Journal articles: 'X-rays'

1

KUMAGAI, Masayoshi. "X-rays, Laser, X-rays again." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 67, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.67.828.

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Millman, C. K. "X-rays." British Dental Journal 196, no. 10 (May 2004): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4811312.

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&NA;. "X-rays." Back Letter 4, no. 5 (1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199004050-00002.

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Vandenhoff, Stephen. "X-rays." Journal of General Internal Medicine 22, no. 10 (August 1, 2007): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0305-2.

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Prabhu, Sangeetha, Divya Kumari Naveen, Sandhya Bangera, and B. Subrahmanya Bhat. "Production of X-RAYS using X-RAY Tube." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1712 (December 2020): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1712/1/012036.

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Kövér, László. "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using hard X-rays." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 178-179 (May 2010): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2009.12.004.

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Kumagai, S. "X-Rays and γ-Rays from SN 1987A." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 145 (1996): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100008046.

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Theoretical light curves and spectra of X-rays and γ-rays from SN 1987A are calculated by the Monte Carlo method, based on a model built up from the early observations of neutrinos and optical light. Comparison of the predicted radiation with observational results obtained later confirms the radiation mechanism of supernovae: γ-rays are emitted in the decays of radioactive 56Co and X-rays are generated by the Compton degradation of these γ-rays. It also suggests that large scale mixing occurred and clumpy structure was formed inside the ejecta. These findings lead us to construct the model with a new distribution of elements, which is determined through comparisons of observations of X-rays and γ-rays with numerical simulations based on the assumed distribution. Using this model, the subsequent X-ray and γ-ray emission is predicted: the light curves of X-rays and γ-rays as well as their spectral evolution are in very good agreement with that expected from the radioactive decays of 56Co and 57Co. The mass of newly synthesized 44Ti and the emission from the neutron star will be determined by future satellite and balloon-borne observations.

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Babic, Rade, Stankovic Babic, Strahinja Babic, and Nevena Babic. "120 years since the discovery of X-rays." Medical review 69, no. 9-10 (2016): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1610323b.

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This paper is intended to celebrate the 120th anniversary of the discovery of X-rays. X-rays (Roentgen-rays) were discovered on the 8th of November, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Fifty days after the discovery of X-ray, on December 28, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen published a paper about the discovery of X-rays - ?On a new kind of rays? (Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen: ?ber eine neue Art von Strahlen. In: Sitzungsberichte der W?rzburger Physik.-Medic.-Gesellschaft. 1895.). Therefore, the date of 28th of December, 1895 was taken as the date of X-rays discovery. This paper describes the work of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Nikola Tesla, Mihajlo Pupin and Maria Sklodowska-Curie about the nature of X-rays. The fantastic four - Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Nikola Tesla, Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin and Maria Sklodowska-Curie set the foundation of radiology with their discovery and study of X-rays. Five years after the discovery of X-rays, in 1900, Dr Avram Vinaver had the first X-ray machine installed in Sabac, in Serbia at the time when many developed countries did not have an X-ray machine and thus set the foundation of radiology in Serbia.

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Dermer, Charles D. "X-rays from γ-ray bursts." Nature 350, no. 6319 (April 1991): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350559a0.

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Witherspoon, Kenny C., Brian J. Cross, and Mandi D. Hellested. "Combined Electron Excitation and X-Ray Excitation for Spectrometry in the SEM." Microscopy Today 21, no. 4 (July 2013): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000709.

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is an analytical technique used to determine elemental composition. It is a powerful, easy-to-use, non-destructive technique that can be employed for a wide variety of materials. In this technique the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) impinges on the sample and excites atomic electrons causing the production of characteristic X rays. These characteristic X rays have energies specific to elements in the sample. The EDS detector collects these X rays as a signal and produces a spectrum. Samples also can be excited by X rays. Collimated and focused X rays from an X-ray source produce characteristic X rays that can be detected by the same EDS detector. When X rays are used as the source of excitation, the method is then called X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or micro-XRF.

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KAWATSURA, K., T. HASEGAWA, N. TERAZAWA, S. ARAI, M. SATAKA, H. NARAMOTO, K. KOMAKI, and A. OOTUKA. "CONTINUUM X RAYS IN HIGHLY CHARGED ION-ATOM COLLISIONS." International Journal of PIXE 06, no. 03n04 (January 1996): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083596000478.

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Continuous X rays produced by highly charged heavy ion-atom collisions have been studied experimentally. 2–5.5 MeV/u F, Si, S and Cl ions with zero or one electron were bombarded with a thin gas target of H 2 and He. Emitted X-ray spectra were measured by using a Si(Li) X-ray detector at 90°. The characteristic X rays and radiative electron capture X rays were observed clearly, which were superimposed on the continuum X rays. The continuum X rays can be well explained by two types of radiative processes: mainly quasi-free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB), and partly atomic bremsstrahlung (AB). It should be noticed that QFEB is predominant at low X-ray energy region and AB at high X-ray energy region in highly charged heavy ion-atom collision process.

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Dawkes, Susan, and Michelle O'Reilly. "Chest X-ray interpretation." British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 14, no. 5 (May 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2019.0004.

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The chest X-ray is a common, low-cost investigation that is an important aid in cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Although newer, more sophisticated modalities of imaging are available, chest X-rays remain fundamental, first-line investigations used to determine patient care. Although a radiologist should report all X-rays, nurses and other health professionals frequently examine and interpret chest X-rays. A sound knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology is fundamental. The technical quality of the chest X-ray, specifically the projection of the film, its orientation, rotation of the patient and penetration of the X-rays is important to determine. To prevent abnormalities going undetected when examining chest X-rays, a comprehensive systematic approach to assessment and interpretation is essential. Common abnormalities seen on X-rays from patients with cardiovascular disease have specific differentiating features and these, combined with the physical examination of the patient, will allow for faster diagnosis and early medical intervention.

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Kim, Jangwoo, and Ki Hyun Nam. "X-ray-Induced Heating in the Vicinity of the X-ray Interaction Point." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020717.

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When X-rays pass through a material, radiation damage occurs, and heat is generated at the X-ray interaction point, which can then be transferred around the X-ray irradiation site. This X-ray-induced heat transfer can affect the temperature of the sample and consequently the experimental environment in serial crystallography (SX) experiments. Here, we investigated radiation damage and measured the level of heating in the vicinity of the X-ray interaction point. In our experimental setup, when water, crystallization solution, and crystal suspension in a glass tube were exposed to X-rays, a temperature increase of approximately 1.0 °C occurred in the vicinity of the X-ray interaction point, with the heat generated by both the sample and the capillary. When Cu and Al/Zn plates were exposed to X-rays, the temperature around the X-ray exposure point increased by approximately 0.3 and 0.4 °C, respectively. The range of temperature rise decreased as the distance from the X-ray exposure point on the Al plate increased. The heat generated by the X-rays and the rise of the heat could be reduced by discontinuously transmitting the X-rays using the shutter. Our results provide useful information for obtaining more accurate experimental parameters.

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14

Wittry, D. B. "Focusing x rays for microprobe x-ray fluorescence analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013328x.

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X-ray microprobes that use focused monochromatic x rays for fluorescence excitation have four significant advantages over electron microprobes that use focused electrons for direct excitation, namely: 1) less background radiation is produced, 2) there is little or no charging of insulating specimens, 3) less damage is caused to the specimen, and 4) the specimen often does not need a high vacuum environment. These advantages result from the difference in interaction of photon and electron beams with matter. In the first place, because the x-ray photon is uncharged, bremsstrahlung which is always obtained with electron bombardment, is not produced by photon bombardment; this results in higher signal/background ratio and can yield lower detection limits by a factor of about 10−2 of those obtained with electron microprobes. Also because the photon is uncharged, the only charging of insulating specimens is due to secondary effects. Second, x-ray photons preferentially excite inner shell electrons as is well known from the large increase in absorption coefficient when the photon energy exceeds the critical excitation energy; this results in less damage for a given number of characteristic x-rays produced in the specimen.

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Hayakawa, S., Y. Gohshi, A. Iida, S. Aoki, and M. Ishikawa. "X-ray microanalysis with energy tunable synchrotron X-rays." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 49, no. 1-4 (April 1990): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(90)90308-h.

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Kirz, J., H. Ade, C. Jacobsen, C. ‐H Ko, S. Lindaas, I. McNulty, D. Sayre, S. Williams, X. Zhang, and M. Howells. "Soft x‐ray microscopy with coherent x rays (invited)." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 1 (January 1992): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142705.

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17

Lyman, Charles. "X-ray Microscopy in your Lab." Microscopy Today 21, no. 2 (March 2013): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000163.

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Using X rays to produce magnified images of objects has been a goal for 150 years. Ever since Ernst Abbe declared in 1873 that light microscope resolution was limited by the wavelength of light, the search was on for a microscopy medium with a wavelength shorter than visible light (<500 nm). When Roentgen discovered X rays in 1895, it was thought that the new medium may have been found. Soon it was clear, however, that it was not easy to construct a physical lens for X rays because the rays penetrated all lens construction materials. X-ray “radiography images” of a few times magnification were possible but only as projection images, formed as X rays from millimeter-sized sources traveled in straight lines through the specimen to be captured on film. Unfortunately, even in the best cases, useful magnification was limited by the relatively large “point source” of X rays and the large grain size of X-ray film (both about 0.1–1.0 mm).

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18

Clayton, O. W. "Chest X-rays." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 36, no. 3 (May 1, 1986): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.36.3.190.

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Lee, Wei-Sheng, and Brian Moritz. "Tender X-rays." Nature Materials 18, no. 6 (May 21, 2019): 537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0358-8.

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Pile, David F. P. "Powerful X-rays." Nature Photonics 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2018): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0169-5.

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Kirz, J. "Remembering X-rays." Science 270, no. 5238 (November 10, 1995): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5238.934.

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Dickman, Steven. "Supernova X-rays?" Nature 329, no. 6134 (September 1987): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/329003c0.

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Mark, Anita M. "Dental x-rays." Journal of the American Dental Association 150, no. 7 (July 2019): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2019.05.002.

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Dettmer, Martin A. "SUBMITTING X-RAYS." Journal of the American Dental Association 131, no. 9 (September 2000): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0362.

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Barbosa-Canovas, Gustavo V., Donald W. Schaffner, Merle D. Pierson, and Q. Howard Zhang. "Pulsed X-rays." Journal of Food Science 65 (November 2000): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2000.tb00625.x.

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Barbosa-Canovas, Gustavo V., Donald W. Schaffner, Merle D. Pierson, and Q. Howard Zhang. "Pulsed X-rays." Journal of Food Safety 65 (November 2000): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2000.tb00625.x.

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Galata, Christian, Lorena Cascant Ortolano, Saeed Shafiei, Svetlana Hetjens, Lukas Müller, Roland H. Stauber, Davor Stamenovic, Eric D. Roessner, and Ioannis Karampinis. "Are Routine Chest X-rays Necessary following Thoracic Surgery? A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis." Cancers 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 4361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14184361.

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(1) Background: The number of chest X-rays that are performed in the perioperative window of thoracic surgery varies. Many clinics X-ray patients daily, while others only perform X-rays if there are clinical concerns. The purpose of this study was to assess the evidence of perioperative X-rays following thoracic surgery and estimate the clinical value with regard to changes in patient care. (2) Methods: A systematic literature research was conducted up until November 2021. Studies reporting X-ray outcomes in adult patients undergoing general thoracic surgery were included. (3) Results: In total, 11 studies (3841 patients/4784 X-rays) were included. The X-ray resulted in changes in patient care in 488 cases (10.74%). In patients undergoing mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy or thoracoscopic sympathectomy, postoperative X-ray never led to changes in patient care. (4) Conclusions: There are no data to recommend an X-ray before surgery or to recommend daily X-rays. X-rays immediately after surgery seem to rarely have any consequences. It is probably reasonable to keep requesting X-rays after drain removal since they serve multiple purposes and alter patient care in 7.30% of the cases.

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Sutherland, P., Y. Xu, R. McCray, and R. Ross. "X-rays and γ-rays from Supernova 1987a." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 108 (1988): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100094148.

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SummaryThe observation of X-rays and γ-rays from SN 1987a can provide important constraints on parameters for models of this unique event. We present the results of detailed Monte Carlo calculations of the fluxes to be expected in several X-ray bands and for the strong line at 847 keV associated with the decay of 56Co. Our calculations use Model 10H of Woosley, Pinto, and Ensman(1988), with 0.075M⊙ of radioactive material. If it is assumed that there is no mixing of this material with the layers above, then the X-ray fluxes do not become detectable as early as the observations made by the Ginga team in August, 1987. If these observations correspond to X-rays arising from γ-rays Compton scattered down in energy in the supernova ejecta, rather than the interaction of the ejecta with circumstellar matter, then they can only be explained by mixing outward of radioactive material or an envelope with some combination of less mass or greater kinetic energy per unit mass.

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Shimomura, Shuichi, and Hiromoto Nakazawa. "Scanning X-Ray Analytical Microscope using X-Ray Guide Tube." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, B (1991): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800013616.

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AbstractA scanning X-ray analytical microscope was constructed using X-ray guide tube(XGT). XGT is a glass capillary which guides and focuses x-rays by total external reflection at the inner wall. The nature of X-ray beam passed through XGT is varied depending on the form of XGT. The cylindrical and conical types were used for the present setup. A small area (10μm × 10μm) of the sample was irradiated by the X-ray microbeam formed by XGT. Fluorescent and diffracted X-rays from the small area were detected by SSD. By scanning the sample in the plane normal to the X-ray microbeam, the intensity distributions of such secondary x-rays were measured and used as picture elements for constructing x-ray mapping images. The sample was a thin-section of an old chinaware. The images suggest a wide application of this instrument.

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Chettle, David R. "In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence of Lead and Other Toxic Trace Elements." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018243.

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Abstract The first in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone used y-rays from a 57Co source to excite Pb K x-rays. Later systems used γ-rays from 109Cd to excite Pb K x-rays or polarized x-rays to excite Pb L x-rays. All three approaches involve an extremely low effective dose to the subject. Of the two K x-ray techniques, 109Cd is more precise and more flexible in choice of measurement site. Pb L x-ray fluorescence (L-XRF) effectively samples lead at bone surfaces, whereas Pb K x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) samples through the bulk of a bone. Both the polarized L-XRF and 109Cd K-XRF achieve similar precision. Renal mercury has recently been determined using a polarized x-ray source. Both renal and hepatic cadmium can be measured using polarized x-rays in conjunction with a Si(Li) detector. Platinum and gold have been measured both by radioisotopic source excitation and by using polarized x-rays, but the latter is to be preferred. Applications of Pb K-XRF have shown that measured bone lead relates strongly to cumulative lead exposure. Secondly, biological half lives of lead in different bone types have been estimated from limited longitudinal data sets and from some cross sectional surveys. Thirdly, the effect of hone lead as an endogenous source of lead has been demonstrated and it has been shown that a majority of circulating blood lead can be mobilized from bone, rather than deriving from new exposure, in some retired lead workers.

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Osborne, J. L., A. W. Wolfendale, and L. Zhang. "Soft X-rays and cosmic gamma-rays." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 276, no. 2 (September 15, 1995): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/276.2.409.

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Leising, Mark D. "Gamma-rays and X-rays from SN1987A." Nature 332, no. 6164 (April 1988): 516–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332516a0.

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Gan, Weiqun, Jin Chang, Youping Li, and Chunmei Lin. "Solar hard X-rays and gamma-rays." Science in China Series A: Mathematics 45, S1 (October 2002): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02889681.

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Wang, Lin-Min, Ni Li, Cui-Ping Ren, Zhe-Yu Peng, Hong-Zheng Lu, Dong Li, Xin-Yu Wu, et al. "Sterility of Aedes albopictus by X-ray Irradiation as an Alternative to γ-ray Irradiation for the Sterile Insect Technique." Pathogens 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010102.

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The mosquito Aedes albopictus can transmit various arboviral diseases, posing a severe threat to human health. As an environmentally friendly method, sterile insect technology (SIT) is considered an alternative to traditional methods such as chemical pesticides to control Ae. albopictus. In SIT, the sterility of male mosquitoes can be achieved by γ-ray or X-ray radiation. Compared with γ-rays, X-rays are easier to obtain, cheaper, and less harmful. However, there is a lack of comparative assessment of these two types of radiation for SIT under the same controlled conditions. Here, we compared the effects of X-ray and γ-ray radiation on the sterility of Ae. albopictus males under laboratory-controlled conditions. Neither type of radiation affected the number of eggs but significantly reduced the survival time and hatch rate. The same dose of γ-rays caused a higher sterility effect on males than X-rays but had a more significant impact on survival. However, X-rays could achieve the same sterility effect as γ-rays by increasing the radiation dose. For example, X-rays of 60 Gy induced 99% sterility, similar to γ-rays of 40 Gy. In the test of male mating competitiveness, the induced sterility and the male mating competitiveness index were also identical at the same release ratio (sterile males/fertile males). At a release ratio of 7:1, nearly 80% of eggs failed to hatch. Sterile males produced by X-ray and γ-ray radiation had similar male competitiveness in competition with field males. In conclusion, a higher dose of X-rays is required to achieve the same sterility effect, compared to γ-rays. When γ-rays are not readily available, high-dose X-rays can be used instead. This study provides data supporting the selection of more suitable radiation for the field release of sterile male mosquitoes.

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Cinan, Esra, Bünyamin Aygün, M. I. Sayyed, and Yüksel Özdemir. "Measurement of L X-ray production cross sections and relative intensities of some lanthanide compounds depending on the temperature." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3198.

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AbstractL X-ray intensity ratios for CeO2, Sm2(SO4)3, Ho2O3, and Yb2O3 compounds were experimentally investigated. The measurements were gauged following excitation by 59.54 keV γ-rays from a 100 mCi 241Am radioactive annular source at different temperatures in situ. Temperature change occurred between 50 °C and 400 °C. L X-ray emission spectra were obtained by using a solid-state Si(Li) X-ray detector. L X-ray production cross sections, intensity ratios, and full-width half maximum (FWHM) values for the compounds were determined by evaluating the emission spectra varying with the temperature. According to the results obtained, it was observed that Lβ1 X-rays were less influenced in comparison with Lα X-rays while Lα X-rays were also less influenced in comparison with Lβ2 X-rays.

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Zhang, Jian, Ziyang Wang, Anqing Wu, Jing Nie, Hailong Pei, Wentao Hu, Bing Wang, Peng Shang, Bingyan Li, and Guangming Zhou. "Differences in responses to X-ray exposure between osteoclast and osteoblast cells." Journal of Radiation Research 58, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx026.

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Abstract Radiation-induced bone loss is a potential health concern for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Enhanced bone resorption by osteoclasts and decreased bone formation by osteoblasts were thought to be the main reasons. In this study, we showed that both pre-differentiating and differentiating osteoclasts were relatively sensitive to X-rays compared with osteoblasts. X-rays decreased cell viability to a greater degree in RAW264.7 cells and in differentiating cells than than in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. X-rays at up to 8 Gy had little effects on osteoblast mineralization. In contrast, X-rays at 1 Gy induced enhanced osteoclastogenesis by enhanced cell fusion, but had no effects on bone resorption. A higher dose of X-rays at 8 Gy, however, had an inhibitory effect on bone resorption. In addition, actin ring formation was disrupted by 8 Gy of X-rays and reorganized into clusters. An increased activity of Caspase 3 was found after X-ray exposure. Actin disorganization and increased apoptosis may be the potential effects of X-rays at high doses, by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, our data indicate high radiosensitivity of osteoclasts. X-ray irradiation at relatively low doses can activate osteoclastogenesis, but not osteogenic differentiation. The radiosensitive osteoclasts are the potentially responsive cells for X-ray-induced bone loss.

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Hirano, Keiichi, and Atsushi Momose. "Investigation of the phase shift in X-ray forward diffraction using an X-ray interferometer." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597015525.

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The phase shift of forward-diffracted X-rays by a perfect crystal is discussed on the basis of the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. By means of a triple Laue-case X-ray interferometer, the phase shift of forward-diffracted X-rays by a silicon crystal in the Bragg geometry was investigated.

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Kislat, Fabian, Banafsheh Beheshtipour, Paul Dowkontt, Victor Guarino, R. James Lanzi, Takashi Okajima, Dana Braun, et al. "Design of the Telescope Truss and Gondola for the Balloon-Borne X-ray Polarimeter X-Calibur." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 06, no. 02 (April 5, 2017): 1740003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171717400037.

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X-ray polarimetry has seen a growing interest in recent years. Improvements in detector technology and focusing X-ray optics now enable sensitive astrophysical X-ray polarization measurements. These measurements will provide new insights into the processes at work in accreting black holes, the emission of X-rays from neutron stars and magnetars, and the structure of AGN jets. X-Calibur is a balloon-borne hard X-ray scattering polarimeter. An X-ray mirror with a focal length of 8[Formula: see text]m focuses X-rays onto the detector, which consists of a plastic scattering element surrounded by Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride detectors, which absorb and record the scattered X-rays. Since X-rays preferentially scatter perpendicular to their polarization direction, the polarization properties of an X-ray beam can be inferred from the azimuthal distribution of scattered X-rays. A close alignment of the X-ray focal spot with the center of the detector is required in order to reduce systematic uncertainties and to maintain a high photon detection efficiency. This places stringent requirements on the mechanical and thermal stability of the telescope structure. During the flight on a stratospheric balloon, X-Calibur makes use of the Wallops Arc-Second Pointer (WASP) to point the telescope at astrophysical sources. In this paper, we describe the design, construction, and test of the telescope structure, as well as its performance during a 25-h flight from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico. The carbon fiber–aluminum composite structure met the requirements set by X-Calibur and its design can easily be adapted for other types of experiments, such as X-ray imaging or spectroscopic telescopes.

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Cooke, B. A. "X-rays from a gamma-ray repeater?" Nature 366, no. 6454 (December 1993): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366413b0.

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UESHIMA, YUTAKA, YASUAKI KISHIMOTO, AKIRA SASAKI, and TOSHIKI TAJIMA. "Laser Larmor X-ray radiation from low-Z matter." Laser and Particle Beams 17, no. 1 (January 1999): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034699171040.

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A relativistically intense short laser pulse can produce a large flux of X rays through the interaction with electrons that are driven by its intense electromagnetic fields. Apart from X rays from the high-Z matter irradiation by an intense laser, two main processes, Larmor and Bremsstrahlung radiation, are among the most significant mechanisms for X-ray emission from short-pulse laser irradiation on low-Z matter in the regime of relativistic intensities. We evaluate the power, energy spectrum, brilliance, polarization, and time structure of these X rays. We suggest a few methods that significantly enhance the power of Larmor X rays. Because of the peakedness in the energy spectrum of Larmor X rays, Larmor X rays have important applications.

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Nagasaka, Masanari. "Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the low-energy region explored using an argon gas window." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 4 (May 27, 2020): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520005883.

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The soft X-ray region below 200 eV is important for investigating chemical and biological phenomena since it covers K-edges of Li and B and L-edges of Si, P, S and Cl. Helium gas is generally used as the soft X-ray transmission window for soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) under atmospheric conditions. However, the helium gas window cannot be applied to XAS in the low-energy region since transmitted soft X-rays mostly consist of high-order X-rays due to the low transmission of first-order X-rays. In this study, the argon gas window is proposed as a new soft X-ray transmission window in the low-energy region. High-order X-rays are removed by the absorption of the Ar L-edge (240 eV), and first-order X-rays become the major contribution of transmitted soft X-rays in the low-energy region. Under atmospheric argon conditions, the double-excitation Rydberg series of helium gas (60 eV), Si L-edge XAS of an Si3N4 membrane (100 eV) and S L-edge XAS of dimethyl sulfoxide gas (170 eV) are successfully measured, indicating that the argon gas window is effective for soft X-ray transmission in the low-energy region from 60 eV to 240 eV.

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Uesugi, Kentaro, Masato Hoshino, Takahisa Koyama, Hiroshi Yamazaki, Yasunori Senba, Tomoyuki Takeuchi, Hirokatsu Yumoto, et al. "Demonstration of the X-ray imaging capabilities of the newly installed multilayer monochromator at SPring-8 BL20B2." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012120.

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Abstract Double multilayer monochromators (DMMs) for 40 keV and 110 keV have been installed at BL20B2 in SPring-8. The DMMs provide X-rays with a few percent bandwidths at those energies. The flux density of the X-rays is more than several hundred times higher than that of monochromatic X-rays with a silicon double crystal monochromator, which enables us to perform high-speed X-ray imaging with a large field of view and high spatial resolution X-ray imaging in those high-energy X-rays. Here characteristics of DMMs and some demonstrations of X-ray imaging using the high flux density beams are shown.

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Qiu, Yanli, and Hua Feng. "Constraining Soft and Hard X-Ray Irradiation in Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources." Astrophysical Journal 922, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3569.

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Abstract Most ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are argued to be powered by supercritical accretion onto compact objects. One of the key questions regarding these objects is whether or not the hard X-rays are geometrically beamed toward the symmetric axis. We propose testing the scenario using disk irradiation to see how much the outer accretion disk sees the central hard X-rays. We collect a sample of 11 bright ULXs with an identification of a unique optical counterpart, and model their optical fluxes considering two irradiating sources: soft X-rays from the photosphere of the optically thick wind driven by supercritical accretion, and if needed in addition, hard X-rays from the Comptonization component. Our results indicate that the soft X-ray irradiation can account for the optical emission in the majority of ULXs, and the fraction of hard X-rays reprocessed on the outer disk is constrained to be no more than ∼10−2 in general. Such an upper limit is well consistent with the irradiation fraction expected in the case of no beaming. Therefore, no stringent constraint on the beaming effect can be placed according to the current data quality.

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Han, I., M. Şahin, and L. Demir. "Angular variations of K and L X-ray fluorescence cross sections for some lanthanides." Canadian Journal of Physics 86, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-128.

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Kα, Kβ, Lα, and Lβ X-ray fluorescence cross sections for lanthanides in the atomic range 62 ≤ Z ≤ 68 (Sm, Eu, Gd Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) were simultaneously measured by 59.54 keV incident photon energy at five angles ranging from 120° to 160°. The measurements were performed using an Am-241 radioisotope as the photon source and a Si(Li) detector. The Lα X-ray fluorescence cross section (σLα) was found to decrease with increasing emission angle and showed an anisotropic distribution of Lα X-rays. Kα, Kβ, and Lβ X-ray fluorescence cross sections (σKα, σKβ, and σLβ) were observed to be angle-independent and showed an isotropic distribution of Kα, Kβ, and Lβ X-rays. The Kα and Kβ X-rays originate from filling of the K shell (J = 1/2) vacancies, Lβ X-rays from filling of the L1 and L2 (J = 1/2) subshell vacancies, and Lα X-rays from filling of the L3 subshell (J = 3/2) vacancy. The fluorescent X-rays originating from the vacancy states with J = 1/2 are isotropic and unpolarized, but fluorescent X-rays originating from the vacancy states with J > 1/2 are anisotropic and polarized. Thus, the atomic inner shells vacancy states with J > 1/2 are aligned whereas vacancy states with J = 1/2 are not aligned. Lα fluorescence X-rays have an anisotropic distribution, while Kα, Kβ, and Lβ fluorescence X-rays have isotropic distribution. Furthermore, the IKβ/IKα, ILα/IKα}, ILβ/IKα, and ILβ/ILα intensity ratios for the elements under investigation were determined. The experimental cross sections and intensity ratios for Kα, Kβ, Lα, and Lβ fluorescence X-rays were also determined, and these experimental values were compared with our calculated theoretical values.PACS Nos.: 32.30.Rj, 32.80.Cy

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wobrauschek, Peter, and Peter kregsamer. "Total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis with polarized X-rays, a compact attachment unit, and high energy X-rays." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 44, no. 5 (January 1989): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(89)80050-3.

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Nakamori, Nobuyuki, Kaname Yamano, Masayoshi Yamada, and Hitoshi Kanamori. "Calculation of Characteristic X-rays in Diagnostic X-ray Spectrum." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 1, No.1A (January 15, 1994): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.347.

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Sato, K., Y. Ueji, K. Okitsu, T. Matsushita, and Y. Amemiya. "X-ray magnetic circular dichroism imaging with hard X-rays." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049501005192.

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Hayashi, Kouichi, Katsunori Sakai, and Hisataka Takenaka. "Monochromatization of characteristic X-rays using stepped X-ray waveguide." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 14 (May 2007): 5728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.017.

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Feranchuk, I. D., and A. S. Lobko. "Applications of parametric X-rays for X-ray diffraction analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266, no. 17 (September 2008): 3888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.03.085.

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Oakley, Paul A., and Deed E. Harrison. "X-Ray Hesitancy: Patients’ Radiophobic Concerns Over Medical X-rays." Dose-Response 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 155932582095954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820959542.

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All too often the family physician, orthopedic surgeon, dentist or chiropractor is met with radiophobic concerns about X-ray imaging in the clinical setting. These concerns, however, are unwarranted fears based on common but ill-informed and perpetuated ideology versus current understanding of the effects of low-dose radiation exposures. Themes of X-ray hesitancy come in 3 forms: 1. All radiation exposures are harmful (i.e. carcinogenic); 2. Radiation exposures are cumulative; 3. Children are more susceptible to radiation. Herein we address these concerns and find that low-dose radiation activates the body’s adaptive responses and leads to reduced cancers. Low-dose radiation is not cumulative as long as enough time (e.g. 24 hrs) passes prior to a repeated exposure, and any damage is repaired, removed, or eliminated. Children have more active immune systems; the literature shows children are no more affected than adults by radiation exposures. Medical X-rays present a small, insignificant addition to background radiation exposure that is not likely to cause harm. Doctors and patients alike should be better informed of the lack of risks from diagnostic radiation and the decision to image should rely on the best evidence, unique needs of the patient, and the expertise of the physician—not radiophobia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'X-rays'

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