Journal articles: 'X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications'

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Fiori, Fabrizio, Emmanuelle Girardin, Alessandra Giuliani, Adrian Manescu, Serena Mazzoni, Franco Rustichelli, and Evzen Amler. "Advanced Synchrotron Radiation and Neutron Scattering Techniques for Microstructural Characterization in Industrial Research." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.53.

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The rapid development of new materials and their application in an extremely wide variety of research and technological fields has lead to the request of increasingly sophisticated characterization methods. In particular residual stress measurements by neutron diffraction, small angle scattering of X-rays and neutrons, as well as 3D imaging techniques with spatial resolution at the micron or even sub-micron scale, like micro-and nano-computerized tomography, have gained a great relevance in recent years.Residual stresses are autobalancing stresses existing in a free body not submitted to any external surface force. Several manufacturing processes, as well as thermal and mechanical treatments, leave residual stresses within the components. Bragg diffraction of X-rays and neutrons can be used to determine residual elastic strains (and then residual stresses by knowing the material elastic constants) in a non-destructive way. Small Angle Scattering of neutrons or X-rays, complementary to Transmission Electron Microscopy, allows the determination of structural features such as volume fraction, specific surface and size distribution of inhomogeneities embedded in a matrix, in a huge variety of materials of industrial interest. X-ray microtomography is similar to conventional Computed Tomography employed in Medicine, allowing 3D imaging of the investigated samples, but with a much higher spatial resolution, down to the sub-micron scale. Some examples of applications of the experimental techniques mentioned above are described and discussed.

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Hanawalt, J. D., and H. W. Rinn. "Identification of Crystalline Materials: Classification and Use of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns." Powder Diffraction 1, no. 1 (March 1986): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600011192.

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In the course of the past few years, X-ray and spectroscopic methods of analysis have found an increasing usefulness at the Dow Chemical Company. There are a large number of different types of problems on which information can be obtained by the variations of apparatus and technic which are possible in these two fields. It is not the purpose of this paper, however, to discuss these methods or applications in general, but to describe in some detail a scheme of classifying and using X-ray diffraction patterns which has been found very helpful in one particular application of X-rays — namely, that of identifying unknown substances by means of their Hull powder diffraction patterns.The inherent power of X-ray diffraction as a practical means of chemical analysis was pointed out a good many years ago. Having a different theoretical basis and depending upon an entirely different technic than other methods, it would be expected to supplement the information to be obtained from other methods and, at times, to be applicable where other methods are not suitable. It appears, however, that the use of this method has not increased at a rate commensurate with its unique and valuable features, and that it is used by relatively few academic and industrial laboratories.

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Vourlias, George. "Application of X-rays Diffraction for Identifying Thin Oxide Surface Layers on Zinc Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10101005.

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Structural characterization of compound material coatings is usually achieved using time-consuming and destructive techniques such as optical and electrical microscopy, which require the use of grinding processes not always compatible with the material. This paper reports on the effective use of a theoretical model based on X-ray diffraction to calculate the thickness and composition of thin oxide films formed on the surface of zinc coatings. Zinc coatings are widely used in industrial application as protective layers against the atmospheric corrosion of steel substrates. The thickness of single- and multi-layer coatings is estimated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and various incidence angles. The coatings were grown using hot-dip, pack cementation and thermal spray techniques, and their experimental characteristics were compared to the theoretically predicted values of thickness and composition. The results indicate the formation of a thin zinc oxide film on top of each coating, which acts as an isolation layer and protects the surface of the sample against the environmental corrosion. Finally, the penetration depth of the X-rays into the zinc-based coatings for grazing incidence and Bragg–Brentano X-ray diffraction geometries were calculated using theoretical equations and experimentally confirmed.

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Mertens, G., E. Zeelmaekers, and L. Machiels. "Use of quantitative X-ray diffraction for academic and industrial applications." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 62, a1 (August 6, 2006): s209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767306095821.

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Damonte, Laura C., Patricia C. Rivas, Alberto F. Pasquevich, Fernanda Andreola, Federica Bondioli, Anna M. Ferrari, Laura Tositti, and Giorgia Cinelli. "Structural Characterization of Natural and Processed Zircons with X-Rays and Nuclear Techniques." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9707604.

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In ceramic industry, zircon sand is widely used in different applications because zirconia plays a role as common opacifying constituent. In particular, it is used as a basic component of glazes applied to ceramic tiles and sanitary ware as well as an opacifier in unglazed bulk porcelain stoneware. Natural zircon sands are the major source of zirconium minerals for industrial applications. In this paper, long, medium, and short range studies were conducted on zirconium minerals originated from Australia, South Africa, and United States of America using conventional and less conventional techniques (i.e., X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), and Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC)) in order to reveal the type and the extension of the regions that constitute the metamict state of zircon sands and the modifications therein produced as a consequence of the industrial milling process and the thermal treatment in the production line. Additionally, HPGe gamma-ray spectroscopy confirms the occurrence of significant levels of natural radioactivity responsible for metamictization in the investigated zircon samples. Results from XRD, PALS, and PAC analysis confirm that the metamict state of zircon is a dispersion of submicron disordered domains in a crystalline matrix of zircon.

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Hayashi, Makoto, and Shinobu Okido. "Application of X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Methods to Reliability Evaluation of Structural Components and Electronic Device." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.19.

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In the X-ray diffraction method, the diffraction intensity, the half-value width, the residual stress and the amount of residual austenitic phase can be measured. By using these parameters, the quality, the mechanical properties and the fatigue strength of materials, the remaining life of fatigue and creep can be evaluated. While the X-ray study has been widely performed for the various kinds of industrial fields in the laboratory, the applications to the actual structure and components have not so many. However, the small size X-ray residual stress analyzer, the position sensitive detector and the micro area diffraction apparatus have been developed for these twenty years. Thus the X-ray diffraction methods have been variously applied to the industrial fields. The X-ray diffraction methods were used to be applied for the large scale structures and machine parts, but recently applied to the semi-conductor fields. On the other hand, the neutron diffraction method has been introduced to measure the residual stresses in the internals of components because of its deep penetration depth. Based on the experiences of X-ray diffraction method, the various kinds of techniques have been proposed. In this paper, the applications of X-ray and neutron diffraction method to the reliability evaluations of structural components and the electronic devices are described.

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Friedman, H. "Geiger Counter Spectrometer for Industrial Research." Powder Diffraction 6, no. 3 (September 1991): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600017279.

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X-ray diffraction has many applications in the chemical and metallurgical industries, but its techniques have been confined until recently to the laboratory and to highly trained personnel. Conventional procedure entails photographic exposure, processing, and density comparisons of the finished film strips.The Geiger counter spectrometer described below measures x-ray intensities and diffraction angles directly, without intermediate photographic steps. It is simple enough for unskilled operators performing routine industrial processes yet also meets the precise requirements of laboratory research. The instrument was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, where it has been in regular use for the past two years.

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Vázquez Acosta, F., Leticia M. Torres-Martínez, Lorena L. Garza-Tovar, A. Martínez-de la Cruz, and Wallter López González. "Mineralogical Characterization of Villa Reyes México Kaolin for Industrial Applications." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.341.

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A kaolin obtained from a region near to San Luis Potosí (México) was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (DRX), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermal analysis (DTA/TGA), and chemical analysis. Mineralogical and morphological characteristics of the mineral are presented. The kaolin sample was formed mainly by kaolinite, but other minor phases were also detected such as quartz, cristobalite, trydimite, and dolomite. For iron lixiviation process, concentrate HCl was employed. The high content of volcanic glass detected, evidenced by optical microscopy, revealed an incomplete kaolinization process of the raw material. In agreement with these results, X-ray fluorescence analysis showed high- SiO2 and low-Al2O3 content in the sample as is expected on weakly kaolinized materials.

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Yin, An Min, Quan Yang, Xiao Chen Wang, Fei He, and You Zhao Sun. "On-Line Determination of Texture in Deep Drawing Steel Sheet by Two-Dimensional X-Ray Diffraction." Advanced Materials Research 572 (October 2012): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.322.

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This paper described the application of a diffraction system based on X-ray area detector on pole figure measurement as well as corresponding computation of orientation distribution functions and the principle of rapid measurement texture. The impact of calculates the orientation distribution function on the conditions of the two-dimensional X-ray diffraction was analyzed; this was illustrated by an example of deep drawing steel sheets texture measurement. ̙̈́˰͇̱̓˰̶̴̿̾ͅ˰̸̱̈́̈́˰̷̱̹͂̿̈́̈́̾˰̸̵̈́˰͇̈́̿˽̴̵̹̹̱̼̽̾̓̿̾˰̴̵̵̳̈́̈́̿͂˰̈́̿˰̸̵̈́˰̵̱̹̱̀̀͂̿̀͂̈́˰̂θ position then fix it, reduce the sample rotation; the texture determination time can be significantly reduced. Reduce the Measuring range of angle χ˰̴̱̾ φ˰̴̵̿̓˰̾̿̈́˰̶̶̵̱̳̈́˰̸̵̈́ calculation of orientation distribution function, it also can significantly reduce the measurement of diffraction data. Several technical problems appeared on the on-line determination of texture based on an X-ray two-dimensional detector system and the possibility to improve the measurement speed and accuracy in the industrial production applications were then discussed.

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Frankær, Christian, Majbritt Thymark, Kenny Ståhl, Olga Moroz, Keith Wilson, and Pernille Harris. "X-ray powder diffraction: A powerful tool for industrial protein production." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331408440x.

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X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) offers a method of characterizing a crystalline protein suspension [1], and data can be collected within 30 minutes, which is appealing for industrial applications. In industry, enzymes are produced and handled in high concentrations, which can in turn cause problems for the processes due to protein precipitation in the production pipeline. XRPD is useful for identification of the crystal forms present, by fitting calculated patterns of known single crystal forms to the observed XRPD pattern. For this purpose we have developed a streamlined program for calculation of diffraction patterns from pdb-files taking into account bulk-solvent, peak asymmetry and background [2]. XRPD was applied to a suspension from a large-scale industrial production of the widely used Bacillus lentus subtilisin. A dominant crystal form was identified by XRPD, but two other different crystal forms were found by a complementary single crystal micro-diffraction analysis of the larger single crystals present in the sample [3]. The study serves as a reminder that when a crystal is picked out from a batch crystallization for single crystal analysis, it might not be representative of the bulk microcrystalline material in the sample. To estimate the fraction of the different crystal forms in production samples with significant polymorphism, a further XRPD study was performed on binary mixtures of different lysozyme and subtilisin crystal forms. Quantitative XRPD generally requires careful sample preparation, and working with protein slurries leads to further challenges in terms of varying crystal density. After careful optimisation of suspension medium, the relative composition of crystal forms can be determined within 10%. This work demonstrates the value of in-house XRPD as an analysis tool in industrial enzyme production, and its potential to help troubleshooting the production process and to provide information for further refining the manufacturing of enzymes.

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Ameh, E. S. "A review of basic crystallography and x-ray diffraction applications." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 105, no. 7-8 (November 12, 2019): 3289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04508-1.

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CHRISTIDIS, G., and P. MAKRl. "Determination of kaolinite and halloysite crystallite size with X-Ray diffraction: implications for industrial applications." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17177.

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Mean thickness and thickness distribution of kaolinite and halloysite clay fractions was obtained by X-ray diffraction, using the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) technique, which determines the coherent scattering domain (CSD). Mean thickness of kaolinite and halloysite was 11.8 nm and 10.6 nm respectively and both minerals are characterized by lognormal thickness distribution. Laser scattering, which is often used by the industry, yielded considerably greater mean grain size and bimodal size distribution for both materials due to particle agglomeration. Agglomeration affects optical properties of mineral powders such as brightness adversely, because of light diffusion. A greater discrepancy in particle size determined by the two techniques might explain lower brightness observed in white powders.

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Akhtar, S., Z. Farid, H. Ahmed, S. A. Khan, and Z. N. Khan. "Low-Cost Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles for Diverse Sensing Application." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 3915–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2450.

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Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized and characterized by a low-cost chemical reduction method. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have pre-occupied the consideration of the scientific community due to their wide range of functions, utility and industrial applications, particularly in the fields of sensing technologies and medicine (particularly their efficiency against microbes, the ability of healing the wound and anti-inflammatory properties). Ag NPs are synthesized by a low-cost fabrication method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) and photometry techniques are used in this work to identify their nature and potentiality for diverse applications in sensing technologies.

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Marmiroli, Benedetta, Fernando Cacho-Nerin, Barbara Sartori, Javier Pérez, and Heinz Amenitsch. "Thorough small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the instability of liquid micro-jets in air." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 1 (December 11, 2013): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513027951.

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Liquid jets are of interest, both for their industrial relevance and for scientific applications (more important, in particular for X-rays, after the advent of free-electron lasers that require liquid jets as sample carrier). Instability mechanisms have been described theoretically and by numerical simulation, but confirmed by few experimental techniques. In fact, these are mainly based on cameras, which is limited by the imaging resolution, and on light scattering, which is hindered by absorption, reflection, Mie scattering and multiple scattering due to complex air/liquid interfaces during jet break-up. In this communication it is demonstrated that synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can give quantitative information on liquid jet dynamics at the nanoscale, by detecting time-dependent morphology and break-up length. Jets ejected from circular tubes of different diameters (100–450 µm) and speeds (0.7–21 m s−1) have been explored to cover the Rayleigh and first wind-induced regimes. Various solvents (water, ethanol, 2-propanol) and their mixtures have been examined. The determination of the liquid jet behaviour becomes essential, as it provides background data in subsequent studies of chemical and biological reactions using SAXS or X-ray diffraction based on synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers.

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Dane, Thomas, Emanuela Di Cola, Lionel Lardiere, Cedric Montero, Michael Sztucki, Britta Weinhausen, and Manfred Burghammer. "Exploring fibrous materials with micro/nanobeam scanning diffraction techniques." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314089281.

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Fibrous materials play an important role in many fields of research spanning from industrial applications to life sciences. They are typically organized in hierarchical arrangements of structural features on multiple length scales. Employing focused monochromatic x-rays combined with scanning diffraction, such samples can be studied obtaining rich information in reciprocal space (molecular to mesoscale level) and direct space simultaneously [1][2]. The resolution of the latter is mainly limited by the focal spot size ranging from a few microns down to 100 nm and less. The arrival of fast, sensitive pixel array detectors during the past years and the availability of high performance focusing optics enable in-situ studies on weakly scattering specimen like single polymer fibers and bio-composite materials (e.g. wood, bone tissue, ...) controlling environmental parameters such as humidity, temperature, and mechanical deformation. In this contribution we will present in a first part the state of the art of instrumentation for such experiments at the ESRF Microfocus Beamline, illustrated with recent examples. The figure below shows an example of a single fiber diffraction pattern of a high performance polymer (KEVLAR®) obtained from a 20 ms exposure with a 1.5 micron beam (Frelon CCD detector, 2k x 2k pixels, 13 keV photon energy). In the second part, future opportunities for scanning diffraction experiments emerging from potential upgrades of 3rd generation synchrotron radiation sources, as currently explored at the ESRF and elsewhere, will be discussed.

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Shibata, Atsushi, Katsunari Sasaki, and Takao Kinefuchi. "Application of Imaging Plate for X-Ray Diffractometry." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800009083.

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AbstractThe Fuji Imaging Plate (IP) is a 2-dimensional detector in which a latent X-ray image is stored as a distribution of color centers on a photostimulable phosphor (BaFBr:Eu2+) screen. It has a large effective area, wide dynamic range and high sensitivity. Thus it has been widely used not only in medical but also in scientific and industrial fields. Particularly in X-ray structure analysis, mainly of proteins, it has been used extensively and achieved good results.On the other hand, few applications have been reported in the field except for structure analysis, in spite of the superior performance of the IP which will give significant advantages in various measurements which have been done using an X-ray film such as electric device and fiber specimen.Therefore we report here the basic performance of R-AXIS II(Rigaku Automated X-Ray Imaging System II), an IP reader made by Rigaku, and some applications of X-ray diffraction measurements using IP.

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de Figueirêdo, J. M. R., P. L. de Oliveira, L. N. L. Santana, Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, Gelmires Araújo Neves, and Heber Carlos Ferreira. "Beneficiation of Kaolins by Hydrocycloning." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.195.

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Kaolin is a white clay, formed by hydrated aluminum silicates, which has several industrial applications. Since it is associated to impurities and presents considerable contents of contaminant elements that interfere in its performance and in its applications, kaolin must pass through a beneficiation process in order to meet the market's demands. The purpose of this work is to study the use of a hydrocyclone in the beneficiation of primary kaolins from Província Pegmatítica da Borborema. The samples were characterized by cation-exchange capacity (CEC), granulometric analysis by laser diffraction (GA), chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence (EDX), X-ray diffraction (DRX), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The purification process did not show good results for kaolin in ABNT 200 mesh in the attempt to obtain colloidal kaolin. On the other hand, it presented very promising results for the beneficiation of raw kaolin, proving the feasibility of the application of this technology to the granulometric classification of this mineral, being an alternative route for the processes adopted in the regional kaolin beneficiation plants, which use washing and sieving.

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Petrakis, Stylianos, Alexandros Skoulakis, Yannis Orphanos, Anastasios Grigoriadis, Georgia Andrianaki, Dimitrios Louloudakis, Nathanail Kortsalioudakis, et al. "Coherent XUV Multispectral Diffraction Imaging in the Microscale." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 10592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010592.

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The rapid growth of nanotechnology has increased the need for fast nanoscale imaging. X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facilities currently provide such coherent sources of directional and high-brilliance X-ray radiation. These facilities require large financial investments for development, maintenance, and manpower, and thus, only a few exist worldwide. In this article, we present an automated table-top system for XUV coherent diffraction imaging supporting the capabilities for multispectral microscopy at high repetition rates, based on laser high harmonic generation from gases. This prototype system aims towards the development of an industrial table-top system of ultrafast soft X-ray multi-spectral microscopy imaging for nanostructured materials with enormous potential and a broad range of applications in current nanotechnologies. The coherent XUV radiation is generated in a semi-infinite gas cell via the high harmonic generation of the near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. The XUV spectral selection is performed by specially designed multilayer XUV mirrors that do not affect the XUV phase front and pulse duration.

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Ashrit, Shrenivas S., Supriya Sarkar, Rashmi Singh, Sundeep Z. Yadav, and Ravikrishna V. Chatti. "Characterization of blast furnace flue dust – a multi analytical techniques approach." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 6 (2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020059.

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The blast furnace flue dust has potential reuse application in iron making process via the sinter making route mainly due to its high carbon content. The specific aim of this study was to use different analytical techniques like chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and petrography to identify the different phases present in the blast furnace flue dust of Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur and discuss on possible use of suitable separation techniques for economic utilization of flue dust and put those separated fractions for the innovative industrial applications.

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Sinhababu, Mohua, Anurag Roy, Narendra Kumar, Monojit Dutta, Senthilarasu Sundaram, Smagul Karazhanov, and Gopalkrishnan Udayabhanu. "Surface Treatment of Industrial-Grade Magnetite Particles for Enhanced Thermal Stability and Mitigating Paint Contaminants." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092299.

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Pigments can retain their color for many centuries and can withstand the effects of light and weather. The paint industry suffers from issues like aggressive moisture, corrosion, and further environmental contamination of the pigment materials. Low-cost, long-lasting, and large-scale pigments are highly desirable to protect against the challenges of contamination that exist in the paint industry. This exploratory study reinforces the color and thermal stability of industrial-grade (IG) magnetite (Fe3O4). IG Fe3O4 pigments were further considered for surface treatment with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). This metaphosphate hexamer sequestrant provides good dispersion ability and a high surface energy giving thermal and dust protection to the pigment. Various physicochemical characterizations were employed to understand the effectiveness of this treatment across various temperatures (180–300 °C). The X-ray diffraction, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques signify that the SHMP-treated Fe3O4 acquired magnetite phase stability up to 300 °C. In addition, the delta-E color difference method was also adopted to measure the effective pigment properties, where the delta-E value significantly decreased from 8.77 to 0.84 once treated with SHMP at 300 °C. The distinct color retention at 300 °C and the improved dispersion properties of surface-treated Fe3O4 positions this pigment as a robust candidate for high-temperature paint and coating applications. This study further encompasses an effort to design low-cost, large-scale, and thermally stable pigments that can protect against UV-rays, dust, corrosion, and other color contaminants that are endured by building paints.

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Luis, Caroline, Monique Gaspérini, and Thierry Chauveau. "Through Thickness Microstructural Investigation of Temper Rolled Ferritic Steels for Thin Sheet Applications." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.73.

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This paper focuses on the analysis of the microstructure and of the texture through the sheet thickness after temper rolling of very thin ferritic steels. The study uses EBSD and X-Ray diffraction. Comparison is made between an interstitial-free (IF) steel and of some industrial low carbon ferritic steels used after ageing. The experimental results are discussed with respect to the anisotropy of the mechanical behaviour after temper rolling during simple shear tests.

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Ferreira, Andréa Vidal, Ariete Righi, Fernando Gabriel Silva Araújo, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, and Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório. "Applications of the Rietveld method to quantify the crystalline phases of Portland cement clinker doped with nickel and chromium." Powder Diffraction 23, S1 (March 2008): S42—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.2903487.

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The effects of chromium or nickel oxide additions on the composition of Portland clinker were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction associated with pattern analysis by the Rietveld method. The co-processing of industrial waste in Portland cement plants is an alternative solution to the problem of final disposal of hazardous waste. Industrial waste containing chromium or nickel is hazardous and is difficult to dispose of. It was observed that in concentrations up to 1% in mass, the chromium or nickel oxide additions do not cause significant alterations in Portland clinker composition.

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Onoja, Emmanuel, Nursyafreena Attan, Sheela Chandren, Fazira Ilyana Abdul Razak, Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon, Naji Arafat Mahat, and Roswanira Abdul Wahab. "Insights into the physicochemical properties of the Malaysian oil palm leaves as an alternative source of industrial materials and bioenergy." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v0n0.681.

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This work was aimed at providing a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the Malaysian oil palm leaves (OPL) that may be useful for industrial applications as well as providing new insights on minimizing the environmental impact of oil palm biomass wastes. The leaves of discarded oil palm fronds were collected, dried and ground. The leaves powder was subjected to acid and thermal treatments prior to physicochemical analyses. Physicochemical characterization included analyses of thermal gravimetry, ultimate analysis, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen sorption. Ultimate analysis revealed that the untreated OPL contained carbon (46.98 %), hydrogen (6.500 %), nitrogen (1.810 %) and sulfur (0.150 %) with a moderately high calorific value of 19.21 MJ/kg. Thermal gravimetric and derivative thermal gravimetric analyses indicated that OPL is a lignocellulosic material with little moisture and ash contents. X-ray Florescence revealed Ca (39.20 %), K (22.10 %) and Si (19.20 %) as the three major elements in the ash of the untreated sample with Si (95.20%) being predominant for the treated ones. The ash of the acid treated sample was majorly amorphous silica which was slightly mesoporous with surface area of 160.59 m2g-1 as shown by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen sorption analyses respectively. These findings confirmed that the Malaysian OPL is a lignocellulosic biomass as well as a good source of amorphous silica, hence may prove useful as a potential renewable source of bioenergy and an alternative silica source for industrial applications.

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Predescu, Andra, Ecaterina Matei, Andrei Predescu, Cristian Predescu, Cristina Covaliu, and Roxana Trusca. "Advanced Materials with Photocatalytic Properties and Magnetic Core for Environmental Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.81.

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The paper had as purpose the fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles covered with TiO2 for applications in environmental field. The research consisted in investigating the properties of magnetic iron nanooxides, synthesized from ferric and ferrous chloride and then covered with TiO2, with minimum costs and high efficiency in industrial wastewater treatment. The iron nanoparticles were obtained by co-precipitation method and the titan dioxide was obtained by sol-gel method. After covering the nanoparticles with TiO2, the samples were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Loy, Chee W., Khamirul A. Matori, Norhazlin Zainuddin, Andrew E. Whitten, Christine Rehm, Liliana de Campo, Anna Sokolova, and Siegbert Schmid. "Crystallographic characterization of fluorapatite glass-ceramics synthesized from industrial waste." Powder Diffraction 32, S2 (September 5, 2017): S61—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571561700094x.

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A series of phase transformations of a novel fluoroaluminosilicate glass forming a range of fluorapatite glass-ceramics on sintering are reported. The sintering process induces formation of fluorapatite, mullite, and anorthite phases within the amorphous silicate matrices of the glass-ceramics. The fluoroaluminosilicate glass, SiO2–Al2O3–P2O5–CaO–CaF2, is prepared from waste materials, such as rice husk ash, pacific oyster shells, and disposable aluminium cans. The thermally induced crystallographic and microstructure evolution of the fluoroaluminosilicate glass towards the fluorapatite glass-ceramics, with applications in dental and bone restoration, are investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and small-angle neutron-scattering techniques.

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Otoijamun, Itohan, Moses Kigozi, Adelana Rasak Adetunji, and Peter Azikiwe Onwualu. "Characterization and Suitability of Nigerian Barites for Different Industrial Applications." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040360.

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This work aimed to characterize barite samples from selected different locations in Nigeria and determine their suitability for various industrial applications. The properties determined include mineralogy, chemical composition, morphology, functional groups, and specific gravity. Samples were obtained from ten locations in Nasarawa and Taraba states as well as a standard working sample (WS) obtained from a drilling site. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier infrared analysis (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Specific gravity (SG) was determined using the pycnometer method. Results of SEM-EDX analysis show that the WS has a Ba-S-O empirical composition of 66.5% whereas these of the ten samples investigated vary between 59.36% and 98.86%. The FTIR analysis shows that the functional groups of S-O, SO42−, Ba-S-O, OH of the ten samples match that of the WS. Results of XRD show that the ten samples have the same mineralogical composition as the WS and all meet American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for industrial barite. Similar matching results are shown from EDXRF spectra intensity, position, and composition analysis of the ten samples compared to the WS. Specific gravity (SG) results show that six out of the ten samples have SG above 4.2 which is the recommended minimum for the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The other four samples will require beneficiation to meet the standard for drilling mud application. Using all the parameters of the assessment together, results show that while some (6) of the samples can be used for drilling fluid application, some (4) require beneficiation but all ten samples can be used for other industrial applications including healthcare, construction, plastic, cosmetics, paper, and rubber industries. The results of the study can be used for value addition in developing beneficiation procedures, processes, and technology for purification along with new materials for the industries.

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Cheng, Zuolian, Annie Lai Kuan Tan, Yong Tao, Dan Shan, Kok Eng Ting, and Xi Jiang Yin. "Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Applications in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/608298.

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This study investigated the applicability of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles for the selective removal of toxic heavy metals from electroplating wastewater. The maghemite nanoparticles of 60 nm were synthesized using a coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Batch experiments were carried out for the removal of Pb2+ions from aqueous solutions by maghemite nanoparticles. The effects of contact time, initial concentration of Pb2+ions, solution pH, and salinity on the amount of Pb2+removed were investigated. The adsorption process was found to be highly pH dependent, which made the nanoparticles selectively adsorb this metal from wastewater. The adsorption of Pb2+reached equilibrium rapidly within 15 min and the adsorption data were well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm.

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Zhang, Le Jun, and Ting Ting Li. "Resistance-Temperature Characteristics of Cr Doped Ni_0.7Mn_2-xCu_0.3Cr_xO₄ NTC Thermistors." Materials Science Forum 996 (June 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.996.9.

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Manganese-based solid solution ceramics of transition metal with spinel-type crystal structure have generated much interest as NTC thermistors in various domestic and industrial applications. Doping has been considered as one of the most important method to improve their electrical properties. In this work, Cr doped Mn-based solid solution NTC ceramics Ni0.7Mn2-xCu0.3CrxO4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) were prepared by solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were applied to study the phase structure, surface morphology and surface element content. The results indicate that the resistance and B value increase as the substituted Cr content increases.

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Adeola, Adewole John, Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo, and Omojola Damilola Ifeoluwa. "Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of clay deposits at Ijesha–Ijebu and its environs, southwestern Nigeria." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v26i2.4.

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Two residual clay deposits and one transported clay deposit in Ijesha-Ijebu area were investigated for their mineralogical, chemical and industrial properties. The investigation was to evaluate their industrial applications and economic importance. The mineralogy of the clay samples was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The chemical composition of the clay samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Physical tests which include; thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to determine their industrial potentials. The clay within the weathered profiles above banded gneiss and pegmatite at Ijesha-Ijebu is brownish with red spots, while the clays derived from sedimentary terrain is chocolate in colour. The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, albite and muscovite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 66.11%, 20.53% and 3.07%, respectively in weathered banded gneiss, in sedimentary the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 42.12%, 34.43% and 7.37%. In weathered pegmatite, the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 53.17%, 32.7%, 1.44%, respectively. The average percentage of clay in the banded gneiss, pegmatite and sedimentary samples are 50%, 56% and 47% respectively. The clay mouldability ranged between moderate to high. Evaluation of the clay properties and characteristics shows the industrial application of the clay like production of ceramic, building bricks and other structural wares. Keywords: Clay, Mineralogy, Chemistry, Ceramics, Building bricks.

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Kim, Seulgi, Tri Duc Ngo, Kyeong Kyu Kim, and T. Doohun Kim. "Characterization, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of an (S)-specific esterase (pfEstA) fromPseudomonas fluorescensKCTC 1767: enantioselectivity for potential industrial applications." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 68, no. 11 (October 30, 2012): 1374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1744309112040626.

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The structures and reaction mechanisms of enantioselective hydrolases, which can be used in industrial applications such as biotransformations, are largely unknown. Here, the X-ray crystallographic study of a novel (S)-specific esterase (pfEstA) fromPseudomonas fluorescensKCTC 1767, which can be used in the production of (S)-ketoprofen, is described. Multiple sequence alignments with other hydrolases revealed thatpfEstA contains a conserved Ser67 within the S-X-X-K motif as well as a highly conserved Tyr156. Recombinant protein containing an N-terminal His tag was expressed inEscherichia coli, purified to homogeneity and characterized using SDS–PAGE, MALDI-TOF MS and enantioselective analysis.pfEstA was crystallized using a solution consisting of 1 Msodium citrate, 0.1 MCHES pH 9.5, and X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 1.9 Å with anRmergeof 7.9%. The crystals ofpfEstA belonged to space groupP212121, with unit-cell parametersa= 65.31,b= 82.13,c = 100.41 Å, α = β = γ = 90°.

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Oliveira, J. P., F. M. Braz Fernandes, N. Schell, and R. M. Miranda. "Shape memory effect of laser welded NiTi plates." Functional Materials Letters 08, no. 06 (October 26, 2015): 1550069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604715500691.

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Laser welding is a suitable joining technique for shape memory alloys (SMAs). This paper reports the existence of shape memory effect (SME) on laser welded NiTi joints, subjected to bending tests, and correlates this effect with the microstructural analysis performed with X-ray diffraction (XRD). All welded samples were able to recover their initial shape after bending to 180°, which is a remarkable result for industrial applications of NiTi involving laser welding.

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Nogita, Kazuhiro, Marc Jenke, David Wood, Andrew Duguid, and Stuart D. McDonald. "Characterisation of Hydrogen Release Behaviour in Cast Mg-Ni Alloys by Synchrotron XRD and XAFS." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2851.

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Alloys of the hypo-eutectic Mg-Mg2Ni system can be modified by trace elemental additions which change the microstructure and the functional properties. The modified microstructure results in improvements to the hydrogen storage properties. In alloys of optimal composition, it has been shown that the reversible storage of 6.5-7wt% H2 is possible at a rate of reaction that is realistic for industrial applications. This paper discusses the mechanism of hydrogen release in air at atmospheric pressure with in-situ crystallographic phase transformation analysis obtained by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS).

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Dumas, Angela, François Martin, The Ngo Ke, Hanh Nguyen Van, Dung Nguyen Viet, Vinh Nguyen Tat, Nam Kieu Quy, Pierre Micoud, and Philippe De Parseval. "The crystal-chemistry of Vietnamese talcs from the Thanh Son district (Phu Tho province, Vietnam)." Clay Minerals 50, no. 5 (December 2015): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2015.050.5.05.

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AbstractThe mineralogy and crystal chemistry of a new talc ore deposit situated at Thu Ngac commune, Thanh Son district, Phu Tho province, Vietnam, was investigated using X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si and1H) and colorimetry.Both chemical and crystal-chemical analyses showed that the talcs from the Phu Tho province are very pure because they contain few accessory minerals (chlorite, amphibole and goethite) and few substitutions of Si by Fe and Al in their crystal structure. The talc ore may well meet the standards required for a wide range of industrial applications.

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Bedelean, H., V. Codrea, and Ο. Barbu. "GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME ZEOLITIZED TUFFS FROM NWRN TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16346.

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Zeolites are the most common products of transformation of silicic volcanic glass in the NW-rn part of Transylvania (Romania). Representative samples of volcanic tuffs from Mäcicas (Cluj county) were investigated by using optical (polarized light) microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and wet chemical analyses. The volcanic tuffare vitreous with an acid composition. Vitreous matrix and glass shards are replaced by zeolite minerals, mainly clinoptilolite and trace amounts ofopal-CT and mordenite. X-ray diffraction semiquantitative analysis indicated that clinoptilolite represent between 60 % and 70 % of the crystalline fraction of the tuff. The clinoptilolite content of the Mäcicas tuff deposits is one of the richest in Romania. According to the present status in the zeolite market in Europe, this deposit could have industrial potential in the construction industry and in environmental applications.

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Li, Bing, Da Peng Li, and Ji Ping Wang. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Electro-Textiles for Wearable Antenna Applications." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.237.

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A compact wearable antenna fully made of textile-based materials for short range communication was designed and fabricated. A 3-axis automated dispensing robot coupled with a precision liquid dispenser was used to sequentially deliver copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) on fabric surface to form conductive copper coatings. The copper coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The performance of antennas assembled with such copper-coated conductive textiles was accessed by transmission line method for their S11parameter values. The results demonstrated that such electroconductive textile-based antennas may serve as a wearable device and operate in the license free 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band.

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Nguyen, Vinh Phoi, Anh Van Ha Nguyen, Chi Cuong Le, and Thien Ngon Dang. "An Integrated Software for Computing Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Material by Means of XRD." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 9523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209523.

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An integrated software for calculating the major mechanical properties of materials was newly programmed. The material mechanical properties are determined from a peak position and the broadness of X-ray diffraction (XRD) line using profile function method, including Gaussian, Parabola, Half-width, and Centroid. The X-ray diffraction line in software is also corrected by the generalized X-ray absorption function. The results show that the precision coefficient (R2) of the dhkl-sin2 ψ linear regression depends on tested materials and the method of the 2θ determination. The Parabola and Gaussian methods show greater fitting accuracy in comparison to the other two methods in determining stress. The mechanical properties calculated using this software agreed well with the values determined from the conventional methods. In addition, this XRD software also allows computing the 95% confidential limits of the results from a single measurement without conducting repetitive measurements. Therefore, the new software allows widening the experimental scopes of an X-ray diffraction device in both laboratories and the industrial sector.

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37

Greening, Timothy. "Identification of α-phase crystallization Pigment Red 254 in artist's paints by powder x-ray diffraction." Powder Diffraction 29, no. 3 (April 15, 2014): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614000037.

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Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) is a pigment widely used in modern paints for industrial and artistic applications. Identification of this pigment in paint for art authentication and forensics has previously been accomplished with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or Laser Raman. Three commercial artist's paints containing DPP were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Alpha phase DPP was identified in two of the samples, barite extender the only crystalline component identified in the other sample. In conclusion, XRD analysis of paint samples can identify DPP, as can other organic analyses, but has the advantage of being non-destructive and also identifying the crystal structure. However, the fact that in one sample only extender could be identified does impose some limitations on the analysis of paints.

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Milošević, Maja, Mihovil Logar, and Biljana Djordjević. "Mineralogical analysis of a clay body from Zlakusa, Serbia, used in the manufacture of traditional pottery." Clay Minerals 55, no. 2 (June 2020): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2020.20.

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AbstractThe production of pottery in the traditional manner using local raw materials can provide insights into the provenance of ancient artefacts. This study uses mineralogical analysis to evaluate the raw clays and tempers used for pottery production in Zlakusa (western Serbia). Particle-size distribution, plasticity, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and differential thermal analysis techniques were applied. The mineral phases identified in the raw clay sample are kaolinite/halloysite, mica/illite, smectite, quartz, paragonite, feldspar, calcite and hematite. The clay body sample is a mixture of raw clay and crushed calcite in a ~50:50 ratio, which was confirmed using various techniques. We have also considered and investigated the technological potential of the sampled materials, taking into consideration their actual and potential applications. It was confirmed that the clay body may be used in the manufacture of bricks and pottery, but its industrial application is limited by the paste recipe.

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Sainorudin, Muhammad Hanif, Masita Mohammad, Nurul Huda Abd Kadir, Nur Athirah Abdullah, and Zahira Yaakob. "Characterization of Several Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)-Based Agricultural Wastes via X-Ray Diffraction Method." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.340.

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In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from various types of local agricultural wastes. Four types of agricultural waste such as coconut coir, banana stem, sugarcane bagasse and pineapple leaves were collected, extracted and hydrolyzed into microcrystalline cellulose, using pre-treatment (alkaline and bleaching) and acid hydrolysis, respectively. The extracted MCC were analyzed and compared with those of commercially available MCC. The study of crystallinity behaviors of the obtained MCC was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The XRD of MCC revealed that the crystallinity of pineapple leaves has the highest crystallinity index with 75% in value and closest compared to commercial MCC, 81.25%. The value of crystallinity index for banana stem is 74.55% followed by coconut coir, 72.73% and sugarcane bagasse, 66.50%. All of the MCC samples showed the similar pattern with the typical crystalline structure of cellulose I. The crystallite size of all MCC samples was calculated and found in the range of 4.04 – 5.14 nm. These extracted MCC that obtained from several agricultural wastes was supposed to have a high potential as value-added products in industrial applications.

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Olisa, O. G., O. M. Ajibade, O. A. Ogunjinrin, M. Ayodele, and D. O. Bamgboye. "Preliminary mineralogical and geotechnical characterization of kaolin from Abeokuta area, southwestern Nigeria." Scientia Africana 21, no. 2 (September 8, 2022): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v21i2.10.

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Kaolin of sedimentary origin in the Abeokuta area, southwestern Nigeria was studied to determine its mineralogy and geotechnical properties as well as possible industrial applications. Samples of kaolin were collected from different mine sites in the Abeokuta area. Geotechnical test was also performed to determine the grain size parameters and plasticity of the kaolin samples. Samples were also subjected to mineralogical and morphological analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that kaolin samples have clay, silt and sand fraction ranging from 7.3 -53.93%, 29.56 – 53.72% and 1.8 to 29.56% respectively. XRD and SEM results revealed that minerals in kaolin are kaolin, quartz, rutile and anatase. Industrial and geotechnical appraisal revealed that some of the samples with high content and low quartz content can be used in production of ceramics and paper while cannot be used in some industrial application such as pottery and production of ceramics due to the grain size geotechnical properties and mineralogy.

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Šugár, Peter, Jaroslav Kováčik, Jana Šugárová, and Barbora Ludrovcová. "A Study of Laser Micromachining of PM Processed Ti Compact for Dental Implants Applications." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142246.

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The paper deals with the experimental study of laser beam micromachining of the powder metallurgy processed Ti compacts applying the industrial grade fibre nanosecond laser operating at the wavelength of 1064 nm. The influence of the laser energy density on the surface roughness, surface morphology and surface elements composition was investigated and evaluated by means of surface roughness measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The different laser treatment parameters resulted in the surfaces of very different characteristics of the newly developed biocompatible material prepared by advanced low temperature technology of hydride dehydride (HDH) titanium powder compactation. The results indicate that the laser pulse energy has remarkable effects on the machined surface characteristics which are discussed from the point of view of application in dental implantology.

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Zubko, Maciej, Jan Loskot, Paweł Świec, Krystian Prusik, and Zbigniew Janikowski. "Analysis of Stainless Steel Waste Products Generated during Laser Cutting in Nitrogen Atmosphere." Metals 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121572.

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Laser cutting technology is one of the basic approaches used for thermal processing of parts fabricated from almost all engineering materials. Various types of lasers are utilized in the industry with different attendant gases such as nitrogen or argon. When the laser beam interacts with a metal surface, the area underneath is heated to the melting point. This liquid or vaporized metal is ejected from the kerf area to the surrounding atmosphere by attendant gas and becomes undesirable waste in the form of powder. In the presented work, the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods were used to analyze AISI 304 stainless steel, which was cut by a semiconductor fiber laser, and the waste powder generated during the laser cutting process. The results suggest that this waste material may be reused for industrial applications such as additive manufacturing.

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Ciolan, Mihai Alexandru, and Iuliana Motrescu. "Pulsed Laser Ablation: A Facile and Low-Temperature Fabrication of Highly Oriented n-Type Zinc Oxide Thin Films." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020917.

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Eco-friendly and facile zinc oxide (ZnO) synthesis of zinc-oxide-based nanomaterials with specific properties is a great challenge due to its excellent industrial applications in the field of semiconductors and solar cells. In this paper, we report the production of zinc oxide thin films at relatively low deposition temperature employing a simple and non-toxic method at low substrate temperature: pulsed laser ablation, as a first step for developing a n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction. Single-phase n-type zinc oxide thin films are confirmed by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed by the maximum diffraction intensity from the (002) plane. Absorbance measurements indicate an increase in the band gap energy close to the bulk ZnO. A 350 °C substrate temperature led to obtaining a highly porous film with high crystallinity and high bandgap, showing good premises for further applications.

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Magogodi, Steven, Maria Mathabathe, Amogelang Bolokang, and Charles Siyasiya. "The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si alloy in 3.5%NaCl." MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237006008.

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Titanium aluminides (TiAl) have attracted industrial interest, particularly for high temperature applications owing to their promising mechanical properties. Due to the application of these materials to the marine environment it is therefore important to understand their performance under such conditions. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si alloy produced by vacuum arc melting was investigated using the potentiodynamic polarization method. The corroded surface and Ti-Al phases were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hardness was examined by a Vickers micro hardness tester with a diamond indenter. Pitting was observed to occur within the surface defects and caused severe corrosion.

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Phan, Thanh Duoc, Syed H. Masood, Saden H. Zahiri, and Mahnaz Z. Jahedi. "Measurement of Residual Strain in Cold Spray Process Using X-Ray Diffraction and Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.245.

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Cold spray technology has the potential to be utilised in broader industrial applications especially for oxygen-sensitive materials such as titanium. In this paper, the effect of titanium cold spray coating on residual strain after deposition is evaluated. Ring-shaped sample of 16.5 mm diameter was directly fabricated from titanium powder by cold spray. Using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the coating surface was analysed and compared. The XRD measurements revealed that residual strain at the sample surface (εXRD) was around 0.140. There was also some X-ray peak broadening of steel, which may be related to presence of porosity in unpolished samples. In addition, a good correlation was found (εFEA ≈ 0.169) when the residual strain results obtained from FEA were compared with the conducting test outcomes. Therefore, finite element method can be considered as a cost effective tool in quantification of strain in cold spray titanium structure.

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Vijayaraghavan, Ramasamy, and Gayathri Unnikrishnan. "Preparation of Hydrogel from Agriculture Waste For the Improvement of Soil Irrigation System." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.208.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The uncontrolled decomposition of waste from agro industrial sources can result in large-scale contamination of land, water, and air. Therefore recycling of agro-industrial waste for developing value added products is established as a solution to this problem. Agricultural industry is boosted by smart polymeric materials because of their high water and mineral retention capacity. Therefore hydrogels made from plant wastes like dead dry leaves and industrial cotton waste act as smart immobilising system, due to their day-to-day applications in modern waste management system. METHODS: The hydrogels were extracted from leaf and cotton waste using acid alkali hydrolysis followed by gel formation using dry cellulose, N, N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), potassium per sulfate (KPS), and neutralized acrylic acid (AA). The hydrogels obtained were checked for physical parameters like water retention capacity, absorbency and optical parameters like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. FINDING and CONCLUSION: This experimental study mainly focused on how to increase the productivity of hydrogels from agro-industrial waste. The hydrogels were characterized by NMR, XRD and FESEM -EDX. This research also discussed the application of novel and advanced hydrogels with their applications in sanitary and irrigation industries.

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Cole, Jason C., Elena A. Kabova, and Kenneth Shankland. "Utilizing organic and organometallic structural data in powder diffraction." Powder Diffraction 29, S2 (October 21, 2014): S19—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614000827.

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The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is a database of small molecule organic and organometallic crystal structures elucidated using X-Ray and neutron crystallography. The CSD is distributed alongside a system of software (the Cambridge Structural Database System) to academic and industrial users. The system contains a number of applications (in particular DASH, ConQuest, and Mogul) that can be used to aid crystallographers in the solution and refinement of crystal structures from powder diffraction data, and in the interpretation of crystal structure models (in particular, Mercury). This publication uses a racemic form of ornidazole (Z′ = 3) to illustrate the efficacy of DASH in the crystal structure solution from powder diffraction data. Furthermore, numerous features in Mogul and Mercury that aid crystal structure solution and interpretation of crystallographic data are revised. Finally, a review of a new method for using database-derived geometric information directly in structural solution is presented.

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Chen, Hongqiang, Y. Lawrence Yao, and Jeffrey W. Kysar. "Spatially Resolved Characterization of Residual Stress Induced by Micro Scale Laser Shock Peening." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 126, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1751189.

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Single crystal aluminum and copper of (001) and (110) orientation were shock peened using laser beam of 12 micron diameter and observed with X-ray micro-diffraction techniques based on a synchrotron light source. The X-ray micro-diffraction affords micron level resolution as compared with conventional X-ray diffraction which has only mm level resolution. The asymmetric and broadened diffraction profiles registered at each location were analyzed by sub-profiling and explained in terms of the heterogeneous dislocation cell structure. For the first time, the spatial distribution of residual stress induced in micro-scale laser shock peening was experimentally quantified and compared with the simulation result obtained from FEM analysis. Difference in material response and microstructure evolution under shock peening were explained in terms of material property difference in stack fault energy and its relationship with cross slip under plastic deformation. Difference in response caused by different orientations (110 and 001) and active slip systems was also investigated.

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Jaeger, Fabian, Alessandro Franceschi, Holger Hoche, Peter Groche, and Matthias Oechsner. "Statistical analysis of the reproducibility of residual stress measurements in cold extruded parts." Archive of Applied Mechanics 91, no. 8 (April 27, 2021): 3665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-021-01953-x.

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AbstractCold extruded components are characterized by residual stresses, which originate from the experienced manufacturing process. For industrial applications, reproducibility and homogeneity of the final components are key aspects for an optimized quality control. Although striving to obtain identical deformation and surface conditions, fluctuation in the manufacturing parameters and contact shear conditions during the forming process may lead to variations of the spatial residual stress distribution in the final product. This could lead to a dependency of the residual stress measurement results on the relative axial and circumferential position on the sample. An attempt to examine this problem is made by the employment of design of experiments (DoE) methods. A statistical analysis of the residual stress results generated through X-Ray diffraction is performed. Additionally, the ability of cold extrusion processes to generate uniform stress states is analyzed on specimens of austenitic stainless steel 1.4404 and possible correlations with the pre-deformed condition are statistically examined. Moreover, the influence of the coating, consisting of oxalate and a MoS2 based lubricant, on the X-Ray diffraction measurements of the surface is investigated.

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Khosla, Piyush, Himanshu K. Singh, Vishal Katoch, Anmol Dubey, Neera Singh, Devendra Kumar, and Pallav Gupta. "Synthesis, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of iron–silicon carbide metal matrix nanocomposites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317702439.

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Abstract:

The present paper reports the effect of sintering temperature on the properties of Fe–SiC metal matrix nanocomposites (5 wt% SiC; 95 wt% Fe) prepared by powder metallurgy technique. Samples were synthesized by ball milling followed by compaction and then sintering in the temperature interval of 900 – 1100℃ for 3 h, respectively. X-ray diffraction, microstructure, density, hardness, wear and corrosion of prepared samples have been investigated. X-ray diffraction studies show the presence of iron (Fe) and silicon carbide (SiC) along with the presence of iron silicate (Fe3Si) phase. Iron silicate is formed as a result of reactive sintering between iron and silicon carbide particles. Scanning electron microscopy of the samples shows the dispersion of SiC in the whole Fe matrix. Density, hardness, wear and corrosion characteristics of the samples were investigated which varies for different sintering temperature interval. It is expected that the results of this paper will be helpful in developing metal matrix nanocomposites for various industrial applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications'

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