Journal articles on the topic 'X-rays Instruments Industrial applications'
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Hunt, P. K., P. Engler, and W. D. Friedman. "Industrial Applications of X-Ray Computed Tomography." Advances in X-ray Analysis 31 (1987): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021893.
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Computed tomography (CT), commonly known as CAT scanning (computerized axial tomography), is a technology that produces an image of the internaI structure of a cross sectional slice through an object via the reconstruction of a matrix of X-ray attenuation coefficients. This non-destructive method is fast (50 ms to 7 min per image depending on the technological generation of the instrument) and requires minimal sample preparation. Images are generated from digital computations, and instruments essentially have a linear response. This allows quantitative estimations of density variations, dimensions and areas directly from console displays.
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Ou, Xiangyu, Xue Chen, Xianning Xu, Lili Xie, Xiaofeng Chen, Zhongzhu Hong, Hua Bai, et al. "Recent Development in X-Ray Imaging Technology: Future and Challenges." Research 2021 (December 26, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9892152.
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X-ray imaging is a low-cost, powerful technology that has been extensively used in medical diagnosis and industrial nondestructive inspection. The ability of X-rays to penetrate through the body presents great advances for noninvasive imaging of its internal structure. In particular, the technological importance of X-ray imaging has led to the rapid development of high-performance X-ray detectors and the associated imaging applications. Here, we present an overview of the recent development of X-ray imaging-related technologies since the discovery of X-rays in the 1890s and discuss the fundamental mechanism of diverse X-ray imaging instruments, as well as their advantages and disadvantages on X-ray imaging performance. We also highlight various applications of advanced X-ray imaging in a diversity of fields. We further discuss future research directions and challenges in developing advanced next-generation materials that are crucial to the fabrication of flexible, low-dose, high-resolution X-ray imaging detectors.
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Pella, P. A., and L. Feng. "Fabrication and Selected Applications of a Nist X-Ray Microfluorescence Spectrometer." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, B (1991): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800013306.
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An x-ray microfluorescence (XRMF) spectrometer has been designed and fabricated at NIST for multi-point compositional analysis of small samples with x-ray beam sizes on the order of 50 micrometers or greater. This system was developed as part of an industrial cooperative research agreement with Kevex Instruments, Inc., San Carlos, CA., and consists of commercially available components incorporated in an aluminum vacuum chamber (see Figs. 1 and 2).
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Bavdaz, Marcos, Max Collon, Marco Beijersbergen, Kotska Wallace, and Eric Wille. "X-Ray Pore Optics Technologies and Their Application in Space Telescopes." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2010 (October 5, 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/295095.
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Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) is a new X-ray optics technology under development in Europe, forming the ESA baseline technology for the International X-ray Observatory candidate mission studied jointly by ESA, NASA, and JAXA. With its matrix-like structure, made of monocrystalline-bonded Silicon mirrors, it can achieve the required angular resolution and low mass density required for future large X-ray observatories. Glass-based Micro Pore Optics (MPO) achieve modest angular resolution compared to SPO, but are even lighter and have achieved sufficient maturity level to be accepted as the X-ray optic technology for instruments on board the Bepi-Colombo mission, due to visit the planet Mercury. Opportunities for technology transfer to ground-based applications include material science, security and scanning equipment, and medical diagnostics. Pore X-ray optics combine high performance with modularity and economic industrial production processes, ensuring cost effective implementation.
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Lyman, Charles E. "SEM Short Courses for Industry: the Lehigh Microscopy School as an example." Microscopy Today 17, no. 1 (January 2009): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500054985.
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Short courses in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can quickly sharpen practical skills for industrial microscopists. The SEM and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) together constitute one of the most powerful and versatile instruments available for solving industrial problems, but interpreting images and spectra is not quite as simple as acquiring them. Applications of SEM span many disciplines, and each application may require knowledge of different aspects of the microscope, and of the industrial problem at hand, to successfully interpret the images and data obtained. Regardless of the problem, whether transistors or trachea cells, the interpretation of SEM images relies upon the microscopist's understanding the fundamentals of image formation as well as the practical aspects of specimen preparation and microscope operation. Many people using SEMs today have not taken any courses beyond the on-site and demo-lab instruction provided by SEM vendors. Equipment manufacturers provide excellent training on how to use the knobs and menus on the SEM to produce useful images and data via the embedded software functions. Since there are many options and setup procedures, these instrument-specific courses are valuable for the novice and expert alike.
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Umi Kalthum Ab Wahab, Siti, Asnor Azrin Sabuti, Mohd Armi Abu Samah, and Kamaruzzaman Yunus. "AN Overview of Radioisotopels Study in Water Pollution." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.14276.
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Radioisotopes can be defined as the radioactive isotopes of an element. They refer to the atoms that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons. The combination can occur naturally or by altering the atoms. Nowadays, radioactive materials have become major contributing pollutants for a lot of cases of disability and mortality in all over the world. They have become a serious fear of the human, environment, and aquatic organism, although they are exposed to low levels of exposure. Therefore, to overcome these problems, the effective and easier prevention strategies should be taken and encouraged by all related parties such as industries, residents, and government. Radioisotope becomes as an essential part in medical, radiography and other fields of research including the environmental study. One of the applications is they can be used as the indicators in order to identify the pollutant sources. This method can be applied in surface water around industrial area and non-industrial area. As the example, the standard limit concentration of Uranium is 10ppb while for Thorium is 0.50 ppb. The study regarding radioisotope usually uses analytical instruments, for example, Inductively Coupled-Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Basically, this paper will give ideas on overview of radioisotope study and reference for acquiring a better quality of surface water in the present and future by using the environmental forensic study application.
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Einbergs, E., A. Zolotarjovs, I. Bite, J. Cipa, V. Vitola, K. Laganovska, and L. Trinkler. "Re-Evaluation of Chromium Doped Alumina for Dosimetric Applications." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0002.
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Abstract Many medical examinations involve ionizing radiation. Although the range of available dosimeters is rather wide, their linearity and chemical stability are limited. Recently, there has been a growing interest in new, improved dosimetric materials for emerging applications in medicine and other fields, such as sterilisation of consumer goods and medical instruments, irradiation of seeds, chemical agents and others. One of the classical dosimeters is carbon-doped alumina (Al2O3:C) – a well-established and widely used material for personal and industrial dosimeter with a range of great properties, such as high sensitivity, wide linearity range and relative ease of production and handling. However, the demand for reliable dosimeters in a high-dose range is still only partially fulfilled, and alumina doped with chromium ions (Al2O3:Cr) can be a promising candidate. In this study, we explored alumina doped with chromium porous microparticles synthesized with a sol-gel method as a possible high dose dosimeter and evaluated its thermostimulated luminescence signal, dose response with two irradiation sources and measured long-time fading. It was found that although the TSL signal was quite complex (consisting of two main peaks above room temperature) and the long-term fading was significant (around 50 % in the span of 30 days), with sufficient optimisation the material could be used as a high-dose dosimeter for X-ray and beta irradiation. Wide high dose linearity range, physical and chemical characteristics, as well as low production costs and ease of synthesis make chromium (III) doped alumina a compelling candidate for applicability in various medical and industry fields.
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Singh, Ravi Chand, Manmeet Pal Singh, and Hardev Singh Virk. "Applications of Nanostructured Materials as Gas Sensors." Solid State Phenomena 201 (May 2013): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.201.131.
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Gas detection instruments are increasingly needed for industrial health and safety, environmental monitoring, and process control. To meet this demand, considerable research into new sensors is underway, including efforts to enhance the performance of traditional devices, such as resistive metal oxide sensors, through nanoengineering. The resistance of semiconductors is affected by the gaseous ambient. The semiconducting metal oxides based gas sensors exploit this phenomenon. Physical chemistry of solid metal surfaces plays a dominant role in controlling the gas sensing characteristics. Metal oxide sensors have been utilized for several decades for low-cost detection of combustible and toxic gases. Recent advances in nanomaterials provide the opportunity to dramatically increase the response of these materials, as their performance is directly related to exposed surface volume. Proper control of grain size remains a key challenge for high sensor performance. Nanoparticles of SnO2have been synthesized through chemical route at 5, 25 and 50°C. The synthesized particles were sintered at 400, 600 and 800°C and their structural and morphological analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reaction temperature is found to be playing a critical role in controlling nanostructure sizes as well as agglomeration. It has been observed that particle synthesized at 5 and 50°C are smaller and less agglomerated as compared to the particles prepared at 25°C. The studies revealed that particle size and agglomeration increases with increase in sintering temperature. Thick films gas sensors were fabricated using synthesized tin dioxide powder and sensing response of all the sensors to ethanol vapors was investigated at different temperatures and concentrations. The investigations revealed that sensing response of SnO2nanoparticles is size dependent and smaller particles display higher sensitivity. Table of Contents
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Zhu, Chang-Hao, and Jie Zhang. "Developing Soft Sensors for Polymer Melt Index in an Industrial Polymerization Process Using Deep Belief Networks." International Journal of Automation and Computing 17, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11633-019-1203-x.
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Abstract This paper presents developing soft sensors for polymer melt index in an industrial polymerization process by using deep belief network (DBN). The important quality variable melt index of polypropylene is hard to measure in industrial processes. Lack of online measurement instruments becomes a problem in polymer quality control. One effective solution is to use soft sensors to estimate the quality variables from process data. In recent years, deep learning has achieved many successful applications in image classification and speech recognition. DBN as one novel technique has strong generalization capability to model complex dynamic processes due to its deep architecture. It can meet the demand of modelling accuracy when applied to actual processes. Compared to the conventional neural networks, the training of DBN contains a supervised training phase and an unsupervised training phase. To mine the valuable information from process data, DBN can be trained by the process data without existing labels in an unsupervised training phase to improve the performance of estimation. Selection of DBN structure is investigated in the paper. The modelling results achieved by DBN and feedforward neural networks are compared in this paper. It is shown that the DBN models give very accurate estimations of the polymer melt index.
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Chen, R. T., and R. A. Norwood. "Microstructural characterization of sol-gel coating on PET films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172164.
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Sol-gel processing has been used to control the structure of a material on a nanometer scale in preparing advanced ceramics and glasses. Film coating using the sol-gel process was also found to be a viable process technology in applications such as optical, porous, antireflection and hard coatings. In this study, organically modified silicate (Ormosil) coatings are applied to PET films for various industrial applications. Sol-gel materials are known to exhibit nanometer scale structures which havepreviously been characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), neutron scattering and light scattering. Imaging of the ultrafine sol-gel structures has also been performed using an ultrahigh resolution replica/TEM technique. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrafine structures inthe sol gel coatings using a direct imaging technique: atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, correlation of microstructures with processing parameters, coating density and other physical properties will be discussed.The materials evaluated are organically modified silicate coatings on PET film substrates. Refractive index measurement by the prism coupling method was used to assess density of the sol-gel coating.AFM imaging was performed on a Nanoscope III AFM (by Digital Instruments) using constant force mode. Solgel coating samples coated with a thin layer of Ft (by ion beam sputtering) were also examined by STM in order to confirm the structures observed in the contact type AFM. In addition, to compare the previous results, sol-gel powder samples were also prepared by ultrasonication followed by Pt/Au shadowing and examined using a JEOL 100CX TEM.
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Cheung, Eugene, Yan Xia, Marc A. Caporini, and Jamie L. Gilmore. "Tools shaping drug discovery and development." Biophysics Reviews 3, no. 3 (September 2022): 031301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087583.
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Spectroscopic, scattering, and imaging methods play an important role in advancing the study of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical therapies. The tools more familiar to scientists within industry and beyond, such as nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy, serve two functions: as simple high-throughput techniques for identification and purity analysis, and as potential tools for measuring dynamics and structures of complex biological systems, from proteins and nucleic acids to membranes and nanoparticle delivery systems. With the expansion of commercial small-angle x-ray scattering instruments into the laboratory setting and the accessibility of industrial researchers to small-angle neutron scattering facilities, scattering methods are now used more frequently in the industrial research setting, and probe-less time-resolved small-angle scattering experiments are now able to be conducted to truly probe the mechanism of reactions and the location of individual components in complex model or biological systems. The availability of atomic force microscopes in the past several decades enables measurements that are, in some ways, complementary to the spectroscopic techniques, and wholly orthogonal in others, such as those related to nanomechanics. As therapies have advanced from small molecules to protein biologics and now messenger RNA vaccines, the depth of biophysical knowledge must continue to serve in drug discovery and development to ensure quality of the drug, and the characterization toolbox must be opened up to adapt traditional spectroscopic methods and adopt new techniques for unraveling the complexities of the new modalities. The overview of the biophysical methods in this review is meant to showcase the uses of multiple techniques for different modalities and present recent applications for tackling particularly challenging situations in drug development that can be solved with the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle scattering.
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Friedman, H. "Geiger Counter Spectrometer for Industrial Research." Powder Diffraction 6, no. 3 (September 1991): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600017279.
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X-ray diffraction has many applications in the chemical and metallurgical industries, but its techniques have been confined until recently to the laboratory and to highly trained personnel. Conventional procedure entails photographic exposure, processing, and density comparisons of the finished film strips.The Geiger counter spectrometer described below measures x-ray intensities and diffraction angles directly, without intermediate photographic steps. It is simple enough for unskilled operators performing routine industrial processes yet also meets the precise requirements of laboratory research. The instrument was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, where it has been in regular use for the past two years.
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Vourna, Polyxeni, Aphrodite Ktena, Panagiotis Tsarabaris, and Evangelos Hristoforou. "Magnetic Residual Stress Monitoring Technique for Ferromagnetic Steels." Metals 8, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080592.
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The determination and control of residual stresses resulting from the intentional or unintentional thermal and mechanical loading of steels during their production or manufacturing process, as well as during their lifetime, is a challenge for both the scientific community and the relevant industries. Our team has developed a method and instruments for residual stress determination in ferromagnetic steels, based on the effect of localized strains on the magnetic differential permeability. The proposed method consists of determining the characteristic magnetic stress calibration curves in the laboratory, for the steel grade under examination, and correlating magnetic permeability with residual stresses either on the surface or in the bulk of the material. Magnetic permeability is determined by our new permeability sensors or by other classic permeability meters. Stress components are determined indirectly by strain monitoring using diffraction techniques, like X-ray or neutron diffraction for surface and bulk strain respectively. This way, the best uncertainty of the stress determination achieved has been in the order of 1%. In this paper, after introducing some of the most important details of our method, we illustrate the improvement of the sensitivity of the stress determination by implementing stress-strain dependence on bulk magnetic permeability, and then correlating these results with the neutron diffraction measurements, resulting in residual stress determination uncertainties better than 0.1%. The validity of these results is evaluated by microstructural Scanning Electron Microscopy studies and the superiority of the new method in terms of efficiency, cost, and applicability in industrial applications are discussed.
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Beiswenger, Toya N., Neal B. Gallagher, Tanya L. Myers, James E. Szecsody, Russell G. Tonkyn, Yin-Fong Su, Lucas E. Sweet, Tricia A. Lewallen, and Timothy J. Johnson. "Identification of Uranium Minerals in Natural U-Bearing Rocks Using Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817743265.
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The identification of minerals, including uranium-bearing species, is often a labor-intensive process using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence, or other solid-phase or wet chemical techniques. While handheld XRD and fluorescence instruments can aid in field applications, handheld infrared (IR) reflectance spectrometers can now also be used in industrial or field environments, with rapid, nondestructive identification possible via analysis of the solid’s reflectance spectrum providing information not found in other techniques. In this paper, we report the use of laboratory methods that measure the IR hemispherical reflectance of solids using an integrating sphere and have applied it to the identification of mineral mixtures (i.e., rocks), with widely varying percentages of uranium mineral content. We then apply classical least squares (CLS) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR) methods to better discriminate the minerals (along with two pure uranium chemicals U3O8 and UO2) against many common natural and anthropogenic background materials (e.g., silica sand, asphalt, calcite, K-feldspar) with good success. Ground truth as to mineral content was attained primarily by XRD. Identification is facile and specific, both for samples that are pure or are partially composed of uranium (e.g., boltwoodite, tyuyamunite, etc.) or non-uranium minerals. The characteristic IR bands generate unique (or class-specific) bands, typically arising from similar chemical moieties or functional groups in the minerals: uranyls, phosphates, silicates, etc. In some cases, the chemical groups that provide spectral discrimination in the longwave IR reflectance by generating upward-going (reststrahlen) bands can provide discrimination in the midwave and shortwave IR via downward-going absorption features, i.e., weaker overtone or combination bands arising from the same chemical moieties.
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Ji, Hua, Hui Chen, Guo Qing Gou, Da Li, Yan Liu, and Wen Bin Chen. "Research on Stress Calibration Technology on Aluminum of High-Speed Train Body Structure by Nondestructive X-Ray Method Measurement." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.734.
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X-ray diffraction method has been employed to calibrate the stress of 6082 aluminum alloy which has been widely used among modern industrial products. Based on elastic tensile conditions, by designing rod sample of uniform intensity calibration (RSUIC), the stress measurement by X-ray diffraction method has been verificated by using elastic tensile theory calculation method and electrometric method. The results show that the stress measured by the tensile stress theoretical calculation, electrometric method and X-ray diffraction method was in good accordance with each other. And the matching relation between the surface stress measured by X-ray diffraction and the internal stress is investigated. The research will lay a foundation for the application of iXRD stress instrument for nondestructive measuring the welding residual stress of aluminum alloy.
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Patterson, Brian M., George J. Havrilla, and Kimberly A. DeFriend. "Confocal Micro X-Ray Fluorescence: A New Paradigm in Materials Characterization." Microscopy Today 16, no. 4 (July 2008): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500059770.
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Micro x-ray fluorescence (MXRF) is a microscopic analysis and imaging technique that is used to characterize the elements in a material non-destructively. Micro XRF instruments use an x-ray source to shine x-rays on a sample, and a detector to detect the characteristic x-rays given off. These fluorescent x-rays have very specific energies corresponding to specific electron energy transitions. Therefore, it is possible to detect and identify all of the elements present in a sample (typically above sodium) as well as measure their concentrations. This technique is widely used for the characterization of materials including polymer and metallic foams, powder samples, forensics applications, geological samples, works of art and nuclear fuels. Commercial MXRF instruments use a fused silica optic (mono or polycapillary) to focus the x-rays on the sample with no optic on the detector (Figure 1a).
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Fitch, Andrew N. "Applications of High-Resolution Powder X-Ray Diffraction." Solid State Phenomena 130 (December 2007): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.130.7.
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The highly-collimated, intense X-rays produced by a synchrotron radiation source can be harnessed to build high-resolution powder diffraction instruments with a wide variety of applications. The general advantages of using synchrotron radiation for powder diffraction are discussed and illustrated with reference to the structural characterisation of crystalline materials, atomic PDF analysis, in-situ and high-throughput studies where the structure is evolving between successive scans, and the measurement of residual strain in engineering components.
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ENE, ANTOANETA, and FLORIN SLOATA. "XRF ANALYSIS OF ARSENIC AND SELECTED METALS IN CONTAMINATED SAND FROM THE DISMANTLING OF INDUSTRIAL DISTILLATION PLANTS." Journal of Science and Arts 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-20.4-c02.
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This paper refers to the application of XRF method for the simultaneous determination of arsenic and selected metals from waste samples resulted from the dismanlting of distilleries in the perimeter of Azomures S.A., Mures County, Romania. The dismantling operation was carried out by a specialized Romanian company, and from this operation resulted several refractory construction wastes, such as sands with a very high content of arsenic and its chemical compounds. In order to determine the arsenic and other metals concentration, the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometric technique was employed. Application of the ED-XRF method was performed in an accredited laboratory for the determination of toxic substances from various samples, using a Genius portable XRF (p-XRF) spectrometer manufactured by Skyray Instruments Inc.
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Baba, Sueki, Koichi Ohmori, Yoshio Mito, Toshiya Tanoue, Shigeki Yano, Kenji Tokumori, Fukai Toyofuku, and Shigenobu Kanda. "Recent development of radiation measurement instrument for industrial and medical applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 458, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00930-x.
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COWLEY, J. M. "APPLICATIONS OF STEM INSTRUMENTS FOR SURFACE STUDIES." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 03 (June 1997): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97000559.
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Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instruments have some particular advantages as compared with the more common transmission electron microscopes for some applications to surface research. Imaging of surfaces and mapping of the elemental distributions on surfaces with spatial resolutions approaching 1 nm are possible in an ultrahigh-vacuum STEM instrument when the low-energy secondary electrons or the Auger-emitted electrons are collected with high efficiency. In the imaging of surface layers on thin-film substrates, viewed in transmission, the use of a thin annular detector in STEM may greatly enhance the contrast, as illustrated by the case of the imaging of very thin nanocrystalline carbon layers on much thicker amorphous SiO2 films. The scanning reflection mode in a STEM instrument can provide some useful forms of contrast in images of surface structure. Standing wave fields can be formed on the surfaces of crystals with electrons, as with X-rays, one advantage of the electron case being that the standing wave fields may be imaged. Two new forms of electron holography, involving a STEM instrument and suitable for the study of surface structure, are proposed.
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Conty, C. "50 Years of EPMA / Today’s and Tomorrow’s Instruments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016093.
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The Sepia years. 1951. Castaing’s thesis(1) : Genesis of a Non-Destructive and truly Quantitative Microanalysis method. 1958. The beginning of commercial microprobes : Early instruments had no computers and were lacking special analyzing crystals, but overall they were well designed. Modern features we are familiar with today, such as light element analysis, field emission gun, Energy Dispersive analysis, analysis of insulated material and scanning analysis, although not widely implemented, were discussed in scientific reviews even then(2) 1963. One of my early personal experience: The daring job of obtaining Castaing’s acceptance for his Cameca-buih EPMA at the University of Paris/Orsay.From early models to present microprobes Early microprobes were developed, after WWII, in a world driven by metallurgy. They had few WD spectrometers, usually at low take off angle. However, the need for light element analysis and the fast growing use of EPMA in geology have sent the manufacturers back to the drawing board. Why ? The design of modern microprobes was a compromise between light optics, electron optics and higher take off angle X-ray spectrometry. There were three possible designs of X-ray path geometry : X-rays through the(final) lens, X-rays through the gap of the lens, X-rays outside the lens, hence three suppliers arose based on these concepts.Present and future EPMA improvements. As in the initial era of EPMA newer applications will point the direction in which the electron microprobe of the future should evolve.
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Roser, Hugh N. "Industrial distributors— The overlooked dimension in instrument marketing." ISA Transactions 30, no. 3 (January 1991): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-0578(91)90023-x.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Designation Homemade Instrument to Measure Turbidity of Barium Sulphate." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2010): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.1.564-572.
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This research include the designation of newly instrument (Turbidmeter) depending on using photo voltaic detector (8.5mm.*8.5mm.).These dimensions have large area which increases the scattering rays with a variable intensity. The properties of this design are local mode and the used tools are a available in the local markets as well as its less cost light weight system. It is worth mentioning that the possibility of its application in many fields such as: Clinical, Laboratory, Industrial and Fuel fields. This designation, applied to estimate Barium Sulphate in turbidity method. The analytical results show high accuracy and repetition, also the linearity ranges from (4-180) ppm. At the detection limit (0.05) ppm. With correlation coefficient (0.9992), as well as using volume ratio percents (ethanol-glycerin) equal to (10-90) %.
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Rosen, John E. "Development of L-Line X-Ray Fluorescence Instrumentation and its Applications to In-Vivo Measurement of Lead in Bone." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018255.
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Initially, Wielopolski (Wielopolski et al. 1981) used x-rays from either a 125I or a 105Cd source to estimate lead (Pb) in tibial cortical bone in intact legs, post-mortem. This system utilized the Lα and Lβ x-rays of Pb with energies of 10.5 and 12.6 keV, respectively. The minimum detection limit (MDL) was considered to be comparable with existing K-line x-ray fluorescence (KXRF) instruments, namely, 20-30 ppm. The feasibility of partially polarized radiation (Barkla, 1906) was assessed from a 125I source on Pb (No3)2 (10,000 ppm) dissolved in wa:er. Reduction of the detector total count rate was observed by a factor of two; and reduction in background by the same factor was appaent. This preliminary study suggested that, with improved design, tlie MDL might be lowered by a factor of five (Wielopolski et al., 1981).
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Wcislak, L., H. Klein, H. J. Bunge, U. Garbe, T. Tschentscher, and J. R. Schneider. "Texture analysis with high-energy synchrotron radiation." Journal of Applied Crystallography 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2002): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801019902.
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Texture measurement with short-wave X-ray synchrotron radiation in the range of λ ≃ 0.1 Å is described. The measurements were carried out with the multipurpose diffraction instrument at the high-field wiggler, high-energy beamline BW5 at HASYLAB. The instrument was equipped with an on-line image-plate area detector for diffraction-image registration and a Eulerian cradle for sample orientation. The particular features of texture measurement with the BW5 instrument are: good resolution in the Bragg angle, extremely high angular resolution in crystal orientation (pole-figure angles) and particularly high penetration depth of several millimetres to centimetres, comparable with that of neutrons but at high spatial resolution. Several examples illustrate the particular advantages of this method for texture studies using large or encased samples (in situstudies in complicated environments, such as cryostats, furnaces, vacuum or pressure chambers, with no serious window problems). This allows, among others, non-destructive texture analysis in technological parts and whole components. Because of the extremely high beam intensity (short exposure times) compared with all other methods of texture measurement, the new technique is particularly suited for the study of large sample series (as is often necessary in industrial applications).
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Schields, Paul J., David M. Gibson, Walter M. Gibson, Ning Gao, Huapeng Huang, and Igor Yu Ponomarev. "Overview of polycapillary X-ray optics." Powder Diffraction 17, no. 2 (June 2002): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1482080.
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Polycapillary optics are utilized in a wide variety of applications and are integral components in many state of the art instruments. Polycapillary optics operate by collecting X-rays and efficiently propagating them by total external reflection to form focused and parallel beams. We discuss the general parameters for designing these optics and provide specific examples on balancing the interrelations of beam flux, source size, focal spot-size, and beam divergence. The development of compact X-ray sources with characteristics tailored to match the requirements of polycapillary optics allows substantial reduction in size, weight, and power of complete X-ray systems. These compact systems have enabled the development of portable, remote, and in-line sensors for applications in industry, science and medicine. We present examples of the utility and potential of these optics for enhancing a wide variety of X-ray analyses.
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Matsuura, Naoki, Shigetoshi Kurozumi, Tatsuo Fukuzaki, and Tomoya Arai. "On-Line Paint Coating Weight Gauge Using Compton Scattered X-Rays." Advances in X-ray Analysis 36 (1992): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018711.
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Coating weight measurements by X-ray fluorescence analysis have been well established technology in industrial applications. The coating film measurements such as tin-plated steel and galvanized steel are carried out with an on-line gauge which is based on laboratory experiments. The approximate sample speed is 200m/min for a tin plate gauge, 150m/min for galvanized steel and 100m/min for electrolytic zinc coating steel.
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Damonte, Laura C., Patricia C. Rivas, Alberto F. Pasquevich, Fernanda Andreola, Federica Bondioli, Anna M. Ferrari, Laura Tositti, and Giorgia Cinelli. "Structural Characterization of Natural and Processed Zircons with X-Rays and Nuclear Techniques." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9707604.
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In ceramic industry, zircon sand is widely used in different applications because zirconia plays a role as common opacifying constituent. In particular, it is used as a basic component of glazes applied to ceramic tiles and sanitary ware as well as an opacifier in unglazed bulk porcelain stoneware. Natural zircon sands are the major source of zirconium minerals for industrial applications. In this paper, long, medium, and short range studies were conducted on zirconium minerals originated from Australia, South Africa, and United States of America using conventional and less conventional techniques (i.e., X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), and Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC)) in order to reveal the type and the extension of the regions that constitute the metamict state of zircon sands and the modifications therein produced as a consequence of the industrial milling process and the thermal treatment in the production line. Additionally, HPGe gamma-ray spectroscopy confirms the occurrence of significant levels of natural radioactivity responsible for metamictization in the investigated zircon samples. Results from XRD, PALS, and PAC analysis confirm that the metamict state of zircon is a dispersion of submicron disordered domains in a crystalline matrix of zircon.
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McCarthy, Jon J., and David J. McMillan. "Application of X-ray Optics to Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, no. 6 (December 1998): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927698980618.
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X-ray optics have been used in X-ray analytical instruments for several years. Applications of X-ray optics have been reported in X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. X-ray optics have been used to increase the X-ray flux incident on the sample or to direct and focus emitted X-rays from a sample. We report here the use of a grazing incidence optic (GIO) as a flux-enhancing collimator for use with an energy-dispersive (ED) detector used to perform electron beam microanalysis. We found that the GIO in combination with an ED spectrometer (EDS) provides substantial intensity gain for X-ray lines with energy below 1 keV. The GIO is also found to provide a modest focus effect, and introduces minimal spectral artifacts.
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Deviney, M. L., L. R. Brostrom, P. J. Menardi, B. M. Culbertson, and O. Tiba. "SEM and x-ray EDS studies on the adhesion of novel bisoxazoline-phenolic copolymers to carbon and glass fibers, and metallic filler surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154792.
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A very promising new entry into the family of polymers for advanced composites, for aerospace and heavy duty industrial applications requiring high service temperature and/or low flammability, are bisoxazoline-phenolic resins derived from the step-growth copolymerization of 1,3 (or 1,4)-phenylene bisoxazoline (PBOX) and phenol-free phenolic resins. This new resin system offers a very attractive group of properties, including high modulus, high compressive and shear strengths, excellent toughness, high heat distortion temperature, no volatiles evolution and low shrinkage (<1%) during cure, low flammability and low smoke production, good electrical properties, relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion, very good thermal shock resistance and machinability, and excellent adhesion to carbon fibers, fiberglass and powdered (5 to 20 μm) metal fillers (e.g., iron and aluminum).In this paper are presented example scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of PBOX-phenolic interfacial regions with both reinforcing fibers and metallic fillers. Carbon fiber reinforced composite specimens were examined by SEM (CamScan Series 4 instrument) after testing to failure using standard ASTM shear, flex and compression tests.
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Hussein, Khalid I., Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Iwona Grelowska, Manuela Reben, Hesham Afifi, Heba Zahran, I. S. Yaha, and El Sayed Yousef. "Optically transparent glass modified with metal oxides for X-rays and gamma rays shielding material." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 29, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-200780.
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BACKGROUND: Metal oxide glass composites have attracted huge interest as promising shielding materials to replace toxic, heavy, and costly conventional shielding materials. OBJECTIVE: In this work, we evaluate shielding effectiveness of four novel tellurite-based glasses samples doped with oxide metals (namely, A, B, C, and D, which are 75TeO2- 10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5PbF2- 0.24Er2O3 ; 70TeO2- 10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5PbF2 -5MgO- 0.24Er2O3; 70TeO2- 10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5PbF2- 5BaO- 0.24Er2O3 ; and 70TeO2- 10P2O5-10ZnO- 5PbF2- 5SrO; respectively) by assessing them through a wide range of ionizing radiation energies (0.015–15 MeV). METHODS: The radiation-shielding parameters including mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path, (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron number (Neff), and the transmission factor are computed in the selected range of ionizing radiation energies. Furthermore, the proposed samples were compared with the most common shielding glass materials. The optical parameters viz oscillator, dispersion energy, nonlinear refractive indices, molar, and electronic polarizability of these transparent glasses are reported at different wavelengths. RESULTS: The results show that the proposed samples have considerable effectiveness as transparent shielding glass materials at various ionizing radiation energies. They can be employed for effective radiation-protection outcomes. Sample C demonstrated slightly better shielding properties than the other samples with differences of 1.33%, 4.6%, and 4.2% for samples A, B, and D, respectively. A similar trend is observed regarding the mass attenuation coefficients. Nevertheless, sample B shows better optical properties than the other prepared glass samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the proposed novel glass samples have good shielding properties and optical characteristics, which can pave the way for their utilization as transparent radiation-shielding materials in medical and industrial applications.
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Fiori, Fabrizio, Emmanuelle Girardin, Alessandra Giuliani, Adrian Manescu, Serena Mazzoni, Franco Rustichelli, and Evzen Amler. "Advanced Synchrotron Radiation and Neutron Scattering Techniques for Microstructural Characterization in Industrial Research." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.53.
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The rapid development of new materials and their application in an extremely wide variety of research and technological fields has lead to the request of increasingly sophisticated characterization methods. In particular residual stress measurements by neutron diffraction, small angle scattering of X-rays and neutrons, as well as 3D imaging techniques with spatial resolution at the micron or even sub-micron scale, like micro-and nano-computerized tomography, have gained a great relevance in recent years.Residual stresses are autobalancing stresses existing in a free body not submitted to any external surface force. Several manufacturing processes, as well as thermal and mechanical treatments, leave residual stresses within the components. Bragg diffraction of X-rays and neutrons can be used to determine residual elastic strains (and then residual stresses by knowing the material elastic constants) in a non-destructive way. Small Angle Scattering of neutrons or X-rays, complementary to Transmission Electron Microscopy, allows the determination of structural features such as volume fraction, specific surface and size distribution of inhomogeneities embedded in a matrix, in a huge variety of materials of industrial interest. X-ray microtomography is similar to conventional Computed Tomography employed in Medicine, allowing 3D imaging of the investigated samples, but with a much higher spatial resolution, down to the sub-micron scale. Some examples of applications of the experimental techniques mentioned above are described and discussed.
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Guguschev, Christo, Roald Tagle, Uta Juda, and Albert Kwasniewski. "Microstructural investigations of SrTiO3single crystals and polysilicon using a powerful new X-ray diffraction surface mapping technique." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 6 (November 19, 2015): 1883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715019949.
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In the research work described here, single-crystalline SrTiO3has been used as a model system to facilitate the development of a new qualitative characterization method for the nondestructive identification of small-angle boundaries in bulk single crystals. Subgrain misorientations with a lower limit in the range between 40 and 100′′ were reliably identified. For scientists and engineers working in the field of single-crystal growth it is often indispensable to continuously check the structural quality of the grown bulk crystals, which is usually time consuming or challenging for large single crystals. This article presents in detail how a spatially resolved micro X-ray fluorescent device can be used for the identification of subgrains and merely a one-side-planarized sample of nearly arbitrary geometry is needed. The approach presented combines high-speed measurements and full sample area coverage with a high spatial resolution of 25 µm. The resolution is limited by the spot size of the focused X-ray beam. TheBremsstrahlungof the excitation source interacts with the crystals, and because of the instrument geometry it is possible to detect Bragg reflections. These reflections can be found at specific energies and can be displayed in two-dimensional diffraction intensity maps. These maps were used for the qualitative analysis of the crystal domains. The results obtained by this new approach were verified by rocking curve measurements and by defect-selective etching studies. Ultrafast large-area mappings on widely used polysilicon were additionally performed to demonstrate the potential of the developed method for use in industrial applications.
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Demirel, Barış, and Melek Erol Taygun. "Production of Soda Lime Glass Having Antibacterial Property for Industrial Applications." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 4827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214827.
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This study was aimed to produce and characterize the first commercial glass materials with enhanced antibacterial property using conventional melting method. For this purpose, typical container glass composition that contains some specific metal ions, such as silver, strontium, and copper, was used to obtain antibacterial glass samples using classical melting method. After the melting process, antibacterial tests and migration tests were applied to the glasses, and it was found that the glass doped with 2% Ag2O was the best composition. X-rays diffractometer (XRD), thermal expansion coefficient, density, refractive index, hardness, and elastic module results showed that the glass doped with 2% Ag2O was a suitable material as a container glass. High Temperature Melting Observation System studies were performed on the produced antibacterial glass composition, and it was found that the antibacterial glass can be produced in soda lime glass furnaces without changing any furnace design and production parameters. As a result of the characterization studies, it was concluded that the produced container glass doped with silver can be a good candidate for food and pharmaceutical products where bacterial growth is absolutely undesirable.
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Sofyan Arief, Dodi, Eko Jadmiko, Adhy Prayitno, Muftil Badri, and M. Dalil. "Making roundness measurement applications and control systems on the Roundness Tester Machine." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 63, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v63i3.141.
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Dial indicator is a comparison device usually used in industrial activities, especially in production. To make measurements at this time must be supported by technology that can facilitate operators when using it and when analyzing measurement results. Involving the programme and microcontroller are a solution to developing in roundness measurement, and then the results can be more accurate or thorough between the readable values read from the measuring instrument with the actual value of varying the amount of data. Roundness application is a program that can input measurement data automatically and can do calculations directly. Then, it can display a reference circle, a table that calculates the values of X, Y, R, X’, Y’, R’, Roundness Deviation, Run out Concentricity or a shift in the center point and also the center point shift or Theta. In measuring roundness, the test object is used the Standard Mandrel which has been certified by PT. Global Quality Indonesia, by determining three points or positions, namely in the first position the amount of data is 180, in the second position the amount of data is 90 and in the third position, the amount of data is 60 with a rotating speed of 15 mm/s. The results of the reference circle can be seen in each calculation in each position, in the second position the roundness deviation values are approaching of the Mandrel.
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Spinelli, Andrea, Fausto Zamparini, Alessio Buonavoglia, Paolo Pisi, Maria Giovanna Gandolfi, and Carlo Prati. "Reciprocating System for Secondary Root Canal Treatment of Oval Canals: CBCT, X-rays for Remnant Detection and Their Identification with ESEM and EDX." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 11671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211671.
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Aim of the study: to evaluate root filling remnants after secondary root canal treatments (SRCTs) of oval-shaped canals with X-rays and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The SRCTs were performed using reciprocating NiTi instruments. Methods: Single-rooted teeth (N = 64) were randomly treated with Reciproc Blue (RB) and filled with AH Plus/single cone (SC group) or AH Plus/Guttafusion (GF group). After seven days of storage in HBSS (Hanks balanced salt solution), Gates Glidden burs #2/3 and RB #25 and #40 were used for the SRCTs. The time to complete the procedure was measured. X-rays and CBCT were used to calculate, respectively, the area and the volume occupied by the remnants in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of each canal. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used for qualitative evaluation and morphology composition of the remnants in sectioned roots. A statistical analysis was performed using Sigma Plot (version 13, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The study was designed according to PRILE guidelines. Results: After the SRCTs, the middle thirds of the root canals showed the presence of remnants in both groups, as demonstrated by X-rays and CBCT. The GF group showed a statistically significant higher volume of remnants than the SC Group only in the middle third. The ESEM supported by the EDX revealed the remnant composition by the detection of trace elements of sealer and gutta-percha in all root canals. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the middle third of root canals is a critical region where remnants were packed and spread in the buccal-lingual sides of canals. ESEM-EDX detected a fine layer of filling remnants in all root thirds, suggesting a larger canal contamination than the X-rays and CBCT examinations revealed.
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Giuntini, Lorenzo, Lisa Castelli, Mirko Massi, Mariaelena Fedi, Caroline Czelusniak, Nicla Gelli, Lucia Liccioli, et al. "Detectors and Cultural Heritage: The INFN-CHNet Experience." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083462.
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Detectors are a key feature of the contemporary scientific approach to cultural heritage (CH), both for diagnostics and conservation. INFN-CHNet is the network of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics that develops and applies new instrumentation for the study of CH. This process results in both optimized traditional state-of-the-art and highly innovative detection setups for spectrometric techniques. Examples of the former are X-rays, gamma-rays, visible-light and particles spectrometers tailored for CH applications, with optimized performances, reliability, weight, transportability, cost, absorbed power, and complementarity with other techniques. Regarding the latter, examples are ARDESIA, the array of detectors at the DAΦNE-Light facility, the MAXRS detection setup at the Riken-RAL muon beamline and the imaging facilities at the LENA Laboratory. Paths for next-generation instruments have been suggested, as in the case of the X-ray Superconductive Detectors and X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometers, allowing astonishing improvement in energy resolution. Many issues in CH can now be addressed thanks to scientific techniques exploiting the existing detectors, while many others are still to be addressed and require the development of new approaches and detectors.
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Ain, S.T., M.Si., Dr Khusnul, Dewi Masykuriyah, and Betty Rahayuingsih. "Parameters of Dental X-Ray Exposure in Dental Patient Absorbed Dosage Calculation." Indonesian Applied Physics Letters 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/iapl.v3i2.40953.
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A dental x-ray is an x-ray used for checking teeth. During the inspection process, the patient will receive the dose resulting from the function of the formation of x-rays. To know the magnitude of the dose, the radiation measurement tool required, and any instances of the hospital do not have it. To see the magnitude of the dose, a radiation measurement tool was needed. In many cases, the hospital did not have it, so the hospital had to borrow instruments to measure the radiation. With these problems, the purpose of this research is to know the value exposed parameters and can calculate the weight of the absorbed dose without the use of tools to measure the radiation. Using the equation of exposure then, it can calculate exposed parameters and then know the absorbed dose received by the patients teeth. This research was conducted with fifteen tools and dental x-rays with various merk and types. The fifteen tools will have a value of expose parameters that is different because it depends on the voltage waveform, the filtration, and the beam size used. This research is done by placing the proper dose measurement tools under the CONUS cylinder. The radiation measurement tool will connect to the computer with ocean applications that read the dose number. In the process expose, wich in the set is expose time. The greater the time hence, the larger the dose also accepted. And obtained a value of expose parameters minimum of 2,109, while the value tells parameters maximum of 21,937.
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Liao, Nina. "Combining Instrumental and Contextual Approaches: Nanotechnology and Sustainable Development." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 4 (2009): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00448.x.
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Hailed as the “foundation of the next industrial revolution,” nanotechnology is reshaping the landscape of technological innovation and creating hope around the world. Some believe that nanotechnology can address the critical needs of developing countries, but others are less optimistic. At one end of the spectrum, scientists predict that, among other accomplishments, nanotechnology can alleviate poverty, provide safe drinking water, and cure diseases. At the other end, skeptics warn that nanotechnology can further widen the gap between the rich and the poor, contributing to an already imbalanced global landscape. What can nanotechnology bring to the 21st century? How and in what ways should it intersect with law, public policy, and the plight of the developing world?This article argues that the international community can harness nanotechnology to create sustainable development, particularly in the field of water remediation and treatment, but it must learn from its past missteps and adopt a strategy that combines two competing theories: instrumentalism and contextualism. Instrumentalism is the concept that technology is superb and stakeholders can easily transfer it from one application to another. In contrast, contextualism places technology in a socioeconomic context and conditions technological success on the stakeholders’ ability to meet local needs.
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Penttilä, Sakari, Paul Kah, Juho Ratava, and Harri Eskelinen. "Artificial Neural Network Controlled GMAW System: Penetration and Quality Assurance in a Multi-Pass Butt Weld Application." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 105, no. 7-8 (November 12, 2019): 3369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04424-4.
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Abstract Intelligent welding parameter control is fast becoming a key instrument for attaining quality consistency in automated welding. Recent scientific breakthroughs in intelligent systems have turned the focus of adaptive welding control to artificial intelligence-based welding parameter control. The aim of this study is to combine artificial neural network (ANN) decision-making software and a machine vision system to develop an adaptive artificial intelligence (AI)-based gas metal arc welding (GMAW) parameter control system. The machine vision system uses a laser sensor to scan the upcoming seam and gather seam profile data. Based on further processing of the seam profile data, welding parameters are optimized by the decision-making system. In this work, the developed system is tested in a multivariable welding condition environment and its performance is evaluated. The quality of the welds was consistent and surpassed the required quality level. Additionally, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was evaluated by microscopy, X-ray, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. It is concluded that the developed ANN system is suitable for implementation in automated applications, can improve quality consistency and cost efficiency, and reduce required workpiece preparation and handling.
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Kukreti, Abhinav, Priyanka Kundra, Lavish Kathait, Nikhil Garg, and Sanjeev Kumar. "A Review on Properties of Heavy Weight Concrete." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012049.
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Abstract With revolutionary advancements in technology, it is inevitable to not to develop the quality of concrete as it now a basic requirement for infrastructure. The objective of this review is to highlight the main aspects of Heavy Weight Concrete which covers the general concept of radiation physics being used in HWC, advancements in HWC technology, applications of HWC, cost optimization of HWC and future challenges. Recent researches have shown the requisite for Heavy Weight Concrete as it can efficiently absorb attenuate the radiation thus it is being used in nuclear facilities, medical facilities and now it is even being used in modern warfare. According to the past studies it is found that HWC can be used for shielding from high level radiations such as alpha-rays, beta-rays, X-rays and gamma-rays. Some of the rays propagated form radioactive material can be halted easily but some rays possess ultra-penetration ability and can penetrate through living being near them which results in destructive ionization of biological cells of a living being. This comprehensive review reaches out to the several critical areas such as future uses of HWC, cost optimization in HWC can be done by adding industrial residue of steel, glass, plastic fibers and other natural materials that can be used in HWC and increasing atomic mass for producing high quality radiation attenuation concrete.
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Phillips, Matthew R., Brendan Griffin, Dominque Drouin, Clive Nockolds, and Guy Remond. "X-Ray Microanalysis in the Environmental SEM Using Mapping and Fourier Deconvolution Techniques." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029615.
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X-ray microanalysis of any type of specimen in its natural state without the use of conventional SEM specimen preparation techniques has immense potential in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. This capability would be particularly useful in microanalysis applications where it is highly desirable to preserve the integrity of the specimen, for example in semiconductor failure analysis and forensic investigations. in principle, this X-ray microanalysis goal can be achieved in an environmental or variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) because specimen charging and vacuum stability problems are negated by the presence of a gas in the specimen chamber. However, the accuracy and spatial resolution of X-ray microanalysis in the VPSEM is significantly degraded by the chamber gas as it scatters primary beam electrons, generating spurious X-rays far from the analysis point. to date, two different X-ray measurement strategies have been developed to facilitate X-ray microanalysis at high chamber pressure in the VPSEM.
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Li, Xu-Feng, Jie Sun, Shengzi Lu, and Lei Wang. "Application of On-line Digital Radiographic Inspection for Pipeline with Insulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2366, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2366/1/012006.
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Abstract Pipes with insulation are widely used in the industrial field. The traditional nondestructive testing technology for on-line pipes with insulation often requires the removal of a large number of insulation layers and the forcing of the owner to stop for testing. The traditional testing mode not only has low detection efficiency, but also forces the owner to spend a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. In recent years, a series of new nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies have different advantages for in-service pipeline testing with coated layers. However, Digital radiographic (DR) testing can satisfy the integrity inspection of on-line pipeline with insulation well. In this paper, the basic principle of DR testing and the configuration of instrument parameters are introduced. Based on the analysis and discussion of the actual testing cases, it is proved that digital ray testing can effectively solve the quality testing of on-line insulation pipeline, and it is a new nondestructive testing technology worthy of further study and popularization.
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Elkady, Youssef, Ye Lyu, Kristian Jessen, and Anthony R. Kovscek. "Three-Dimensional Imaging and Quantification of Gas Storativity in Nanoporous Media via X-rays Computed Tomography." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236199.
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This study provides the engineering science underpinnings for improved characterization and quantification of the interplay of gases with kerogen and minerals in shale. Natural nanoporous media such as shale (i.e., mudstone) often present with low permeability and dual porosity, making them difficult to characterize given the complex structural and chemical features across multiple scales. These structures give nanoporous solids a large surface area for gas to sorb. In oil and gas applications, full understanding of these media and their sorption characteristics are critical for evaluating gas reserves, flow, and storage for enhanced recovery and CO2 sequestration potential. Other applications include CO2 capture from industrial plants, hydrogen storage on sorbent surfaces, and heterogeneous catalysis in ammonia synthesis. Therefore, high-resolution experimental procedures are demanded to better understand the gas–solid behavior. In this study, CT imaging was applied on the sub-millimeter scale to shale samples (Eagle Ford and Wolfcamp) to improve quantitative agreement between CT-derived and pulse decay (mass balance) derived results. Improved CT imaging formulations are presented that better match mass balance results, highlighting the significance of gas sorption in complex nanoporous media. The proposed CT routine implemented on the Eagle Ford sample demonstrated a 17% error reduction (22% to 5%) when compared to the conventional CT procedure. These observations are consistent in the Wolfcamp sample, emphasizing the reliability of this technique for broader implementation of digital adsorption studies in nanoporous geomaterials.
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Gualtieri, A., and G. Artioli. "Quantitative determination of chrysotile asbestos in bulk materials by combined Rietveld and RIR methods." Powder Diffraction 10, no. 4 (December 1995): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600014962.
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Because of their potential to induce a number of pathological diseases and their widespread industrial usage in the past, the fibrous minerals forming asbestos have been the subject of a number of studies in the past. Although quantification of asbestos minerals by optical and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) is a routine technique in the case of dispersed airborn fibers, the detection and the quantification of small amount of fibrous minerals like chrysotile in bulk materials such as building materials is exceedingly difficult. A method for the detection and evaluation of asbestos minerals in massive samples is described, based on a combination of Rietveld and RIR (Reference Intensity Ratio) methods. Lower detection limits are about 0.5-1.0 wt % for chrysotile, depending on powder pattern, counting statistics, and matrix absorption. The chrysotile wt % determined on powder diffraction profiles collected on a conventional instrument is precise to about 1.0 wt % absolute (relative error in the range 0-10%). The technique is of straightforward application. If compared with the commonly used microscopic or spectroscopic techniques, it is of much advantage from the point of view of time, and the results are more accurate and statistically significant of the bulk material. A model for the cylindrically disordered structure of fibrous chrysotile is especially developed for the simulation of the X-ray powder patterns, and it is proposed here.
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Mizutani, Masayoshi, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Special Issue on Biomedical Applications." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0861.
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Interdisciplinary research that integrates medical science, biotechnology, materials science, mechanical engineering, and manufacturing has seen rapid progress in recent years. Not only fundamental research into biological functions but also the development of clinical approaches to treating patients are being actively carried out by experts in different fields. For example, artificial materials, such as those used in orthopedic surgery and dental implants, are being used more widely in medical treatments. In the area of minimally invasive surgery using X-rays, CT, and MRI, medical devices possessing radiolucent and nonmagnetic properties are playing a major role. Medical auxiliary equipment, such as wheelchairs, prosthetic feet, and other objects used to supplement medical treatment, is also critical. To assure that such advances continue into the future, material development and manufacturing processes should eventually satisfy the requirements of medical and biological applications, which are being debated by experts in different fields. The applicable materials should have excellent specific strength and rigidity, high biocompatibility, and good formability. The various needs for material characteristics and functions make interdisciplinary research essential. Mechanical engineering and manufacturing technologies should be further developed to solve problems involved in the establishment of basic principles by integrating the knowledge of materials science, medical science, biology, chemistry, and other fields. This special issue addresses the latest research advances into the biomedical applications of different manufacturing technologies. This covers a wide area, including biotechnologies, biomanufacturing, biodevices, and biomedical technologies. We hope that learning more about these advances will enable the readers to share in the authors’ experience and knowledge of technologies and development. All papers were refereed through careful peer reviews. We would like express our sincere appreciation to the authors for their submissions and to the reviewers for their invaluable efforts, which have ensured the success of this special issue.
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Fukuda, Naoaki, Toshio Takiya, and Min Han. "Properties of Quantum Beams and Their Applications." Applied Physics Research 10, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v10n2p30.
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A conceptual formulation of quantum beams and their basic properties are presented. The present status and outlook of their industrial applications are also discussed. Quantum beams are highly directional energy beams consisting of quantum-mechanical particles characterized by wave-particle duality. They are a concept developed out of need in industry, and, together with quantum mechanics developed during the turn of the century, have been applied to semiconductor and medical industries. The quantum beams can be classified by penetrating or ionizing power. X-rays and neutron beams are classified into those with high penetrating power, and the beams of alpha particles are classified into those with high ionizing power. Electron beams fall in between, giving rise to their unique intermediate property. Their chemical and biological effects are used in modifying the properties of materials or sterilizing food and beverage containers. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing further advanced accelerator technologies which can produce high-energy quantum beams, which will be necessary to chart our future research in yet unknown areas of science. In doing so, profit should not be the only goal; contribution to a sustainable society should be considered as well.
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Arun Kumar Kuna, Ganapathi S, and Radha GV. "A novel RP- HPLC method development and forced degradation studies for semaglutide in active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical dosage form." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.263.
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This research objective is for the development of a specific and simple method to trace Semaglutide presence in active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceutical dosages. As part of a study on Semaglutide drug, solvents of HPLC grade waters HPLC instrument (Empower software) with PDA detector, ultrasonicator (Make: Labman) and pH meter (Make: Adwa) are used. The Method was optimized with mobile phase with a composition of buffer and solvent were of 60:40%v/v, flow maintained was 1.0ml/min, the injection volume of 10µl, run time was 5min. All separations were performed with PDA detector and column used was Discovery C18 150 x 4.6mm, 5m. Results for the developed method are accurate and specific. The detection wavelength was 292 nm, the retention time for Semaglutide was 2.689min, linearity resulted with r2= 0.9998, % RSD for precision was 1.0; %mean recovery for accuracy was in the range of 99.73 to 100.29. This study report is for industrial application for determining Semaglutide presence in pharmaceutical ingredient and dosages.
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Lopes, Mark A. "Evidence-Based Imaging Guidelines for Chiropractic Biomechanical Spine Care, Reconsideration of X-Ray Exposure Risks, and Practical Applications of Research Evidence." Journal of Alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/acim-7562/100236.
Full textAbstract:
First, the perceived risks of very low dose radiation exposures from x-rays in health care must be reconsidered with regard to their effects in humans. Second, a more practical application of data analyses from research is needed than the prevailing current approach. And third, the biomechanical conditions of previously injured spines in patients who present for chiropractic spine care should, when possible, be examined by imaging prior to applying forces from spinal manipulation or adjustments to ensure optimal safety and effectiveness.
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Pfeifer, Tilo, and Stephan Bichmann. "THz-Imaging on its Way to Industrial Application." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.271.
Full textAbstract:
Terahertz radiation, which fills the gap between 100 GHz and 10 THz ( = 30 µm – 3 mm) in the electro-magnetic spectrum, has seldom been used outside of astronomy and other scientific research. However, in recent years there has been a significant interest in investigating THz radiation for different new applications. Especially the ability of terahertz radiation to penetrate deep into many organic materials without the damage associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays lead to recent interests chiefly in the fields of security technology and biomedical imaging. The attribute of many different materials to be transparent for terahertz radiation, was also the reason for many difficulties in practical applications outside of research. Using radiation that can pass through so many materials so well makes detection difficult. In addition, sources to generate light at terahertz frequencies have suffered from low output intensity and other problems. Since the 1990s, technical breakthroughs in sources and detectors have brought terahertz technology within striking distance of significant commercial markets [1]. The pressure to develop new terahertz sources arose from two dramatically different groups - ultrafast timedomain spectroscopists who wanted to work with longer wavelengths, and long wavelength radio astronomers who wanted to work with shorter wavelengths. Today there are continuous-wave (CW) sources available as well as pulsed sources [2]. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of key scientific developments which currently represent the basics of the mentioned THz technology. Beginning with the working principle of opto-electronic THz sources and detectors, the paper explains different setups for transmitting and using THz radiation. Furthermore it shows different applications of different business branches and gives an outlook for industrial application in the fields of metrology and quality control.