Relevant bibliographies by topics / X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications

Academic literature on the topic 'X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications"

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Fiori, Fabrizio, Emmanuelle Girardin, Alessandra Giuliani, Adrian Manescu, Serena Mazzoni, Franco Rustichelli, and Evzen Amler. "Advanced Synchrotron Radiation and Neutron Scattering Techniques for Microstructural Characterization in Industrial Research." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.53.

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The rapid development of new materials and their application in an extremely wide variety of research and technological fields has lead to the request of increasingly sophisticated characterization methods. In particular residual stress measurements by neutron diffraction, small angle scattering of X-rays and neutrons, as well as 3D imaging techniques with spatial resolution at the micron or even sub-micron scale, like micro-and nano-computerized tomography, have gained a great relevance in recent years.Residual stresses are autobalancing stresses existing in a free body not submitted to any external surface force. Several manufacturing processes, as well as thermal and mechanical treatments, leave residual stresses within the components. Bragg diffraction of X-rays and neutrons can be used to determine residual elastic strains (and then residual stresses by knowing the material elastic constants) in a non-destructive way. Small Angle Scattering of neutrons or X-rays, complementary to Transmission Electron Microscopy, allows the determination of structural features such as volume fraction, specific surface and size distribution of inhomogeneities embedded in a matrix, in a huge variety of materials of industrial interest. X-ray microtomography is similar to conventional Computed Tomography employed in Medicine, allowing 3D imaging of the investigated samples, but with a much higher spatial resolution, down to the sub-micron scale. Some examples of applications of the experimental techniques mentioned above are described and discussed.
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Hanawalt, J. D., and H. W. Rinn. "Identification of Crystalline Materials: Classification and Use of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns." Powder Diffraction 1, no. 1 (March 1986): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600011192.

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In the course of the past few years, X-ray and spectroscopic methods of analysis have found an increasing usefulness at the Dow Chemical Company. There are a large number of different types of problems on which information can be obtained by the variations of apparatus and technic which are possible in these two fields. It is not the purpose of this paper, however, to discuss these methods or applications in general, but to describe in some detail a scheme of classifying and using X-ray diffraction patterns which has been found very helpful in one particular application of X-rays — namely, that of identifying unknown substances by means of their Hull powder diffraction patterns.The inherent power of X-ray diffraction as a practical means of chemical analysis was pointed out a good many years ago. Having a different theoretical basis and depending upon an entirely different technic than other methods, it would be expected to supplement the information to be obtained from other methods and, at times, to be applicable where other methods are not suitable. It appears, however, that the use of this method has not increased at a rate commensurate with its unique and valuable features, and that it is used by relatively few academic and industrial laboratories.
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Vourlias, George. "Application of X-rays Diffraction for Identifying Thin Oxide Surface Layers on Zinc Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10101005.

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Structural characterization of compound material coatings is usually achieved using time-consuming and destructive techniques such as optical and electrical microscopy, which require the use of grinding processes not always compatible with the material. This paper reports on the effective use of a theoretical model based on X-ray diffraction to calculate the thickness and composition of thin oxide films formed on the surface of zinc coatings. Zinc coatings are widely used in industrial application as protective layers against the atmospheric corrosion of steel substrates. The thickness of single- and multi-layer coatings is estimated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and various incidence angles. The coatings were grown using hot-dip, pack cementation and thermal spray techniques, and their experimental characteristics were compared to the theoretically predicted values of thickness and composition. The results indicate the formation of a thin zinc oxide film on top of each coating, which acts as an isolation layer and protects the surface of the sample against the environmental corrosion. Finally, the penetration depth of the X-rays into the zinc-based coatings for grazing incidence and Bragg–Brentano X-ray diffraction geometries were calculated using theoretical equations and experimentally confirmed.
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Mertens, G., E. Zeelmaekers, and L. Machiels. "Use of quantitative X-ray diffraction for academic and industrial applications." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 62, a1 (August 6, 2006): s209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767306095821.

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Damonte, Laura C., Patricia C. Rivas, Alberto F. Pasquevich, Fernanda Andreola, Federica Bondioli, Anna M. Ferrari, Laura Tositti, and Giorgia Cinelli. "Structural Characterization of Natural and Processed Zircons with X-Rays and Nuclear Techniques." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9707604.

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In ceramic industry, zircon sand is widely used in different applications because zirconia plays a role as common opacifying constituent. In particular, it is used as a basic component of glazes applied to ceramic tiles and sanitary ware as well as an opacifier in unglazed bulk porcelain stoneware. Natural zircon sands are the major source of zirconium minerals for industrial applications. In this paper, long, medium, and short range studies were conducted on zirconium minerals originated from Australia, South Africa, and United States of America using conventional and less conventional techniques (i.e., X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), and Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC)) in order to reveal the type and the extension of the regions that constitute the metamict state of zircon sands and the modifications therein produced as a consequence of the industrial milling process and the thermal treatment in the production line. Additionally, HPGe gamma-ray spectroscopy confirms the occurrence of significant levels of natural radioactivity responsible for metamictization in the investigated zircon samples. Results from XRD, PALS, and PAC analysis confirm that the metamict state of zircon is a dispersion of submicron disordered domains in a crystalline matrix of zircon.
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Hayashi, Makoto, and Shinobu Okido. "Application of X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Methods to Reliability Evaluation of Structural Components and Electronic Device." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.19.

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In the X-ray diffraction method, the diffraction intensity, the half-value width, the residual stress and the amount of residual austenitic phase can be measured. By using these parameters, the quality, the mechanical properties and the fatigue strength of materials, the remaining life of fatigue and creep can be evaluated. While the X-ray study has been widely performed for the various kinds of industrial fields in the laboratory, the applications to the actual structure and components have not so many. However, the small size X-ray residual stress analyzer, the position sensitive detector and the micro area diffraction apparatus have been developed for these twenty years. Thus the X-ray diffraction methods have been variously applied to the industrial fields. The X-ray diffraction methods were used to be applied for the large scale structures and machine parts, but recently applied to the semi-conductor fields. On the other hand, the neutron diffraction method has been introduced to measure the residual stresses in the internals of components because of its deep penetration depth. Based on the experiences of X-ray diffraction method, the various kinds of techniques have been proposed. In this paper, the applications of X-ray and neutron diffraction method to the reliability evaluations of structural components and the electronic devices are described.
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Friedman, H. "Geiger Counter Spectrometer for Industrial Research." Powder Diffraction 6, no. 3 (September 1991): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600017279.

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X-ray diffraction has many applications in the chemical and metallurgical industries, but its techniques have been confined until recently to the laboratory and to highly trained personnel. Conventional procedure entails photographic exposure, processing, and density comparisons of the finished film strips.The Geiger counter spectrometer described below measures x-ray intensities and diffraction angles directly, without intermediate photographic steps. It is simple enough for unskilled operators performing routine industrial processes yet also meets the precise requirements of laboratory research. The instrument was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, where it has been in regular use for the past two years.
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Vázquez Acosta, F., Leticia M. Torres-Martínez, Lorena L. Garza-Tovar, A. Martínez-de la Cruz, and Wallter López González. "Mineralogical Characterization of Villa Reyes México Kaolin for Industrial Applications." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.341.

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A kaolin obtained from a region near to San Luis Potosí (México) was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (DRX), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermal analysis (DTA/TGA), and chemical analysis. Mineralogical and morphological characteristics of the mineral are presented. The kaolin sample was formed mainly by kaolinite, but other minor phases were also detected such as quartz, cristobalite, trydimite, and dolomite. For iron lixiviation process, concentrate HCl was employed. The high content of volcanic glass detected, evidenced by optical microscopy, revealed an incomplete kaolinization process of the raw material. In agreement with these results, X-ray fluorescence analysis showed high- SiO2 and low-Al2O3 content in the sample as is expected on weakly kaolinized materials.
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Yin, An Min, Quan Yang, Xiao Chen Wang, Fei He, and You Zhao Sun. "On-Line Determination of Texture in Deep Drawing Steel Sheet by Two-Dimensional X-Ray Diffraction." Advanced Materials Research 572 (October 2012): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.322.

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This paper described the application of a diffraction system based on X-ray area detector on pole figure measurement as well as corresponding computation of orientation distribution functions and the principle of rapid measurement texture. The impact of calculates the orientation distribution function on the conditions of the two-dimensional X-ray diffraction was analyzed; this was illustrated by an example of deep drawing steel sheets texture measurement. ̙̈́˰͇̱̓˰̶̴̿̾ͅ˰̸̱̈́̈́˰̷̱̹͂̿̈́̈́̾˰̸̵̈́˰͇̈́̿˽̴̵̹̹̱̼̽̾̓̿̾˰̴̵̵̳̈́̈́̿͂˰̈́̿˰̸̵̈́˰̵̱̹̱̀̀͂̿̀͂̈́˰̂θ position then fix it, reduce the sample rotation; the texture determination time can be significantly reduced. Reduce the Measuring range of angle χ˰̴̱̾ φ˰̴̵̿̓˰̾̿̈́˰̶̶̵̱̳̈́˰̸̵̈́ calculation of orientation distribution function, it also can significantly reduce the measurement of diffraction data. Several technical problems appeared on the on-line determination of texture based on an X-ray two-dimensional detector system and the possibility to improve the measurement speed and accuracy in the industrial production applications were then discussed.
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Frankær, Christian, Majbritt Thymark, Kenny Ståhl, Olga Moroz, Keith Wilson, and Pernille Harris. "X-ray powder diffraction: A powerful tool for industrial protein production." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331408440x.

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X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) offers a method of characterizing a crystalline protein suspension [1], and data can be collected within 30 minutes, which is appealing for industrial applications. In industry, enzymes are produced and handled in high concentrations, which can in turn cause problems for the processes due to protein precipitation in the production pipeline. XRPD is useful for identification of the crystal forms present, by fitting calculated patterns of known single crystal forms to the observed XRPD pattern. For this purpose we have developed a streamlined program for calculation of diffraction patterns from pdb-files taking into account bulk-solvent, peak asymmetry and background [2]. XRPD was applied to a suspension from a large-scale industrial production of the widely used Bacillus lentus subtilisin. A dominant crystal form was identified by XRPD, but two other different crystal forms were found by a complementary single crystal micro-diffraction analysis of the larger single crystals present in the sample [3]. The study serves as a reminder that when a crystal is picked out from a batch crystallization for single crystal analysis, it might not be representative of the bulk microcrystalline material in the sample. To estimate the fraction of the different crystal forms in production samples with significant polymorphism, a further XRPD study was performed on binary mixtures of different lysozyme and subtilisin crystal forms. Quantitative XRPD generally requires careful sample preparation, and working with protein slurries leads to further challenges in terms of varying crystal density. After careful optimisation of suspension medium, the relative composition of crystal forms can be determined within 10%. This work demonstrates the value of in-house XRPD as an analysis tool in industrial enzyme production, and its potential to help troubleshooting the production process and to provide information for further refining the manufacturing of enzymes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications"

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Ward, Allan. "RS/hyper: a hypertext solution for reliable residual stress determination using x-ray diffraction." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41508.

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Advances in computer automation and control, compact and portable x-ray sources, and reliable and efficient detector systems over the last ten years have allowed X-Ray Determination of Residual Stress (XRDRS) measurements to become a viable method of evaluating the state of stress in metals, alloys, and ceramics. However, problems associated with incorrect XRDRS equipment operation and poor experimental technique are prevalent, necessitating better operator training and education. Therefore, an interactive computer workstation, called RS/hyper, was developed to lead the operator towards correct operating procedures and reliable experimental technique. RS/hyper teaches the operator proper machine setup, machine maintenance, radiation safety, experimental technique, theoretical understanding, and provides limited data evaluation. Graphical aids are used extensively to avoid confusion and misinterpretation during the learning process. Since RS/hyper is interactive, the operator may select the desired level of understanding on a particular topic. These topics are linked, through a hypertext interface, so that the information is presented coherently and efficiently. Compared to written texts and references, RS/hyper has been shown in preliminary tests to reduce XRDRS training and problem solving time by a factor of 16. RS/hyper will train novice users of XRDRS equipment so that the data acquired from such machines will be reliable in an industrial environment. Since the software educates the user, the results of the data will be more accurately represented before interpretation. The experienced user should find RS/hyper useful as a reference of XRDRS and related information.
Master of Science
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Cherkas, Oxana. "Manufacturing and characterization of porous calcium carbonate for industrial applications." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1003.

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L'objectif de cette thèse était de synthétiser des particules de carbonate de calcium (CaCO3) poreuses pour applications industrielles comme charge dans du papier à cigarette, ainsi que pour l'encapsulation d’'arômes. Nous avons cherché à maîtriser les paramètres de synthèse pour obtenir de la vatérite de taille contrôlée. Nous avons étudié sa transformation à haute température et dans l’'eau, car ce polymorphe est métastable. La transition de phase vatérite/calcite a été étudié par DRX et imagerie par diffraction des rayons X cohérents qui permet d’accéder à l’'image en 3D des particules. Nous avons montré que la vatérite de taille 1 à 2µm présentant 20% de porosité peut être synthétisée de façon reproductible. Les particules préparées ont été introduites comme charge dans du papier à cigarette pour évaluer l’'impact de nouvelles formes de CaCO3 sur les propriétés physiques du papier ainsi que sur la réduction des certains composées nocifs contenus dans la fumée. Nous avons développé l’analyse conjointe de l’'absorption et de la diffraction des rayons X pour estimer la charge réelle introduite ainsi que la porosité des papiers. Nous avons démontré que l’'utilisation de CaCO3 sous forme des sphères poreuses permet d’'augmenter la diffusivité du papier et de réduire l’'émission de CO dans la fumée principale.L’encapsulation d'arômes par la co-cristallisation et l'inclusion moléculaire dans le carbonate de calcium a été aussi étudiée. Nous avons montré que CaCO3 peut être utilisé comme matrice d’'imprégnation d'arômes avec une efficacité d’'encapsulation de plus que 55%. Les particules aromatiques ont été après ajoutées dans le papier pour évaluation sensorielle
The aim of this thesis was to synthesize porous calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles for industrial applications as fillers for cigarette paper as well as a matrix for flavour encapsulation. We show that we can control the fabrication of porous particles of vaterite with a given size by tuning the parameters of synthesis. After the synthesis, the stability of vaterite in aqueous solution and at high temperature was studied. The phase transition was analyzed by XRD and coherent X-ray diffraction imaging that allows us to have a 3D-image of the particles. Finally, particles of 1-2 μm size with 20% porosity were reproducibly synthesized. Prepared vaterite particles were introduced as a filler in cigarette paper, with the goal to evaluate their impact on the physical properties of papers as well as on the reduction of some harmful compounds during the smoking. It was demonstrated that the use of vaterite can increase the diffusivity of paper and reduce the CO emission in the mainstream smoke. We also show that the use of X-ray absorption and diffraction can provide an estimation of the filler fraction and porosity of the papers in a non-destructive way. The encapsulation of flavours in CaCO3 particles was performed by co-crystallization and molecular inclusion. It was demonstrated that CaCO3 can be used as a matrix for flavour impregnation with more than 55% of encapsulation efficiency. Flavoured particles was added in paper for sensory evaluation. We shown that it is possible, to flavour the final product with flavoured calcium carbonate particles
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Bruneseaux, Fabien. "Apport de la diffraction des rayons X à haute énergie sur les transformations de phases, application aux alliages de titanes." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL019N/document.

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La diffraction des rayons X à haute énergie est une technique puissante pour caractériser les transformations de phases dans les matériaux métalliques. Cette technique nous a permis d'étudier quantitativement le changement de phases ß ? a + ß dans les alliages de titane au cours de traitements thermiques. Nous avons pu caractériser les différentes phases en présence, déterminer en temps réel les cinétiques de transformation et suivre l'évolution des paramètres de maille de chacune des phases. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le changement de phases a + ß ? ß des alliages Ti17, Ti64 et Ti6242, au cours du chauffage en utilisant des vitesses lentes. Les évolutions des paramètres de maille ont été corrélées aux variations de composition chimique des phases (déterminées par ThermoCalc). Les cinétiques de transformation ont ensuite été comparées à celles calculées par l'intermédiaire d'un modèle par champ de phases. Dans le cas de l'alliage Ti17, la transformation de phases ß ? a + ß a également été étudiée au refroidissement. Différentes conditions de refroidissement ont été étudiées : en condition anisotherme au cours de refroidissements continus et en condition isotherme, au cours de maintiens à différentes températures. L'influence du chemin thermique a également été étudié, en réalisant des revenus à partir d'un état [bêta]-métastable à température ambiante. Les cinétiques de transformation obtenues ont été comparées à celles déterminées par résistivité électrique. L'évolution des paramètres de maille des phases et de la largeur à mi hauteur (FWHM) des pics de la phase [bêta] ont permis de mettre en évidence les variations de composition chimique de cette phase et les changements d'état de contrainte engendrés lors des transformations
The high energy X-rays diffraction is a powerful tool to characterize the phase transformation in metallic materials. Its use in the case of titanium alloys has allowed to study the phase transformation during heat treatments. We were able to characterize the different phases involved, to determine in situ the evolution of the mass fraction and the cell parameters of each phase. In the first time, we have studied the phase transformation a + ß ? ß during heating of Ti17, Ti64 and Ti6242 titanium alloys. The cell parameters evolutions have been compared to the chemical composition variations (determined by Thermocalc). Then, the transformation kinetics have been compared to calculated results obtained by a phase field approach. For the Ti17 alloy, we have characterized the phase transformation ß ? a + ß during the cooling. Different conditions were used: the anisothermal condition (during continuous cooling) and the isothermal condition (during dwells at different temperatures). The influence of the thermal path have been considered by means of tempering from a [bêta]-metastable state at room temperature. The evolution of the phase fraction has been compared to kinetics measured by electrical resistivity. The cell parameter and full width at half maximum (FWHM) variations and of each phase have allowed to highlight the changes of the chemical composition and the elastic strain during phase transformation
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Wang, Xiaoqin. "Line x-ray source for diffraction enhanced imaging in clinical and industrial applications." 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07052006-064958/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Kim, Chang Hyeuk. "A study of an areas x-ray source for diffraction enhanced imaging for clinical and industrial applications." 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05202004-155138/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Chen, Kuan-Ting, and 陳冠廷. "Applications of Diffraction Pattern Computation for Trans-Neptunian Objects Occultation of Scorpius X-1 in X-rays." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16498161621217241298.

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博士
國立清華大學
物理學系
99
偶發性掩星事件是目前監測搜尋非常小、黯淡且遙遠的太陽系天體存在的唯一方法。然而，在可見光波段，至今只有非常少的研究報告了偵測到海王星外天體(TNOs)的掩星事件。在X光波段，於2007六月到2009年十月RXTE/PCA觀測天蝎座X-1(Sco X-1)的數據中，我們發現了三個天蝎座X-1的掩星事件，包含兩個有可能是儀器造成的與一個無儀器因素的事件。藉由繞射曲線的擬合，在兩個可能是儀器造成的事件中，我們認為其中一個事件可能是由15公尺大小的小行星帶天體(MBA)造成，另一個可能是由大小約十米的半人馬小行星(Centaur)或小行星帶天體造成，也可能由相對速率每秒數公里，距離非常近的公尺級大小物體造成，兩個事件均無法排除由儀器造成的可能性。而對於沒有儀器因素的事件，則有可能是由具罕見逆行軌道的150公尺大小的海王星外天體造成，也可能是由40公尺大小的小行星帶天體造成，但是對應的相關聯偵測率會極高，又或者是由相對速率每秒數公里，且距離非常近的公尺級大小物體造成。基於以上所有不確定性，我們保守做出無偵測到海王星外天體掩星事件的結論並估計海王星外天體與小行星帶天體大小分佈的上限。 為了探討天蝎座X-1的X光輻射區域大小測定的可能性，考慮天蝎座X-1的X光輻射區域為文獻上所提出最大100,000公里的大小時，我們研究掩星光度曲線在此情況下可被從背景點光源中區別出來的條件。對於有通過中央亮帶的掩星光度曲線來說，當物體大小是公里級的海王星外天體時，約20倍於RXTE/PCA的光子接收率(photon count rate)可以達到區別條件，而對於其他的撞擊參數來說，至少要600倍以上才能達到；當考慮較遠的掩星事件時，例如在距離1000天文單位(AU)的地方，目前RXTE/PCA的光子接收率對於公里級大小的掩體且有通過中央亮帶的掩星光度曲線事件中是足以達到區別條件的，而在其他的撞擊參數下，則需數倍於RXTE/PCA的光子接收率。當考慮非常大的天體為掩體時，在40 AU地方的事件是非常不可能用來探測天蝎座X-1的X光輻射區域大小的；而在較遠的地方(例如在距離1000 AU的地方)時，那麼約十倍於RXTE/PCA光子接收率的儀器就可以分辨掩星光度曲線是由天蝎座X-1的X光輻射區域大小100,000 km產生還是由點光源產生的。
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Chetty, Indrani Sagree. "Strategic approaces to public sector partnering in the acquisition, financing and implementation of x-ray scanner technology for the inspection of containerized cargo in South Africa." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2800.

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Customs administrations, worldwide, are adopting the trend towards risk-based processing of international cargoes as a means of facilitating trade. This has lead to the introduction of innovative processes ably supported by technology to realize improvements in customs effectiveness and overall efficiency. Widespread use of e-commerce in trade-customs transactions and exchanges, likewise necessitates complimentary technical support where Customs has need to intervene in a specific import, export or transit consignment. South African Revenue Service (SARS) is presently developing and enhancing its core competencies through training of its personnel in the disciplines of risk management, anti-smuggling and post clearance audit. It therefore becomes essential that these capacity building initiatives be complimented with the most appropriate tools for conducting cargo examination. The current physical examination process and inspection techniques are both time consuming and costly for business and render the goods liable to damage and theft. Recent historical events, specifically the 9/11 tragedy in New York, has caused international organizations such as the G8 and World Customs Organization (WCO) to consider the implications and effects of terrorism on international maritime transportation. The G8 adopted a Co-operative Action Plan on Security covering all aspects of transportation security and the WCO adopted a Resolution on Security and Facilitation of the International Supply Chain. Both initiatives aim to ensure safer and more secure maritime trade on the global scale. Fundamental to SARS Customs ability to successfully implement such measures are the following: Availability of advance electronic customs data Automated risk profiling and targeting capability Availability of non-intrusion inspectional devices (X-ray cargo scanners) to examine cargo. These three criteria are essential for SARS to participate in supply chain security initiatives and to facilitate the transportation of international consignment. Accordingly this research project explores how the external and internal environment impacts on SARS. It further critically analyses the core competencies and resource strengths of SARS. To support SARS in its effort and in its process of starting a project to improve controls and facilitation of goods at ports of entry within the Republic, this study explores and expounds on infrastructure and business application needs of SARS. Finally the research project concludes with a recommendation of the most effective approach towards the implementation of cargo scanner 'shared, outsourced service."
Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Ade, Nicholas. "Evaluation of the radiation detection properties of synthetic diamonds for medical applications." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17652.

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Books on the topic "X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications"

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Erko, A. I. Diffraction X-ray optics. Philadelphia, PA: Institute of Physics Pub., 1996.

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L, Chung Deborah D., ed. X-ray diffraction at elevated temperatures: A method for in situ process analysis. New York: VCH, 1993.

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Two-dimensional X-ray diffraction. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.

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International Conference on X-ray and Related Techniques in Research and Industry (2010 Langkawi Island, Kedah, Malaysia). X-ray and related techniques: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on X-ray and Related Techniques in Research and Industry (IXCRI [sic] 2010) held at Langkawi Island, Malaysia from 9th to 10th of June 2010. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 2011.

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Zevin, Lev S. Quantitative X-Ray Diffractometry. New York, NY: Springer US, 1995.

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Zevin, Lev S. Quantitative X-ray diffractometry. New York: Springer, 1995.

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Henry, Reibenspies Joseph, and Bhuvanesh Nattami, eds. Principles and applications of powder diffraction. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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X-ray diffraction for materials research: From fundamentals to applications. Oakville, ON: Apple Academic Press, 2016.

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Drít͡s, Viktor Anatolévich. X-ray diffraction by disordered lamellar structures: Theory and applications to microdivided silicates and carbons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Applications of synchrotron light to scattering and diffraction in materials and life sciences. Berlin: Springer, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications"

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Schmal, Martin, and Carlos André C. Perez. "Structural Analyses: X-ray Diffraction." In Heterogeneous Catalysis and its Industrial Applications, 205–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09250-8_9.

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Kaloshkin, S. D., V. V. Tcherdyntsev, A. I. Salimon, I. A. Tomilin, T. Spataru, and G. Principi. "Mössbauer and X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Phase and Structure Transformations During Annealing of Mechanically Alloyed Al65Cu23Fe12." In Industrial Applications of the Mössbauer Effect, 399–405. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0299-8_43.

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James, M. R. "Application of X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements in Industrial R&D." In Measurement of Residual and Applied Stress Using Neutron Diffraction, 37–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2797-4_3.

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"Warren- Aver bach Applications." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 865–86. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-55.

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"Superconductors: Structures and Applications." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 105–44. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-9.

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"x-." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 333–67. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-19.

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"Selected Applications of X-Ray Diffraction." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 195–208. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-12.

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Chung, Frank, and Deane Smith. "The Principles of Diffraction Analysis." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 3–11. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-3.

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"The Principles of Diffraction Analysis." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 17–26. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-4.

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"The Practice of Diffraction Analysis." In Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction, 27–50. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16940-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "X-rays Diffraction Industrial applications"

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Webster, P. J., Z. Chen, D. J. Hughes, A. Steuwer, B. Malard, N. Ratel, M. N. James, and S. P. Ting. "Engineering Applications of Synchrotron X-Rays and Neutrons and the FaME38 Project." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62451.

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Large Central Scientific Facilities such as the ESRF (the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) and ILL (the European centre for neutron research), were set up to provide scientists with the advanced facilities they need to exploit neutron and synchrotron X-ray beams for scientific research. Engineers also conduct research at these Facilities, but this is less common as most practicing engineers generally have little or no knowledge of neutron or X-ray scattering, or of their considerable potential for engineering research, model validation, material development and for fatigue and failure analysis. FaME38 is the new joint support Facility for Materials Engineering, located at ILL-ESRF, set up to encourage and to facilitate engineering research by engineers at these facilities. It provides a technical and knowledge centre, a materials support laboratory, and the additional equipment and resources that academic and industrial engineers need for materials engineering research to become practicable, efficient and routine. It enables engineers to add the most advanced scientific diffraction and imaging facilities to their portfolio of diagnostic tools. These include non-destructive internal and through-surface strain scanning, phase analysis, radiography and tomography of engineering components. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction strain mapping is particularly suited for the rigorous experimental, non-destructive, validation of Finite Element and other computer model codes used to predict residual stress fields that are critical to the performance and lifetimes of engineering components. This paper discusses the FaME38 facility and demonstrates its utility in gaining fundamental insight into mechanical engineering problems through examples, including studies of railway rails, welds and peened surfaces that demonstrate the potential of neutron of synchrotron X-ray strain scanning for the determination of residual stress fields in a variety of engineering materials and critical components.
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Kuzmann, E. "Mössbauer and X-ray Diffraction Investigations of Sn-containing Binary and Ternary Electrodeposited Alloys from a Gluconate Bath." In INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE MOSSBAUER EFFECT: International Symposium on the Industrial Applications of the Mossbauer Effect. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1923641.

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Kostromitin, Konstantin I., Roman S. Khaliullin, and Alexei V. Skorobogatov. "Using Destructive Testing Methods, X-Ray Diffraction and Logic Analysis to Control Operation of Integral Circuits." In 2020 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieam48468.2020.9111908.

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Fiala, Jaroslav, Vaclav Mentl, Vladislav Kolarik, and Michal Chocholousek. "Evaluation of Fatigue Damage by X-Ray Diffraction Technique of Steam Turbine Rotor Steels at Elevated Temperatures." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77386.

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In many industrial applications materials are subjected to degradation of mechanical properties as a result of real service conditions. The assessment of the remaining lifetime of components and structures is commonly based on correlated procedures including numerous destructive, non-destructive and mathematical techniques that should guarantee reasonable precise assessment of the current damage extent of materials in question and the remnant lifetime assessment. The assessment of the remaining lifetime by X-ray diffraction technique is based on the fact that mechanical properties of the most materials depend strongly on crystallite size and orientation of ingredients, which are the crucial parameters for the determination of the ageing state and the prediction of residual lifetime of the components. X-ray diffraction technique proved to be useful as a tool for the assessment of material degradation extent after a long-time service. Framework 5 project “XPECTION” [1] was dealing with this task with respect to high temperature creep degradation of boiler tube steels. In this presentation, the X-ray diffraction technique was applied to reveal subtle details of the microstructural changes induced by fatigue. Several steam turbine rotor steels were fatigue tested at elevated temperatures up to 600°C at strain control regime. After the tests, the X-ray diffraction method was used to correlate the extent of fatigue damage with the X-Ray diffraction patterns to be able to assume the life-time exhaustion caused by fatigue loading in service.
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Ferber, M. K., and H. T. Lin. "Characterization of Ceramic Components Exposed in Industrial Gas Turbines." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/md-24803.

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Abstract This paper provides a review of recent studies undertaken to examine the mechanical and thermal stability of silicon nitride ceramic components that are currently being considered for use in gas turbine applications. Specific components examined included a bowed ceramic nozzle evaluated in an engine test stand, ceramic vanes exposed in two field tests, and an air-cooled vane that is currently under development. Scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate the changes in the microstructures arising from the environmental effects. The recession of the airfoils resulting from the volatilization of the normally protective silica layer was also measured. The stability of the intergranular phases was evaluated using x-ray diffraction. The surface strength was measured using a miniature biaxial test specimen, which was prepared by diamond core drilling.
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Algoburi, A., R. Ahmed, and M. Nazarinia. "Cavitation Erosion in WC-10Co-4Cr Coating." In ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0461.

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Abstract This paper evaluates the cavitation erosion wear rate and failure modes of WC-10Co-4Cr coatings. These coatings are used in various industrial applications to protect against erosive, abrasive, sliding and cavitation wear in corrosive environments. Cavitation erosion tests were performed using a modified ASTM G-32 cavitation test rig. Thermally sprayed High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) WC-Co-Cr coatings were deposited using industrially optimised coating process parameters on carbon steel and stainless-steel substrate coupons. Coatings were tested to simulate the cavitation bubbles occurring in valves, pumps, and ship propellers. Indirect cavitation was used to impact the cavitation bubbles on the test specimen at a fixed offset distance from the vibrator end. Test specimens were immersed in natural seawater. A water circulation cooling system was used to control the temperature of the water. The cumulative mass cavitation erosion and erosion rate results were evaluated. The coating microstructure was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction. Post-test evaluations included SEM observation in combination with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) to understand the failure modes. Results are discussed in terms of the factors controlling the cavitation erosion rate.
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Gulizia, S., A. Trentin, S. Vezzù, S. Rech, P. King, M. Jahedi, and M. Guagliano. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Spray Titanium Coatings." In ITSC2010, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0080.

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Abstract Titanium and titanium alloy coatings have high potential for applications in several industrial fields such as aerospace, bio-medical and chemical industries. Its eligibility for each single application depends on physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Cold spray as a deposition technique for titanium coating is growing because there is no need for vacuum or protective atmospheres. The properties of cold spray titanium coatings can be tailored by controlling and optimizing the process parameters. In this study the effect of the gas pressure and temperature on the deposition process and the coatings properties were examined. Cold spray CP-titanium coatings were produced using nitrogen as propellant gas at different gas pressures (from 2.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa) and temperatures (from 400°C to 800°C). Morphology and the microstructure of the CP titanium powder and coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light optical microscope (LOM). Micro-hardness measurements and oxygen and nitrogen contents of titanium powder and the coatings were performed. As a final step, residual stress analysis of deposits were measured by means of X-ray diffraction.
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Tillmann, W., L. Hagen, and D. Duda. "A Study on the Tribological Behavior of Arc Sprayed Vanadium Doped Stellite Coatings." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p0354.

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Abstract Due to good performance in abrasive and sliding wear and enhanced oxidation behavior, coatings based on Co-Cr-W alloys are widely used in industrial applications, where the material is exposed to high temperature. Within the scope of this study, a Co-based alloy similar to commercial Stellite 6, which additionally contains 20.6 wt.% of vanadium, was deposited by Twin Wire Arc Spraying (TWAS). Multi-criteria optimization using statistical design of experiments (DoE) have been carried out in order to produce adequate coatings. The produced coatings have been analyzed with respect to their tribological behavior at elevated temperatures. Dry sliding experiments were performed in the temperature range between 25°C and 750°C. Oxide phases were identified in the investigated temperature range by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using synchrotron radiation. The V-doped Stellite-based coating possesses a reduced coefficient of friction (COF) of about 0.37 at elevated temperatures (above 650°C), which was significant lower when compared to conventional Stellite 6 coating that serves as reference. In contrast, both produced coatings feature a similar COF under room temperature. X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of cobalt vanadate and vanadium oxides above 650°C. The formation of vanadium oxides exhibits the ability of self-lubricating behavior, thus leading to enhanced tribological properties.
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Stoica, V., R. Ahmed, T. Itsukaichi, S. Tobe, and M. Escribano. "Sliding Wear Evaluation of Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed) Thermal Spray Cermet Coatings." In ITSC2003, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2003p0459.

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Abstract The aim of this preliminary investigation was to ascertain the synergetic potential of two process technologies of thermally spraying and HIPing (Hot Isostatic Pressing) for tribological applications and address the key design factors, which need to be considered for successful applications of HIPed thermal spray WC-NiCrBSi coatings. The relative performance of the as-sprayed and hot isostatically pressed WC-NiCrBSi functionally graded coatings was investigated in sliding wear conditions. Results indicate that HIPing post-treatment can improve the sliding wear resistance of WC-NiCrBSi coatings. These coatings were deposited by a High Velocity Oxy-Fuel - JP5000 system and HIPing process was carried out at two different temperatures of 850°C and 1200°C. This study shows that un-capsulated HIPing can be successfully applied to functionally graded WC-NiCrBSi coatings, which has economical as well as technical incentives for industrial applications. Sliding wear tests were carried out using a high frequency reciprocating ball on plate rig using steel and ceramic balls. Results are discussed in terms of powder manufacture method, microstructural investigations, phase transformation, mechanical properties and residual stress investigations. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction revealed transformations, which altered the phase composition such as the elimination of secondary phase W2C and metallic W and the formation of new phases containing Ni, Si and B after the post-treatment. The measurements of hardness, Young’s modulus and residual stress indicate that substantial improvements can be achieved due to simultaneous application of temperature and pressure during the HIPing post-treatment. Hardness and Young’s modulus measured by indentation method, increased after the HIPing process due to the transformations in the morphology and phase composition of the coatings. The residual stress evaluations by sin2Ψ technique using synchrotron x-ray diffraction showed a relaxation of residual stress fields in the coating with increasing temperature of the HIPing process.
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Döring, F., A. Kubec, F. Sander, C. Döring, and J. Erjawetz. "Unlocking Unprecedented Potential of Nanostructured Optical Elements by Advanced Nanolithography." In Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aio.2022.m3a.4.

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Diffractive optical elements overcome the limitations of refractive lenses and provide unique functionalities in many applications from infrared to X-ray wavelengths. We present the latest highlights in the nanofabrication and application of diffractive optics.
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