Journal articles: 'Xanthomonas translucens'

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Rademaker, J. L. W., D. J. Norman, R. L. Forster, F. J. Louws, M. H. Schultz, and F. J. de Bruijn. "Classification and Identification of Xanthomonas translucens Isolates, Including Those Pathogenic to Ornamental Asparagus." Phytopathology® 96, no. 8 (August 2006): 876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0876.

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In order to confirm and refine the current classification scheme of Xanthomonas translucens and to identify novel strains from ornamental asparagus, a collection of field and reference strains was analyzed. Rep-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genomic fingerprint profiles were generated from 33 isolates pathogenic to asparagus as well as 61 X. trans-lucens reference strains pathogenic to cereals and grasses. Amplified ribo-somal gene restriction analysis profiles were obtained from most of these and 29 additional Xanthomonas reference strains. Rep-PCR genomic fingerprint profiles of all strains were compared with those in a large Xanthomonas database using computer-assisted analysis. Rep-PCR ge-nomic fingerprinting facilitated the characterization and discrimination of X. translucens, including the pathovars arrhenatheri, graminis, phlei, phleipratensis, and poae, as well as a number of strains received as X. translucens pv. cerealis. Strains received as pathovars hordei, secalis, translucens, undulosa, and other cerealis strains were grouped in two subclusters that correspond to the recently redefined pathovars X. trans-lucens pvs. undulosa and translucens. All 33 novel isolates from ornamental asparagus (tree fern; Asparagus virgatus) were identified as X. translucens pv. undulosa. Moreover, a unique amplified small subunit ribosomal gene MspI/AluI restriction profile specific for all X. translucens strains tested, including those pathogenic to asparagus, allowed discrimination from all other Xanthomonas spp. Although phage tests were inconclusive, the classification of the asparagus strains within the X. translucens complex was supported by pathogenicity assays in which all the isolates from ornamental asparagus induced watersoaking on wheat. Surprisingly, several X. translucens reference strains affected asparagus tree fern as well. That the novel asparagus isolates belong to X. translucens pv. undulosa is extraordinary because all hosts of X. translucens pathovars described to date belong only to the families Gramineae and Poaceae, whereas asparagus belongs to the phylogenetically distant family Liliaceae.

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Bragard, C., E. Singer, A. Alizadeh, L. Vauterin, H. Maraite, and J. Swings. "Xanthomonas translucens from Small Grains: Diversity and Phytopathological Relevance." Phytopathology® 87, no. 11 (November 1997): 1111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.11.1111.

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Sixty-eight presumptive Xanthomonas translucens strains isolated from 15 small grains or grass species were studied by pathogenicity tests on barley, bread wheat, oat, and bromegrass species, and also by AFLP, analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein extracts. The X. translucens strains were divided into three pathogenicity types based on differences observed on barley and bread wheat. Two unspeciated strains producing atypical symptoms formed a fourth pathogenicity type. Pathogenicity on oat and bromegrass species varied within these types. Clusterings observed by AFLP analysis and, to a lesser extent, by FAME analysis were consistent with these pathogenicity groupings. The current results, as well as those of previous restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the same strains, support the recent reclassification of X. translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. hordei as true synonyms. X. translucens pv. cerealis, X. translucens pv. translucens, and X. translucens pv. undulosa cluster in different groups by AFLP and FAME analyses. Even though distinction by simple biochemical tests is not clear-cut, the data indicate that the pathovars cerealis, translucens, and undulosa correspond to true biological entities.

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Roman-Reyna, Verónica, Emily K. Luna, Céline Pesce, Taca Vancheva, Christine Chang, Janet Ziegle, Claude Bragard, et al. "Genome Resource of Barley Bacterial Blight and Leaf Streak Pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens strain UPB886." Plant Disease 104, no. 1 (January 2020): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-19-1103-a.

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Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens causes bacterial leaf streak and bacterial blight diseases of barley. This pathogen limits barley production globally but remains understudied, with limited genomic resources. To better understand the biology of this X. translucens subgroup, we sequenced the complete genome of the X. translucens pv. translucens strain UPB886.

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Khojasteh, Moein, Syed Mashab Ali Shah, Fazal Haq, Xiameng Xu, S. Mohsen Taghavi, Ebrahim Osdaghi, and Gongyou Chen. "Transcription Activator-Like Effectors Diversity in Iranian Strains of Xanthomonas translucens." Phytopathology® 110, no. 4 (April 2020): 758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-19-0428-r.

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Bacterial leaf streak caused by different pathovars of Xanthomonas translucens is the most important seedborne bacterial disease of small grain cereals. However, variations in the virulence-associated genomic areas of the pathogen remain uninvestigated. In this study, the diversity of transcription activator-like effectors (TALE) was investigated using the Southern blotting of BamHI-digested genomic DNAs in the Iranian strains of X. translucens. All 65 X. translucens strains were assigned into 13 genotypes, where 57 X. translucens pv. undulosa strains were placed in genotypes 1 to 8, and seven X. translucens pv. translucens strains were placed in genotypes 9 to 12. Interestingly, we did not find any TALE genes in the strain XtKm7 (genotype 13), which showed to be pathogenic only on barley. Virulence and aggressiveness of these strains in greenhouse conditions were in agreement with the TALE-based clustering of the strains in the pathovar level, though variations were observed in the aggressiveness of X. translucens pv. undulosa strains. In general, strains containing higher numbers of putative TALE genes were more virulent on wheat and barley than strains containing fewer. This is the first TALE-based genetic diversity analysis on X. translucens strains and provides novel insights into the virulence repertories and genomic characteristics of the pathogen. Further investigations using TALE mutagenesis and complementation analysis are warranted to precisely elucidate the role of each detected X. translucens TALE in bacterial virulence and aggressiveness either on wheat or barley.

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Stromberg, Kurt D., Linda L. Kinkel, and Kurt J. Leonard. "Relationship Between Phyllosphere Population Sizes of Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and Bacterial Leaf Streak Severity on Wheat Seedlings." Phytopathology® 89, no. 2 (February 1999): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.2.131.

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The relationship between leaf-associated population sizes of Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens on asymptomatic leaves and subsequent bacterial leaf streak (BLS) severity was investigated. In three experiments, X. translucens pv. translucens was spray-inoculated onto 10-day-old wheat seedlings over a range of inoculum densities (104, 105, 106, 107, and 108 CFU/ml). Lesions developed most rapidly on plants inoculated with higher densities of X. translucens pv. translucens. Leaf-associated pathogen population sizes recovered 48 h after inoculation were highly predictive of BLS severity 7 days after inoculation (R2 = 0.970, P < 0.0001). The relationship between pathogen population size on leaves and subsequent BLS severity was best described by the logistic model. Leaf-associated X. translucens pv. translucens population size and BLS severity from a particular pathogen inoculum density often varied among experiments; however, the disease severity level caused by a particular leaf-associated X. translucens pv. translucens population size was not significantly different among experiments. Biological and disease control implications of the X. translucens pv. translucens population size-BLS severity relationship are discussed.

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Curland, Rebecca D., Liangliang Gao, Carolee T. Bull, Boris A. Vinatzer, Ruth Dill-Macky, Leon Van Eck, and Carol A. Ishimaru. "Genetic Diversity and Virulence of Wheat and Barley Strains of Xanthomonas translucens from the Upper Midwestern United States." Phytopathology® 108, no. 4 (April 2018): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-17-0271-r.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of wheat and barley, caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa and X. translucens pv. translucens, has been of growing concern in small grains production in the Upper Midwestern United States. To optimize disease resistance breeding, a greater awareness is needed of the pathovars and genetic diversity within the pathogens causing BLS in the region. Multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) and analysis (MLSA) of four common housekeeping genes (rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 82 strains of X. translucens isolated between 2006 and 2013 from wheat, barley, rye, and intermediate wheatgrass. In addition, in planta disease assays were conducted on 75 strains to measure relative virulence in wheat and barley. All strains were determined by MLSA to be related to X. translucens pv. undulosa and X. translucens pv. translucens. Clustering of strains based on Bayesian, network, and minimum spanning trees correlated with relative virulence levels in inoculated wheat and barley. Thus, phylogeny based on rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB correlated with host of isolation and was an effective means for predicting virulence of strains belonging to X. translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. undulosa.

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Khoirunnisa, Nur Syafira, Syaiful Anwar, and Dwi Andreas Santosa. "The Effect of Microwave-Assisted Alkali and Xanthomonas t ranslucens ICBB 9762 for Rice Straw Pretreatment on Electricity Generation of Microbial Fuel Cell Inoculated by Staphylococcus saprophyticus ICBB 9554." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 20 (October 23, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.7.

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Rice straw can be utilized as an organic substrate in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) to generate electricity by microbes as a biocatalyst. This research was aimed to observe the effect of Xanthomonas translucens ICBB 9762 inoculation pretreatment on microwave-assisted alkali treated rice straw on the lignocellulosic structure change of rice straw and to observe the performance of MFC system fed by treated rice straw. The stages of research included: (1) pretreatment of rice straw through microwave-assisted alkali and Xanthomonas translucens ICBB 9762 inoculation, (2) observation of MFC performance including electrical voltage; electrical current; power density; and Coulombic efficiency, and (3) anolite analysis including COD removal, pH and Eh. The result showed that rice straw was successfully decomposed by inoculation of Xanthomonas translucens ICBB 9762 on microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment which the highest cellulose yield about 29.36 %. Treated rice straw produced better performance than rice straw without pretreatment which the best performance resulted by the combination of Xanthomonas translucens ICBB 9762 inoculation and microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment which produce electrical voltage, electrical current, and power density value of 337.90 mV, 0.39 mA, and 26.20 mW/m2, respectively. The utilization of solid substrate such as rice straw need more attention due to there was COD enhancement while in COD reduction reach COD removal efficiency and coulombic efficiency ranged 5.15 - 54.08 % and 0.25 - 7.83 %, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS Microbial Fuel Cell fueled by lignocellulose substrate, which is rice straw Lignocellulose structure deconstruction through microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment A combination of microwave-assisted alkali and cellulose-degrading bacteria inoculation pretreatment for rice straw generate the highest electricity Electricity generation improvement in microbial fuel cell through mix culture between cellulose-degrading bacteria and exoelectrogen bacteria Cellulose degrading bacteria increase Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) due to the solubility of low molecular weight organic compounds increasing during microbial fuel cell incubation

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Erdrich, Sebastian H., Vikas Sharma, Ulrich Schurr, Borjana Arsova, and Julia Frunzke. "Isolation of Novel Xanthomonas Phages Infecting the Plant Pathogens X. translucens and X. campestris." Viruses 14, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071449.

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The genus of Xanthomonas contains many well-known plant pathogens with the ability to infect some of the most important crop plants, thereby causing significant economic damage. Unfortunately, classical pest-control strategies are neither particularly efficient nor sustainable and we are, therefore, in demand of alternatives. Here, we present the isolation and characterization of seven novel phages infecting the plant-pathogenic species Xanthomonas translucens and Xanthomonas campestris. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that all phages show a siphovirion morphology. The analysis of genome sequences and plaque morphologies are in agreement with a lytic lifestyle of the phages making them suitable candidates for biocontrol. Moreover, three of the isolated phages form the new genus “Shirevirus”. All seven phages belong to four distinct clusters underpinning their phylogenetic diversity. Altogether, this study presents the first characterized isolates for the plant pathogen X. translucens and expands the number of available phages for plant biocontrol.

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Tubajika, K. M., B. L. Tillman, J. S. Russin, C. A. Clark, and S. A. Harrison. "Relationship Between Flag Leaf Symptoms Caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and Subsequent Seed Transmission in Wheat." Plant Disease 82, no. 12 (December 1998): 1341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.12.1341.

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The relationship between foliar disease symptoms on parent plants, seed contamination by the causal bacterium (Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens), and subsequent development of bacterial leaf streak in wheat was studied in microplots and in the laboratory to determine the role of seed transmission in disease epidemiology. Microplot experiments were carried out during the 1994-95 and 1995-96 growing seasons using seed harvested in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Treatments were seed lots from plants with differing levels of bacterial leaf streak severity on the flag leaves of the parent tillers. X. translucens pv. translucens was detected in 1 to 20% of seed from susceptible cultivars Florida 304 and Savannah collected from plants with leaf streak symptoms. Correlations between seed contamination and disease on plants that developed from this seed were detected only when seed came from parent tillers that expressed flag leaf disease severity ≥15 to 20% in 1994-95 and ≥30 to 35% in 1995-96. However, symptoms of bacterial leaf streak on plants that developed from these seed were evident on only ≤3% of plants. Results suggest a possible threshold level for bacterial leaf streak on flag leaves that is necessary before X. translucens pv. translucens can be detected in seed. Seedling emergence in microplots correlated negatively with leaf streak severity on parent tiller flag leaves. Artificial infestation of seed with X. translucens pv. translucens also reduced seed germination, but this was more evident in Savannah than in Florida 304.

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Langlois, Paul A., Jacob Snelling, John P. Hamilton, Claude Bragard, Ralf Koebnik, Valérie Verdier, Lindsay R. Triplett, Jochen Blom, Ned A. Tisserat, and Jan E. Leach. "Characterization of the Xanthomonas translucens Complex Using Draft Genomes, Comparative Genomics, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Diagnostic LAMP Assays." Phytopathology® 107, no. 5 (May 2017): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-16-0286-r.

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Prevalence of Xanthomonas translucens, which causes cereal leaf streak (CLS) in cereal crops and bacterial wilt in forage and turfgrass species, has increased in many regions in recent years. Because the pathogen is seedborne in economically important cereals, it is a concern for international and interstate germplasm exchange and, thus, reliable and robust protocols for its detection in seed are needed. However, historical confusion surrounding the taxonomy within the species has complicated the development of accurate and reliable diagnostic tools for X. translucens. Therefore, we sequenced genomes of 15 X. translucens strains representing six different pathovars and compared them with additional publicly available X. translucens genome sequences to obtain a genome-based phylogeny for robust classification of this species. Our results reveal three main clusters: one consisting of pv. cerealis, one consisting of pvs. undulosa and translucens, and a third consisting of pvs. arrhenatheri, graminis, phlei, and poae. Based on genomic differences, diagnostic loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers were developed that clearly distinguish strains that cause disease on cereals, such as pvs. undulosa, translucens, hordei, and secalis, from strains that cause disease on noncereal hosts, such as pvs. arrhenatheri, cerealis, graminis, phlei, and poae. Additional LAMP assays were developed that selectively amplify strains belonging to pvs. cerealis and poae, distinguishing them from other pathovars. These primers will be instrumental in diagnostics when implementing quarantine regulations to limit further geographic spread of X. translucens pathovars.

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Curland, Rebecca D., Liangliang Gao, Cory D. Hirsch, and Carol A. Ishimaru. "Localized Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity of Xanthomonas translucens Associated With Bacterial Leaf Streak on Wheat and Barley in Minnesota." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0134-r.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of wheat and barley has been a disease of increasing concern in the Upper Midwest over the past decade. In this study, intra- and interfield genetic and pathogenic diversity of bacteria causing BLS in Minnesota was evaluated. In 2015, 89 strains were isolated from 100 leaf samples collected from two wheat and two barley fields naturally infected with BLS. Virulence assays and multilocus sequence alignments of four housekeeping genes supported pathovar identifications. All wheat strains were pathogenic on wheat and barley and belonged to the same lineage as the Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa-type strain. All barley strains were pathogenic on barley but not on wheat. Three lineages of barley strains were detected. The frequency and number of sequence types of each pathovar varied within and between fields. A significant population variance was detected between populations of X. translucens pv. undulosa collected from different wheat fields. Population stratification of X. translucens pv. translucens was not detected. Significant differences in virulence were detected among three dominant sequence types of X. translucens pv. undulosa but not those of X. translucens pv. translucens. Field trials with wheat and barley plants inoculated with strains of known sequence type and virulence did not detect significant race structures within either pathovar. Knowledge of virulence, sequence types, and population structures of X. translucens on wheat and barley can support studies on plant–bacterial interactions and breeding for BLS disease resistance.

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Kim, H. K. "Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens Strains Active in Ice Nucleation." Plant Disease 71, no. 11 (1987): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0994.

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Sapkota, Suraj, Mohamed Mergoum, and Zhaohui Liu. "The translucens group of Xanthomonas translucens : Complicated and important pathogens causing bacterial leaf streak on cereals." Molecular Plant Pathology 21, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12909.

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Chaves, Arielle, and Nathaniel Mitkowski. "Virulence of Xanthomonas translucens pv. poae Isolated from Poa annua." Plant Pathology Journal 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.nt.08.2012.0127.

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Mellano, Valerie J., and Donald A. Cooksey. "Development of Host Range Mutants of Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, no. 4 (1988): 884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.54.4.884-889.1988.

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MORI, Nobuhiro, Toshimitsu KASUGAI, Yutaka KITAMOTO, and Yoshio ICHIKAWA. "Purification and some properties of carnitine dehydrogenase from Xanthomonas translucens." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 1 (1988): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.249.

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Sharma, Ankita, Dixit Sharma, and Shailender Kumar Verma. "Zinc binding proteome of a phytopathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 190369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190369.

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Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa ( Xtu ) is a proteobacteria which causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) or bacterial chaff disease in wheat and barley. The constant competition for zinc (Zn) metal nutrients contributes significantly in plant–pathogen interactions. In this study, we have employed a systematic in silico approach to study the Zn-binding proteins of Xtu. From the whole proteome of Xtu , we have identified approximately 7.9% of proteins having Zn-binding sequence and structural motifs . Further, 115 proteins were found homologous to plant–pathogen interaction database. Among these 115 proteins, 11 were predicted as putative secretory proteins. The functional diversity in Zn-binding proteins was revealed by functional domain, gene ontology and subcellular localization analysis. The roles of Zn-binding proteins were found to be varied in the range from metabolism, proteolysis, protein biosynthesis, transport, cell signalling, protein folding, transcription regulation, DNA repair, response to oxidative stress, RNA processing, antimicrobial resistance, DNA replication and DNA integration. This study provides preliminary information on putative Zn-binding proteins of Xtu which may further help in designing new metal-based antimicrobial agents for controlling BLS and bacterial chaff infections on staple crops.

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DUVEILLER, E. "Research on ‘Xanthomonas translucens’ of wheat and triticale at CIMMYT." EPPO Bulletin 19, no. 1 (March 1989): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1989.tb00134.x.

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Mori, Nobuhiro, Nobuyuki Yoshida, and Yutaka Kitamoto. "Purification and properties of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Xanthomonas translucens." Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 73, no. 5 (January 1992): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-338x(92)90277-2.

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Johnson, J. W., B. M. Cunfer, and D. D. Morey. "Inheritance of resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens in triticale." Euphytica 36, no. 2 (1987): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00041509.

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Muvingi, Mufaro, Olga Y. Slovareva, and Meisam Zargar. "Identification of Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas translucens in wheat seeds using PCR." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 17, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2022-17-4-473-483.

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The causative agents of grain crops bacteriosis viz. Pseudomonas fuscovaginae , Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas translucens are regulated by phytosanitary requirements of the largest importers of Russian grain - Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Pakistan. Therefore, it requires the development of rapid methods for their diagnosis. The PCR method, which is the fastest and most reliable in testing laboratories, needs optimal preparation of the test material. The aim of the study was to optimize the process of preparing seed samples for subsequent detection and identification of P. fuscovaginae, P. syringae and X. translucens by PCR. Wheat grain samples were soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 2 hours and infected with suspensions of P. fuscovaginae, P. syringae pv. coronafaciens and X. translucens at various concentrations. Then, the infected grain samples were crushed and subjected to two-stage centrifugation. DNA was isolated from the obtained analytical samples and species-specific PCR was performed for each bacterial species. It was found that a two-hour soaking of the seeds and their treatment with a homogenizer is sufficient to effectively destroy each grain in the sample and ensure the release of bacteria into the liquid part of the sample. The first low-speed centrifugation allowed the crushed grain to settle efficiently and remove excess starch from the supernatant. High-speed centrifugation of the supernatant made it possible to obtain a concentrated microbiota contained in the grain sample. To obtain DNA of sufficient quality for PCR test, the kit Proba-GS (AgroDiagnostika, Russia) was used for DNA extraction. Using Pseudomonas fuscovaginae-RT kit (Syntol, Russia) and PsyF/PsyR and 4F1/4R 1 primers, DNA of P. fuscovaginae P. syringae and X. translucens , respectively, was successfully detected in each of the samples infected with these bacteria at concentrations of 103 CFU/ml. The absence of PCR inhibition was noted. The method of removing starch from samples for molecular diagnostics of phytopathogens was used for the first time. Application of these methods will allow diagnosing pathogens of bacterioses within one day.

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Roberts, J. A., L. P. Tredway, and D. F. Ritchie. "First Report of Xanthomonas translucens Causing Etiolation on Creeping Bentgrass Turf in Illinois, Kentucky, and North Carolina." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (June 2014): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0565-pdn.

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Symptoms of etiolation, which is an abnormal elongation and yellowing of tillers, have been observed on creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. (CBG)] putting greens for decades; however, symptoms are typically transient and non-problematic. Reports of etiolation have become more frequent recently and research supports the involvement of bacteria (1). During stressful summer periods in 2011 and 2012, 62 CBG putting green samples were submitted to the NCSU Turf Clinic exhibiting symptoms of etiolation, chlorosis, and/or general decline. Microscopic examination of stem and leaf tissue often showed bacterial streaming from the xylem tissue. Symptomatic tissue was surface disinfested in sodium hypochlorite (10% Clorox) for 5 min, blotted dry, and rinsed in sterile dH2O. Disinfested tissue was placed in a small drop of sterile dH2O on a glass microscope slide and cut to allow bacteria to stream into the water for 2 min. The resulting bacterial suspension was streaked onto three nutrient agar (NA) plates and incubated at 30°C overnight. Bacterial colonies varied in morphology and those present in the greatest number based on morphology were re-streaked to isolate individual colonies. Bacterial isolates were tentatively identified to species using rDNA sequencing of 16S and ITS regions (3). Sequencing results showed isolates obtained from 6 locations (in Illinois, Kentucky, and North Carolina) having a positive match (≥99% 16S and ≥93% ITS) to Xanthomonas translucens (GenBank accessions AY572961, HM181927, JX976312, AY253329, and AB680445). Additional research is needed to confirm pathovar designation as X. translucens isolates were similar to both poae and graminis pathovars. A representative isolate (LW10-12A) was also examined for carbon source utilization using the BIOLOG 3rd Gen Microplate (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) resulting in a positive identification of X. translucens. Isolate LW10-12A was used to inoculate 6-week-old seeded creeping bentgrass cv. A1 plants maintained at 1 cm height in 3.5 cm diameter containers. Scissors were dipped in a cell suspension (~109 CFU ml−1 in sterile dH2O) and used to cut healthy CBG plants at 1 cm height and the remaining suspension was applied to the foliage until runoff using an atomizer bottle. Non-inoculated plants were cut and misted using sterile dH2O. After inoculation, plants were placed in a sealed clear plastic Camwear container (Cambro Co., Huntington Beach, CA) for 48 h and then transferred to the growth chamber bench (30°C) receiving irrigation twice daily with dH2O. Etiolation was rated within each of the four replicates by counting the number of etiolated leaves that were easily observed as significantly higher than the rest of the turf canopy. Plants inoculated with X. translucens exhibited etiolation of the youngest leaf within 48 h, whereas the non-inoculated plants did not. Symptoms were similar to observations in the field, as etiolated leaves were chlorotic and easily extracted from the turf surface. Microscopic examination showed bacterial streaming and identification of bacteria, using the previously described methods, was positive for X. translucens. Etiolation symptoms persisted over multiple weeks, but a decline in turf quality was not observed. Etiolation has been previously suggested as a precursor to bacterial wilt, caused by X. translucens pv. poae, on annual bluegrass [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn) T. Koyama] (2) and Acidovorax avenae has also been shown to produce etiolation on CBG (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of X. translucens as a cause of etiolation in CBG. References: (1) P. R. Giordano et al. Plant Dis. 96:1736, 2012. (2) N. A. Mitkowski et al. Plant Dis. 89:469, 2005. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Lab. Guide for Ident. of Plant Path Bac., 2001.

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Adhikari, Tika B., Suraj Gurung, Jana M. Hansen, and J. Michael Bonman. "Pathogenic and Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa in North Dakota." Phytopathology® 102, no. 4 (April 2012): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-11-0201.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, has become more prevalent recently in North Dakota and neighboring states. From five locations in North Dakota, 226 strains of X. translucens pv. undulosa were collected and evaluated for pathogenicity and then selected strains were inoculated on a set of 12 wheat cultivars and other cereal hosts. The genetic diversity of all strains was determined using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) and insertion sequence-based (IS)-PCR. Bacterial strains were pathogenic on wheat and barley but symptom severity was greatest on wheat. Strains varied greatly in aggressiveness, and wheat cultivars also showed differential responses to several strains. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of the strains were identical, and distinct from those of the other Xanthomonas pathovars. Combined rep-PCR and IS-PCR data produced 213 haplotypes. Similar haplotypes were detected in more than one location. Although diversity was greatest (≈92%) among individuals within a location, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001 or 0.05) genetic differentiation among locations was estimated, indicating geographic differentiation between pathogen populations. The results of this study provide information on the pathogen diversity in North Dakota, which will be useful to better identify and characterize resistant germplasm.

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Mohan, S. K., V. P. Bijman, and L. St. John. "Bacterial Leaf Stripe Caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis on Intermediate Wheatgrass in Idaho." Plant Disease 85, no. 8 (August 2001): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.8.921b.

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Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) (synonyms: Agropyron intermedium [Host] Beauv.; Elytrigia intermedia [Host] Nevski) is widely grown as a forage crop and is also used to control soil erosion. In a seed production field of cv. Rush in Washington County, ID, more than 80% of the plants were found affected by a disease with leaf stripe symptoms. The lesions were initially elongated, water-soaked, and translucent, later developing into brown, necrotic, interveinal stripes that often coalesced. Frequently, yellowish, dried, granular, or flaky exudate was present on the lesion surfaces. Microscopic examination of cut pieces of symptomatic tissue showed profuse bacterial streaming. Isolations on nutrient agar and King's medium B agar consistently yielded smooth, circular, butyrous, yellow, raised bacterial colonies. The bacterium was rod-shaped, Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, aerobic, and did not reduce nitrate. Substrate utilization profiles (Biolog Inc.), and cellular fatty acid analysis (Analytical Services Inc.) identified the bacterium as a pathovar of Xanthomonas translucens (syn: X. campestris pv. translucens). For pathogenicity tests, 3- to 5-week-old greenhouse-grown seedlings were injected in the whorl with a water suspension of 24-h-old culture (approximately 107 cfu/ml) of the bacterium. Control plants were injected with sterile distilled water. The plants were incubated at 25 to 28°C and observations were recorded after 6 to 10 days. The bacterium was pathogenic (causing water-soaked lesions, often with bacterial exudate) to T. intermedium cvs. Rush, Tegmar, PI 547316, and PI 380636; wheat cvs. Stephens, Vandal, FF 301, and FFR 525; barley cvs. Galena, Lud, and Steptoe; oat cvs. Boone, Clinton, Erban, Marion, Mohawk, Nemaha, Olena, and Tama; rye cvs. Florida 401, Hazel, Musketeer, Oklon, Rymin, Wintermore, and Wrens 96; Agropyron cristatum cv. Ephraim; A. cristatum × desertorum cv. Hycrest; Bromus arvensis; B. briziformis; B. catharticus; B. inermisssp. inermis; B. inermis ssp. pumpellianus; B. japonicus; B. marginatus; B. popovii; B. rigidus; B. tomentellus; Dactylis glomerata cvs. Paiute and Potomac; Elymus repens; Leymus mollis; L. angustus cv. Prairieland; Lolium arundinaceum cv. Fawn; L. perenne cv. Zero Nui; and Psathyrostachys juncea cv. Bozoisky. It was only weakly pathogenic (with small, chlorotic or water-soaked lesions and no exudation) to Phleum pratense cv. Climax and Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata cv. Goldar. It was not pathogenic to Andropogon gerardii cv. Pawnee; Festuca ovina; Oryza sativa cvs. Cypress, Newbonnet, and M201; or Schizachyrium scoparium cv. Camper. Based on the pathogen's natural host and its wide host range among cereals and grasses as verified by inoculation, the bacterium was identified as X. translucens pv. cerealis. This is the first report of natural occurrence of this pathogen on T. intermedium. A sample (105 g) of seed used for planting the affected field was found contaminated with 7.5 × 104 cfu/g of the pathogen, and seed to seedling transmission was observed in greenhouse tests. Contaminated seed, thus, may serve as a source of primary inoculum to intermediate wheatgrass, which in turn may serve as an inoculum source to other susceptible cereals and grasses growing in the vicinity.

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Dhakal, Dobhal, Alvarez, and Arif. "Phylogenetic Analyses of Xanthomonads Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot of Tomato and Pepper: Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Revealed Homologous Populations Despite Distant Geographical Distribution." Microorganisms 7, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100462.

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Bacterial leaf spot of tomato and pepper (BLS), an economically important bacterial disease caused by four species of Xanthomonas (X. euvesicatoria (Xe), X. vesicatoria (Xv), X. gardneri (Xg), and X. perforans (Xp)), is a global problem and can cause over 50% crop loss under unfavorable conditions. Among the four species, Xe and Xv are prevalent worldwide. Characterization of the pathogens is crucial for disease management and regulatory purposes. In this study, we performed a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) with six genes (hrcN, dnaA gyrB, gapA, pdg, and hmbs) on BLS strains. Other Xanthomonas species were included to determine phylogenetic relationships within and among the tested strains. Four BLS species comprising 76 strains from different serological groups and diverse geographical locations were resolved into three major clades. BLS xanthomonads formed distinct clusters in the phylogenetic analyses. Three other xanthomonads, including X. albilineans, X. sacchari, and X. translucens pv. undolusa revealed less than 85%, 88%, and 89% average nucleotide identity (ANI), respectively, with the other species of Xanthomonas included in this study. Both antibody and MLSA data showed that Xv was clearly separated from Xe and that the latter strains were remarkably clonal, even though they originated from distant geographical locations. The Xe strains formed two separate phylogenetic groups; Xe group A1 consisted only of tomato strains, whereas Xe group A2 included strains from pepper and tomato. In contrast, the Xv group showed greater heterogeneity. Some Xv strains from South America were closely related to strains from California, while others grouped closer to a strain from Indiana and more distantly to a strain from Hawaii. Using this information molecular tests can now be devised to track distribution of clonal populations that may be introduced into new geographic areas through seeds and other infected plant materials.

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Norman, D. J., J. M. F. Yuen, and N. C. Hodge. "New Disease on Ornamental Asparagus Caused by Xanthomonas campestris in Florida." Plant Disease 81, no. 8 (August 1997): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.8.847.

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From dark, water-soaked lesions on stems of asparagus tree fern (Asparagus virgatus) in commercial nurseries in Florida, 33 xanthomonad strains were isolated. Strains formed large, round, butyrus, bright yellow colonies on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate medium, and were gram negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, motile, strictly aerobic, and did not hydrolyze starch. Strains were further characterized by carbon substrate utilization patterns (Biolog), and by fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) analyses. The metabolic fingerprints of most strains were similar to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, and X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae from Xanthosoma or Syngonium. Representative strains from A. virgatus were not pathogenic on Dieffenbachia. X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae strains that did not hydrolyze starch produced scattered lesions on A. virgatus stems. However, starch-hydrolyzing strains of X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae did not produce symptoms when inoculated onto A. virgatus. FAME analysis indicated the strains were X. campestris pv. vitians or X. campestris pv. translucens; however, low similarity indices ( x = 0.461) indicated that the asparagus strains were not represented in the MIDI library database. FAME analysis profiles were also compared to the University of Florida database, which contains 1,048 X. campestris strains of which 200 are X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae. Similarity indices were again low with 15 strains matched to X. campestris pv. secalis (x = 0.412), seven strains to X. fragariae (x = 0.224), six strains to X. campestris pv. translucens ( x = 0.437), and five strains matched < 0.20 to other pathovars. Five representative strains were tested on six Asparagus species or cultivars: A. virgatus, A. setaceus, A. macowanii, A. densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ , A. densiflorus ‘Myers’, and A. officinalis. All five strains were pathogenic on A. virgatus but were less virulent on A. setaceus and A. densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’.

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Mitkowski, N. A., M. Browning, C. Basu, K. Jordan, and N. Jackson. "Pathogenicity of Xanthomonas translucens from Annual Bluegrass on Golf Course Putting Greens." Plant Disease 89, no. 5 (May 2005): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0469.

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Bacterial wilt of Poa annua has been seen increasingly in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic United States in the past few years. The disease causes severe injury to putting greens and can kill large stands of turfgrass. For some time, however, both the bacterial origin of the disease and the causal agent were in doubt. In order to investigate the identity of the causal agent, isolation of the pathogen was undertaken and pathogenicity was confirmed using Koch's postulates on P. annua. Additional pathogenicity trials then were undertaken to determine the host range of the causal bacterium. Ability of the bacterium to cause disease was restricted to P. annua var. annua and P. attenuata. However, the bacterium was able to survive asymptomatically in vascular systems of P. annua var. reptans and P. trivialis. Experiments to determine the optimal growth temperature of the organism demonstrated that the bacterial growth peaked between 30 and 35°C. Fatty acid analysis suggested that the bacterium might be a species of Xanthomonas but was inconclusive. Ribosomal RNA analysis demonstrated significant similarity to the American Type Culture Collection isolate of Xanthomonas translucens pv. poae at 99.8%. Comparison of the host range to previously reported data agrees with our molecular findings and indicates that the likely casual organism of bacterial wilt of annual bluegrass is X. translucens pv. poae.

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MAES, M., and P. GARBEVA. "Development of a PCR-based detection method for Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens." EPPO Bulletin 25, no. 1-2 (March 1995): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1995.tb01459.x.

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Kölliker, Roland, Rolf Kraehenbuehl, Beat Boller, and Franco Widmer. "Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of the grass pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 29, no. 2 (March 2006): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2005.07.004.

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Tubajika, K. M., J. S. Russin, and S. A. Harrison. "Analysis of Bacterial Leaf Streak Epidemics on Winter Wheat in Louisiana." Plant Disease 83, no. 6 (June 1999): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.541.

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Studies were conducted to characterize spatial and temporal progress of bacterial leaf streak disease (Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens) on susceptible (Florida 304) and moderately resistant (Terral 101) winter wheat cultivars. Epidemics were initiated with rifampicin-resistant strain 88–14rif of X. translucens pv. translucens by establishing point sources of inoculum in plot centers. Incidence of bacterial leaf streak was assessed five times in 1995 and three times in 1996, starting from the first observation of leaf streak symptoms. Rainfall, temperature, and wind speed were significantly related to disease incidence, but relative humidity was not. The Gompertz model gave the best statistical fit for the progression of disease incidence over time. Average rates of disease progress (k) obtained from the regression of bacterial leaf streak incidence against time provided a good method of comparing the cultivars Florida 304 and Terral 101 and were consistent across locations. Bacterial leaf streak disease gradients were best described by the negative exponential model. Bacterial leaf streak incidence decreased with distance from inoculum source for both cultivars. Disease incidence on Terral 101 was near 0% at 2 m from the source, and disease incidence close to the source was consistently lower on Terral 101 than on Florida 304 at all growth stages sampled. This was not unexpected because the two cultivars differed in susceptibility. Disease incidence data were more useful than severity data in providing a good estimate of disease spread away from the source.

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Ferreira-Tonin, Mariana, Júlio Rodrigues-Neto, Ricardo Harakava, and Suzete Aparecida Lanza Destéfano. "Phylogenetic analysis of Xanthomonas based on partial rpoB gene sequences and species differentiation by PCR-RFLP." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62, Pt_6 (June 1, 2012): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.028977-0.

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The rpoB gene was evaluated as an alternative molecular marker for the differentiation of Xanthomonas species and in order to understand better the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. PCR-RFLP experiments using HaeIII allowed differentiation of Xanthomonas species, particularly those that affect the same plant host such as Xanthomonas albilineans and X. sacchari , pathogenic to sugar cane, Xanthomonas cucurbitae and X. melonis , which cause disease in melon, and Xanthomonas gardneri , X. vesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria / X. perforans , pathogenic to tomato. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Xanthomonas were also examined by comparing partial rpoB gene sequences (612 nt) and the Xanthomonas species were separated into two main groups. Group I, well supported by bootstrap values of 99 %, comprised X. euvesicatoria , X. perforans , X. alfalfae , X. citri , X. dyei , X. axonopodis , X. oryzae , X. hortorum , X. bromi , X. vasicola , X. cynarae , X. gardneri , X. campestris , X. fragariae , X. arboricola , X. cassavae , X. cucurbitae , X. pisi , X. vesicatoria , X. codiaei and X. melonis . Group II, again well supported by bootstrap values of 99 %, comprised X. albilineans , X. sacchari , X. theicola , X. translucens and X. hyacinthi . The rpoB gene sequence similarity observed among the species in this study ranged from 87.8 to 99.7 %. The results of PCR-RFLP of the rpoB gene indicated that this technique can be used for diagnosis and identification of most Xanthomonas strains, including closely related species within the genus. However, species that showed identical profiles could be differentiated clearly only by sequence analysis. The results obtained in our phylogenetic analysis suggested that the rpoB gene can be used as an alternative molecular marker for genetic relatedness in the genus Xanthomonas . The results of PCR-RFLP of the rpoB gene indicate that this technique can be used for diagnosis and identification of closely related species within the genus, representing a rapid and inexpensive tool that can be easily standardized between laboratories.

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Rademaker, J. L. W., F. J. Louws, M. H. Schultz, U. Rossbach, L. Vauterin, J. Swings, and F. J. de Bruijn. "A Comprehensive Species to Strain Taxonomic Framework for Xanthomonas." Phytopathology® 95, no. 9 (September 2005): 1098–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1098.

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A comprehensive classification framework was developed that refines the current Xanthomonas classification scheme and provides a detailed assessment of Xanthomonas diversity at the species, subspecies, pathovar, and subpathovar levels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers targeting the conserved repetitive sequences BOX, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC), and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) (rep-PCR) was used to generate genomic fingerprints of 339 Xanthomonas strains comprising 80 pathovars, 20 DNA homology groups, and a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reference strain. Computer-assisted pattern analysis of the rep-PCR profiles permitted the clustering of strains into distinct groups, which correspond directly to the 20 DNA-DNA homology groups(genospecies) previously identified. Group 9 strains (X. axonopodis) were an exception and did not cluster together into a coherent group but comprised six subgroups. Over 160 strains not previously characterized by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, or not previously classified, were assigned to specific genospecies based on the classification framework developed. The rep-PCR delineated subspecific groups within X. hortorum, X. arboricola, X. axonopodis, X. oryzae, X. campestris, and X. translucens. Numerous taxonomic issues with regard to the diversity, similarity, redundancy, or misnaming were resolved. This classification framework will enable the rapid identification and classification of new, novel, or unknown Xanthomonas strains that are pathogenic or are otherwise associated with plants.

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Fourest, E. "Eradication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens from Barley Seed with Dry Heat Treatments." Plant Disease 74, no. 10 (1990): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-74-0816.

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Giblot-Ducray, Danièle, Alireza Marefat, Michael R. Gillings, Neil M. Parkinson, John P. Bowman, Kathy Ophel-Keller, Cathy Taylor, Evelina Facelli, and Eileen S. Scott. "Proposal of Xanthomonas translucens pv. pistaciae pv. nov., pathogenic to pistachio (Pistacia vera)." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 32, no. 8 (December 2009): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2009.08.001.

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Zhao, Ji-Iiang, and Cindy S. Orser. "Conserved repetition in the ice nucleation gene inaX from Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 223, no. 1 (August 1990): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00315811.

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Adhikari, T. B., J. M. Hansen, S. Gurung, and J. M. Bonman. "Identification of New Sources of Resistance in Winter Wheat to Multiple Strains of Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa." Plant Disease 95, no. 5 (May 2011): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0760.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, has re-emerged as an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the United States. Planting resistant varieties is the best approach to manage BLS in the absence of effective bactericides. However, most of the wheat varieties currently grown in the Upper Midwest of the United States appeared to be susceptible to BLS. From the core subset of the USDA National Small Grain Collection (NSGC), a set of 605 winter wheat accessions of diverse origin and improvement status were initially inoculated with a virulent strain BLSW16 of X. translucens pv. undulosa from Casselton, ND on the flag leaf of each plant in a greenhouse. Disease reactions were assessed between 7 and 10 days after infiltration using a 0 to 6 rating scale, where ≤2.0 was considered resistant and >2.1 was considered susceptible. Resistance varied with geographic origin and was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more frequent in accessions from North America compared to accessions from northern, eastern, and southern Europe and from south-central Asia. About 8.3% of accessions tested were resistant, and accessions with an improvement status of “cultivar” were significantly more likely to be resistant than were accessions classified as either landraces or breeding lines. Forty-two of the accessions exhibiting resistance in response to the strain BLSW16 in the first screening test were retested utilizing each of the two additional strains (BLS Cr25 and BLS Lb74 of X. translucens pv. undulosa) collected from Carrington and Lisbon, respectively. Nonparametric data analysis revealed 35 accessions were resistant, one accession, PI 266860, was susceptible to both strains, and six accessions showed differential responses. The majority of the BLS-resistant accessions also were resistant to at least one other important wheat disease based on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) data. These results suggest that diverse and novel sources of resistance to BLS identified in this study can be utilized in winter wheat breeding programs.

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Derbalah, Aly, Ahmed Massoud, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb, Moustafa Saad Allah, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Ashraf Al-Brakati, and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy. "Microbial Detoxification of Dimethoate and Methomyl Residues in Aqueous Media." Water 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081117.

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The extensive and random application of major organic pollutants, mainly pesticides, threatens ecosystems and human health. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify microorganisms from some water resources contaminated with pesticides. We investigated the ability of the identified microbes to grow in water spiked with dimethoate and methomyl. We also evaluated the potential effect of the identified microbial isolates on dimethoate and methomyl biodegradation in water. In addition, the total detoxification of dimethoate and methomyl residues in water after treatment with the most effective microbial isolates was confirmed using toxicity tests and analyzing biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in the kidney and liver of treated rats. The microbial isolates were identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. Translucens and Aspergillus fumigates. Results showed that X. campestris pv. Translucens and A. fumigatus grow in media supplemented with dimethoate and methomyl faster than in other media without both pesticides. About 97.8% and 91.2% of dimethoate and 95% and 87.8% of methomyl (initial concentration of both 5 mg L−1) were biodegraded within 32 days of incubation with X. campestris pv. Translucens and A. fumigatus, respectively. There was no remaining toxicity in rats treated with dimethoate- and methomyl-contaminated water with respect to biochemical parameters and histopathological changes. Collectively, the identified bacterial isolate showed high potential for the complete degradation of dimethoate and methomyl residues in water.

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Stromberg, Kurt D., Linda L. Kinkel, and Kurt J. Leonard. "Interactions between Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Wheat, and Bacterial Epiphytes in the Wheat Phyllosphere." Biological Control 17, no. 1 (January 2000): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1999.0771.

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Peng, Zhao, Ying Hu, Junli Zhang, Jose C. Huguet-Tapia, Anna K. Block, Sunghun Park, Suraj Sapkota, Zhaohui Liu, Sanzhen Liu, and Frank F. White. "Xanthomonas translucens commandeers the host rate-limiting step in ABA biosynthesis for disease susceptibility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 42 (October 1, 2019): 20938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911660116.

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Plants are vulnerable to disease through pathogen manipulation of phytohormone levels, which otherwise regulate development, abiotic, and biotic responses. Here, we show that the wheat pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa elevates expression of the host gene encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (TaNCED-5BS), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the phytohormone abscisic acid and a component of a major abiotic stress-response pathway, to promote disease susceptibility. Gene induction is mediated by a type III transcription activator-like effector. The induction of TaNCED-5BS results in elevated abscisic acid levels, reduced host transpiration and water loss, enhanced spread of bacteria in infected leaves, and decreased expression of the central defense gene TaNPR1. The results represent an appropriation of host physiology by a bacterial virulence effector.

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MORI, Nobuhiro, Koji SHIROTA, Yutaka KITAMOTO, and Yoshio ICHIKAWA. "Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the carnitine dehydrogenase gene from Xanthomonas translucens." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 3 (1988): 851–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.851.

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SANDS, D. C., and E. FOURREST. "Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens in North and South America and in the Middle East." EPPO Bulletin 19, no. 1 (March 1989): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1989.tb00138.x.

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Mačionienė, Irena, Dovilė Čepukoit, Joana Šalomskienė, Darius Černauskas, Daiva Burokienė, and Alvija Šalaševičienė. "Effects of Natural Antimicrobials on Xanthomonas Strains Growth." Horticulturae 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010007.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the most promising natural antimicrobials effective for the growth suppression of Xanthomonas spp. bacteria. The research objects were Xanthomonas spp. strains isolated from tubers and stem of plants growing in Lithuania: Xanthomonas translucens NRCIB X6, X. arboricola NRCIB X7, NRCIB X8, NRCIB X9, and NRCIB X10; the supernatants of lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis strains 140/2, 57, and 768/5, Lactobacillus helveticus strains 14, 148/3, R, and 3, Lb. reuteri 3 and 7, Streptococcus thermophilus 43, Enterococcus faecium 59-30 and 41-2; endophytic bacterial strains Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Paenibacillus spp.; and essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), pine (Pinus sylvestris), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), peppermint (Mentha piperita), lemon (Citrus limetta), aqueous extracts of blueberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), and cranberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). The antimicrobial activity of tested substances was determined by agar diffusion method. Supernatants of Lb. reuteri strain 7 and Lb. helveticus strains 14, R, 3, and 148/3 were found to have a high antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas spp. bacteria strains when compared to the positive control—1.0% copper sulfate (diameter of inhibition zones was 28.8 ± 0.7 mm). The diameter of inhibition zones of supernatants ranged from 23.3 ± 0.6 mm to 32.0 ± 0.1 mm. Thyme (2.0%) and lavender (2.0%) essential oils inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas spp. strains. The diameter of the inhibition zones was from 14.7 ± 0.8 mm to 22.8 ± 0.9 mm. The aqueous extracts of blueberries had a weak antimicrobial activity. The diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 11.0 ± 0.2 mm to 13.0 ± 0.2 mm.

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Parkinson, Neil, Valentine Aritua, John Heeney, Claire Cowie, Janice Bew, and David Stead. "Phylogenetic analysis of Xanthomonas species by comparison of partial gyrase B gene sequences." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65220-0.

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The genus Xanthomonas currently comprises 27 species with validly published names that are important crop and horticultural pathogens. We have constructed a phylogram from alignment of gyrase B (gyrB) sequences for all xanthomonad species, both to indicate inter-species relatedness and as an aid for rapid and accurate species-level identification. The phylogeny indicated a monophyletic group, with X. albilineans and X. sacchari as the most ancestral species. Three species, X. hyacinthi, X. translucens and X. theicola, formed an early-branching group. Three clades were supported by high bootstrap values: group 1 comprised X. cucurbitae, X. cassavae and X. codiaei; group 2 comprised X. arboricola, X. campestris, X. populi, X. hortorum, X. gardneri and X. cynarae; group 3 contained the remaining species, within which two further clades, supported by a 100% bootstrap value, were identified. Group 3A comprised X. axonopodis, X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans and X. melonis, together with X. alfalfae, X. citri and X. fuscans, whose names were recently validly published. Group 3B contained the monocot pathogens X. vasicola and X. oryzae. Two recently identified species, X. cynarae and X. gardneri, were poorly discriminated and were related closely to X. hortorum. Three species, X. perforans, X. euvesicatoria and X. alfalfae, had identical gyrB sequences. Partial sequencing of a further five genes from these species found only minor sequence differences that confirmed their close relatedness. Although branch lengths between species varied, indicating different degrees of genetic distinctiveness, the majority (n=21) were well-differentiated, indicating the utility of the method as an identification tool, and we now use this method for routine diagnosis of xanthomonad species.

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Lenk, Miriam, Marion Wenig, Kornelia Bauer, Florian Hug, Claudia Knappe, Birgit Lange, Timsy, et al. "Pipecolic Acid Is Induced in Barley upon Infection and Triggers Immune Responses Associated with Elevated Nitric Oxide Accumulation." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 10 (October 2019): 1303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0013-r.

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Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an essential component of systemic acquired resistance, priming resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. Here, we studied the potential role of Pip in bacteria-induced systemic immunity in barley. Exudates of barley leaves infected with the systemic immunity–inducing pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica induced immune responses in A. thaliana. The same leaf exudates contained elevated Pip levels compared with those of mock-treated barley leaves. Exogenous application of Pip induced resistance in barley against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis. Furthermore, both a systemic immunity–inducing infection and exogenous application of Pip enhanced the resistance of barley against the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. In contrast to a systemic immunity-inducing infection, Pip application did not influence lesion formation by a systemically applied inoculum of the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in barley leaves increased after Pip application. Furthermore, X. translucens pv. cerealis induced the accumulation of superoxide anion radicals and this response was stronger in Pip-pretreated compared with mock-pretreated plants. Thus, the data suggest that Pip induces barley innate immune responses by triggering NO and priming reactive oxygen species accumulation.

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Roberts, Joseph A., Bangya Ma, Lane P. Tredway, David F. Ritchie, and James P. Kerns. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Bacteria Associated with Etiolation and Decline of Creeping Bentgrass Golf Course Putting Greens." Phytopathology® 108, no. 1 (January 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-17-0015-r.

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Bacterial etiolation and decline has developed into a widespread issue with creeping bentgrass (CBG) (Agrostis stolonifera) putting green turf. The condition is characterized by an abnormal elongation of turfgrass stems and leaves that in rare cases progresses into a rapid and widespread necrosis and decline. Recent reports have cited bacteria, Acidovorax avenae and Xanthomonas translucens, as causal agents; however, few cases exist where either bacterium were isolated in conjunction with turf exhibiting bacterial disease symptoms. From 2010 to 2014, turfgrass from 62 locations submitted to the NC State Turf Diagnostic Clinic exhibiting bacterial etiolation and/or decline symptoms were sampled for the presence of bacterial pathogens. Isolated bacteria were identified using rRNA sequencing of the 16S subunit and internal transcribed spacer region (16S-23S or ITS). Results showed diverse bacteria isolated from symptomatic turf and A. avenae and X. translucens were only isolated in 26% of samples. Frequently isolated bacterial species were examined for pathogenicity to 4-week-old ‘G2’ CBG seedlings and 8-week-old ‘A-1’ CBG turfgrass stands in the greenhouse. While results confirmed pathogenicity of A. avenae and X. translucens, Pantoea ananatis was also shown to infect CBG turf; although pathogenicity varied among isolated strains. These results illustrate that multiple bacteria are associated with bacterial disease and shed new light on culturable bacteria living in CBG turfgrass putting greens. Future research to evaluate additional microorganisms (i.e., bacteria and fungi) could provide new information on host−microbe interactions and possibly develop ideas for management tactics to reduce turfgrass pests.

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Kawahara, H., and H. Obata. "Production of xanthan gum and ice-nucleating material from whey by Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 49, no. 4 (April 27, 1998): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051181.

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Nagel, Raimund, and Reuben J. Peters. "Investigating the Phylogenetic Range of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Bacteria." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 4 (April 2017): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0001-r.

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Certain plant-associated microbes can produce gibberellin (GA) phytohormones, as first described for the rice fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi and, more recently, for bacteria, including several rhizobia and the rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. The relevant enzymes are encoded by a biosynthetic operon that exhibits both a greater phylogenetic range and scattered distribution among plant-associated bacteria. Here, the phylogenetic distribution of this operon was investigated. To demonstrate conserved functionality, the enzymes encoded by the disparate operon from X. translucens pv. translucens, along with those from the most divergent example, found in Erwinia tracheiphila, were biochemically characterized. In both of these phytopathogens, the operon leads to production of the bioactive GA4. Based on these results, it seems that this operon is widely dedicated to GA biosynthesis. However, there is intriguing variation in the exact product. In particular, although all plant pathogens seem to produce bioactive GA4, rhizobia generally only produce the penultimate hormonal precursor GA9. This is suggested to reflect their distinct interactions with plants, because production of GA4 counteracts the jasmonic-acid-mediated defense response, reflecting the importance of wounds as the entry point for these phytopathogens, whereas such suppression presumably is detrimental in the rhizobial symbiotic relationship.

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Lazarovits, G., D. Zutra, and M. Bar-Joseph. "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on nitrocellulose membranes (dot–ELISA) in the serodiagnosis of plant pathogenic bacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-017.

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The usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on nitrocellulose membranes (dot–ELISA) for diagnosis and identification of plant pathogenic bacteria was tested. Five pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris and two antisera, one produced against pv. vesicatoria and the other against pv. translucens, were used in a model system. A 10-min incubation of the bacterial cells, dot blotted on membranes, in diluted sera, followed by either alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein A or goat antirabbit globulin, resulted in a specific reaction between the homologous serum and bacteria. Populations of 1000–2000 cfu per spot (ca. 0.3 cm2) could be detected with these reagents. The streptavidin–biotinylated peroxidase complex produced a definitive reaction with as few as 800 cfu, but cross-reactions became evident at the higher cell concentrations among all five pathovars in tests with both antisera. Cell-free extracts, obtained by centrifugation of boiled bacteria, reacted similarly to live cells. Unrelated bacteria did not react with either antiserum. Extracts of lesions from tomato and pepper leaves infected with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria reacted positively with the antiserum produced against this pathovar but not that produced with pv. translucens. Samples of supernatants from boiled lesions reacted with similar intensity as those from homogenized tissues.

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Schaad, N. W., A. K. Vidaver, G. H. Lacy, K. Rudolph, and J. B. Jones. "Evaluation of Proposed Amended Names of Several Pseudomonads and Xanthomonads and Recommendations." Phytopathology® 90, no. 3 (March 2000): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.3.208.

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In 1980, over 90% of all plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads were lumped into Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, respectively, as pathovars. The term “pathovar” was created to preserve the name of plant pathogens, but has no official standing in nomenclature. Proposals to elevate and rename several pathovars of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas to the rank of species has caused great confusion in the literature. We believe the following changes have merit and expect to adopt them for publication in a future American Phytopathological Society Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Upon review of published data and the Rules of The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, we make the following recommendations. We reject the proposal to change the name of P. syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea to P. savastanoi pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea, respectively, because both pathogens are easily differentiated phenotypically from pv. savastanoi and convincing genetic data to support such a change are lacking. We accept the elevation of P. syringae pv. savastanoi to the rank of species. We accept the reinstatement of X. oryzae to the rank of species with the inclusion of X. oryzicola as a pathovar of X. oryzae and we accept the species X. populi. We agree with the elevation of the pvs. cassavae, cucurbitae, hyacinthi, pisi, and translucens to the rank of species but not pvs. melonis, theicola, and vesicatoria type B. We recommend that all type A X. vesicatoria be retained as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and all type B X. vesicatoria be named X. exitiosa. We reject the newly proposed epithets arboricola, bromi, codiaei (poinsettiicola type B), hortorum, sacchari, and vasicola and the transfer of many pathovars of X. campestris to X. axonopodis. The proposed pathovars of X. axonopodis should be retained as pathovars of X. campestris.

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Bashan, Yoav. "Azospirillum plant growth-promoting strains are nonpathogenic on tomato, pepper, cotton, and wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w97-136.

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Six strains of Azospirillum belonging to five species of plant growth-promoting bacteria (A. brasilense, A. lipoferum, A. amazonense, A. irakense, and A. halopraeference) did not cause visible disease symptoms on the roots or leaves of tomato, pepper, cotton, and wheat, failed to inhibit seed germination, and did not reduce plant dry weight when seven standard techniques for the inoculation of plant pathogens were used. Similar inoculation conditions with plant pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum) induced typical disease symptoms. None of Azospirillum strains caused the hypersensitive reaction on eggplant, whereas all pathogens did. All Azospirillum strains increased phytoalexin production in all disease-resistant plant species to moderate levels, but the levels were significantly lower than those induced by the compatible pathogens. The various phytoalexins produced in plants had the capacity to inhibit growth of all Azospirillum strains. Azospirillum amazonense, A. irakense, and A. halopraeference had no apparent effect on plant growth, while A. brasilense and A. lipoferum increased the dry weight of all plant species. Under partial mist conditions, all Azospirillum strains were capable of colonizing leaf surfaces (103-107 cfu/g dry weight) regardless of the plant species. These results provide experimental evidence that Azospirillum sp. might be considered safe for the inoculation of several plant species.Key words: Azospirillum, beneficial bacteria, environmental protection, plant inoculation, plant growth-promoting bacteria.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Xanthomonas translucens'

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