Academic literature on the topic 'X-rays Instruments Industrial applications'
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Journal articles on the topic "X-rays Instruments Industrial applications"
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Hunt, P. K., P. Engler, and W. D. Friedman. "Industrial Applications of X-Ray Computed Tomography." Advances in X-ray Analysis 31 (1987): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021893.
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Computed tomography (CT), commonly known as CAT scanning (computerized axial tomography), is a technology that produces an image of the internaI structure of a cross sectional slice through an object via the reconstruction of a matrix of X-ray attenuation coefficients. This non-destructive method is fast (50 ms to 7 min per image depending on the technological generation of the instrument) and requires minimal sample preparation. Images are generated from digital computations, and instruments essentially have a linear response. This allows quantitative estimations of density variations, dimensions and areas directly from console displays.
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Ou, Xiangyu, Xue Chen, Xianning Xu, Lili Xie, Xiaofeng Chen, Zhongzhu Hong, Hua Bai, et al. "Recent Development in X-Ray Imaging Technology: Future and Challenges." Research 2021 (December 26, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9892152.
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X-ray imaging is a low-cost, powerful technology that has been extensively used in medical diagnosis and industrial nondestructive inspection. The ability of X-rays to penetrate through the body presents great advances for noninvasive imaging of its internal structure. In particular, the technological importance of X-ray imaging has led to the rapid development of high-performance X-ray detectors and the associated imaging applications. Here, we present an overview of the recent development of X-ray imaging-related technologies since the discovery of X-rays in the 1890s and discuss the fundamental mechanism of diverse X-ray imaging instruments, as well as their advantages and disadvantages on X-ray imaging performance. We also highlight various applications of advanced X-ray imaging in a diversity of fields. We further discuss future research directions and challenges in developing advanced next-generation materials that are crucial to the fabrication of flexible, low-dose, high-resolution X-ray imaging detectors.
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Pella, P. A., and L. Feng. "Fabrication and Selected Applications of a Nist X-Ray Microfluorescence Spectrometer." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, B (1991): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800013306.
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An x-ray microfluorescence (XRMF) spectrometer has been designed and fabricated at NIST for multi-point compositional analysis of small samples with x-ray beam sizes on the order of 50 micrometers or greater. This system was developed as part of an industrial cooperative research agreement with Kevex Instruments, Inc., San Carlos, CA., and consists of commercially available components incorporated in an aluminum vacuum chamber (see Figs. 1 and 2).
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Bavdaz, Marcos, Max Collon, Marco Beijersbergen, Kotska Wallace, and Eric Wille. "X-Ray Pore Optics Technologies and Their Application in Space Telescopes." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2010 (October 5, 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/295095.
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Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) is a new X-ray optics technology under development in Europe, forming the ESA baseline technology for the International X-ray Observatory candidate mission studied jointly by ESA, NASA, and JAXA. With its matrix-like structure, made of monocrystalline-bonded Silicon mirrors, it can achieve the required angular resolution and low mass density required for future large X-ray observatories. Glass-based Micro Pore Optics (MPO) achieve modest angular resolution compared to SPO, but are even lighter and have achieved sufficient maturity level to be accepted as the X-ray optic technology for instruments on board the Bepi-Colombo mission, due to visit the planet Mercury. Opportunities for technology transfer to ground-based applications include material science, security and scanning equipment, and medical diagnostics. Pore X-ray optics combine high performance with modularity and economic industrial production processes, ensuring cost effective implementation.
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Lyman, Charles E. "SEM Short Courses for Industry: the Lehigh Microscopy School as an example." Microscopy Today 17, no. 1 (January 2009): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500054985.
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Short courses in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can quickly sharpen practical skills for industrial microscopists. The SEM and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) together constitute one of the most powerful and versatile instruments available for solving industrial problems, but interpreting images and spectra is not quite as simple as acquiring them. Applications of SEM span many disciplines, and each application may require knowledge of different aspects of the microscope, and of the industrial problem at hand, to successfully interpret the images and data obtained. Regardless of the problem, whether transistors or trachea cells, the interpretation of SEM images relies upon the microscopist's understanding the fundamentals of image formation as well as the practical aspects of specimen preparation and microscope operation. Many people using SEMs today have not taken any courses beyond the on-site and demo-lab instruction provided by SEM vendors. Equipment manufacturers provide excellent training on how to use the knobs and menus on the SEM to produce useful images and data via the embedded software functions. Since there are many options and setup procedures, these instrument-specific courses are valuable for the novice and expert alike.
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Umi Kalthum Ab Wahab, Siti, Asnor Azrin Sabuti, Mohd Armi Abu Samah, and Kamaruzzaman Yunus. "AN Overview of Radioisotopels Study in Water Pollution." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.14276.
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Radioisotopes can be defined as the radioactive isotopes of an element. They refer to the atoms that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons. The combination can occur naturally or by altering the atoms. Nowadays, radioactive materials have become major contributing pollutants for a lot of cases of disability and mortality in all over the world. They have become a serious fear of the human, environment, and aquatic organism, although they are exposed to low levels of exposure. Therefore, to overcome these problems, the effective and easier prevention strategies should be taken and encouraged by all related parties such as industries, residents, and government. Radioisotope becomes as an essential part in medical, radiography and other fields of research including the environmental study. One of the applications is they can be used as the indicators in order to identify the pollutant sources. This method can be applied in surface water around industrial area and non-industrial area. As the example, the standard limit concentration of Uranium is 10ppb while for Thorium is 0.50 ppb. The study regarding radioisotope usually uses analytical instruments, for example, Inductively Coupled-Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Basically, this paper will give ideas on overview of radioisotope study and reference for acquiring a better quality of surface water in the present and future by using the environmental forensic study application.
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Einbergs, E., A. Zolotarjovs, I. Bite, J. Cipa, V. Vitola, K. Laganovska, and L. Trinkler. "Re-Evaluation of Chromium Doped Alumina for Dosimetric Applications." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0002.
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Abstract Many medical examinations involve ionizing radiation. Although the range of available dosimeters is rather wide, their linearity and chemical stability are limited. Recently, there has been a growing interest in new, improved dosimetric materials for emerging applications in medicine and other fields, such as sterilisation of consumer goods and medical instruments, irradiation of seeds, chemical agents and others. One of the classical dosimeters is carbon-doped alumina (Al2O3:C) – a well-established and widely used material for personal and industrial dosimeter with a range of great properties, such as high sensitivity, wide linearity range and relative ease of production and handling. However, the demand for reliable dosimeters in a high-dose range is still only partially fulfilled, and alumina doped with chromium ions (Al2O3:Cr) can be a promising candidate. In this study, we explored alumina doped with chromium porous microparticles synthesized with a sol-gel method as a possible high dose dosimeter and evaluated its thermostimulated luminescence signal, dose response with two irradiation sources and measured long-time fading. It was found that although the TSL signal was quite complex (consisting of two main peaks above room temperature) and the long-term fading was significant (around 50 % in the span of 30 days), with sufficient optimisation the material could be used as a high-dose dosimeter for X-ray and beta irradiation. Wide high dose linearity range, physical and chemical characteristics, as well as low production costs and ease of synthesis make chromium (III) doped alumina a compelling candidate for applicability in various medical and industry fields.
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Singh, Ravi Chand, Manmeet Pal Singh, and Hardev Singh Virk. "Applications of Nanostructured Materials as Gas Sensors." Solid State Phenomena 201 (May 2013): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.201.131.
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Gas detection instruments are increasingly needed for industrial health and safety, environmental monitoring, and process control. To meet this demand, considerable research into new sensors is underway, including efforts to enhance the performance of traditional devices, such as resistive metal oxide sensors, through nanoengineering. The resistance of semiconductors is affected by the gaseous ambient. The semiconducting metal oxides based gas sensors exploit this phenomenon. Physical chemistry of solid metal surfaces plays a dominant role in controlling the gas sensing characteristics. Metal oxide sensors have been utilized for several decades for low-cost detection of combustible and toxic gases. Recent advances in nanomaterials provide the opportunity to dramatically increase the response of these materials, as their performance is directly related to exposed surface volume. Proper control of grain size remains a key challenge for high sensor performance. Nanoparticles of SnO2have been synthesized through chemical route at 5, 25 and 50°C. The synthesized particles were sintered at 400, 600 and 800°C and their structural and morphological analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reaction temperature is found to be playing a critical role in controlling nanostructure sizes as well as agglomeration. It has been observed that particle synthesized at 5 and 50°C are smaller and less agglomerated as compared to the particles prepared at 25°C. The studies revealed that particle size and agglomeration increases with increase in sintering temperature. Thick films gas sensors were fabricated using synthesized tin dioxide powder and sensing response of all the sensors to ethanol vapors was investigated at different temperatures and concentrations. The investigations revealed that sensing response of SnO2nanoparticles is size dependent and smaller particles display higher sensitivity. Table of Contents
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Zhu, Chang-Hao, and Jie Zhang. "Developing Soft Sensors for Polymer Melt Index in an Industrial Polymerization Process Using Deep Belief Networks." International Journal of Automation and Computing 17, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11633-019-1203-x.
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Abstract This paper presents developing soft sensors for polymer melt index in an industrial polymerization process by using deep belief network (DBN). The important quality variable melt index of polypropylene is hard to measure in industrial processes. Lack of online measurement instruments becomes a problem in polymer quality control. One effective solution is to use soft sensors to estimate the quality variables from process data. In recent years, deep learning has achieved many successful applications in image classification and speech recognition. DBN as one novel technique has strong generalization capability to model complex dynamic processes due to its deep architecture. It can meet the demand of modelling accuracy when applied to actual processes. Compared to the conventional neural networks, the training of DBN contains a supervised training phase and an unsupervised training phase. To mine the valuable information from process data, DBN can be trained by the process data without existing labels in an unsupervised training phase to improve the performance of estimation. Selection of DBN structure is investigated in the paper. The modelling results achieved by DBN and feedforward neural networks are compared in this paper. It is shown that the DBN models give very accurate estimations of the polymer melt index.
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Chen, R. T., and R. A. Norwood. "Microstructural characterization of sol-gel coating on PET films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172164.
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Sol-gel processing has been used to control the structure of a material on a nanometer scale in preparing advanced ceramics and glasses. Film coating using the sol-gel process was also found to be a viable process technology in applications such as optical, porous, antireflection and hard coatings. In this study, organically modified silicate (Ormosil) coatings are applied to PET films for various industrial applications. Sol-gel materials are known to exhibit nanometer scale structures which havepreviously been characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), neutron scattering and light scattering. Imaging of the ultrafine sol-gel structures has also been performed using an ultrahigh resolution replica/TEM technique. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrafine structures inthe sol gel coatings using a direct imaging technique: atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, correlation of microstructures with processing parameters, coating density and other physical properties will be discussed.The materials evaluated are organically modified silicate coatings on PET film substrates. Refractive index measurement by the prism coupling method was used to assess density of the sol-gel coating.AFM imaging was performed on a Nanoscope III AFM (by Digital Instruments) using constant force mode. Solgel coating samples coated with a thin layer of Ft (by ion beam sputtering) were also examined by STM in order to confirm the structures observed in the contact type AFM. In addition, to compare the previous results, sol-gel powder samples were also prepared by ultrasonication followed by Pt/Au shadowing and examined using a JEOL 100CX TEM.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "X-rays Instruments Industrial applications"
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Ward, Allan. "RS/hyper: a hypertext solution for reliable residual stress determination using x-ray diffraction." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41508.
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Advances in computer automation and control, compact and portable x-ray sources, and reliable and efficient detector systems over the last ten years have allowed X-Ray Determination of Residual Stress (XRDRS) measurements to become a viable method of evaluating the state of stress in metals, alloys, and ceramics. However, problems associated with incorrect XRDRS equipment operation and poor experimental technique are prevalent, necessitating better operator training and education. Therefore, an interactive computer workstation, called RS/hyper, was developed to lead the operator towards correct operating procedures and reliable experimental technique.
RS/hyper teaches the operator proper machine setup, machine maintenance, radiation safety, experimental technique, theoretical understanding, and provides limited data evaluation. Graphical aids are used extensively to avoid confusion and misinterpretation during the learning process. Since RS/hyper is interactive, the operator may select the desired level of understanding on a particular topic. These topics are linked, through a hypertext interface, so that the information is presented coherently and efficiently. Compared to written texts and references, RS/hyper has been shown in preliminary tests to reduce XRDRS training and problem solving time by a factor of 16.
RS/hyper will train novice users of XRDRS equipment so that the data acquired from such machines will be reliable in an industrial environment. Since the software educates the user, the results of the data will be more accurately represented before interpretation. The experienced user should find RS/hyper useful as a reference of XRDRS and related information.Master of Science
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Chetty, Indrani Sagree. "Strategic approaces to public sector partnering in the acquisition, financing and implementation of x-ray scanner technology for the inspection of containerized cargo in South Africa." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2800.
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Customs administrations, worldwide, are adopting the trend towards risk-based processing of international cargoes as a means of facilitating trade. This has lead to the introduction of innovative processes ably supported by technology to realize improvements in customs effectiveness and overall efficiency. Widespread use of e-commerce in trade-customs transactions and exchanges, likewise necessitates complimentary technical support where Customs has need to intervene in a specific import, export or transit consignment. South African Revenue Service (SARS) is presently developing and enhancing its core competencies through training of its personnel in the disciplines of risk management, anti-smuggling and post clearance audit. It therefore becomes essential that these capacity building initiatives be complimented with the most appropriate tools for conducting cargo examination. The current physical examination process and inspection techniques are both time consuming and costly for business and render the goods liable to damage and theft. Recent historical events, specifically the 9/11 tragedy in New York, has caused international organizations such as the G8 and World Customs Organization (WCO) to consider the implications and effects of terrorism on international maritime transportation. The G8 adopted a Co-operative Action Plan on Security covering all aspects of transportation security and the WCO adopted a Resolution on Security and Facilitation of the International Supply Chain. Both initiatives aim to ensure safer and more secure maritime trade on the global scale. Fundamental to SARS Customs ability to successfully implement such measures are the following: Availability of advance electronic customs data Automated risk profiling and targeting capability Availability of non-intrusion inspectional devices (X-ray cargo scanners) to examine cargo. These three criteria are essential for SARS to participate in supply chain security initiatives and to facilitate the transportation of international consignment. Accordingly this research project explores how the external and internal environment impacts on SARS. It further critically analyses the core competencies and resource strengths of SARS. To support SARS in its effort and in its process of starting a project to improve controls and facilitation of goods at ports of entry within the Republic, this study explores and expounds on infrastructure and business application needs of SARS. Finally the research project concludes with a recommendation of the most effective approach towards the implementation of cargo scanner 'shared, outsourced service."Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Ade, Nicholas. "Evaluation of the radiation detection properties of synthetic diamonds for medical applications." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17652.
Full textBooks on the topic "X-rays Instruments Industrial applications"
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Neil, White, and Augousti A. T, eds. Sensors and their applications X: Proceedings of the tenth Conference on Sensors and Their Applications, held in Cardiff, Wales, 5-8 September 1999. Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Pub., 1999.
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Erko, A. I. Diffraction X-ray optics. Philadelphia, PA: Institute of Physics Pub., 1996.
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L, Chung Deborah D., ed. X-ray diffraction at elevated temperatures: A method for in situ process analysis. New York: VCH, 1993.
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Zevin, Lev S. Quantitative X-Ray Diffractometry. New York, NY: Springer US, 1995.
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International Conference on X-ray and Related Techniques in Research and Industry (2010 Langkawi Island, Kedah, Malaysia). X-ray and related techniques: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on X-ray and Related Techniques in Research and Industry (IXCRI [sic] 2010) held at Langkawi Island, Malaysia from 9th to 10th of June 2010. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 2011.
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Two-dimensional X-ray diffraction. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.
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G, Michette Alan, and Buckley C. J. 1955-, eds. X-ray science and technology. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub., 1993.
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Gubicza, Jeno. X-ray line profile analysis in materials science. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference, an imprint of IGI global, 2014.
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Eric, Lifshin, ed. X-ray characterization of materials. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999.
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Vavilov, S. P. Impulʹsnoe rentgenovskoe izluchenie v defektoskopii. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "X-rays Instruments Industrial applications"
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"Parameters Defining Instrument Performance and NIST Reference Materials." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 921–36. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-58.
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Mould, Richard F. "Industrial Applications." In A Century of X-rays and Radioactivity in Medicine, 103–7. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315136271-17.
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Chouhan, Er R. K., and Manish Mudgal. "Novel Radiation Shielding Concrete Utilizing Industrial Waste for Gamma-Ray Shielding." In Smart Materials Design for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications, 527–54. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815036428122010015.
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For the first time, the capability of red mud waste has been explored for the development of advanced synthetic radiation shielding aggregate and radiation shielding concrete. Red mud, an aluminium industry waste, consists of multi.component and multi-elemental characteristics. Approximately two tons of red mud are generated for every ton of aluminium production. There are about 85 alumina plants all over the world, thus leading to the generation of about 77 million tons of highly alkaline waste annually. The major mineral content of red mud waste includes hematite, anatase, and cancrinite, thus making red mud waste the most suitable multi.component resource material for developing multi phases containing shielding aggregate. Further, these multi-elements in the red mud are present in the form of oxide, oxy-hydroxide, and hydroxides, having low as well as high atomic number elements, namely sodium, iron, titanium compounds, respectively, and are non-toxic in nature. The concrete possessing specific gravity higher than 2600 kg/m3 is known as heavyweight concrete, and aggregate with specific gravities higher than 3000 kg/m3 is called heavyweight aggregate as per TS EN 206-1 (2002). The shielding aggregate contains both naturally occurring as well as some of the artificial aggregate. The natural aggregate includes hematite, magnetite, limonite barite, etc., which are non.replenishable and are useful for many other important applications, and the artificial aggregate includes the use of iron shots and steel filing and in some cases, lead shots, etc. The use of lead shots makes the material toxic in nature, therefore, there is a need to avoid the use of lead-based materials for shielding applications, as it ranks second in the list of hazardous materials. Apart from toxicity associated with lead, the low melting point of lead is also prohibitive as the shielding concrete should be preferably heat and fire-resistant. Further, all the natural minerals inherently contain only a single shielding phase, therefore, conventionally shielding concretes are developed by a combination of various natural minerals, which leads to an inhomogeneous radiation shielding matrix in the developed conventional radiation shielding concrete. In view of the above, there is an urgent need to develop advanced non-toxic synthetic shielding aggregate capable of providing homogeneous radiation shielding matrix preferably obviating the use of toxic lead and conventional non-replenishable natural minerals resources. In this chapter, aluminium industrial waste, i.e., red mud, has been utilized. Chemical formulation and mineralogical designing of the red mud has been done by ceramic processing using appropriate reducing agents and additives. The chemical analysis, SEM microphotographs, and XRD analysis confirm the presence of multi-component, multi shielding, and multi-layered phases in developed advanced synthetic radiation shielding aggregate. The maximum density of developed synthetic aggregate is found to be 4.16 g/cc. The mechanical properties, namely aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value, and aggregate abrasion value, have been evaluated and was compared with hematite ore aggregate and found to be an excellent material useful for making advanced radiation shielding concrete for the construction of nuclear power plants and other radiation installations. For the first time, the development and design mix of novel radiation shielding concrete using innovative red mud-based synthetic shielding aggregates have been carried out in which the heavy density shielding aggregates are developed using red mud and are basically ceramic materials consisting of shielding phases, namely barium silicate (san-bornite), barium iron titanium silicate (bafertisite), barium aluminium silicate, iron titanium oxide (pseudorutile), barium titanate, barium iron titanium oxide, barium aluminium oxide, and magnetite, which are multi-elemental, multi phases, multi-layered crystal structures, therefore, they are excellent shielding materials. The radiation shielding concrete was made using developed synthetic shielding aggregates adopting IS 10262-2009 standard for grade designation of M-30 concrete. The reference hematite ore concrete and developed concrete tested for radiation shielding attenuation properties for gamma rays using 137Cs (of photon energy 662 keV) and 241Am (of photon energy 60 keV) were found to possess highly effective shielding properties. The developed novel design mix concrete achieved an attenuation factor of 5.8 as compared to 5.1 attenuation factor for reference hematite ore concrete. The developed radiation shielding concrete using red mud-based synthetic shielding aggregates possess a broad application spectrum ranging from the construction of diagnostic X-ray, CT scanner rooms, and storing radioactive waste to nuclear power plants.
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Tiwari, Shailendra, and Rajeev Srivastava. "Research and Developments in Medical Image Reconstruction Methods and its Applications." In Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing, 274–312. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4558-5.ch014.
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Image reconstruction from projection is the field that lays the foundation for Medical Imaging or Medical Image Processing. The rapid and proceeding progress in medical image reconstruction, and the related developments in analysis methods and computer-aided diagnosis, has promoted medical imaging into one of the most important sub-fields in scientific imaging. Computer technology has enabled tomographic and three-dimensional reconstruction of images, illustrating both anatomical features and physiological functioning, free from overlying structures.In this chapter, the authors share their opinions on the research and development in the field of Medical Image Reconstruction Techniques, Computed Tomography (CT), challenges and the impact of future technology developments in CT, Computed Tomography Metrology in industrial research & development, technology, and clinical performance of different CT-scanner generations used for cardiac imaging, such as Electron Beam CT (EBCT), single-slice CT, and Multi-Detector row CT (MDCT) with 4, 16, and 64 simultaneously acquired slices. The authors identify the limitations of current CT-scanners, indicate potential of improvement and discuss alternative system concepts such as CT with area detectors and Dual Source CT (DSCT), recent technology with a focus on generation and detection of X-rays, as well as image reconstruction are discussed. Furthermore, the chapter includes aspects of applications, dose exposure in computed tomography, and a brief overview on special CT developments. Since this chapter gives a review of the major accomplishments and future directions in this field, with emphasis on developments over the past 50 years, the interested reader is referred to recent literature on computed tomography including a detailed discussion of CT technology in the references section.
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Tiwari, Shailendra, and Rajeev Srivastava. "Research and Developments in Medical Image Reconstruction Methods and Its Applications." In Medical Imaging, 491–535. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0571-6.ch019.
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Image reconstruction from projection is the field that lays the foundation for Medical Imaging or Medical Image Processing. The rapid and proceeding progress in medical image reconstruction, and the related developments in analysis methods and computer-aided diagnosis, has promoted medical imaging into one of the most important sub-fields in scientific imaging. Computer technology has enabled tomographic and three-dimensional reconstruction of images, illustrating both anatomical features and physiological functioning, free from overlying structures. In this chapter, the authors share their opinions on the research and development in the field of Medical Image Reconstruction Techniques, Computed Tomography (CT), challenges and the impact of future technology developments in CT, Computed Tomography Metrology in industrial research & development, technology, and clinical performance of different CT-scanner generations used for cardiac imaging, such as Electron Beam CT (EBCT), single-slice CT, and Multi-Detector row CT (MDCT) with 4, 16, and 64 simultaneously acquired slices. The authors identify the limitations of current CT-scanners, indicate potential of improvement and discuss alternative system concepts such as CT with area detectors and Dual Source CT (DSCT), recent technology with a focus on generation and detection of X-rays, as well as image reconstruction are discussed. Furthermore, the chapter includes aspects of applications, dose exposure in computed tomography, and a brief overview on special CT developments. Since this chapter gives a review of the major accomplishments and future directions in this field, with emphasis on developments over the past 50 years, the interested reader is referred to recent literature on computed tomography including a detailed discussion of CT technology in the references section.
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Giacovazzo, Carmelo. "Phasing via electron and neutron diffraction data." In Phasing in Crystallography. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199686995.003.0016.
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Among the statistics freely available on the webpage of the Cambridge Structural Database, there is a detail of interest for this chapter: of the 596 910 crystal structures deposited up to 1 January 2012, only 1534 were solved by neutron data (see Table 1.11). No information is provided on the number of structures solved by electron data because it is negligible (organic samples are soon damaged by the electron beams). A statistical search of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD, Ver. 2012–1, about 150 000 entries; by courtesy of Thomas Weirich) on structures that have been solved by means of electron diffraction, eventually in combination with other techniques, indicates a total of about 0.7%. In spite of limited impact on the databases, electron and neutron diffraction play a fundamental role in materials science and in crystallography. The main reason is that they provide alternative techniques to X-rays. Let us first consider electron diffraction (ED) techniques. The study of crystalline samples at the nanometer scale is mandatory for many industrial applications; indeed, physical properties depend on the crystal structure. Unfortunately it is not unusual for compounds to only exist in the nanocrystalline state; then, traditional X-ray diffraction techniques for atomic structure determination cannot be applied, because of the weak interactions between X-rays and matter. As a consequence, such structures remain unknown, in spite of their technological importance. This limits the contribution of X-ray crystallography to nanoscience, a growing scientific area, crucial to many fields, from semiconductors to pharmaceuticals and proteins. The result is a lack of knowledge on the underlying structure–property relationships, which often retards further research and development. Structure analysis by electron diffraction began as early as the 1930s (in particular, by Rigamonti, in 1936), but the interest of the crystallographic community in such a technique soon faded, mostly because electron diffraction intensities are not routinely transferable into kinematical |F|2. In spite of this limitation, the technique has been used for investigating the structure of many inorganic, organic, and metallo-organic crystals, biological structures, and various minerals, especially layer silicates.
Conference papers on the topic "X-rays Instruments Industrial applications"
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Liu, Chenglin, Binquan Wang, Qinglei Jiao, and Ming Zhu. "Reducing False Positives for Lung Nodule Detection in Chest X-rays using Cascading CNN." In 2019 14th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2019.8833699.
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Legoux, J. G., S. Bouaricha, and J. Sauer. "Effect of Spray Parameters on the Cracking and Spalling Behavior of WC-17% Co Cermet Coatings." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1242.
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Abstract WC thermal spray based powders are now frequently used as chrome replacement alternatives for a wide range of industrial and aeronautical applications. In numerous cases, the carbide materials outperform the hard chrome in many property evaluations However, its usage on highly stressed parts, especially in fatigue loading, can be limited by spalling resistance of the coating. While HVOF is being used on many flight critical parts, stringent applications like the carrier based landing gear components are still under investigation. This work, on WC-17%Co, relates the processing history of different HVOF processes used at a variety of industrial sources for hard chrome replacement to the coating microstructure and mechanical properties. The thermal history of the WC particles was monitored using a DPV-2000. The mechanical properties of the coatings were assessed following an instrumented four-point bend test as well as uniaxial cyclic loading. The coating microstructures were characterized using X-Ray diffraction and electron microscopy in order to investigate the phase content and nature. In particular, the cracks generated during the bend test were measured using SEM on samples cross sections to measure characteristics such as spacing and crack penetration to the substrate. The goal of the investigation was to better understand the interaction of processing parameters with the cracking/spalling resistance of the varied coating deposits. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
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Webster, P. J., Z. Chen, D. J. Hughes, A. Steuwer, B. Malard, N. Ratel, M. N. James, and S. P. Ting. "Engineering Applications of Synchrotron X-Rays and Neutrons and the FaME38 Project." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62451.
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Large Central Scientific Facilities such as the ESRF (the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) and ILL (the European centre for neutron research), were set up to provide scientists with the advanced facilities they need to exploit neutron and synchrotron X-ray beams for scientific research. Engineers also conduct research at these Facilities, but this is less common as most practicing engineers generally have little or no knowledge of neutron or X-ray scattering, or of their considerable potential for engineering research, model validation, material development and for fatigue and failure analysis. FaME38 is the new joint support Facility for Materials Engineering, located at ILL-ESRF, set up to encourage and to facilitate engineering research by engineers at these facilities. It provides a technical and knowledge centre, a materials support laboratory, and the additional equipment and resources that academic and industrial engineers need for materials engineering research to become practicable, efficient and routine. It enables engineers to add the most advanced scientific diffraction and imaging facilities to their portfolio of diagnostic tools. These include non-destructive internal and through-surface strain scanning, phase analysis, radiography and tomography of engineering components. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction strain mapping is particularly suited for the rigorous experimental, non-destructive, validation of Finite Element and other computer model codes used to predict residual stress fields that are critical to the performance and lifetimes of engineering components. This paper discusses the FaME38 facility and demonstrates its utility in gaining fundamental insight into mechanical engineering problems through examples, including studies of railway rails, welds and peened surfaces that demonstrate the potential of neutron of synchrotron X-ray strain scanning for the determination of residual stress fields in a variety of engineering materials and critical components.
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Legoux, J. G., S. Bouaricha, and J. P. Sauer. "Cracking and Spalling Behavior of WC-17% Co Cermet Coatings." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p0609.
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Abstract Thermal spray WC based powders are now frequently used as chrome replacement alternatives for a wide range of industrial and aeronautical applications. In numerous cases, the carbide materials outperform the hard chrome in many property evaluations. However, their usage on highly stressed parts, especially in fatigue loading, can be limited by spalling resistance of the coating. While HVOF is being used on many flight critical parts, stringent applications like the landing gear components of carrier-based aircraft are still under investigation. This work, on WC-17%Co, relates coating bend test performance and fatigue/cyclic step loading behavior to the processing history using different HVOF systems. Initially, twelve (12) different coatings were monitored using a DPV- 2000 for temperature/velocity profiles. The mechanical properties were then assessed using an instrumented four-point bend test as well as uniaxial cyclic loading. After mechanical testing, the coating microstructures were characterized using X-Ray diffraction and electron microscopy in order to investigate the phase content and nature. In particular, the cracks generated during the bend test were measured using SEM on sample cross sections to understand characteristics such as spacing and crack penetration to the substrate. The interactions of processing parameters with the cracking/spalling resistance of the various coating deposits will be discussed and a potential criteria for the control of cracking phenomena will be presented.
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Murphy, Ryan. "A Review of In-situ Temperature Measurements for Additive Manufacturing Technologies." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.11.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) encompasses a rapidly advancing host of technologies used for building parts with complex geometrical shapes layer-by-layer from a wide range of materials such as polymers, glasses, ceramics, metals, and metal-alloys. A wide variety of AM processes are used to build parts on test beds using processes such as material extrusion and laser or e-beam irradiation of powders and liquids, depending on the industrial or commercial application. Unfortunately the dimensional and compositional quality of AM built parts highly depends on the technology, and can even significantly vary between different AM machines of the same technology, due to a lack of process feedback and control. Improvements have been made by performing computational modeling and ex-situ characterization such as x-ray diffraction, focused ion beam cross-sectioning, x-ray computed tomography, and electron microscopy. These techniques, however, are time consuming, expensive, and do not allow in-situ monitoring of parts as they are built. In-situ temperature measurements are promising as they monitor the build temperature and can provide feedback for better process control. Thermal imaging is widely-used for in-situ temperature measurements, but is limited to qualitative data due to the unpredictability of emissivity as temperature and composition dynamically change. Two-color pyrometry and mm-wave radiometry measurements promise to circumvent these problems but have their own dimensional limitations. These methods and others will be compared and contrasted, and future improvements of in-situ temperature measurements will also be discussed. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the US Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to adequately describe the experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the authors, Sandia National Laboratories, or NCSL International, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are the only or best available for the purpose.
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Ahmed, Muhammad Shahzad, Mahdi Abdula Al Bloushi, and Asad Ali. "Case Study: Application of Wireless Condition Based Monitoring by Applying Machine Learning Models." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211258-ms.
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Abstract In oil and gas and petrochemical industries, high and medium critical rotating equipment e.g., Compressors, Pumps etc. are normally equipped with fixed machine vibration monitoring systems for the online monitoring and protection of the equipment. However, there are multiple low and medium critical and legacy equipment which are without fixed vibration monitoring system and where installing fixed vibration system is not financially practical. However, looking at the scale of a cost-efficient machine monitoring system and changing the maintenance approach from Preventive to Predictive can have significant financial as well as operational benefit. The intent behind performing this study was to assess the utilization of wireless vibration monitoring with following applications in One of Giant Oil and Gas Production Field (X Field) in ADNOC Onshore. Rotating equipment with failure history e.g., Instrument Air compressors, HVAC Compressors etc. Multiphase Pumps with no fixed vibration monitoring system. Centralized monitoring of remote equipment by deploying Private LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) Network over existing Telecom Backhaul consisting of Fiber Optics and WiMAX wireless networks. In the pursuit of some wireless vibration sensors with long range wireless coverage and on-premises monitoring and analytics application, ADNOC team identified a newly developed solution by renowned industrial instrumentation OEM. This system includes wireless LoRaWAN vibration sensors along with anomaly detection system based on the data collected by wireless sensors. To evaluate the system comparative effectiveness, a Proof of Concept was carried out in X Field by installing the solution at a pump already equipped with fixed vibration monitoring system at a remote facility 25 Km away from Central Plant. The data from these sensors was wirelessly transmitted to LoRaWAN gateway installed 200 meters away from the pump. From the gateway the data was routed to on-premises application server installed in a Central Facility utilizing existing Telecom Backhaul. A decision-based application was used for monitoring, trending, and automatic anomaly detection. At first stage the system was kept at machine learning phase to allow the system to learn the normal behavior of the Pump. Based on this learning data, an AI (Artificial Intelligence) based model was developed which self-assign a decision threshold for anomaly detection and alarming. This solution based on LPWAN (Lowe Power Wide Area Network) technology, LoRaWAN, can be utilized for Condition Based Monitoring, Trending and Anomaly detection of low and medium critical rotating equipment, where installation of fixed vibration monitoring system is not feasible. LoRaWAN sensors provide reliable wireless link up to 1 Km in congested plant installations with no requirement of Line of Sight. One LoRaWAN Gateway can support up to 1,000 Sensors. A cost comparison was also performed with traditional wired and this wireless solution and the later was found to be more cost effective with simplicity in deployment and no major footprints. Most of the available LPWA (LoRaWAN) solution are based on 3rd party connectivity e.g., GSM/Satellite and Cloud based Application Servers. Private LPWAN built on existing SCADA/Telecom infrastructure and on-premises application/network servers are best suited for the application where complete ownership of network/data is required.
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Wang, Xiaoqing, and Y. Kevin Chou. "A Method to Estimate Residual Stress in Metal Parts Made by Selective Laser Melting." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52386.
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Accurate evaluation of residual stresses in structures is very important because they play a crucial role in the mechanical performance of the components. As residual stresses can be introduced into mechanical components during various thermal or mechanical processes such as heat treatment, forming, welding and additive manufacturing. As an additive manufacturing method, selective laser melting (SLM) has become a powerful tool for the direct manufacturing of three dimensional nano-composite components with complex configurations directly from powders using 3D CAD data as a digital information source and energy in the form of a high-power laser beam. Therefore, the application of the SLM technology is necessary to manufacture Inconel 718 superalloy, which has been widely employed in industrial applications due to its remarkable properties. Hence, it is critical to measure and reduce the residual stress in the Inconel 718 parts formed by SLM due to rapid cooling and reheating. In this study, the process-induced residual stress in Inconel 718 parts produced by selective laser melting (SLM) has been investigated using the model established by Carlsson et al., which is an instrumented indentation technique based on the experimental correlation between the indentation characteristic and the residual stress. The samples were sectioned from an Inconel 718 block along its build direction, and subsequently prepared with general metallographic methods for Vickers indentation and measurements by optical microscopy. The residual stress on the scanning surface (Z-plane) and side surface (X-plane) at different build heights have been evaluated in micro-scale with the contact area, indentation hardness and the equai-biaxial residual stress and strain fields. The results show that the residual stress is unevenly distributed in the SLMed parts with some areas have an maximum absolute value around 350 MPa, about 30 percent of the yield strength of Inconel 718. The average residual stresses in the Z-plane and X-plane samples are tensile and compressive, respectively. Besides, the residual stress does not change significantly along the building direction of the part. Moreover, the Vickers hardness of the parts built with the SLM process is comparable to the literature, and the X-plane surface has a higher hardness than the Z-plane surface. The microstructures and texture evolution of the SLM processed Inconel 718 alloy are also investigated. The X-plane shows the columnar structure due to the large temperature gradient while the Z-plane presents the equiaxed structures. The random texture is shown in the SLM processed specimens.