espécie Arracacha motlle virus do gênero Potyvirus, coletadas nos estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, Brasília e Paraná. Os demais vírus testados não foram identificados em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Além desses testes de identificação, ainda foi realizada microscopia eletrônica de transmissão em seis amostras, das quais duas foi possível a identificação de potyvirus. O teste de gama de hospedeiras foi realizado e mostrou que o AMoV tem gama de hospedeiras bastante restrita, sendo possível infectar somente três de nove espécies testadas...
Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) is a vegetable crop of the Andean region, formed by Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The Apiacea family also have other important vegetable crops such as carrots, parsley, cilantro, celery, among others. Arracacha is propagated vegetatively and this can favor the occurrence of a considerable number of pathogens that cause degeneration, especially viruses. Some viruses are a limiting factor in vegetatively propagated crops. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate by serological and molecular methods 241 samples from different localities in order to verify the occurrence and predominance of the viruses species and verify the biological variability by sap inoculation. The detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA) technique, using commercial antiserum against-potyvirus. For variability analysis, primers were designed to amplify the coding region of the coat protein for the 4 genus Cheravirus, and oligonucleotides were obtained from literature for the detection of the genus potyvirus and nepovirus, . It was possible to detect Arracacha mottle virus, from genus Potyvirus, in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Brasilia and Paraná. The others viruses tested were not identified in the collected samples. Six samples were analysed by electron microscopy, and the potyvirus were identified only in two samples. The host range was restricted, infecting only three species of nine tested. The nucleotide identity ranged from 96% to 99%, between collected samples and sequence from GenBank (acess DQ925486), showing low genetic variability among them

Orientador: Marcelo Agenor Pavan
Coorientador: Renate Krause Sakate
Banca: Julio Massaharu Marubayashi
Banca: Rumy Goto
Resumo: A mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) é uma hortaliça originária da região andina, Venezuela, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e Bolívia. A família das apiáceas compreende também outras hortaliças importantes, como cenoura, salsa, coentro, aipo, dentre outras. A mandioquinha-salsa é propagada de forma vegetativa através dos propágulos, e isso pode favorecer a ocorrência de um número considerável de patógenos que causam degenerescência, principalmente os vírus. Está comprovado que alguns vírus são fator limitante em culturas de propagação vegetativa. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar por meio de métodos sorológico e molecular 241 amostras oriundas de diferentes localidades, a fim de fazer um estudo de ocorrência e predominância das espécies virais e verificar a variabilidade biológica dos isolados encontrados por meio de transmissão por extratos vegetais. A detecção foi realizada através de Enzyme linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA) utilizando antissoro comercial anti-poty para o gênero Potyvirus. Para a análise da variabilidade, foram desenhados 2 oligonucleotídeos para amplificar a região codificadora da proteína capsidial para o gênero Cheravirus, e para a detecção de potyvirus e nepovirus, oligonucleotídeos foram obtidos da literatura. No estudo foi possível detectar a espécie Arracacha motlle virus do gênero Potyvirus, coletadas nos estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, Brasília e Paraná. Os demais vírus testados não foram identificados em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Além desses testes de identificação, ainda foi realizada microscopia eletrônica de transmissão em seis amostras, das quais duas foi possível a identificação de potyvirus. O teste de gama de hospedeiras foi realizado e mostrou que o AMoV tem gama de hospedeiras bastante restrita, sendo possível infectar somente três de nove espécies testadas ...
Abstract: Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) is a vegetable crop of the Andean region, formed by Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The Apiacea family also have other important vegetable crops such as carrots, parsley, cilantro, celery, among others. Arracacha is propagated vegetatively and this can favor the occurrence of a considerable number of pathogens that cause degeneration, especially viruses. Some viruses are a limiting factor in vegetatively propagated crops. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate by serological and molecular methods 241 samples from different localities in order to verify the occurrence and predominance of the viruses species and verify the biological variability by sap inoculation. The detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA) technique, using commercial antiserum against-potyvirus. For variability analysis, primers were designed to amplify the coding region of the coat protein for the 4 genus Cheravirus, and oligonucleotides were obtained from literature for the detection of the genus potyvirus and nepovirus, . It was possible to detect Arracacha mottle virus, from genus Potyvirus, in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Brasilia and Paraná. The others viruses tested were not identified in the collected samples. Six samples were analysed by electron microscopy, and the potyvirus were identified only in two samples. The host range was restricted, infecting only three species of nine tested. The nucleotide identity ranged from 96% to 99%, between collected samples and sequence from GenBank (acess DQ925486), showing low genetic variability among them
Mestre

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The lack of planting material has limited the expansion of the Peruvian carrot cultivation, therefore a better use of the seedlings in recommended. The aim of this work was to study the growth and survival of Peruvian carrot seedlings pre-propagated in paper containers filled with different substrates and study the effects of substrates on agro-economic productivity of plants from this species. The initial propagation of Peruvian carrot plants 'Amarela de Carandaí' was carried out with seedlings composed of shoots obtained from mother plants grown at the Medicinal Plant Garden in the previous harvest, that were maintained in a cold chamber and planted in containers made out of newpapers, filled with six substrates: T1 = 100% commercial substrate (C); T2 = 100% soil (S); T3 = 80% C + 20% S; T4 = 60% C + 40% S; T5 = 40% C + 60% S; and T6 = 20% C + 80% S. The six treatments were arranged in randomized block design with eight replications and experimental unit composed of 20 paper containers. The treatments applied in the field were the same six pre-planting treatments, arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications and experimental unit composed of 12 Peruvian carrot plants. At the initial propagation, the highest plant was 9.56 cm at 29 days after planting (DAP) and the survival rate was 35.37% at 36 DAP, when transplanting was conducted. The survival rate of the plants in the field was 67.65%. The highest values for plant height (34.09 cm), stem diameter (62.54 cm) and number of leaves (34.82) were observed in plants at 204 DAP. The average SPAD value was 36.34. The larger fresh leaf mass (9.54 t ha-1), shoots (13.53 t ha-1) and marketable roots (18.52 t ha-1) were obtained in T6 (treatment 6), and non-marketable roots (3.08 t ha-1) in T1 (treatment 1). The larger dry leaf mass (1.38 t ha-1), shoots (2.41 t ha-1), marketable roots (3.88 t ha-1) and non-marketable roots (0.67 t ha-1) were obtained in T6. Crown fresh and dry mass showed an overall average of 4,25 t ha-1 and 0.83 t ha-1, respectively. The largest marketable roots numbers (277,200 ha-1) were obtained in plants from T4 and T6 treatments, and non-marketable roots (415,800 ha-1) and shoots (1,059,300 ha-1) in T6. The largest marketable roots diameter (38.27 mm) and non-marketable roots (21.91 mm) were produced by plants from T1. The longer lengths of marketable roots were in plants from T6 (10.16 cm) and non-marketable roots in T1 (5.72 cm). An agro-economic assessment showed that the estimated costs ranged in R$ 24,896.31, between the highest cost (R$ 103,195.94) in T1 and the lowest cost (R$ 78,299.63) in T2. It was concluded that the greatest productivity of marketable roots (18.52 t ha-1) and the highest net income (R$ 27,841.12) were the Peruvian carrot 'Amarela de Carandaí' plants propagated in paper containers filled with the mixture of 20% commercial substrate and 80% of soil.
A falta de material de plantio tem limitado a expansão do cultivo da mandioquinha-salsa, sendo recomendado o melhor aproveitamento das mudas. Por isso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram o estudo do crescimento e da sobrevivência das mudas de mandioquinha-salsa pré-propagadas em recipientes de papel preenchidos com diferentes substratos e estudar os efeitos dos substratos na produtividade agroeconômica das plantas desta espécie. A propagação inicial das plantas da mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí' foi realizada com mudas formadas por rebentos, obtidos de plantas matrizes cultivadas no Horto de Plantas Medicinais na safra anterior e mantidos em câmara fria e plantadas em recipientes confeccionados com papel jornal preenchidos com substratos de seis composições, a saber: T1= 100% substrato comercial (C); T2= 100% solo (S); T3= 80% C + 20% S; T4= 60% C + 40% S; T5= 40% C + 60% S; e T6= 20% C + 80% S. Os seis tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com oito repetições e unidade experimental composta por 20 recipientes de papel. Os tratamentos no campo foram os mesmos seis tratamentos do pré-plantio, arranjados no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e unidade experimental composta por 12 plantas de mandioquinha-salsa. Na propagação inicial, a maior altura das plantas foi de 9,56 cm aos 29 dias após plantio (DAP) e a porcentagem média de sobrevivência foi de 35,37% aos 36 DAP, quando se realizou o transplantio. A taxa de sobrevivência das plantas no campo foi de 67,65%. Os maiores valores para altura das plantas (34,09 cm); diâmetro do coleto (62,54 cm) e número de folhas (34,82) foram observados nas plantas aos 204 dias após o transplantio (DAT). O valor médio do índice SPAD foi de 36,34. As maiores massas frescas de folhas (9,54 t ha-1), de rebentos (13,53 t ha-1) e de raízes comercializáveis - RC (18,52 t ha-1) foram obtidas nas plantas do T6 (tratamento T6) e as de raízes não-comercializáveis - RNC (3,08 t ha-1) nas do T1 (tratamento T1). As maiores massas secas de folhas (1,38 t ha-1), de rebentos (2,41 t ha-1), de RC (3,88 t ha-1) e de RNC (0,67 t ha-1) foram das plantas do tratamento T6. As massas frescas e secas de coroas apresentaram média geral de 4,25 t ha-1 e 0,83 t ha-1, respectivamente. Os maiores números de RC (277.200 ha-1) foram obtidos nas plantas dos tratamentos T4 e T6, e os de RNC (415.800 ha-1) e de rebentos (1.059.300 ha-1) foram nas do tratamento T6. Os maiores diâmetros de RC (38,27 mm) e de RNC (21,91 mm) foram das produzidas pelas plantas do tratamento T1. Os maiores comprimentos das RC foram das plantas do tratamento T6 (10,16 cm) e das RNC foi nas do tratamento T1 (5,72 cm). Na avaliação agroeconômica, os custos estimados variaram em R$ 24.896,31 entre o maior custo (R$ 103.195,94) do tratamento T1 e o menor custo (R$ 78.299,63) do tratamento T2. Concluiu-se que a maior produtividade de raízes comercializáveis (18,52 t ha-1) e a maior renda líquida (R$ 27.841,12) foi das plantas de mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí' propagadas em recipientes de papel preenchidos com a mistura de 20% de substrato comercial e 80% de solo.

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The experiment was carried out in Dourados-MS, from April, 2010, to January, 2011, with the aim of evaluating agro-economic yield of ‘Amarela de Carandaí’ Peruvian carrot plants in answer to broiler litter added to the soil. Treatments were established using Plan Puebla III experimental matrix to mix broiler litter doses added to the soil as covering and incorporated, which were, respectively: 6 t ha-1 as covering-C / 6 t ha-1 incorporated-I; 2) 14 t ha-1 C / 6 t ha-1 I; 3) 6 t ha-1 C / 14 t ha-1 I; 4) 14 t ha-1 C / 14 t ha-1 I; 5) 10 t ha-1 C / 10 t ha-1 I; 6) 1 t ha-1 C / 6 t ha-1 I; 7) 19 t ha-1 C / 14 t ha-1 I; 8) 6 t ha-1 C / 1 t ha-1 I e 9) 14 t ha-1 C / 19 t ha-1 I. Used experimental design was randomized blocks with nine treatments and six replications. Plant heights showed quadratic growth curve, which maximum height was 45.05 on 204 days after planting with 19C / 14I t ha-1 of broiler litter treatment. The highest yields of fresh and dry weights of shoots were 38.78 and 3.74 t ha-1, which were obtained with 8.18C / 16.52I and 19C / 11.55I t ha-1 treatments. For crowns, the highest fresh and dry weights were obtained with 14.22C / 16.39I t ha-1 and 12.89C / 12.04I t ha-1 (5.57 e 1.23 t ha-1) treatments. The highest length and diameter of commercial roots were 10.88 cm and 35.60 mm with 14.19C/1.17I t ha-1 and 14C / 6I t ha-1 doses. The highest found number of shoots was 1,580,600 with 16C / 14I t ha-1 dose, and the highest number of commercial roots was 366,600 that was reached applying 14C / 14I t ha-1, and for non-commercial roots was 369,700 with 19C / 14I t ha-1 dose. For length and diameter of commercial roots, the highest found value was 10.88 cm with 14C / 19I t ha-1 dose and 35.60 mm adding 14C / 6I t ha-1. 14C / 14I t ha-1 dose was that induced the best net income, R$ 45,246.38, which results from the marketing of 22.70 t ha-1 of commercial roots. The highest profitability was reached applying 6C / 1I t ha-1 of broiler litter.
O experimento foi desenvolvido em Dourados-MS, de abril de 2010 a janeiro de 2011, com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade agroeconômica das plantas de mandioquinha-salsa ‘Amarela de Carandaí’ em resposta à forma e à dose de cama-de-frango adicionada ao solo. Os tratamentos foram determinados utilizando-se a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III para combinar as doses de cama de frango adicionadas ao solo em cobertura e incorporada, sendo eles, respectivamente: 1) 6 t ha-1 em cobertura-C / 6 t ha-1 incorporada-I; 2) 14 t ha-1 C / 6 t ha-1 I; 3) 6 t ha-1 C / 14 t ha-1 I; 4) 14 t ha-1 C /14 t ha-1 I; 5) 10 t ha-1 C / 10 t ha-1 I; 6) 1 t ha-1 C / 6 t ha-1 I; 7) 19 t ha-1 C / 14 t ha-1 I; 8) 6 t ha-1 C / 1 t ha-1 I e 9) 14 t ha-1 C / 19 t ha-1 I. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, sendo 9 tratamentos e seis repetições. A altura de plantas apresentou curvas de crescimento quadrático, atingindo altura máxima de 45,05 cm aos 204 dias após o plantio, com o tratamento 19C / 14I t ha-1 de CF. As maiores produtividades de massa fresca e seca de folhas foram de 38,78 e 3,74 t ha-1 obtidas nos tratamentos 19C / 14I e 14C / 14I t ha-1 de cama-de-frango. As maiores produtividades de massas fresca e seca de rebentos foram de 18,54 e 2,60 t ha-1 obtidas nos tratamentos 8,18C / 16,52I e 19C / 11,55I t ha-1. Para coroa, as maiores massas fresca e seca foram obtidas nos tratamentos 14,22C / 16,39I t ha-1 e 12,89C / 12,04I t ha-1 (5,57 e 1,23 t ha-1). Os maiores comprimento e diâmetro de raízes comercializáveis foram de 10,88 cm e 35,60 mm com as doses de 14,19C / 1,17I t ha-1 e de 14C / 6I t ha-1. O maior número de rebentos encontrado foi de 1.580.600 com a dose de 19C / 14I t ha-1, o maior número de raízes comercializáveis foi de 366.600 alcançado com a aplicação de 14C / 14I t ha-1, e o de raízes não comercializáveis foi de 369.700 com a dose de 19C / 14I t ha-1. Para comprimento e diâmetro de raízes comerciais, o maior valor encontrado foi de 10,88 cm com a dose de 14C / 19I t ha-1 e de 35,60 mm com a adição de 14C / 6I t ha-1. As doses de 14C / 14I t ha-1 foram as que induziram a melhor renda líquida, R$ 45.246,38 resultantes da comercialização de 22,70 t ha-1 de raízes comercializáveis. A maior lucratividade foi alcançada com a aplicação de 6C / 1I t ha-1 de cama de frango.

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Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do pré-enraizamento e dos tipos de mudas sobre o crescimento de planta e a produção de raízes dos clones de batata-baroa, ‘Amarela de Carandaí’ (BGH 5746) e ‘Roxa de Viçosa’ (BGH 6513), provenientes do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, foram conduzidos três experimentos. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o clone ‘Roxa de Viçosa’: o primeiro (época primavera-primavera) instalado em 4 de dezembro de 1998 e concluído em novembro de 1999 e o segundo (época outono-outono) instalado em 9 de abril de 1999 e concluído em fevereiro de 2000. O terceiro experimento foi conduzido na mesma época do segundo, porém com o clone ‘Amarela de Carandaí’. Os experimentos consistiram de dez tratamentos, dispostos em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições. Nas parcelas foram usados dois métodos de plantio (com e sem pré-enraizamento das mudas) e nas subparcelas, cinco tipos de mudas (1- ápice do rebento com ± 2,7 cm de comprimento, com corte em bisel na base; 2- segmento intermediário do rebento, com ± 4,9 cm de comprimento, com cortes em bisel nas extremidades; 3- idem ao tipo 2, com ± 4,7 cm de comprimento, com corte longitudinal na parte côncava, correspondente a um quarto do diâmetro da muda; 4- rebento inteiro, com ± 5,74 cm de comprimento, com cortes em bisel na base e longitudinal na parte côncava; e 5- idem ao tipo 4, com ± 6,3 cm de comprimento, com corte em bisel na base). Foram avaliados: porcentagem de plantas emergidas, número de brotações por planta, número de folhas na brotação principal e altura de planta em pré-transplante (campo e canteiro de pré-enraizamento), além da população de plantas aos 65, 150, 210 e 270 dias após o transplante. Na colheita, foram avaliados: população final, altura e diâmetro de copa da planta, peso total de matéria fresca da planta, número e peso de rebentos por planta, número de folhas por rebento, número, comprimento, diâmetro e peso de massa fresca de classes de raízes tuberosas, comprimento, diâmetro e peso de massa fresca da coroa e rendimento (kg ha-1) de raízes comerciais. As análises de variância e os testes de médias (Tukey 5%) indicaram que nos clones e nas épocas de cultivo o método de plantio de mudas sem pré-enraizamento, independentemente do tipo de muda, proporcionou maior crescimento e produção de raízes por planta e de raízes comerciais que o método com pré-enraizamento. A época de cultivo influenciou o desempenho das plantas no campo, em especial afetando as mudas pré-enraizadas. A melhor época de cultivo nos dois clones foi outono- outono. Não houve efeito de tipo de muda, isoladamente, sobre as características avaliadas.
Aiming to evaluate the effect of pre-rooting and the types of seedlings upon plant growth and root yield of the peruvian carrots clones ‘Amarela de Carandaí’ (BGH 5746) and 'Roxa de Viçosa' (BGH 6513) proceeding from the Vegetable Germ plasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, three experiments were carried out. Two experiments were conducted with 'Roxa of Viçosa' clone: the first one (spring-spring time) was installed on December 4, 1998 and was concluded on November 1999, while the second one (autumn-autumn time) was installed on April 9, 1999 and was concluded on February 2000. The third experiment was performed at the same time of the second one, but with “Amarela de Carandaí” clone. The experiments consisted of ten treatments on randomized blocks and split-plot design with five replicates. Two planting methods were used in the plots (with and without seedling pre-rooting), and in subplots five seedling types were used (1 – the shoot apex with ± 2.7 cm length and a chamfered cut at the base; 2 – the shoot intermediate segment with ± 4.9 cm length and a chamfered cut at the extremities; 3 - same to type 2, with ± 4.7 cm length and a longitudinal cut on the concave part corresponding to one-quarter of the seedling diameter; 4 - the whole shoot with ± 5.74 cm length and chamfered cuts at the base and longitudinal on the concave part; and 5 - same to type 4, with ± 6.3 cm length and chamfered cut at the base). The following were evaluated: percentage of emerged plants, number of sprouting for plant, number of leaves at the main sprouting and plant height at pre-transplanting (field and pre-rooting seedbed) of the plant population at 65, 150, 210 and 270 days after transplanting. At harvest, the following were appraised: the final population, height and diameter of the plant crown, total weight of plant fresh matter, number and weight of shoots per plant, number of leaves per shoot, and number, length, diameter and weight of the fresh mass of the tuberous root classes, as well as the length, diameter and weight of the crown fresh mass and productivity (kg ha-1) of commercial roots. The variance analyses and the tests of averages (Tukey 5%) indicated that in clones and at the cropping time the seedling planting method without pre-rooting provided both larger growth and yield of roots per plant and commercial roots as well than the method using the pre-rooting, independently of the seedling type, The cropping time influenced the performance of the plants in the field, especially by affecting the pre-rooted seedlings. The best cropping time for both clones was autumn-autumn. There was no effect from seedling type separately upon the appraised characteristics.
Não foram localizados o cpf e o currículo latees do autor.

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Enzymatic hydrolysis of granular starch has been used to study the structure and the physicochemical properties of the granules. It depends, among others, on the starch botanic source, on the enzymatic system used and on the size of the granules. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of granule size on enzymatic susceptibility and on structural and physicochemical properties of Peruvian Carrot starch. Starches from two varieties (Amarela de Carandaí, AC and Amarela de Senador Amaral, ASA) were isoladed, fractionated by size and classified into whole granules (without separation); large granules (d 20æm); medium granules (> 10 e < 20æm) and small granules (£ 10æm). The whole and fractionated granular starches were hydrolysed with bacterial -amylase and fungal amyloglucosidase. Samples, before and after hydrolysis, were analyzed regarding their structural and physicochemical characteristics. The whole and fractionated native starches shown in optical microscope and scanning electron microscope circular shape for large granules and polygonal shape for small granules. The granular surface was smooth with some had openings, especially for the larges granules, with some depressions and holes. From chromatograms of gel permeation in Sepharose CL-2B was not possible to observe differences on the molecular size from both varieties of Peruvian Carrot. The amylose content, that was higher to AC variety, was concentraded mainly in large granules. Both varieties exhibited B-type X-ray diffraction pattern and relative degree of cristallinity (DC) (~20%) was not different for the different starches, despite the intensity of the peaks decrease for small granules. The intrinsic viscosity of starches from both varieties was smallest 24% and 14%, respectively, to small granules in relation of large granules. Gelatinization temperatures, from DSC, decreased as the granule sizes decreased, while the enthalpy remained the same. The smaller the granule

Orientador: Célia Maria Landi Franco
Banca: Maria Victória Eiras Grossmann
Banca: Eleni Gomes
Abstract: Enzymatic hydrolysis of granular starch has been used to study the structure and the physicochemical properties of the granules. It depends, among others, on the starch botanic source, on the enzymatic system used and on the size of the granules. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of granule size on enzymatic susceptibility and on structural and physicochemical properties of Peruvian Carrot starch. Starches from two varieties (Amarela de Carandaí, AC and Amarela de Senador Amaral, ASA) were isoladed, fractionated by size and classified into whole granules (without separation); large granules (d 20æm); medium granules (> 10 e < 20æm) and small granules (£ 10æm). The whole and fractionated granular starches were hydrolysed with bacterial -amylase and fungal amyloglucosidase. Samples, before and after hydrolysis, were analyzed regarding their structural and physicochemical characteristics. The whole and fractionated native starches shown in optical microscope and scanning electron microscope circular shape for large granules and polygonal shape for small granules. The granular surface was smooth with some had openings, especially for the larges granules, with some depressions and holes. From chromatograms of gel permeation in Sepharose CL-2B was not possible to observe differences on the molecular size from both varieties of Peruvian Carrot. The amylose content, that was higher to AC variety, was concentraded mainly in large granules. Both varieties exhibited B-type X-ray diffraction pattern and relative degree of cristallinity (DC) (~20%) was not different for the different starches, despite the intensity of the peaks decrease for small granules. The intrinsic viscosity of starches from both varieties was smallest 24% and 14%, respectively, to small granules in relation of large granules. Gelatinization temperatures, from DSC, decreased as the granule sizes decreased, while the enthalpy remained the same. The smaller the granule
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação na produção, qualidade, e conservação pós-colheita de mandioquinha-salsa, foi instalado um experimento na Associação Brasileira de Agricultura Biodinâmica, em Botucatu - SP. Os tratamentos constaram de Testemunha (sem adubação), adubação Mineral (com NPK), adubação Orgânica (composto orgânico) e quatro tratamentos com adubação biodinâmica; Biod. 1 (composto biodinâmico com preparados 502 ao 507), Biod. 2 (preparados Fladen, 500 e 501), Biod. 3 (composto biodinâmico com preparados 502 ao 507 e preparados 500 e 501) e Biod. 4 (preparados 500 e 501). As adubações mineral, orgânica e biodinâmica não diferiram entre si quanto as características: massa fresca de raízes, massa fresca de cepas, massa fresca de folhas; teores de nitrogênio, magnésio, cálcio, ferro, boro, manganês, amido, açúcares totais e açúcares redutores nas raízes, na colheita; teores de nitrogênio, magnésio, boro, manganês e fibras nas raízes após o armazenamento; perda de massa e perecibilidade pós-colheita das raízes após 120 dias de armazenamento em câmara fria; pH, fósforo, H+Al, cálcio, Soma de Bases, CTC, V%, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco no solo após a colheita. Os tratamentos Orgânico+Biod.1 quando comparados ao tratamento Mineral, foram superiores quanto à expressão das características: massa fresca de cepas, massa fresca de folhas; teores de potássio e cinzas nas raízes na colheita; teores de potássio, cálcio, magnésio, amido e cinzas nas raízes após o armazenamento; teor de matéria orgânica, potássio, magnésio e boro no solo após a colheita do experimento; e inferiores quanto à expressão das características: teor de enxofre nas raízes antes e após o armazenamento e teor de açúcares solúveis totais após o armazenamento...
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of mineral, organic and biodynamic fertilization on yield, quality and postharvest conservation of Arracacia xanthorrhiza roots. The experiment was carried out at the Brazilian Biodynamic Agriculture Association, in Botucatu, São-Paulo State, Brasil. The treatments consisted in Control (no fertilization), Mineral fertilization (NPK fertilization), Organic fertilization (organic compost) and four treatments with biodynamic fertilization; Biod.1 (biodynamic compost with preparations 502 to 507), Biod.2 (preparations Fladen, 500 and 501), Biod.3 (biodynamic compost with preparations 502 to 507, preparations 500 and 501) and Biodynamic 4 (preparations 500 and 501). Mineral, Organic and Biodynamic fertilizations showed no differences in fresh matter roots, fresh matter rootstock, crown fresh matter, nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, iron, boron, manganese, starch, total soluble sugars and reducing sugars in roots contents at harvest; nitrogen, magnesium, boron, manganese and fibers contents in roots after postharvest conservation; weight lost and perishability after 120 days at storage in refrigerated chamber (5 C); pH, phosphorus, H+Al, calcium, total cation, cation exchange capacity, V%, copper , iron, manganese and zinc contents in soil after the experiment. Organic + Biodynamic 1 treatments as compared to Mineral treatment resulted in highest rootstock fresh matter, crown fresh matter, potassium, and ashes contents in roots at harvest; potassium, calcium, magnesium, starch and ashes in roots after postharvest conservation; organic matter, potassium, magnesium and boron contents in soil after the experiment; and lower sulfur content in roots at harvest and postharvest conservation, and total soluble sugars after postharvest conservation. At harvest, phosphorus content in roots was higher in Organic and Biodynamic 1 treatments, potassium...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft.) é uma raiz tuberosa que apresenta um curto período de conservação pós-colheita, de 3 a 5 dias, devido a uma fitopatologia conhecida como apodrecimento-mole ou mela, causada por bactérias do gênero Erwinia. Essas bactérias liberam enzimas que degradam a pectina da parede celular, fazendo com que o tecido perca a sua rigidez característica. Atualmente, vários métodos de conservação têm sido estudados na tentativa de prolongar a conservação pós-colheita, porém, a combinação de processos parece ser a melhor alternativa. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a interação entre processos de conservação (refrigeração, embalagem a vácuo e irradiação) para estender o período pós-colheita das raízes. Foram estudadas a combinação de duas temperaturas (25°C e 4°C), duas embalagens (caixas e vácuo) e três doses de irradiação gama obtendo um total de 16 grupos. Estes foram analisados diariamente, por um período de 30 dias, utilizando parâmetros de textura (energia de penetração), microbiologia e atividade de enzimas pectinolíticas (pectato liase, poligalacturonase e pectinesterase). A exposição às doses de 2 e 3kGy, com as amostras conservadas a 4°C a vácuo, prolongaram o período de conservação de 5 para 28 dias, ocorrendo uma diminuição da população microbiana, porém havendo uma diminuição da rigidez das raízes (p<0,05). Os tratamentos afetaram o perfil de atividade das enzimas pectinolíticas, porém a grande dispersão dos resultados e o pequeno número de raízes analisadas por dia, além da complexidade dos fatores que afetam a atividade das enzimas e as múltiplas origens possíveis - endógenas, bacterianas ou fungicidas - limitam a discussão mais aprofundada dos resultados.
Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft.) is a tuber root that presents a short post-harvest period of conservation, 3 to 5 days, due to a phytopathology known as soft rot or \"mela\", caused by bacteria of the genus Erwinia. This bacteria release enzymes that decay the cellular wall, causing the lost of the characteristic rigidity. At present, many conservation methods have been studied in the attempt of prolonging the post harvest conservation, but the combination of processes seems to be the best alternative. The aim of this work was to study the interaction between the conservation processes (refrigeration, vacuum packaging and irradiation) to extend the post-harvest period of the roots. It was studied the combination of two temperatures (25°C e 4°C), with two packages (boxes and vacuum) and three gamma irradiation doses (1, 2 e 3kGy), obtaining a total of 16 sample groups. The samples were daily analized, for a 30 day period, using texture parameters (penetration energy), microbiology and pectinolitic enzymes activities (pectate lyase, polygalactunoronase and pectin methyl esterase). The samples irradiated in doses of 2 and 3kGy, vacuum packed and conserved at 4°C extend the post-harvest period of 5 to 28 days, with a decrease of the microbiologic population, but with decreased in the rigidity of the roots (p<0.05). The treatments affected the pectinolitic enzymes profile, however the amplitude of the results and the low number of analysed samples per day, besides the complexity of factors affecting the enzyme activity and the multiple possible sources(endogenous, bacterial or fungous), limits the carefully discussion of the results.

Orientador: Francisco Luiz Araújo Câmara
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Fedra Gidget Obeso Quijano Krüger
Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação na produção, qualidade, e conservação pós-colheita de mandioquinha-salsa, foi instalado um experimento na Associação Brasileira de Agricultura Biodinâmica, em Botucatu - SP. Os tratamentos constaram de Testemunha (sem adubação), adubação Mineral (com NPK), adubação Orgânica (composto orgânico) e quatro tratamentos com adubação biodinâmica; Biod. 1 (composto biodinâmico com preparados 502 ao 507), Biod. 2 (preparados Fladen, 500 e 501), Biod. 3 (composto biodinâmico com preparados 502 ao 507 e preparados 500 e 501) e Biod. 4 (preparados 500 e 501). As adubações mineral, orgânica e biodinâmica não diferiram entre si quanto as características: massa fresca de raízes, massa fresca de cepas, massa fresca de folhas; teores de nitrogênio, magnésio, cálcio, ferro, boro, manganês, amido, açúcares totais e açúcares redutores nas raízes, na colheita; teores de nitrogênio, magnésio, boro, manganês e fibras nas raízes após o armazenamento; perda de massa e perecibilidade pós-colheita das raízes após 120 dias de armazenamento em câmara fria; pH, fósforo, H+Al, cálcio, Soma de Bases, CTC, V%, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco no solo após a colheita. Os tratamentos Orgânico+Biod.1 quando comparados ao tratamento Mineral, foram superiores quanto à expressão das características: massa fresca de cepas, massa fresca de folhas; teores de potássio e cinzas nas raízes na colheita; teores de potássio, cálcio, magnésio, amido e cinzas nas raízes após o armazenamento; teor de matéria orgânica, potássio, magnésio e boro no solo após a colheita do experimento; e inferiores quanto à expressão das características: teor de enxofre nas raízes antes e após o armazenamento e teor de açúcares solúveis totais após o armazenamento...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of mineral, organic and biodynamic fertilization on yield, quality and postharvest conservation of Arracacia xanthorrhiza roots. The experiment was carried out at the Brazilian Biodynamic Agriculture Association, in Botucatu, São-Paulo State, Brasil. The treatments consisted in Control (no fertilization), Mineral fertilization (NPK fertilization), Organic fertilization (organic compost) and four treatments with biodynamic fertilization; Biod.1 (biodynamic compost with preparations 502 to 507), Biod.2 (preparations Fladen, 500 and 501), Biod.3 (biodynamic compost with preparations 502 to 507, preparations 500 and 501) and Biodynamic 4 (preparations 500 and 501). Mineral, Organic and Biodynamic fertilizations showed no differences in fresh matter roots, fresh matter rootstock, crown fresh matter, nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, iron, boron, manganese, starch, total soluble sugars and reducing sugars in roots contents at harvest; nitrogen, magnesium, boron, manganese and fibers contents in roots after postharvest conservation; weight lost and perishability after 120 days at storage in refrigerated chamber (5 C); pH, phosphorus, H+Al, calcium, total cation, cation exchange capacity, V%, copper , iron, manganese and zinc contents in soil after the experiment. Organic + Biodynamic 1 treatments as compared to Mineral treatment resulted in highest rootstock fresh matter, crown fresh matter, potassium, and ashes contents in roots at harvest; potassium, calcium, magnesium, starch and ashes in roots after postharvest conservation; organic matter, potassium, magnesium and boron contents in soil after the experiment; and lower sulfur content in roots at harvest and postharvest conservation, and total soluble sugars after postharvest conservation. At harvest, phosphorus content in roots was higher in Organic and Biodynamic 1 treatments, potassium...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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The aphids are limiting for various crops, and in the case of the horticulture crops, it has been a problem for the cultivation of Arracacia xanthorrhiza (Bancroft, 1825), the arracacha. This plant, of Andean origin, has been well adapted to these climatic conditions of Southeast Brazil and conquered many consumers, currently representing an important food source due to its taste and nutritional value, thus providing a considerable income to small farmers. It is largely cultivated in the South and Southeast regions in Brazil. Although this culture is considered rustic, aphids has been causing great damage to its development. In the present work, the influence of temperature on the development of Semiaphis dauci (Fabricius, 1775) and Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach, 1843) was studied. The nymphal development period of S. dauci and A. solani on A. xanthorrhiza was of 23.84 and 33.02 days at 10 °C and 6.7 and 10.04 days at 25 °C, respectively. The minimum thermal threshold of development for the nymphal stage of 4.59 and 4.33 °C, the thermal constant 138.12 and 142.86 degrees-days and the approximate upper limit temperature ranged from 25 to 28 and 27 °C, respectively. The life table parameters indicated that temperatures of 22.5 and 25 °C provided the best thermal conditions for the S. dauci population growth, resulting the highest value of intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm=0.15), the lowest average value of the generation of 10.38 and 8.47 days and the shortest doubling times for the population with 4.74 and 4.55 days, respectively. The observed biological aspects indicate that A. solani has great potential for the population growth and a preference for smaller temperatures than S. dauci, and can be considered a potential pest for A. xanthorrhiza. The infestation of S. dauci in this species also causes severe damage to the plant, nevertheless other factors such as formation of dense colonies, lower mobility, and the action of toxins and viruses may also involved.
Os afídeos são prejudiciais a diversas culturas e no caso das hortícolas, têm representado problemas para a mandioquinha-salsa, Arracacia xanthorrhiza (Bancroft, 1825) a arracacha. Esta planta de origem Andina, adaptou-se bem às condições climáticas do sudeste brasileiro e conquistou consumidores pelas suas qualidades nutricionais e organolépticas. Possibilita uma renda apreciável para o agricultor familiar e é muito cultivada na região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. A cultura é considerada rústica, entretanto, os afídeos têm provocado prejuízos consideráveis ao seu desenvolvimento. Neste trabalho estudou-se a influência da temperatura no desenvolvimento dos afídeos Semiaphis dauci (Fabricius, 1775) e Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach, 1843). O período médio de desenvolvimento ninfal de S. dauci e A. solani associado a A. xanthorrhiza foi de 23,84 e 33,02 dias a 10°C e de 6,70 e 10,04 dias a 25°C, respectivamente. O limiar térmico mínimo de desenvolvimento para o estádio ninfal foi de 4,59 e 4,33°C, a constante térmica de 138,12 e 142,86 graus-dias e o limiar superior situado entre 25 a 28 e 27°C, respectivamente. Os parâmetros da tabela de vida de S. dauci nas temperaturas de 22,5 e 25°C corresponderam ao maior valor da taxa intrínseca de aumento natural (rm=0,15), aos menores valores da duração média da geração de 10,38 e 8,47 dias e período de duplicação da população com 4,74 e 4,55 dias, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento de A. solani teve a 20 e 22,5°C o maior valor da taxa intrínseca de aumento natural (rm=0,22 e 0,23) e os menores tempos para a duplicação da população (TD=3,14 e 3,07 dias), respectivamente. Os aspectos biológicos observados indicam que A. solani apresenta maior potencial de crescimento populacional e preferência por temperaturas menores que S. dauci, e pode ser considerada uma praga em potencial para a mandioquinha-salsa. As infestações de S. dauci na mandioquinha-salsa causam severos danos à planta, no entanto, outros fatores como formação de densas colônias, menor mobilidade, e a ação de toxinas e vírus podem estar também envolvidas.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da refrigeração e do filme plástico de PVC, na extensão da conservação pós-colheita de raízes de mandioquinha- salsa dos clones Amarela de Carandaí (BGH 5746) e Roxa de Viçosa (BGH 6513), bem como de verificar a atividade de enzimas invertases no metabolismo de carboidratos das raízes tuberosas, foram conduzidos três experimentos. Os experimentos foram arranjados no delineamento de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, tendo o primeiro, três repetições, e os dois últimos, quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento, os fatores das parcelas foram: uso ou não da embalagem de filme de PVC x temperatura de 5 e de 10oC, em fatorial 2 x 2, e, nas subparcelas o tempo de armazenamento de 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias. No segundo e no terceiro experimento, objetivou-se o estudo de atividade enzimática, sendo conduzidos por 7 dias, no laboratório de Pós-Colheita, em temperatura ambiente e, por 21 dias, em câmaras frias às temperaturas de 5 e de 10oC, respectivamente. Foram alocados nas parcelas as temperaturas e nas subparcelas o tempo de armazenamento. No primeiro experimento, as raízes de ambos os clones tiveram menor perda de massa fresca e maior teor relativo de água, ao longo do armazenamento, quando envolvidas com o filme de PVC. Porém, a 5oC sem o filme de PVC, apresentaram sintomas de injúria por frio, sendo o clone Amarela de Carandaí, o mais sensível. As raízes dos dois clones, com o filme de PVC, tanto a 5 quanto a 10oC, mantiveram-se com aparência para comercialização até 60 dias de armazenamento, com ausência de injúria por frio, murcha aparente e deterioração por microrganismos. Porém, sem o PVC, as raízes permaneceram comercializáveis por menos de 14 dias de armazenamento, devido a perdas excessivas de massa fresca (a 5 e a 10oC), a injúria por frio (a 5oC) e a infecção por Penicillium sp. (a 10oC). O teor de amido reduziu gradualmente nas raízes embaladas, tanto a 5 quanto a 10oC, nos dois clones, e mais acentuadamente nas raízes sem o PVC, o que contribuiu para menor conservação pós-colheita. A composição gasosa gerada no interior das embalagens, em ambos os clones, não foi suficiente para prevenir o aumento dos açúcares redutores que ocorreu nas raízes embaladas, mas foi benéfica em manter as taxas respiratórias baixas, uma vez que esses açúcares não foram consumidos. O aumento dos açúcares redutores nas raízes embaladas evidenciou possível efeito das temperaturas de 5 e de 10oC no acúmulo de açúcares solúveis nessas raízes. No segundo e no terceiro experimento, a atividade das invertases ácida solúvel e alcalina foram baixas, ao longo do armazenamento a 5oC, 10oC e a temperatura ambiente. No entanto, a 10oC, a concentração dos açúcares não redutores correlacionou-se negativamente com a atividade da invertase ácida da parede celular, que nas raízes dos dois clones foi a invertase mais ativa durante o armazenamento.
This experiment had the goal to evaluate the efficiency of refrigeration and the PVC film on postharvest conservation of tap roots from the clones Amarela de Carandaí (BGH 5746) and Roxa de Viçosa (BGH 6513), as well as the invertases activity on carbohydrate metabolism. The experiments were arranged in random design blocks in subdivided parcels. Tap roots were stored at 5 and 10oC wrapped or not in PVC film for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Two additional experiments were set up to determined the invertases activity at room temperature and at 5 and 10oC for 7 and 21 days, respectively. Throughout long term storage the roots PVC film was able to reduce the weight loss and retain higher relative water content. However, storage at 5oC without PVC film, induced chilling injury in both clones, being Amarela de Carandaí more sensitive to it. In those roots stored at 5 and 10oC wrapped with PVC film kept commercial quality up to 60 days of storage, showing no signs of chilling injury, shriveled and pathological symptoms. At the same temperatures, without PVC film, the roots had excessive water loss, chilling injury symptoms at 5oC and infection by Penicillium sp. At 10oC, losing their commercial aspect in less than 14 days. The starch content decreased gradually at 5 and 10oC in both clones, being more intense in those roots without PVC film. The PVC film did not prevent the increase in the reducing sugars, but was able to maintain low respiration, since the reducing sugars, but was able to maintain low respiration, since the reducing sugars were not consumed in high rate. The accumulation of reducing sugars in the roots wrapped in PVC showed sweetening effect at 5 and 10oC. Activity of acid and alkaline soluble invertases were present at low level throughout storage at 5, 10oC and room temperature. But at 10oC the concentration of no-reducing sugar was negative correlated with the activity of cell wall invertase, being the most active invertase during storage.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Amidos pré-gelatinizados podem ser usados em aplicações de produtos de conveniência pela indústria de alimentos, pois apresentam maior solubilidade em água fria e menor temperatura de gelatinização. As modificações físicas por spray drying e por extrusão são métodos que podem resultar em alterações na região cristalina, com mudanças nas propriedades térmicas e de pasta dos amidos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho verificar as alterações estruturais e funcionais provocadas, pelos métodos de modificações físicas citados, nos amidos de mandioca, mandioquinha-salsa e batata-doce. A modificação por spray drying foi realizada com aquecimento da suspensão à 57 °C e concentração de 8 % de amido, com temperatura de saída e vazão no spray dryer, respectivamente, de 105 °C e 0,5 L h-1. A modificação por extrusão foi realizada no amido a 20 % de umidade, temperaturas de 25, 50 e 75 ºC, respectivamente, na 1a zona, 2ª zona e 3ª zona do extrusor e rotação de 245 rpm. Após a finalização deste experimento, os resultados evidenciaram que a modificação por spray drying provocou alterações menos severas nas características dos amidos estudados. Sendo assim, foi realizado um segundo experimento com os amidos de mandioca e batata-doce a fim de determinar as melhores condições de processo da modificação por spray drying, seguindo planejamento experimental central composto rotacional nos dois ensaios experimentais. Os amidos modificados no primeiro experimento foram analisados em relação as características estruturais e propriedades de pasta e térmica. A modificação por spray drying não provocou alterações no teor de amilose, massa molecular e raio médio de giro, assim como na distribuição dos comprimentos das cadeias ramificadas de amilopectina, mostrando que não houve degradação das ligações glicosídicas. Houve redução dos picos do padrão de difração de Raios X dos amidos, refletindo na diminuição na cristalinidade relativa. A morfologia dos grânulos apresentou aglomerados para os amidos de mandioca e mandioquinha-salsa, indicando gelatinização parcial dos grânulos. O amido de mandioquinha-salsa modificado por spray drying apresentou aumento na viscosidade a frio e diminuição da viscosidade de pico e final. Para todos os amidos, houve aumento no setback (tendência a retrogradação). As temperaturas de gelatinização não sofreram alterações significativas, porém a variação da temperatura diminuiu, assim como a variação da entalpia. Os amidos modificados por extrusão não apresentaram alteração no teor de amilose e na distribuição dos comprimentos das cadeias ramificadas da amilopectina, no entanto, houve alteração na massa molecular e no raio médio de giro, indicando provável rompimento das ligações glicosídicas. Os amidos modificados por extrusão apresentaram redução total dos picos do padrão de difração dos amidos, indicando total gelatinização. Nas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura não foram observados grânulos para todos os tratamentos, confirmando a gelatinização total do amido com perda da estrutura granular durante o processo de extrusão, o que também foi observado pela ausência de curva de gelatinização na análise de propriedade térmica. Tais alterações levaram a um aumento na viscosidade a frio. As modificações por spray drying e extrusão resultam em amidos com diferentes propriedades, sendo que o amido modificado por spray drying seria indicado para produtos que necessitem de consistência mais firme, enquanto o amido modificado por extrusão seria indicado para produtos com viscosidade a frio e com consistência mais fluída. Em relação aos amidos estudados, o amido de mandioquinha-salsa apresentou maior sensibilidade ao processo, devido sua temperatura de gelatinização ser próxima às temperaturas utilizadas, e também, pelo defeito na área cristalina. Os resultados obtidos no segundo experimento evidenciaram que as melhores condições de modificação dos amidos de mandioca e de batata-doce por spray drying são: alta temperatura (60 °C) e baixa concentração (5 %). Nas condições citadas, podem ser obtidos amidos modificados por spray drying com boas características de pasta e térmica, como leve viscosidade a frio, consistência no produto final e temperatura de gelatinização uniforme, refletindo em melhor utilização de energia no processo.
Pregelatinized starches can be used in applications of convenience products by the food industry, since they have greater solubility in cold water and low gelatinization temperature. The physical modification by spray drying and extrusion are methods which can result in changes in the crystalline region, with changes in the thermal and pasting properties of starch. The aim of this work was to verify the structural and functional changes caused by physical modification methods mentioned in starches from cassava, Peruvian carrot and sweet potato. The modification by spray drying was performed using temperature of 57 °C and concentration of 8 %, with outlet temperature and feed rate in spray dryer of 105 °c and 0.5 L h-1, respectively. The modification by extrusion was carried out with 20 % of starch moisture, with temperatures of 25 °C, 50 °C and 75 °C in the 1st zone, 2nd zone and 3rd zone respectively, and rotation 245 rpm. After completion of this experiment, the results show that the modification by spray drying caused less severe changes in the characteristics of the studied starches. Thus, it was conducted a second experiment with starches from cassava and sweet potato, in order to determine the best process conditions of modification by spray drying, following experimental design central composite rotational in both experimental tests. The modified starches of the first experiment were analyzed for structural characteristics and thermal and pasting properties. The modification by spray drying caused no changes in the amylose content, molecular weight and the average gyration radius, and distribution branch chains-length of amylopectin showing that there was no degradation of glycosides bonds. There was reduction of the peaks of the diffraction pattern of starches, reflecting in decrease of relative crystallinity. The morphology of the granules showed agglomerates for the starches of cassava and Peruvian carrot, indicating partial gelatinization of the granules. Modified starch of Peruvian carrot by spray drying showed increase in cold viscosity and decrease in peak and final viscosity. For all starches, there was increase in setback. The temperatures of gelatinization no showed significant changes, although the temperature range decrease, as well as the enthalpy change. Modified starches by extrusion no show change in the amylose content and the distribution of branch chains-length of amylopectin, however, changes were observed in the molecular weight and the average gyration radius, indicating likely breaking of glycosidic bonds. Modified starches by extrusion showed total reduction in peaks of the diffraction pattern of the starches, indicating complete gelatinization of starches. In scanning electron microscopy observed no granules, confirming complete gelatinization of the starch, with loss of granular structure during the extrusion process, which also were observed by absence of gelatinization curve in thermal analysis. These changes leaded to increase of cold viscosity. The modifications by spray drying and extrusion resulted in starches with different properties, being the modified starch by spray drying can be indicated to apply in products that need of firmness consistency, and the modified starch by extrusion may be indicated to apply in products with cold viscosity and less consistency. Among of studied starches, Peruvian carrot starch showed be more susceptible for both process, due to its gelatinization temperature to be near the temperatures used in these experiments, and due to its defect in crystalline area. The results obtained in the second experiment show that the best conditions for modification of starches of cassava and sweet potato by spray drying are: high temperature (60 °C) and low concentration (5%). In these conditions can be obtained modified starches by spray drying with good pasting and thermal properties, as the cold viscosity, consistency in final product and gelatinization temperature uniform between the granules, reflecting in better utilization of energy by process.

Este trabalho teve como principais objetivos verificar as alterações na atividade de enzimas amilolíticas, pectinolíticas e celulásicas em raízes de mandioquinha-salsa durante o período pós-colheita, sob diferentes condições de armazenamento, visando avaliar os mecanismos de deterioração das raízes, bem como identificar o microrganismo possivelmente responsável pela alta perecibilidade das raízes. Além disso, foram estudadas características físico-químicas e reológicas do amido de mandioquinha extraído em laboratório. Para a detecção de atividade pectinesterásica (PE) e poligalacturonásica (PG) nas raízes, os parâmetros de extração destas enzimas foram otimizados através de metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR). As enzimas apresentaram pH ótimo de extração de 7,5 e 4,0 para a PE e PG, respectivamente, sendo os outros parâmetros, como tempo de extração e concentração de NaCI, considerados como não-significativos pelo modelo. As enzimas pectinolíticas parecem estar relacionadas à deterioração das raízes durante o armazenamento, associadas ao amolecimento das raízes. Devido à alta produção de gás, sob condições de temperatura e embalagem, a presença de bactérias produtoras de enzimas pécticas e causadoras de podridão-mole pode ser uma das principais causas da alta perecibilidade das raízes. A atividade amilolítica apresenta um importante papel na deterioração da mandioquinha uma vez os açúcares redutores provenientes da hidrólise do amido podem vir a ser substrato para o ataque de microrganismos oportunistas. Representa um dos principais aspectos metabólicos em um tubérculo rico em amido. A atividade celulásica foi praticamente nula durante o armazenamento. A melhor forma de conservação das raízes ocorreu à temperatura de refrigeração, sob acondicionamento a vácuo. O microrganismo isolado das raízes foi identificado através de provas bioquímicas como Erwinia carotovora subsp. odorífera. Em relação às características físico-químicas, o amido de mandioquinha apresentou um teor de amilose abaixo dos valores determinados para cereais e raízes convencionais (12,1 %) e uma boa estabilidade durante a cocção, analisada através da determinação de viscosidade. A turbidez das suspensões de amido também apresentou estabilidade durante o armazenamento, assim como a sinerese, que.em condições ótimas de preparação do gel apresentou 2,53 % de expulsão de água. Ainda sobre a relação água/gel, o pH da solução e a concentração de amido influenciam significativamente a capacidade de retenção de água, enquanto a temperatura de formação do gel não se mostrou um parâmetro significativo. A textura das preparações de amido foi influenciada significativamente pela temperatura de formação do gel e pela concentração de amido utilizada na preparação. O conhecimento de algumas características reológicas e de propriedades físico-químicas do amido de mandioquinha, visando a aplicação como ingrediente alimentício, pode ser uma alternativa a utilização das raízes in natura, principalmente no que diz respeito ao excedente de safra e ao aproveitamento de raízes com baixo valor comercial.
The aim of this work was to verify the changes in amylolytic, pectinolytic and cellulasic activity in Peruvian carrot roots after harvest, under different storage conditions, in order to evaluate the deteriorative mechanisms of the roots, as well as to identify the microorganism possible responsible to its low conservation time. In addition, physico-chemical and rheological characteristics of Peruvian carrot starch were studied. For pectinesterase (PE) and poligalacturonase (PG) detection on the roots, the extraction parameters of both enzymes were optimized by response surface methodology. The enzymes presented the optimum pH values at 7.5 and 4.0 for PE and PG, respectively. Extraction time and NaCI concentration were considered non-significant by the model. Pectic enzymes seams to be related to the deterioration process of Peruvian carrot, that is associated to the root softening. Considering the high volume of gas under specific packing and temperature, the presence of microorganisms soft rot promoters could be the main cause of the high perecibility of the roots. The amylolytic enzymes present an important role on Peruvian carrot deterioration related to the starch hydrolysis and the releasing of reducing sugars, substrate for opportunistic microorganisms. The cellulasic activity was not significant during storage time. Best conditions for roots conservation occurred at 4°C and under vacuum package. The bacteria isolated from the roots were identified by biochemical reactions as Erwinia carotovora subsp. odorifera. Peruvian carrot starch presented low values of amylose content (12.1 %) in comparison to other starch sources and a good stability during cooking, analyzed by viscoamylogram Brabender. The turbidity of starch suspensions presented good stability during storage, as well as water holding capacity, which presented 2.53% in optimal conditions of gel preparation. Syneresis is positively influenced by the pH of past solution and starch concentration whereas temperature of gel formation was not significant. Texture of starch preparations was significant influenced by temperature of gel formation as well as starch concentration. The knowledge of some rheological and physico-chemical properties of Peruvian carrot starch can be useful focusing its use as a food ingredient, which can be an alternative to the consumption of the roots in nature, especially considering crop excesses and low commercial value roots.

O tratamento térmico sob baixa umidade (TTBU) induz modificações estruturais nos grânulos de amido, com conseqüente modificação de propriedades como a digestibilidade enzimática e as propriedades de pasta. O TTBU clássico é realizado em fornos convencionais a ar e é bastante moroso. Recentemente melhorias têm sido propostas ao método, visando satisfazer aos requerimentos práticos para a aplicação em escala industrial. A aplicação de microondas em diversos setores vem crescendo e tem como vantagens a economia de espaço e tempo, devido ao tipo e eficiência da energia. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do TTBU realizado em forno microondas sobre as propriedades estruturais e funcionais de amidos de batata-doce e de mandioquinha-salsa e compará-las com as propriedades desses mesmos amidos tratados pelo método convencional. Os amidos foram extraídos dessas tuberosas e submetidos à modificação física, nas umidades de 25 e 35%, em forno convencional (90ºC/16horas) e em microondas (35 a 90ºC/1 hora). Os amidos tratados foram avaliados quanto à composição macromolecular (amilose), aparência superficial do grânulo por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), cristalinidade (raio-x), digestibilidade enzimática ( -amilase pancreática de suíno), fator de expansão e propriedades de pasta (RVA). O TTBU não alterou a aparência superficial dos amidos ao microscópio. Após a modificação física, o teor de amilose do amido de batata-doce tratado no microondas não se diferenciou do amido natural, porém apresentou menor teor do que o amido tratado em forno em ambas as umidades. O amido de mandioquinha-salsa tratado em forno convencional permaneceu com o mesmo teor do amido natural, já o tratamento por microondas aumentou o teor de amilose. O TTBU aumentou a suscetibilidade enzimática dos grânulos, sendo o amido de batata-doce o mais suscetível à ação da enzima pelo tratamento em forno e o amido de mandioquinha-salsa pelo microondas. A umidade das amostras pareceu afetar mais que o tipo de tratamento térmico. Sob maior umidade, os amidos tiveram maior aumento da suscetibilidade enzimática. Embora tenham ocorrido alterações nos difratogramas de raio-x mais ou menos intensas em função dos tratamentos, os padrões de cristalinidade dos amidos de batata-doce (CB) e de mandioquinha-salsa (B) permaneceram inalterados após os tratamentos sob quaisquer das condições estudadas. Os grânulos de amido das tuberosas tratados por TTBU apresentaram redução do fator de expansão. A expansão foi menor no forno convencional do que no microondas. O tratamento térmico alterou as propriedades de pasta dos amidos, aumentando, de um modo geral, a temperatura de pasta, o tempo de pico, a viscosidade final e a tendência à retrogradação e diminuindo o pico de viscosidade e a quebra. As alterações conferidas pelo TTBU foram variáveis com o tipo de tratamento térmico, o teor de umidade e com a fonte de amido. Considerando que a qualidade de um amido é definida em função de sua finalidade de uso, pode-se optar dentre os tratamentos estudados, a intensidade de modificação desejada para o mesmo.
The heat moisture treatment (HMT) induces structural modifications on the granules of starch with consequent modification of properties such as the enzymatic digestibility as well as the paste properties. The classic HMT is run in air conventional ovens and is very slow. Recently improvements have been proposed to the method by aiming to satisfy the practical requirements for the application in industrial scale. The application of the microwave in several sectors has been growing and presents as advantages the economy of room and time due to the type and efficiency of the energy. In this way, the objective of this work has been to evaluate the effect of the HMT made in microwave on the structural and functional properties of the sweet potato and peruvian carrot starches and compare them to the properties of the same starches treated by the conventional method. The starches have been extracted from these tuberoses and when at 25 and 35% moisture, submitted to physical modification in conventional oven (90ºC/16 hours) and in microwave oven (35 to 90ºC/1 hours). The treated starches have been evaluated regarding their macromolecular (amylose), granules surface appearance by scanning electron microscope (SEM), crystallinity (xrays), enzymatic digestibility (porcine pancreatic -amyilase), swelling factor and paste properties (RVA). The HMT has not changed the surface appearance of the starched through microscope. After the physical modification, the amylose content of the sweet potato starch treated in microwave oven has not been different from the natural starch, however presented less content than the starch treated in microwave oven at both moistures. The peruvian carrot starch treated in conventional oven remained with the same content of the natural starch, but the treatment in microwave has increased the amylose content. The HMT has increased the granules enzymatic susceptibility; the sweet potato starch is the most susceptible to the action of the enzyme by the treatment in oven and the peruvian carrot starch by the microwave oven, The moisture of the samples seemed to affect more than the type of heat treatment. Under higher moisture, the starches has had highest increase to enzymatic susceptibility. Although more or less intense alterations in the x-rays diffractograms have occurred due to the treatments, the crystallinity patterns of the sweet potato (CB) and peruvian carrot (B) starches remained unchanged after the treatments under any of the studied conditions. The tuberoses granules starches treated by HMT have presented reduction on the sweeling factor. The sweeling has been lower in conventional oven than in microwaves. The heat treatment has changed the starches paste properties, in a general way, increasing the paste temperature, peak time, final viscosity and setback and decreasing the viscosity peak and breakdown. The alterations checked by the HMT have been variable according to the type of heat treatment, moisture content and source of starch. Considering that the quality of a starch is defined in conformity with its use purpose, it can be chosen the type of treatment among the studied ones and the intensity of desired modification for the starch.

Determina el efecto del tiempo de cocción por hervido sobre capacidad antioxidante y contenido de polifenoles totales en Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha) con y sin cáscara. Hipótesis: El tiempo de cocción por hervido disminuye la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de polifenoles totales en Arracacia xanthorrhiza con y sin cáscara. Materiales y métodos: Tipo de estudio experimental, analítico, longitudinal y prospectivo. La Arracacia xanthorrhiza fue fresca y adquirida por conveniencia del departamento de San Martin. La muestra biológica fue un extracto acuoso de la arracacha. Se utilizó el método de reducción del radical libre estable 2,2 difenil - 1 – picrilhidrazil (DPPH*) y reactivo de Folin y Ciocalteu. Resultados: La arracacha con cáscara tuvo un porcentaje de reducción de DPPH* de 72% en crudo y 38% pasado los 20 minutos de cocción, mientras que la arracacha sin cáscara redujo desde un 63% hasta un 33% pasado los 20 minutos de cocción. El contenido de polifenoles totales fue mayor en crudo, siendo el valor más elevado para la muestra con cáscara (13.3 ± 0.4 mg EAG/g) y el menor valor para la muestra de postcocción por hervido de 20 minutos en la arracacha sin cáscara (4.74 ± 0.2 mg EAG/g). Conclusiones: El tiempo de cocción por hervido disminuye la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de polifenoles totales en Arracacia xanthorrhiza con y sin cáscara. Se obtuvo una correlación entre la capacidad antioxidante y contenido de polifenoles totales con un (r= 0,9041) para la muestra con cáscara y un valor de (r= 0,9712), para la muestra sin cáscara; lo que permite establecer que a mayor contenido de polifenoles totales presentes en la arracacha en crudo y cocido con y sin cáscara, menor será el valor IC50.
Tesis

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Population in general is getting more interested in consuming healthy food. Alternative eco-agricultural cropping practices are being emphasized, thanks to the benefits to sustainable agricultural and environment systems. Management of organic and mineral fertilizers, in search of nutrient efficiency, is directly related to environmental, social and economical issues. As plants become more efficient to absorb nutrients, the farmer can count on better products quality and, consequently, to better economic results. The experiments described in the chapters one and two of this study were conducted, respectively, in Fazenda C?rrego Frio and in Fazenda Santo Ant?nio de Estrela, both in Nova Friburgo municipality, Rio de Janeiro State. The first one was accomplished in partnership with Pesagro-Nova Friburgo, and it aimed to evaluate the production of the arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) plant associated with covering plants. The experimental design was of random blocks with four repetitions, and four management treatments: conventional (control), spontaneous vegetation, black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb), and consortium black oats + Villosa villosa. The arracacha variety tested in both studies was the ?Amarela de Caranda?? (AC). The results showed that in the treatments with oats and oat + Villosa villosa, the accumulation of dry mass in the plant and their parts was smallest. The production of commercial roots was higher at 12 months after the planting (MAP) for the conventional and spontaneous vegetation treatments. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the yield of the arracacha crop submitted to increasing doses of phosphorus, with two sources of the fertilizer. The experimental design was of randomly blocks with 4 repetitions and 12 treatments, that consisted of 2 phosphorous sources (simple super phosphate and rock phosphate), and 6 phosphorous doses (0 - without phosphorus - control), 40, 80, 120, 240 and 480 kg P2O5 ha-1). The largest production of total and commercial roots was verified in the treatments with rock phosphate as source of P. The highest total levels of sulfur in the plants were found in the treatments with simple super phosphate. Concerning the accumulation of total nutrients, it was observed a similarity between the two sources of phosphorous. A third experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, located in Serop?dica municipality - RJ. The experimental design was of randomly blocks with four repetitions and six treatments. The treatments consisted of increasing doses of gypsum (CaSO4H2O) as following: 12.5; 25; 50; 100; 200 kg ha-1 of S and a control without gypsum. The soil material was sampled from an Udult soil and the cultivated variety was ?Amarela de Senador Amaral? (ASA). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the sulphur addition in the crop yield. There were determinate: plant dry matter weight; and the levels of N, P, K and S in the plant tissue. The highest doses of S increased the dry matter accumulated in leaves + petioles. Concerning the sulfur accumulation, it was dose dependent for the three parts of the arracacha plant. Despite the conditions in which this research was conducted (greenhouse), it was possible to conclude preliminarily that the ASA is responsive to sulphur fertilization.
O interesse pelo consumo de alimentos saud?veis vem despertando maior aten??o da popula??o. Pr?ticas altenativas de cultivo visando ? agricultura agroecol?gica v?m se destacando em fun??o da sustentabilidade dos sistemas agr?colas e ambientais. O manejo dos fertilizantes org?nicos e minerais buscando a efici?ncia de uso de nutrientes est? diretamente relacionado a quest?es de import?ncia social, econ?mica e ambiental. O melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelas plantas, consequentemente, levar? a uma melhor qualidade da produ??o agr?cola e uma maior rentabilidade para o produtor rural. Os experimentos referentes aos cap?tulos um e dois foram instalados na Fazenda C?rrego Frio e na Fazenda Santo Ant?nio de Estrela, em Nova Friburgo ? RJ. O primeiro trabalho em parceria com a Pesagro-Nova Friburgo, objetivou o estudo da produ??o da mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) consorciada com plantas de cobertura. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es e quatro tratamentos de manejo: convencional (testemunha), vegeta??o espont?nea, aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e cons?rcio aveia-preta+ervilhaca (Vicia villosa). A variedade usada foi Amarela de Caranda? (AC). Os resultados mostraram que os ac?mulos de massa seca na planta e nas suas partes foram menores nos tratamentos com aveia e aveia + ervilhaca. A produ??o de ra?zes comerciais foi maior aos 12 meses ap?s plantio (MAP) para o tratamento convencional e vegeta??o espont?nea. O ac?mulo de nutrientes de modo geral foi maior nos tratamentos convencional e vegeta??o espont?nea aos 12 MAP. O segundo experimento objetivou avaliar a resposta da mandioquinha-salsa a doses crescentes de f?sforo, com duas fontes do fertilizante fosfatado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repeti??es e 12 tratamentos, os tratamentos constaram de 2 fontes de f?sforo (superfosfato simples, SS; e fosfato de rocha, FR) e 6 doses de f?sforo (40, 80, 120, 240 e 480 kg P2O5 ha-1) e uma testemunha. A variedade usada foi AC. A maior produ??o de ra?zes totais e ra?zes comerciais foi verificada nos tratamentos com a fonte de P, FR. Os maiores teores totais de enxofre nas plantas foram encontrados nos tratamentos com SS. No ac?mulo de nutrientes totais observou-se semelhan?a nas respostas das duas fontes de f?sforo estudadas. Um terceiro estudo foi realizado em casa-de-vegeta??o no Departamento de Solos-IA da UFRRJ, em Serop?dica ? RJ. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es e seis tratamentos. Os tratamentos constaram de doses de gesso (CaSO4.H2O) a seguir: 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200 kg ha-1 de S e, uma testemunha. O material de solo usado foi de um Argissolo Amarelo e a variedade cultivada foi a Amarela de Senador Amaral (ASA). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da mandioquinha-salsa ? aduba??o sulfatada. As determina??es foram: peso de mat?ria seca da planta e teores de N, P, K e S no tecido vegetal. O ac?mulo de mat?ria seca de folhas + pec?olos aumentou em fun??o das doses crescentes de enxofre. Quanto ao ac?mulo de enxofre houve resposta em fun??o das doses nas tr?s partes da planta de mandioquinha-salsa. Em uma conclus?o pr?via, por ser o trabalho conduzido em casa-de-vegeta??o, a ASA responde ? aduba??o sulfatada.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de obter maiores informações acerca das modificações causadas pelo tratamento com calor e baixa umidade (TCBU) sobre a estrutura granular e propriedades funcionais dos amidos extraídos de mandioquinha-salsa, gengibre e batata-doce, fontes alternativas desse carboidrato. Os amidos foram extraídos desses vegetais e caracterizados quanto à composição macromolecular, substâncias acompanhantes, tamanho e forma dos grânulos. Para avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico e baixa umidade (100°C, 27% de umidade, 16 horas), os amidos foram submetidos a processo de digestão enzimática pela alfa-amilase de Bacillus sp e amiloglucosidase de Rhizopus mold. As amostras obtidas foram avaliadas quanto ao modo de ataque das enzimas aos grânulos em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), padrão de cristalinidade por difração de raios-x e propriedades da pasta em Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). O amido de mandioquinha-salsa apresentou 17% de amilose e 0,032% de fósforo, tamanho médio de grânulo de 12,5 x 17,3µm, padrão B de cristalinidade e 38% de hidrólise enzimática. O amido de batata-doce apresentou 22% de amilose, 0,027% de fósforo, tamanho médio de grânulo de 20,4 x 26,2µm, padrão A de cristalinidade e 72% de hidrólise. O amido de gengibre apresentou 25% de amilose, 0,022% de fósforo, tamanho médio de grânulos de 17,6 x 23,2µm, padrão A de cristalinidade e 15% de hidrólise. O tratamento com calor e baixa umidade nas condições do estudo provocou aumento na suscetibilidade à ação enzimática em todos os amidos, mas principalmente no de mandioquinha-salsa. Com este tratamento ocorreram também alterações na intensidade dos picos nos difratogramas de raios-x, entretanto, os padrões de cristalinidade dos amidos não foram alterados. Os perfis e valores dos viscoamilogramas dos amidos estudados foram substancialmente alterados com o tratamento térmico em baixa umidade, havendo elevação da temperatura de pasta e do tempo para ocorrência do pico, redução nos valores de viscosidade e extinção da quebra, ou seja, estabilização da viscosidade dos amidos quando sob temperaturas elevadas e agitação mecânica. O tratamento térmico sob baixa umidade, nas condições do estudo, promoveu alterações que apontam para um rompimento seguido de rearranjo das associações internas na estrutura granular do amido fazendo com que ocorra redução da cristalinidade e aumento significativo de sua área acessível à ação enzimática.
The goal of this work is to obtain more information about the modifications caused by heat-moisture treatment (TCBU) on the granular structure and functional properties extracted of starch Peruvian carrot, sweet potato and ginger, sources alternative sources of this carbohydrato. The starches were extracted of these vegetables and how characterized macromolecular composition, non-starch components, size and form of granules. To evaluate effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT- 100°C, 27% of humidity, 16 hours), starches had been submittedby to enzymatic digestion with alpha-amilase of Bacillus sp and amiloglucosidase of Rhizopus mold. The samples had been evaluated about the way of enzymes attack to granules in scanning electron microscope (SEM), pattern of cristallinity for rays-x diffraction and properties of the paste in Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The peruvian carrot starch presented amylose content of 17% and phosphorus content of 0,032%, granule average size of 12,5 x 17,3µm, standard B of cristallinity and 38% of enzymatic hydrolysis. The sweet potato starch presented of amylose content of 22%, phosphorus content of 0,027%, granule average size of 20,4 x 26,2µm, standard A of cristallinity and 72% of hydrolysis. The ginger starch presented amylose content of 25%, phosphorus content of 0,022%, granule average sizes of 17,6 x 23,2µm, standard A of cristallinity and 15% of hydrolysis. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT), in this work , caused increase in susceptibility to enzymatic action in all studied starches, but mainly in peruvian carrot starch. With this treatment had also occurred alterations in rays-x diffraction peaks intensity, however, starches patterns of cristallinity had not been modified. The heat-moisture treatment, in this conditions, changed in the profiles and values of viscosity and increase of susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis, what probably, it was caused by the breached crystal rearrangement, starch chain association and disruption of double helices in the amorphous regions.

Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de la domestication de l’arracacha, une carotte présentant l’originalité d’être reproduite végétativement et d’être native de la région andine tropicale. Le polymorphisme de cette espèce était réputé faible. Dans un premier temps, les marqueurs microsatellites sont donc apparus les marqueurs de choix et ont été développés. Une diversité allélique significative de la forme cultivée mais une diversité plus grande des formes sauvages con-spécifiques sont observées. Cependant, une fraction de cette diversité de la forme cultivée ne s’observe pas parmi les formes sauvages. Un criblage plus large du génome, avec des marqueurs AFLPs et un marqueur de l’ADN chloroplastique, a cependant permis d’identifier la forme sauvage la plus probablement à l’origine de la forme cultivée. En accord avec un patron de domestication fréquemment rencontré parmi les multiples espèces à racines et tubercules domestiquées de la région andine, la forme pérenne serait l’ancêtre direct. Une divergence cryptique entre deux groupes clairement définis de variétés cultivées a par ailleurs été mise en évidence. Elle est attribuable à une introgression génétique de la forme monocarpique sauvage postérieurement à la domestication. Mais une fraction de la diversité génétique de la forme cultivée reste non attribuable à ces formes ancestrales et conduit à tester l’hypothèse d’autres espèces plus éloignées représentées dans le génome de la forme cultivée par introgression génétique. L’approche méthodologique est de repérer des locus microsatellites présumés introgressés et d’en séquencer la région flanquante du motif. Une marche génomique permet d’allonger cette région et d’augmenter le polymorphisme observé. Le travail a été conduit à la fois sur l’arracacha et sur le manioc (suite aux résultats relatés dans le mémoire de DEA). La phylogénie des différents allèles observés à ces locus a permis d’en déterminer l’origine et, dans certains cas parmi les deux genres étudiés, de valider l’hypothèse d’allèles introgressés à partir d’espèces éloignées. L’introgression est aussi démontrée réciproque car des allèles de la forme cultivée sont retrouvés dans des espèces sauvages, ce qui est important des points de vue de l’impact potentiel de la biotechnologie dans les agroécosystèmes et de l’évolution de l’agrobiodiversité. Dans le cas d’un locus de l’arracacha, l’introgression aurait conduit à l’existence de deux groupes d’allèles représentés à la fois parmi les cultivars, ses formes ancestrales et chez une espèce éloignée. Des allèles recombinants sont observés parmi cette espèce sauvage, impliquant des recombinaisons répétées entre les deux groupes d’allèles. L’hypothèse d’une origine anthropique de cette espèce éloignée peut être avancée.

碩士
台北醫學大學
醫學研究所
83
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (薑黃), a medicinal plant used in Indonesia, has been shown to exert diverse physiological function. However, many attentions have been paid to its effect on liver damage induced by hepatotoxins. Either the fresh tuber, or a decoction of the dried sliced tuber, is used to treat liver affections (jaundice, gall stones ), and promote the cholagogue action. Curcuma domestica Valetion (鬱金), the commercial turmeric, is cultivated every where in the East. In medicine, since there was a protective effect on the liver damage and a slimulation of bile secretion, C. domestica has been advocated for use in liver disorders. The hepatoprotective effect of Circuma was investigated in four kinds of models (carhon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, β-D-galactosamine, ethanol). The animals were treated with Circuma (p.o.) after the hepatotoxins administration. Significantly protective effects were expressed. These protective effects were evideiced by compariig serum tranaaminases (SGOT and SGPT) levels, and histopathological examination in Curcuma-treated aid untreated animals, Serum enzyme activities were siglificantly lower in Curcuma-treated groups. In the histopathological ohservation, it waa found that the liver damages induced by the four kinds of hepatotoxins were markedly ameliorated in Circumatreated animals, These results demonstrate that C. xanthorrhiza and C. domestica have a definitely hepatoprotective effect against the liver damages induced by various hepatotoxins. It is suggested that C. xanthorrhiza and C. domestica could be useful ii the treatment of liver injuries and has promised as broad spectrum hepatoprotective agents.