Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'X-ray photons'
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1
Emre, Eylem. "Scanning Imaging With High Energy Photons." Master's thesis, Ankara : METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1206614/index.pdf.
2
Brink, Paul Louis. "Non-equilibrium superconductivity induced by X-ray photons." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260725.
3
梁邦平 and Pong-ping Leung. "High energy photons from accretion powered X-ray binaries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233727.
4
Leung, Pong-ping. "High energy photons from accretion powered X-ray binaries /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13829853.
5
Farquharson, Michael James. "Characterisation of bone tissue using coherently scattered x-ray photons." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243790.
6
Su, Ting. "Quantitative material decomposition methods for X-ray spectral CT." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI056/document.
Abstract:
La tomographie (CT) aux rayons X joue un rôle important dans l'imagerie non invasive depuis son introduction. Au cours des dernières années, de nombreuses avancées technologiques en tomographie par rayons X ont été observées, notamment la CT spectrale, qui utilise un détecteur à comptage de photons (PCD) pour discriminer les photons transmis correspondant à des bandes d'énergie sélectionnées afin d'obtenir une information spectrale. La CT spectrale permet de surmonter de nombreuses limitations des techniques précédentes et ouvre de nombreuses applications nouvelles, parmi lesquelles la décomposition quantitative des matériaux est le sujet le plus étudié. Un certain nombre de méthodes de décomposition des matériaux ont été rapportées et différents systèmes expérimentaux sont en cours de développement pour la CT spectrale. Selon le type de données sur lequel l'étape de décomposition fonctionne, nous avons les méthodes du domaine des projections (décomposition avant reconstruction) et les méthodes du domaine de l'image reconstruite (décomposition après reconstruction). La décomposition couramment utilisée est basée sur le critère des moindres carrés, nommée proj-LS et méthode ima-LS. Cependant, le problème inverse de la décomposition du matériau est généralement mal posé et les mesures du CT spectral aux rayons X souffrent de bruits de comptage de photons de Poisson. Le critère des moindres carrés peut conduire à un surajustement des données de mesure bruitées. Dans le présent travail, nous avons proposé un critère de moindre log-carré pour la méthode du domaine de projection afin de minimiser les erreurs sur le coefficient d'atténuation linéaire: méthode proj-LLS. De plus, pour réduire l'effet du bruit et lisser les images, nous avons proposé d'ajouter un terme de régularisation par patch pour pénaliser la somme des variations au carré dans chaque zone pour les décompositions des deux domaines, nommées proj-PR-LLS et ima -PR-LS méthode. Les performances des différentes méthodes ont été évaluées par des études de simulation avec des fantômes spécifiques pour différentes applications: (1) Application médicale: identification de l'iode et du calcium. Les résultats de la décomposition des méthodes proposées montrent que le calcium et l'iode peuvent être bien séparés et quantifiés par rapport aux tissus mous. (2) Application industrielle: tri des plastiques avec ou sans retardateur de flamme. Les résultats montrent que 3 types de matériaux ABS avec différents retardateurs de flamme peuvent être séparés lorsque l'épaisseur de l'échantillon est favorable. Enfin, nous avons simulé l'imagerie par CT spectrale avec un fantôme de PMMA rempli de solutions de Fe, Ca et K. Différents paramètres d'acquisition, c'est-à-dire le facteur d'exposition et le nombre de bandes d'énergie, ont été simulés pour étudier leur influence sur la performance de décomposition pour la détermination du ferX-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) plays an important part in non-invasive imaging since its introduction. During the past few years, numerous technological advances in X-ray CT have been observed, including spectral CT, which uses photon counting detectors (PCDs) to discriminate transmitted photons corresponding to selected energy bins in order to obtain spectral information with one single acquisition. Spectral CT enables us to overcome many limitations of the conventional CT techniques and opens up many new application possibilities, among which quantitative material decomposition is the hottest topic. A number of material decomposition methods have been reported and different experimental systems are under development for spectral CT. According to the type of data on which the decomposition step operates, we have projection domain method (decomposition before reconstruction) and image domain method (decomposition after reconstruction). The commonly used decomposition is based on least square criterion, named proj-LS and ima-LS method. However, the inverse problem of material decomposition is usually ill-posed and the X-ray spectral CT measurements suffer from Poisson photon counting noise. The standard LS criterion can lead to overfitting to the noisy measurement data. In the present work, we have proposed a least log-squares criterion for projection domain method to minimize the errors on linear attenuation coefficient: proj-LLS method. Furthermore, to reduce the effect of noise and enforce smoothness, we have proposed to add a patchwise regularization term to penalize the sum of the square variations within each patch for both projection domain and image domain decomposition, named proj-PR-LLS and ima-PR-LS method. The performances of the different methods were evaluated by spectral CT simulation studies with specific phantoms for different applications: (1) Medical application: iodine and calcium identification. The decomposition results of the proposed methods show that calcium and iodine can be well separated and quantified from soft tissues. (2) Industrial application: ABS-flame retardants (FR) plastic sorting. Results show that 3 kinds of ABS materials with different flame retardants can be separated when the sample thickness is favorable. Meanwhile, we simulated spectral CT imaging with a PMMA phantom filled with Fe, Ca and K solutions. Different acquisition parameters, i.e. exposure factor and number of energy bins were simulated to investigate their influence on the performance of the proposed methods for iron determination
7
Galarowicz, Dale. "Instrumentation requirements for TREE Effects Data Collection at the Naval Postgraduate School Flash X-ray facility." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA237681.
Abstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Maruyama, X.K. Second Reader: Michael, S.N. "June 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 24, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Data Acquisition, Electronics, Facilities, Instrumentation, Integrated Systems, Noise (Electrical And Electromagnetic), Photons, Pulse Generators, Pulses, Radiation, Requirements, Scale, Transient Radiation Effects, Transients, Trees, Wafers, X Rays. DTIC Identifier(s): Transient radiation effects, Data acquisition, X ray apparatus, Electromagnetic pulses, Theses. Author(s) subject terms: EMP, IEMP, Flash X-Ray Instrumentation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-106). Also available in print.
8
Manohar, Nivedh Harshan. "Effect of source x-ray energy spectra on the detection of fluorescence photons from gold nanoparticles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45970.
Abstract:
X-ray fluorescence is a well-understood phenomenon in which irradiation of certain materials, such as gold, with x-rays causes the emission of secondary x-rays with characteristic energies. By performing computed tomography using these fluorescence x-rays, the material of interest can be imaged inside an object. Our research group has already demonstrated that x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging using a typical 110 kVp microfocus x-ray tube is feasible for a small animal-sized object containing a distribution of a solution of low concentration gold nanoparticles.
The primary goal of this thesis work was to study the effect of source x-ray energy spectra on gold fluorescence detection using the XFCT system. A computational approach using the Monte Carlo method was used. First, a computational model was created using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) transport code based on the experimental setup of the pre-existing XFCT system. Simulations were run to verify the validity of the MCNP model as an accurate representation of the actual system by means of comparison with experimentally-obtained data. Finally, the model was used for further purely computational work.
In the MCNP model, the source spectrum was changed to reflect several theoretical and experimentally obtained options. The effect of these changes on gold fluorescence production was documented and quantified using the signal-to-background ratio and other qualitative measures.
The results from this work provided clues on how to improve the detection of fluorescence photons from gold nanoparticle-loaded objects using the XFCT system. This will benefit future research on the development of the XFCT system in the context of making it more feasible for gold nanoparticle-based preclinical molecular imaging applications.
9
Habib, Amr. "Détecteurs radiologiques grande surface, multi-énergie." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT055.
Abstract:
L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer une solution pour un circuit intégré matriciel pour l'imagerie de rayons X fonctionnant, soit en mode spectrométrique où l'énergie de chaque photon X est mesurée, soit en mode d'intégration de charges où l'énergie totale déposée par les rayons X pendant une image est mesurée, la solution devant être à terme compatible avec un détecteur de grande surface typiquement de 20 cm x 20 cm. Un circuit de test (ASIC), ‘Sphinx' de 20 x 20 pixels au pas de 200 µm x 200 µm, en technologie CMOS 0.13 µm a été conçu pour servir de preuve du concept proposé. L'architecture de pixel retenue permet la quantification de la charge incidente par des paquets de contre-charges aussi bas que 100 électrons, ces contre-charges étant comptabilisées, soit pour chaque photon X (mode spectrométrique), soit pour la totalité des photons détectés pendant une image (mode intégration). Les premières mesures de caractérisation prouvent la validité du concept avec de bonnes performances en termes de consommation, bruit et linéarité. Une partie des pixels est dédiée à la détection directe des rayons X, ceux-ci étant alors convertis en charges électriques dans un semi-conducteur, tel que CdZnTe par exemple, lequel semiconducteur est couplé pixel à pixel à l'ASIC. Une autre partie des pixels est dédiée à la détection indirecte des rayons X, ceux-ci étant alors convertis en photons visibles dans une couche scintillatrice, telle CsI : Tl par exemple, et chaque pixel de l'ASIC possédant alors une photodiode. Pour ce dernier mode, de nouvelles formes de photodiodes rapides et peu capacitives ont de plus été conçues, simulées, et fabriquées en technologie CMOS 0.13 µm sur un autre ASIC. Enfin, la thèse se conclut en proposant des idées d'amélioration de performances à réaliser potentiellement dans un futur prototypeThe objective of the thesis is to propose a solution for a 2D integrated circuit X-ray imager working, either in spectrometric mode where each X photon energy is measured, or in charge integration mode where the total energy deposited by X-ray during an image is measured, the solution being compatible with large area detectors typically of 20 cm x 20 cm. A proof of concept prototype ASIC 'Sphinx' was designed and fabricated in CMOS 0.13 µm technology; the ASIC being formed of a matrix of 20 x 20 pixels with a 200 µm pixel pitch. The designed architecture allows the quantification of the incoming charge through the use of counter-charge packets as low as 100 electrons. The injected packets are counted for each X photon (in the spectrometric photon counting mode), or for all charges integrated during the image period (in charge integration mode). First characterization measurements prove the validity of the concept with good performance in terms of power consumption, noise, and linearity. A first part of the ASIC is dedicated to X-ray direct detection where a semiconductor, e.g. CdZnTe, hybridized to the ASIC's pixels converts X-photons to electrical charge. Another part of the ASIC is dedicated indirect X-ray detection where a scintillator, e.g. CsI:Tl, is used to convert X-photons to visible photons which are then detected by in-pixel photodiodes. For the latter mode, new forms of photodiodes characterized by fast detection and low capacity were designed, simulated, and fabricated in CMOS 0.13 µm technology on a different ASIC. Finally, the thesis concludes with proposing performance enhancing ideas to be potentially implemented in a future prototype
10
Jackson, Gavin John. "Local adsorption structure determination of chemically-specific species using normal incidence X-ray standing wavefields." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343835.
11
Miteva, Tsveta [Verfasser], and Lorenz S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Cederbaum. "Electronic decay cascades in media initiated by resonant absorption of X-Ray photons / Tsveta Miteva ; Betreuer: Lorenz S. Cederbaum." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1180500989/34.
12
Dawiec, Arkadiusz. "Développement d'une camera x couleur ultra-rapide a pixels hybrides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22029/document.
Abstract:
L’objectif du projet, dont le travail présenté dans cette thèse est une partie, était de développer une caméra à rayons X ultra-rapide utilisant des pixels hybrides pour l’imagerie biomédicale et la science des matériaux. La technologie à pixels hybrides permet de répondre aux besoins des ces deux champs de recherche, en particulier en apportant la possibilité de sélectionner l’énergie des rayons X détectés et de les imager à faible dose. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une caméra ultra-rapide basée sur l’utilisation de circuits intégrés XPAD3-S développés pour le comptage de rayons X. En collaboration avec l’ESRF et SOLEIL, le CPPM a construit trois caméras XPAD3. Deux d’entre elles sont utilisée sur les lignes de faisceau des synchrotrons SOLEIL et ESRF, et le troisième est installé dans le dispositif d’irradiation PIXSCAN II du CPPM. La caméra XPAD3 est un détecteur de rayons X de grande surface composé de huit modules de détection comprenant chacun sept circuits XPAD3-S équipés d’un système d’acquisition de données ultra-rapide. Le système de lecture de la caméra est basé sur l’interface PCI Express et sur l’utilisation de circuits programmables FPGA. La caméra permet d’obtenir jusqu’à 240 images/s, le nombre maximum d’images étant limité par la taille de la mémoire RAM du PC d’acquisition. Les performances de ce dispositif ont été caractérisées grâce à plusieurs expériences à haut débit de lecture réalisées dans le système d’irradiation PIXSCAN II. Celles-ci sont décrites dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèseThe aim of the project, of which the work described in this thesis is part, was to design a high-speed X-ray camera using hybrid pixels applied to biomedical imaging and for material science. As a matter of fact the hybrid pixel technology meets the requirements of these two research fields, particularly by providing energy selection and low dose imaging capabilities. In this thesis, high frame rate X-ray imaging based on the XPAD3-S photons counting chip is presented. Within a collaboration between CPPM, ESRF and SOLEIL, three XPAD3 cameras were built. Two of them are being operated at the beamline of the ESRF and SOLEIL synchrotron facilities and the third one is embedded in the PIXSCAN II irradiation setup of CPPM. The XPAD3 camera is a large surface X-ray detector composed of eight detection modules of seven XPAD3-S chips each with a high-speed data acquisition system. The readout architecture of the camera is based on the PCI Express interface and on programmable FPGA chips. The camera achieves a readout speed of 240 images/s, with maximum number of images limited by the RAM memory of the acquisition PC. The performance of the device was characterize by carrying out several high speed imaging experiments using the PIXSCAN II irradiation setup described in the last chapter of this thesis
13
Liu, Min. "Radiation-induced processes within DNA in the gas phase." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC292.
Abstract:
Les dommages à l’ADN sont généralement considérés comme les lésions cellulaires les plus courantes et le plus importantes parmi celles causées par les rayonnements ionisants. Ces dommages présentent de graves risques pour la santé humaine, mais ils font également de la radiothérapie un outil puissant pour tuer les cellules cancéreuses et sauver des vies. Pour ces raisons, de nombreuses recherches se sont concentrées sur les processus induits par les radiations au sein de l’ADN. Cependant, la plupart de ces travaux ont été réalisés en phase condensée, ce qui ne permet pas d'éliminer l'influence du milieu environnant. Afin d'étudier les conséquences de l'interaction directe de l'ADN avec les rayonnements ionisants à l'échelle moléculaire, nous avons irradié une séquence d'ADN auto-complémentaire en phase gazeuse avec un rayonnement synchrotron ou des faisceaux d'ions, et analysé par spectrométrie de masse les ions moléculaires produits. Grâce à la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique, nous avons établi que les doubles brins déprotonés de cette séquence forment bien une double hélice stable dans un piège à ions, si l'état de charge est supérieur à 5-. Ensuite, nous avons étudié les conséquences de la photoabsorption spécifique se produisant au niveau du squelette oligonucléotidique de l'ADN en phase gazeuse. En surveillant le détachement non dissociatif d'un seul électron des précurseurs déprotonés en fonction de l'énergie des photons autour du bord K du phosphore, nous avons identifié la signature spectrale des rayons X de la photoabsorption sélective au niveau des atomes de phosphore situés uniquement dans le squelette. Nous avons également détecté d’abondants cations de fragments de bases nucléiques résultant du détachement de plusieurs électrons et avons ainsi démontré le transfert de charge, d’énergie et d’hydrogène du squelette vers les bases nucléiques. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous présentons les résultats de l'irradiation des oligonucléotides d'ADN par des ions carbone en phase gazeuse. Nous avons observé un détachement non dissociatif d'un seul électron et des ions fragments positifs tout aussi abondants après l'impact d'ions carbone, comme dans le cas de l'irradiation par des photons de rayons X. Plus important encore, nous avons réussi pour la première fois à irradier un double brin d’ADN hélicoïdal en phase gazeuse. 70% des produits ioniques résultants proviennent d’un détachement non dissociatif d’un seul électron, ce qui est beaucoup plus élevé que dans le cas des simples brins. Par conséquent, l’ionisation directe d’une double hélice d’ADN après interaction avec un seul ion carbone n’entraîne pas de séparation des brins, ce qui a des implications importantes concernant les dommages à l’ADN, notamment dans le contexte de l’hadronthérapieDNA damage is generally considered to be the most common and most important type of lesions in cells caused by ionizing radiation. While DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation poses serious risks to human health, it also makes radiation therapy a powerful tool for killing cancer cells and saving lives. For these reasons, a great deal of research has focused on radiation-induced processes within DNA. However, most of this work has been carried out in the condensed phase, which cannot remove the influence of the surrounding environment. In order to investigate the consequences of direct interaction of DNA with ionizing radiation at the molecular scale, we have irradiated a self-complementary DNA sequence in the gas phase with synchrotron radiation or ion beams, and analyzed the resulting product ions by mass spectrometry. Thanks to ion mobility spectrometry, we have established that deprotonated double strands of this sequence indeed form a double helix that is stable in an ion trap, if the charge state is higher than 5-. Then, we have investigated the consequences of specific photoabsorption occurring at the DNA oligonucleotide backbone in the gas phase. By monitoring non-dissociative single electron detachment from deprotonated precursors as a function of photon energy around the phosphorus K-edge, we have identified the X-ray spectral signature of selective photoabsorption at the phosphorus atoms located only in the backbone. We also detected abundant nucleobase fragment cations resulting from multiple electron detachment and thus demonstrated the charge, energy and hydrogen transfer from the backbone to the nucleobases. In the final part of the thesis, we present the results of irradiation of the DNA oligonucleotides by carbon ions in the gas phase. We have observed similar non-dissociative single electron detachment and similarly abundant positive fragment ions after carbon ion impact as in the case of irradiation by X-ray photons. More importantly, we have successfully irradiated a helical DNA double strand in the gas phase for the first time. 70% of the resulting ionic products come from non-dissociative single electron detachment, which is much higher than the case of single strands. Therefore, direct ionization of a DNA double helix after interaction with a single carbon ion does not lead to separation of the strands, which has important implications regarding DNA damage, notably in the context of hadrontherapy
14
Deloule, Sybelle. "Développement d'une méthode de caractérisation spectrale des faisceaux de photons d'énergies inférieures à 150 keV utilisés en dosimétrie." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112273/document.
Abstract:
En dosimétrie, la distribution énergétique des photons émis par une source constitue un paramètre incontournable. Dans la gamme des basses et moyennes énergies (i.e. E<150 keV ici), le LNHB possède 5 tubes à rayons X ainsi que des grains de curiethérapie à l’iode 125, présentant des hauts débits de fluence. La détermination du spectre émis par calcul (déterministe ou Monte-Carlo) est limitée, dans la gamme d’énergie considérée, par les incertitudes élevées sur les bases de données ainsi que par les approximations du modèle. La mesure directe avec un détecteur au germanium ultra-pur a donc été retenue, bien que nécessitant de lourds moyens. De plus, le spectre mesuré est le produit de convolution du spectre émis recherché par la réponse du système. Une fois la réponse du détecteur modélisée, il est possible de « déconvoluer» la mesure, i.e. de remonter au spectre réellement émis en corrigeant (par stripping, model-fitting, inférence bayésienne…) les déformations spectrales induites par le processus de détection. Pour la curiethérapie, le modèle de grain-source a ainsi pu être ajusté. Pour les tubes à rayons X, les résultats obtenus avec différents codes Monte-Carlo et 4 logiciels déterministes ont été comparés à un spectre dit de référence obtenu par mesure et déconvolué. Ainsi l’impact sur certaines grandeurs dosimétriques de la méthode utilisée a pu être quantifiéIn the field of dosimetry, the knowledge of the whole photon fluence spectrum is an essential parameter. In the low-to-medium energy range (i.e. E<150 keV), the LNHB possess 5 X-ray tubes and iodine-125 brachytherapy seeds, both emitting high fluence rates. The performance of calculation (either Monte Carlo codes or deterministic software) is flawed by increasing uncertainties on fundamental parameters at low energies, and modelling issues. Therefore, direct measurement using a high purity germanium is preferred, even though it requires a time-consuming set-up and mathematical methods to infer impinging spectrum from measured ones (such as stripping, model-fitting or Bayesian inference…). Concerning brachytherapy, the knowledge of the seed’s parameters has been improved. Moreover, various calculated X-ray tube fluence spectra have been compared to measured ones, after unfolding. The results of all these methods have then be assessed, as well as their impact on dosimetric parameters
15
Dupont, Mathieu. "Tomographie spectrale à comptage de photons : développement du prototype PIXSCAN et preuve de concept." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4011/document.
Abstract:
Dans le domaine de la tomographie par rayons X préclinique, la tomographie spectrale est une voie de plus en plus en plus explorée. Les objectifs de la tomographie spectrale sont la caractérisation et la quantification des tissus et agents de contraste que l'amélioration de contraste entre tissus mous. Cela passe par l'exploitation de l'information spectrale (ou énergétique) des photons X et non plus seulement par leur quantité détectée comme en tomographie standard par rayons X. L'intérêt de la tomographie spectrale se trouve renforcé par l'arrivée des caméras à pixels hybrides comme le XPAD qui ont la capacité de sélectionner les photons X en fonction de leur énergie. La caméra XPAD3, la troisième version du XPAD est construite pour fonctionner dans le micro-tomodensitomètre, PIXSCAN développé au CPPM.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a deux buts~: participer au développement du PIXSCAN et effectuer une preuve de concept de la tomographie spectrale à l'aide du PIXSCAN. Le premier but est rempli grâce au développement de l'interface d'acquisition du PIXSCAN. Le second est accompli par l'implantation de la méthode par séparation de composantes dont le but est d'isoler les contributions photoélectrique, Compton et des agents de contraste. Ce travail débute par la caractérisation de la méthode et se termine par la preuve de concept sur données réelles acquises à l'aide du PIXSCANIn the field of preclinical X-ray tomography, spectral tomography is actively explorated. The aims of spectral tomography are the caracterisation of tissues and contrast agentstogether with the quantification of the latter and the enhancement of contrast between soft tissues. This is achived by the exploitation of spectral information (i.e. energy) and not only the detected quantities of photons X. The interest in spectral tomography is enforced by the arrival of hybrid pixel cameras like XPAD, because of their ability to select photons according to their energy. The XPAD3 camera, third version of XPAD, is built to be used in the micro-CT demonstrator PIXCAN fully developped at CPPM.In this context, this thesis has two goals : a contribution to the developement of the PIXSCAN and a realisation of a proof of concept of spectral tomography in PIXSCAN. The first goal is done by developing the data acquisition system of PIXSCAN. To accomplish the second one, we perform spectral tomography by implementing component separation in order to isolate photoelectric, compton and contrast agents contribution. This work begins by the caracterisation of this method and ends by a proof of concept on real data acquired by PIXSCAN
16
Zhang, Zhipeng, Wenckstern Holger von, Jörg Lenzner, and Marius Grundmann. "Wavelength-selective ultraviolet (Mg,Zn)O photodiodes: Tuning of parallel composition gradients with oxygen pressure." American Institute of Physics, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23555.
Abstract:
We report on ultraviolet photodiodes with integrated optical filter based on the wurtzite (Mg,Zn)O
thin films. Tuning of the bandgap of filter and active layers was realized by employing a
continuous composition spread approach relying on the ablation of a single segmented target in
pulsed-laser deposition. Filter and active layers of the device were deposited on opposite sides of a
sapphire substrate with nearly parallel compositional gradients. Ensure that for each sample position
the bandgap of the filter layer blocking the high energy radiation is higher than that of the
active layer. Different oxygen pressures during the two depositions runs. The absorption edge is
tuned over 360 meV and the spectral bandwidth of photodiodes is typically 100 meV and as low as
50 meV.
17
Bardho, Onelda. "Comprendre la physique des sursauts gamma grâce aux corrélations dans les données." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4004/document.
Abstract:
Les Sursauts de Rayonnement Gamma (GRBs) sont des flashs émanant du cosmos qui sont classés en deux groupes : les longs/doux et les courts/durs. Le lancement du satellite Swift a ouvert une nouvelle ère dans la recherche sur les GRBs. Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée du GRB 141221A qui montre une forte et inhabituelle hausse des valeurs des courbes de lumière dans le domaine optique lors de l'émission rémanente alors que dans le domaine des rayons X ces valeurs sont plus normales. GRB 141221A est un des GRBs qui mettent à l'épreuve les modèles car il exclut tout vent stellaire du progéniteur. Un regroupement des courbes de lumière dans le domaine X lors de l'émission rémanente GRBs a été observé avant le lancement de Swift. Cette classification a été débattue après le lancement de Swift. Nous avons construit un échantillon de 254 GRBs qui montre un éparpillement des distributions du flux à un jour. Cette distribution a été normalisée avec un décalage vers le rouge de 1. Nous avons investigué ce problème selon trois directions: un problème instrumental, un problème de calibration des données ou l'absence de regroupement. Coté instrument, le problème pourrait être observationnel, nous avons en effet observé des effets saisonniers durant les solstices et les équinoxes. Coté calibration des données, un tel problème pourrait avoir une influence sur les résultats de l'étude. La comparaison entre analyse manuelle et automatique des données telle que disponible sur le dépôt Swift-XRT montre de sérieux aléas sur les résultats. Les cas où l'analyse manuelle est judicieuse sont exposés. La dernière possibilité de l'absence de regroupement pourrait être un effet de sélectionGRBs are ashes of gamma-rays coming from cosmos. They are one of the most mysteriousevents we have been able to observe since their discovery. GRBs are classified into two groups: long/soft GRBs and short/hard GRBs. Their emission mechanism consists of two phases: prompt emission and afterglow emission. The launch of the Swift satellite opened a New Era in the GRBs research. Swift is able to provide accurate position for more GRBs than previous missions, thanks to its fast capabilities of slewing. Furthermore, the Swift shows that GRBs have a canonical behaviour for the X-ray afterglow light curves. The data analysis process remains the key point of GRBs studies. I present a detailed study of the peculiar GRB 141221A at different wavelengths. GRB 141221A shows an unusual steep rise in the optical light curve of the afterglow. The broad band spectral energy distribution, taken near the maximum of the optical emission, presents either a thermal component or a behaviourbreak. This burst displays unusual feature in the optical band, whereas the X-ray data is more common. GRB 141221A is one of the challenging bursts that excludes a stellar wind from the progenitor of the GRBs. A clustering in the X-ray afterglow light curves was observed before the launch of the Swift satellite. This feature has been debated after the launch of the Swift. We have built a sample which consists of 254 GRBs that shows a scattering of the data for the flux distribution at one day. This distribution was investigated with a normalization of light curves at redshift one. We have investigated the problem into three different directions
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Gibson, D. J. "A High-Energy, Ultrashort-Pulse X-Ray System for the Dynamic Study of Heavy, Dense Materials." Washington, D.C : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : United States. Dept. of Energy ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15011626-GeBNVt/native/.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to Univ. of California, Davis, CA (US); 17 Sep 2004.Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-TH-207378" Gibson, D J. 09/17/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Chaleil, Annaïg. "Développement d’une source de rayonnement X par diffusion Compton inverse sur l'accélérateur ELSA et optimisation à l'aide d'un système d'empilement de Photons." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS398/document.
Abstract:
La diffusion Compton inverse est l’interaction entre un photon et un électron de haute énergie. Il en résulte l’émission d’un nouveau photon d’énergie supérieure à celle du photon incident suivant la trajectoire de l’électron. Ces propriétés rendent possible la création d’une source de rayonnement X hautement directive, monochromatique accordable dans une large gamme spectrale. Il suffit d’accélérer les électrons sur quelques mètres pour leur faire gagner l’énergie minimale requise. Les photons proviennent d’une chaîne laser fortement amplifiée. Une telle source est donc relativement compacte, peu couteuse à mettre en oeuvre et facilement accessible aux utilisateurs. Elle est particulièrement adaptée aux besoins des musées ou des hôpitaux pour des applications comme l’analyse d’oeuvres historiques ou la radiothérapie. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en oeuvre une source de rayonnement X par diffusion Compton inverse en bout de ligne de l’accélérateur ELSA (Electrons et Laser, Sources X et applications). L’installation ELSA comprend un accélérateur linéaire d’électrons appartenant à la Direction des Applications Militaires du Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique à Bruyères-le-Châtel (CEA DAM). Le but est de produire des impulsions de rayonnement X ultra-courtes dans une gamme énergétique allant de 10 à 100 keV. Elle servira notamment à la caractérisation de détecteurs à réponse ultra-rapide développés à la DAM. Un système optique destiné à augmenter le flux de rayonnement X produit a été développé. Il consiste à replier la trajectoire du laser pour empiler les impulsions au point d’interaction. Dans le même but, une mise à niveau de l’installation à été réalisée afin d’augmenter l’énergie des électrons de 18 à 30 MeV. Les résultats expérimentaux ont enfin été comparés aux résultats obtenus à l’aide de simulations PIC 3DX-ray sources based on inverse Compton scattering process produce tunable near-monochromatic and highly directive X-rays. Recent advances in laser and accelerator technologies make the development of such very compact hard X-ray sources possible. These sources are particularly attractive in several applications such as medical imaging, cancer therapy or culture-heritage study, currently performed in size-limited infrastructures. The main objective of this thesis is the development of an inverse Compton scattering source on the ELSA linac of CEA at Bruyères-le-Châtel as a calibration tool for ultra-fast detectors.A non-resonant cavity was designed to multiply the number of emitted X-ray photons. The laser optical path is folded to pile-up laser pulses at the interaction point, thus increasing the interaction probability. Another way of optimizing the X-ray yield consists in increasing the electron bunch density at the interaction point, which is strongly dependent on the electron energy. A facility up-grade was performed to increase the electron energy up to 30 MeV. The X-ray output gain obtained thanks to this system was measured and compared with calculated expectations and 3D PIC simulations
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Pontes, Wesley. "Implementação de um sistema eletrônico para medir taxa de fluência de energia de radiação na faixa de radioterapia com sensor piroelétrico /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103394.
Abstract:
Orientador: Aparecido Augusto de CarvalhoBanca: Cláudio Kitano
Banca: Walter Katsumi Sakamoto
Banca: Tony Inácio da Silva
Banca: Giuliano Pierre Estevam
Resumo: Sensores piroelétricos podem ser utilizados para medir a taxa de fluência de energia (intensidade) da radiação X na faixa de diagnóstico médico e de ortovoltagem. Neste trabalho, foi implementado um sistema eletrônico que pode medir taxa de fluência de energia de radiação gama de 1,25 MeV e fótons X de 6 MV e 15 MV. O sistema é constituído por um sensor piroelétrico, um conversor corrente-tensão de alta sensibilidade e um instrumento para registrar a forma de onda e medir o pulso do sinal produzido pelo sensor. Este instrumento pode ser um osciloscópio, um circuito microcontrolado associado a um display de cristal líquido, ou um módulo de aquisição de dados e um laptop. O sensor piroelétrico e o conversor corrente-tensão foram alojados em uma câmara piroelétrica blindada. Seis tipos de sensores piroelétricos foram avaliados, sendo três cerâmicas e três compósitos. Os resultados obtidos com o sistema eletrônico, utilizando os diferentes tipos de sensores, possibilitaram caracterizá-lo em termos de precisão, resolução e sensibilidade. O sistema apresentou resposta linear com a taxa de fluência de energia da radiação, precisão melhor que 3 % e resolução de 5,56 nW/m2. As constantes piezoelétricas d33 dos sensores utilizados não sofreram alteração após os mesmos terem sido irradiados com 45 Gy de radiação na faixa de radioterapia. Estas características, associadas à importância de se medir a taxa de fluência de energia de radiação ionizante, podem tornar o instrumento piroelétrico muito útil no monitoramento de radiação produzida por equipamentos de radioterapia
Abstract: Pyroelectric sensors have been be used to measure the energy fluence rate (intensity) of x-radiation in the range of medical diagnosis and orthovoltage. In this work, we implemented an electronic system that can measure the energy fluence rate of 1.25 MeV gamma radiation, 6 MV and 15 MV X-photons. The system consists of a pyroelectric sensor, a high sensitivity current-to-voltage converter and an instrument for measuring and recording the waveform of pulses produced by the pyroelectric sensor. This instrument may be an oscilloscope, a microcontrolled circuit associated with a liquid crystal display, or a data acquisition module connected to a laptop. The pyroelectric sensor and the current-tovoltage converter were placed in an shielded pyroelectric camera. Six types of pyroelectric sensors were evaluated, three ceramics and three composites. The results obtained with the electronic system, using different types of sensors, allowed us to characterize it in terms of precision, resolution and sensitivity. The system has linear response to the energy fluence rate of radiation, precision better than 3 % and resolution of 5,6 nW/m2. The piezoelectric constant d33 of the sensors used have not changed after these have been irradiated with 45 Gy of radiotherapy radiation. These characteristics, associated with the importance of measuring the ionizing radiation energy fluence rate may make the pyroelectric instrument very useful in monitoring radiation produced by radiotherapy equipments
Doutor
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Amari, Smaïl. "Etude des matériaux pérovskites pour la détection directe des rayonnements ionisants." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI039.
Abstract:
La pérovskite hybride organique-inorganique MAPbBr3 est un semi-conducteur prometteur pour les applications en détection des rayons X. La photodétection dans la gamme d’énergie utilisée en radiographie médicale nécessite une forte épaisseur de matériau (> 500 µm). L’objectif principal de ce travail a été d’étudier l’impact des conditions de croissance en solution de cristaux d’épaisseur millimétrique sur les défauts cristallins (contraintes, dislocations, inclusions, et impuretés). A cette occasion, nous avons mis en place une méthodologie originale pour l’optimisation rapide des conditions de croissance sur la base des mécanismes de croissance et du suivi de la cinétique des croissances. Les conditions de croissance utilisées ont permis de réaliser des cristaux couvrant une large gamme de défauts cristallins. L’impact de ces défauts sur les propriétés électroniques des dispositifs détecteurs X à base de monocristaux de MAPbBr3 a été étudié. Il apparait que les contraintes, dislocations, impuretés, et inclusions nanoscopiques de solvant impactent peu la résistivité et la sensibilité des détecteurs. En contrepartie, une forte densité d’inclusions micrométriques tend à dégrader significativement les propriétés électroniques des dispositifsThe hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite MAPbBr3 is a promising semiconductor for X-ray detection applications. Photodetection in the energy range used in medical radiography requires a high material thickness (> 500 µm). The main objective of this work was to study the impact of solution growth conditions of millimeter thick crystals on crystal defects (strains, dislocations, inclusions, and impurities). In this context, we set up an original methodology for the rapid optimization of growth conditions based on growth mechanisms and growth kinetics monitoring. The growth conditions used enabled us to produce crystals covering a wide range of crystal defects. The impact of these defects on the electronic properties of MAPbBr3 single crystal X-ray detector devices was studied. It appears that strains, dislocations, impurities, and nanoscopic solvent inclusions have little impact on the resistivity and sensitivity of the detectors. On the other hand, a high density of micrometric inclusions tends to significantly degrade the electronic properties of the devices
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Pontes, Wesley [UNESP]. "Implementação de um sistema eletrônico para medir taxa de fluência de energia de radiação na faixa de radioterapia com sensor piroelétrico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103394.
Abstract:
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pontes_w_dr_ilha.pdf: 799811 bytes, checksum: 398dc35d3e3ae3ef3dfe294f8ba6793c (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Sensores piroelétricos podem ser utilizados para medir a taxa de fluência de energia (intensidade) da radiação X na faixa de diagnóstico médico e de ortovoltagem. Neste trabalho, foi implementado um sistema eletrônico que pode medir taxa de fluência de energia de radiação gama de 1,25 MeV e fótons X de 6 MV e 15 MV. O sistema é constituído por um sensor piroelétrico, um conversor corrente-tensão de alta sensibilidade e um instrumento para registrar a forma de onda e medir o pulso do sinal produzido pelo sensor. Este instrumento pode ser um osciloscópio, um circuito microcontrolado associado a um display de cristal líquido, ou um módulo de aquisição de dados e um laptop. O sensor piroelétrico e o conversor corrente-tensão foram alojados em uma câmara piroelétrica blindada. Seis tipos de sensores piroelétricos foram avaliados, sendo três cerâmicas e três compósitos. Os resultados obtidos com o sistema eletrônico, utilizando os diferentes tipos de sensores, possibilitaram caracterizá-lo em termos de precisão, resolução e sensibilidade. O sistema apresentou resposta linear com a taxa de fluência de energia da radiação, precisão melhor que 3 % e resolução de 5,56 nW/m2. As constantes piezoelétricas d33 dos sensores utilizados não sofreram alteração após os mesmos terem sido irradiados com 45 Gy de radiação na faixa de radioterapia. Estas características, associadas à importância de se medir a taxa de fluência de energia de radiação ionizante, podem tornar o instrumento piroelétrico muito útil no monitoramento de radiação produzida por equipamentos de radioterapia
Pyroelectric sensors have been be used to measure the energy fluence rate (intensity) of x-radiation in the range of medical diagnosis and orthovoltage. In this work, we implemented an electronic system that can measure the energy fluence rate of 1.25 MeV gamma radiation, 6 MV and 15 MV X-photons. The system consists of a pyroelectric sensor, a high sensitivity current-to-voltage converter and an instrument for measuring and recording the waveform of pulses produced by the pyroelectric sensor. This instrument may be an oscilloscope, a microcontrolled circuit associated with a liquid crystal display, or a data acquisition module connected to a laptop. The pyroelectric sensor and the current-tovoltage converter were placed in an shielded pyroelectric camera. Six types of pyroelectric sensors were evaluated, three ceramics and three composites. The results obtained with the electronic system, using different types of sensors, allowed us to characterize it in terms of precision, resolution and sensitivity. The system has linear response to the energy fluence rate of radiation, precision better than 3 % and resolution of 5,6 nW/m2. The piezoelectric constant d33 of the sensors used have not changed after these have been irradiated with 45 Gy of radiotherapy radiation. These characteristics, associated with the importance of measuring the ionizing radiation energy fluence rate may make the pyroelectric instrument very useful in monitoring radiation produced by radiotherapy equipments
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De, cesare Cinzia. "Traitements numériques pour l’amélioration de la stabilité des détecteurs spectrométriques à fort flux pour l'imagerie X." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT084/document.
Abstract:
L'apparition des détecteurs à comptage de photons X à base de CdTe avec des capacités de discrimination de l'énergie des photons ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l'imagerie radiographique. Les applications médicales et en contrôle de bagages X sont caractérisées par un flux de photons X très élevé, et exigent par conséquent une mise en forme très rapide du photo-courant mesuré pour limiter les empilements. Cependant, si cette mise en forme est plus courte que le temps de transit des électrons dans le semi-conducteur, la charge mesurée devient inférieure à la charge déposée : c’est le déficit balistique. Par ailleurs, la variation dans le temps du profil du champ électrique dans le volume du détecteur entraîne une augmentation du temps de transit des électrons. En conséquence, la charge mesurée diminue dans le temps, faussant la mesure de l’énergie des photons X. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser cette instabilité et de développer une méthode de correction de son effet sur les spectres en énergie. Nous avons proposé un algorithme de correction basé sur l'utilisation de deux Lignes à Retard (LAR). Une LAR rapide (50ns ?) permet de mesurer les spectres X à très fort flux sans compromis sur le taux de comptage. Une LAR lente (200ns ?) est utilisée pour mesurer intégralement la charge déposée sans déficit balistique. Un facteur de correction est évalué et utilisé pour stabiliser la mesure de l’énergie des X avec la LAR rapide. Une étape importante de cet algorithme consiste à trier les impulsions traitées pour rejeter celles qui peuvent dégrader la mesure de ce facteur de correction, notamment les empilements. La méthode proposée a été implémentée dans un FPGA pour fonctionner en temps réel et a été testée avec un détecteur CdTe de 3mm d'épaisseur avec 4×4 pixels au pas de 800 microns, capable de mesurer des spectres X dans la gamme d'énergie 20-160 keV avec 256 canaux d'énergie. La méthode développée a été initialement testée à faible taux de comptage avec des sources gamma Co-57 et Am-241, puis à fort taux de comptage jusqu'à ~2 Mc/s avec un tube à rayons X. Cet algorithme innovant a montré sa capacité de fournir une réponse stable du détecteur dans le temps sans affecter la résolution d'énergie (7 % à 122 keV) et le temps mort (~70 ns)The emergence of CdTe Photon Counting Detectors (PCD) with energy discrimination capabilities, opens up new perspectives in X-ray imaging. Medical and security applications are characterized by very high X-ray fluxes and consequently require a very fast shaper in order to limit dead time losses due to pile-up. However, if the shaper is faster than the collection of the charges in the semiconductor, there is a loss of charge called ballistic deficit. Moreover, variations of the electric field profile in the detector over time cause a change in the collection time of the charges. As a result, the conversion gain of the detector will be affected by these variations. The instability of the response is visible over time as a channel shift of the spectra, resulting in a false information of the photon energy. The aim of this work is to characterize this instability in order to understand the mechanisms behind them and to develop a method to correct its effect. We proposed a correction algorithm based on the use of two Single Delay Line (SDL) shaping amplifiers. A fast SDL is used to measure the X-ray spectra at high count rates with limited count rate losses. A slow SDL is used to measure the full collected charge in order estimate a correction factor for the compensation of the ballistic deficit fluctuations of the fast SDL. An important step is to sort the processed pulses in order to reject pile-up and other undesirable effects that may degrade the measurement of the correction factor. The proposed method was implemented in an FPGA in order to correct the ballistic deficit in real-time and to give a stable response of the detector at very high fluxes. The method was tested with a 4x4 pixels detector (CdTe) of 3 mm thickness and 800 micron pitch, which is able to measure transmitted X-ray spectra in the energy range of 20-160 kV on 256 energy bins. The developed method was initially tested at low count rate with a Co-57 and an Am-241 gamma-ray sources, then at high count rates up to ~2 Mc/s with an X-ray source. With the characterization and the validation of this innovative algorithm we prove its ability in providing a stable response of the detector over time without affecting the energy resolution (~7% at 122 keV) and the dead time (~70 ns)
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Norlin, Börje. "Photon Counting X-ray Detector Systems." Licentiate thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Information Technology and Media, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41.
Abstract:
This licentiate thesis concerns the development and characterisation of X-ray imaging detector systems. “Colour” X-ray imaging opens up new perspectives within the fields of medical X-ray diagnosis and also in industrial X-ray quality control. The difference in absorption for different “colours” can be used to discern materials in the object. For instance, this information might be used to identify diseases such as brittle-bone disease. The “colour” of the X-rays can be identified if the detector system can process each X-ray photon individually. Such a detector system is called a “single photon processing” system or, less precise, a “photon counting system”.
With modern technology it is possible to construct photon counting detector systems that can resolve details to a level of approximately 50 µm. However with such small pixels a problem will occur. In a semiconductor detector each absorbed X-ray photon creates a cloud of charge which contributes to the picture achieved. For high photon energies the size of the charge cloud is comparable to 50 µm and might be distributed between several pixels in the picture. Charge sharing is a key problem since, not only is the resolution degenerated, but it also destroys the “colour” information in the picture.
The problem involving charge sharing which limits “colour” X-ray imaging is discussed in this thesis. Image quality, detector effectiveness and “colour correctness” are studied on pixellated detectors from the MEDIPIX collaboration. Characterisation measurements and simulations are compared to be able to understand the physical processes that take place in the detector. Simulations can show pointers for the future development of photon counting X-ray systems. Charge sharing can be suppressed by introducing 3D-detector structures or by developing readout systems which can correct the crosstalk between pixels.
25
Wandersman, Elie. "Transition vitreuse de nanoparticules magnétiques en interaction." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193960.
Abstract:
Cette thèse est une étude expérimentale des transitions vitreuses de dispersions de nanoparticules magnétiques chargées (ferrofluides). - La transition vitreuse colloïdale, observée à forte concentration, conduit à un solide amorphe hors de l'équilibre thermodynamique. Les particules chargées sont alors en forte interaction, dans un potentiel dominé par les répulsions électrostatiques. Grâce aux propriétés originales des ferrofluides, nous considérons tous les degrés de liberté structuraux des particules. Ceux de position sont sondés par des mesures statiques et dynamiques de diffusion de rayonnement (rayons X et neutrons). Une dynamique vitreuse (non diffusive, vieillissante et intermittente) est observée à l'échelle nanométrique. En présence d'un champ magnétique, la structure des dispersions devient anisotrope, ainsi que la dynamique de translation des particules et son vieillissement. La dynamique de rotation des nanoparticules est sondée par des mesures de biréfringence magnéto-induite. Celle-ci se gèle à partir d'une fraction volumique qui dépend de l'intensité des répulsions entre particules. Son vieillissement est étudié sur des échelles de temps longues. Un âge effectif est introduit pour unir les propriétés de vieillissement à différentes concentrations. - A basse température, la dispersion gelée constitue un ensemble désordonné de spins géants, qui présente des analogies avec les verres de spins atomiques. En utilisant un magnétomètre SQUID, nous étudions la dynamique d'orientation de ces spins géants. Nous utilisons une méthode empruntée aux verres de spins pour extraire une longueur de corrélation dynamique; sa taille augmente au cours du vieilissement.
26
Niu, Pei. "Multi-energy image reconstruction in spectral photon-counting CT." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI022.
Abstract:
Le scanner CT spectral à comptage de photons (sCT) est apparu récemment comme une nouvelle technique d'imagerie présentant des avantages fondamentaux par rapport au scanner CT classique et au scanner CT à double énergie. Cependant, en raison du nombre réduit de photons dans chaque bande d'énergie du scanner sCT et des artéfacts divers, la reconstruction des images devient particulièrement difficile. Cette thèse se concentre sur la reconstruction d'images multi-énergie en sCT. Tout d'abord, nous proposons d'étudier la capacité du scanner sCT à réaliser simultanément une imagerie anatomique (aCT) et fonctionnelle (fCT) en une seule acquisition par reconstruction et décomposition des matériaux. La fonction aCT du scanner sCT est étudiée dans la même configuration que celle du scanner CT classique, et la fonction fCT du scanner sCT est étudiée en appliquant des algorithmes de décomposition de matériaux aux mêmes données multi-énergie. Ensuite, comme le bruit est un problème particulièrement aigu en raison du nombre largement réduit de photons dans chaque bande d'énergie du scanner sCT, nous introduisons un mécanisme de débruitage dans la reconstruction de l'image pour effectuer simultanément un débruitage et une reconstruction. Enfin, pour améliorer la reconstruction de l'image, nous proposons de reconstruire l'image à une bande d'énergie donnée en exploitant les informations dans toutes les autres bandes d'énergie. La stratégie clé de cette approche consiste à regrouper les pixels similaires issus de la reconstruction de toutes les bandes d'énergie en une seule classe, à les ajuster dans la même classe, à projeter les résultats de l'ajustement dans chaque bande d'énergie, et à débruiter les informations projetées. Elle est utilisée à la fois comme une opération post-débruitage pour démontrer son efficacité et comme un terme de régularisation ou un terme de régularisations combinées pour la réalisation simultanée du débruitage et de la reconstruction. Toutes les méthodes ci-dessus sont évaluées sur des données de simulation et des données réelles provenant d'un scanner sCT précliniqueSpectral photon-counting CT (sCT) appeared recently as a new imaging technique presenting fundamental advantages with respect to conventional CT and duel-energy CT. However, due to the reduced number of photons in each energy bin of sCT and various artifacts, image reconstruction becomes particularly difficult. This thesis focuses on the reconstruction of multi-energy images in sCT. First, we propose to consider the ability of sCT to achieve simultaneously both anatomical (aCT) and functional imaging (fCT) in one single acquisition through reconstruction and material decomposition. aCT function of sCT is studied under the same configuration as that of conventional CT, and fCT function of sCT is investigated by applying material decomposition algorithms to the same acquired multi-energy data. Then, since noise is a particularly acute problem due to the largely reduced number of photons in each energy bin of sCT, we introduce denoising mechanism in the image reconstruction to perform simultaneous reconstruction and denoising. Finally, to improve image reconstruction, we propose to reconstruct the image at a given energy bin by exploiting information in all other energy bins. The key strategy in such approach consists of grouping the similar pixels from the reconstruction of all the energy bins into the same class, fitting within each class, mapping the fitting results into each energy bin, and denoising with the mapped information. It is used both as a post-denoising operation to demonstrate its effectiveness and as a regularization term or a combined regularization term for simultaneous reconstruction and denoising. All the above methods are evaluated on both simulation and real data from a pre-clinical sCT system
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Xie, Bingqing. "Image-domain material decomposition in spectral photon-counting CT for medical applications." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI021.
Abstract:
La décomposition de matériaux est un problème fondamental et primordial dans la tomographie spectrale (sCT—spectral computed tomography) par rayons X basée sur des détecteurs à comptage de photons (PCD—photon counting detector). La présente thèse porte sur le développement de méthodes de décomposition de matériaux en utilisant des informations spectrale et morphologique encodées dans des images sCT multi-énergie. Dans ce cadre, trois méthodes ont été développées. Pour la première méthode, en utilisant la densité de masse limitée, la parcimonie conjointe locale, et le faible rang structurel (DSR) dans le domaine de l'image, nous obtenons une décomposition très précise de matériaux tels que le gadolinium, l'iode et le fer. Les résultats sur les données numériques et physiques du fantôme ont démontré que la méthode DSR proposée conduit à une décomposition plus précise que la méthode pseudo-inverse habituelle avec décomposition en valeur singulière (SVD—singular value decomposition) et la méthode de régularisation parcimonieuse courante avec contrainte de norme L1 (lasso). La deuxième méthode opère par région. Elle consiste à optimiser les matériaux de base en se basant sur la segmentation spatio-énergétique des régions d'intérêt (ROI—regions-of-interests) dans les images sCT, à réduire le bruit en faisant le moyennage des images spatiales multi-énergie, et à effectuer une décomposition fine des matériaux impliquant une matrice de décomposition optimisée, une régularisation du débruitage et une régularisation parcimonieuse. Les résultats sur des données numériques et physiques ont montré que la méthode proposée de décomposition des matériaux ROI par ROI (ROI-wise—region-of-interests-wise) présente une fiabilité et une précision nettement supérieures à celles des méthodes de décomposition courantes fondées sur la régularisation de la variation totale (TV) ou de la norme L1. Dans la troisième méthode, nous proposons la notion d'imagerie sCT à super-résolution énergétique (SER—super-energy-resolution), qui est réalisée en établissant la relation entre la simulation et les fantômes physiques au moyen d'un apprentissage par dictionnaire couplé, de manière pixel par pixel. L'efficacité de ces méthodes proposées a été validée sur des données de fantômes numériques, de fantômes physiques et in vivo. Les résultats montrent que, pour la même méthode de décomposition de matériaux utilisant la régularisation par lasso, l'imagerie à super-résolution énergétique proposée présente une précision de décomposition et un pouvoir de détection beaucoup plus élevé que ce que peut fournir la machine sCT actuelleMaterial decomposition is a fundamental and primordial problem in spectral photon-counting X-ray CT (sCT). The present thesis focuses on the development of material decomposition methods using spectral and morphological information embedded in multi-energy sCT images. In this framework, three methods were developed. For the first method, by using bounded mass density, local joint sparsity and structural low-rank (DSR) in image domain, we achieve highly accurate decomposition of materials such as gadolinium, iodine and iron. The results on both numerical phantom and physical data demonstrated that the proposed DSR method leads to more accurate decomposition than usual pseudo-inverse method with singular value decomposition (SVD) and current popular sparse regularization method with L1-norm constraint. The second method works in a region-wise manner. It consists in optimizing basis materials based on spatio-energy segmentation of regions-of-interests (ROIs) in sCT images, reducing noise by averaging multi-energy spatial images, and performing a fine material decomposition involving optimized decomposition matrix, denoising regularization and sparsity regularization. The results on both digital and physical data showed that the proposed ROI-wise material decomposition method presents clearly higher reliability and accuracy compared to common decomposition methods based on total variation (TV) or L1-norm (lasso) regularization. In the third method, we propose the notion of super-energy-resolution (SER) sCT imaging, which is realized through establishing the relationship between simulation and physical phantoms by means of coupled dictionary learning in a pixel-wise way. The effectiveness of the proposed methods was validated on digital phantom, physical phantoms and in vivo data. The results showed that for the same decomposition method using lasso regularization, the proposed super-energy-resolution imaging presents much higher decomposition accuracy and detection ability compared to what can be provided by current sCT machine
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Carr, James. "Error analysis of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy measurements." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117183.
Abstract:
The use of a theory to extract parameters from experimental data requires proper understanding of the statistical variation. Furthermore, the improvement of any experimental technique requires a sound understanding of the sources of error and an accurate model of how experimental parameters effect signal strength and noise. The second order intensity-intensity correlation function is the standard measured quantity in dynamic light scattering and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments. In this thesis we compare the measured variances of the correlation function to a model based on the statistics of dynamic light scattering. Agreement between the dynamic light scattering model and the x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy data is shown. XPCS experiments are typically conducted with low photon flux and are used to study long time constants. To achieve sufficient statistics area detectors are used. We show that there are appreciable correlations between near neighbour pixels. These correlations reveal important features that must be included to accurately draw conclusions from XPCS experiments.L'utilisation d'une théorie pour extraire des paramètres depuis des données expérimentales nécessite une compréhension des variations statistiques. De plus, l'amélioration d'une technique expérimentale repose sur la compréhension des sources d'erreurs and d'un modèle précis de l'effet des paramètres expérimentaux sur le signal et le bruit. La fonction de corrélation intensité-intensité de deuxième ordre est une quantité de mesure standardisée pour les expériences de diffusion de lumière dynamique et de spectroscopie de corrélation de photons en rayons X (X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, XPCS). Dans cette thèse, nous comparons les variances mesurées de la fonction de corrélation à un modèle basé sur les statistiques de diffusion de lumière dynamique. Nous démontrons l'accord entre le modèle de diffusion de lumière dynamique et les données XPCS. Les expériences XPCS sont en général effectuées avec un faible flux de photons et sont utilisées pourétudier les constantes à long terme. Pour atteindre des statistiques susantes, de détecteurs à résolution spatiale sont utilisés. Nous montrons l'existence de corrélations entre pixels voisins. Ces corrélations révèlent d'importantes caractéristiques qui doivent tre inclues afin de tirer des conclusions précises des expériences XPCS.
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Watt, John. "A photon counting pixel detector for X-ray imaging." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1009/.
Abstract:
Hybrid semiconductor pixel detector technology is presented in this thesis as an alternative to current imaging systems in medical imaging and synchrotron radiation applications. The technology has been developed from research performed in High Energy Physics, in particular, for the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, planned for 2005. This thesis describes work done by the author on behalf of the MEDIPIX project, a collaboration between 13 international institutions for the development of hybrid pixel detectors for non-HEP applications. Chapter 1 describes the motivation for these detectors, the origin of the technology, and the current state of the art in imaging devices. A description of the requirements of medical imaging on X-ray sensors is described, and the properties of film and CCDs are discussed. The work of the RD19 collaboration is introduced to show the evolution of these devices. Chapter 2 presents the basic semiconductor theory required to understand the operation of these detectors, and a section on image theory introduces the fundamental parameters which are necessary to define the quality of an imaging device. Chapter 3 presents measurements made by the author on a photon counting detector (PCD1) comprising a PCC1 (MEDIPIX1) readout chip bumpbonded to silicon and gallium arsenide pixel detectors. Tests on the seperate readout chip and the bump-bonded assembly are shown with comparisons between the performance of the two materials. Measurements of signal-tonoise ratio, detection efficiency and noise performance are presented, along with an MTF measurement made by the Freiburg group. The X-ray tube energy spectrum was calibrated by REGAM. The performance of the PCD in a powder diffraction experiment using a synchrotron radiation source is described in chapter 4. This chapter reports the first use of a true 2-D hybrid pixel detector in a synchrotron application, and a comparison with the existing scintillator based technology is made. The measurements made by the author have been presented at the 1st International Workshop on Radiation Imaging Detectors at Sundsvall, Sweden, June 1999. The PCD1 operates in single photon counting mode, which attempts to overcome the limitations of charge integrating devices such as CCDs. The pros and cons of the two detection methods are discussed in chapter 5, and a comparison was made of the PCD1 performance with the performance of a commercial dental X-ray sensor. The two detectors are compared in terms of contrast and signal-to-noise ratio for identical X-ray fluences. The results were presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Radiation Imaging Detectors, Freiburg, Germany, 2nd-6th July 2000. The author was involved in the conversion of the LabWindows MRS software to a LabView platform, which was presented in an MSc- thesis in the University of Glasgow by F. Doherty. All image processing, data manipulation and analysis code was written by the author.
30
Smith, David Alan. "A study of photon counters for X-ray astronomy." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35791.
31
Norlin, Börje. "Characterisation and application of photon counting X-ray detector systems." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38.
Abstract:
This thesis concerns the development and characterisation of X-ray imaging systems based on single photon processing. “Colour” X-ray imaging opens up new perspectives within the fields of medical X-ray diagnosis and also in industrial X-ray quality control. The difference in absorption for different “colours” can be used to discern materials in the object. For instance, this information might be used to identify diseases such as brittle-bone disease. The “colour” of the X-rays can be identified if the detector system can process each X-ray photon individually. Such a detector system is called a “single photon processing” system or, less precise, a “photon counting system”. With modern technology it is possible to construct photon counting detector systems that can resolve details to a level of approximately 50 µm. However with such small pixels a problem will occur. In a semiconductor detector each absorbed X-ray photon creates a cloud of charge which contributes to the image. For high photon energies the size of the charge cloud is comparable to 50 µm and might be distributed between several pixels in the image. Charge sharing is a key problem since, not only is the resolution degenerated, but it also destroys the “colour” information in the image. This thesis presents characterisation and simulations to provide a detailed understanding of the physical processes concerning charge sharing in detectors from the MEDIPIX collaboration. Charge summing schemes utilising pixel to pixel communications are proposed. Charge sharing can also be suppressed by introducing 3D-detector structures. In the next generation of the MEDIPIX system, Medipix3, charge summing will be implemented. This system, equipped with a 3D-silicon detector, or a thin planar high-Z detector of good quality, has the potential to become a commercial product for medical imaging. This would be beneficial to the public health within the entire European Union.Denna avhandling berör utveckling och karaktärisering av fotonräknande röntgensystem. ”Färgröntgen” öppnar nya perspektiv för medicinsk röntgendiagnostik och även för materialröntgen inom industrin. Skillnaden i absorption av olika ”färger” kan användas för att särskilja olika material i ett objekt. Färginformationen kan till exempel användas i sjukvården för att identifiera benskörhet. Färgen på röntgenfotonen kan identifieras om detektorsystemet kan detektera varje foton individuellt. Sådana detektorsystem kallas ”fotonräknande” system. Med modern teknik är det möjligt att konstruera fotonräknande detektorsystem som kan urskilja detaljer ner till en upplösning på circa 50 µm. Med så små pixlar kommer ett problem att uppstå. I en halvledardetektor ger varje absorberad foton upphov till ett laddningsmoln som bidrar till den erhållna bilden. För höga fotonenergier är storleken på laddningsmolnet jämförbar med 50 µm och molnet kan därför fördelas över flera pixlar i bilden. Laddningsdelning är ett centralt problem delvis på grund av att bildens upplösning försämras, men framför allt för att färginformationen i bilden förstörs. Denna avhandling presenterar karaktärisering och simulering för att ge en mer detaljerad förståelse för fysikaliska processer som bidrar till laddningsdelning i detektorer från MEDIPIX-projekter. Designstrategier för summering av laddning genom kommunikation från pixel till pixel föreslås. Laddningsdelning kan också begränsas genom att introducera detektorkonstruktioner i 3D-struktur. I nästa generation av MEDIPIX-systemet, Medipix3, kommer summering av laddning att vara implementerat. Detta system, utrustat med en 3D-detektor i kisel, eller en tunn plan detektor av högabsorberande material med god kvalitet, har potentialen att kunna kommersialiseras för medicinska röntgensystem. Detta skulle bidra till bättre folkhälsa inom hela Europeiska Unionen.
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Norlin, Börje. "Characterisation and application of photon counting X-ray detector systems /." Sundsvall : Mittuniversitetet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38.
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Fredenberg, Erik. "Spectral Mammography with X-Ray Optics and a Photon-Counting Detector." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Medicinsk avbildning, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11641.
Abstract:
Early detection is vital to successfully treating breast cancer, and mammography screening is the most efficient and wide-spread method to reach this goal. Imaging low-contrast targets, while minimizing the radiation exposure to a large population is, however, a major challenge. Optimizing the image quality per unit radiation dose is therefore essential. In this thesis, two optimization schemes with respect to x-ray photon energy have been investigated: filtering the incident spectrum with refractive x-ray optics (spectral shaping), and utilizing the transmitted spectrum with energy-resolved photon-counting detectors (spectral imaging). Two types of x-ray lenses were experimentally characterized, and modeled using ray tracing, field propagation, and geometrical optics. Spectral shaping reduced dose approximately 20% compared to an absorption-filtered reference system with the same signal-to-noise ratio, scan time, and spatial resolution. In addition, a focusing pre-object collimator based on the same type of optics reduced divergence of the radiation and improved photon economy by about 50%. A photon-counting silicon detector was investigated in terms of energy resolution and its feasibility for spectral imaging. Contrast-enhanced tumor imaging with a system based on the detector was characterized and optimized with a model that took anatomical noise into account. Improvement in an ideal-observer detectability index by a factor of 2 to 8 over that obtained by conventional absorption imaging was found for different levels of anatomical noise and breast density. Increased conspicuity was confirmed by experiment. Further, the model was extended to include imaging of unenhanced lesions. Detectability of microcalcifications increased no more than a few percent, whereas the ability to detect large tumors might improve on the order of 50% despite the low attenuation difference between glandular and cancerous tissue. It is clear that inclusion of anatomical noise and imaging task in spectral optimization may yield completely different results than an analysis based solely on quantum noise.QC 20100714
34
Stana, Markus, Michael Leitner, Manuel Ross, and Bogdan Sepiol. "Studies of atomic scale diffusion by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy." Diffusion fundamentals 20 (2013) 102, S. 1-2, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13691.
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Stana, Markus, Michael Leitner, Manuel Ross, and Bogdan Sepiol. "Studies of atomic scale diffusion by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-183943.
36
Fennell, Sharon M. "A novel x-ray tube for the non destructive examination of light materials." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300713.
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Turner, Joseph B. McGee. "Determination and analysis of multi photon excitation e missive species." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5822.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 23, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Fabris, Nicola. "Instrumentation for Photon Handling of XUV and Soft X-ray Ultrafast Pulses." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425791.
Abstract:
The recent availability of ultrafast coherent sources in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray spectral regions, such as high-order laser harmonics and free-electron lasers made possible time-resolved studies of electron and molecules dynamics on sub-femtosecond time scales. Simultaneously, the increasing demand of optical technologies suitable for photon handling and conditioning of this type of sources is a field where a strong collaboration between research and industry is required, in order to reach new results. This thesis concerns the design, realization and characterization of different monochromators dedicated to the selection of a portion of the spectrum generated by ultrafast sources.
The first contribution regards the comparison in terms of overall efficiency between two widely adopted single diffraction grating monochromators geometries, specifically the classical (CDM) and off-plane (OPM) mounts. A subsequent comparison with AFM-based simulations has been performed in order to validate the experimental results. Remarkably, the OPM diffraction efficiency is measured to about 2 times and 7 times higher than the CDM at the XUV energies of 100 eV and 310 eV. Efficiencies as high as 45 % at 100 eV and 35 % at 310 eV have been measured for OPM gratings.
The second contribution consists in the software and optical setup of a double grating time-delay compensated monochromator. This monochromator will be soon inserted and ready for the alignment at the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-ALPS, European ultra-high brightness laser facility (Hungary). The chosen parameters of the monochromator, in order to obtain the requested spectral bandwidth and temporal performances are analyzed in detail. The XUV monochromator simulated temporal resolution is lower than 15 fs at low energy resolution mode and lower than 30 fs at high energy resolution.
The third contribution consists in the characterization results achieved in terms of aberrations minimization, resolution and efficiency by designing a novel monochromator with a new three-optical-elements layout. The measured spectral resolving power is in the 3700-5200 range (output bandwidth <10 meV) over the spectral region of 12-50 eV. This is comparable to spectral resolving powers achieved on synchrotron beamlines. Excellent XUV monochromator performances has been obtained throughout by using simple optical components, which are available off the shelf on the market with high optical quality; although at modest prices.
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Damrongkijudom, Nyanpen. "Analysis of lepton contamination in high energy x-ray beams." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080121.120415/index.html.
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Pivot, Odran. "Scatter correction for spectral computed tomography." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI102.
Abstract:
Le rayonnement diffusé est une cause majeure de biais, de baisse de contraste et d'artéfacts en tomographie par rayons x. De nombreuses méthode de correction ont été proposées pour la tomographie conventionnelle (utilisant des détecteurs à intégration en énergie) mais le sujet reste ouvert dans le cadre de l'imagerie spectrale, une nouvelle modalité d'imagerie basée sur l'utilisation de détecteurs à comptage des photons résolus en énergie. L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a été l'étude de techniques de correction du diffusé adaptées à l'imagerie spectrale. La solution choisie améliore une méthode de correction développée pour la tomographie conventionnelle qui utilise un masque modulateur de primaire semi-transparent. L'atténuation du masque est d'abord compensée avec une matrice de correction qui bénéficie de l'information spectrale. Les autres contributions sont un modèle de diffusé basé sur des B-splines et qui permet de représenter précisément les images de diffusé à l'aide d'un très faible nombre de paramètres, et une fonction de coût qui prend en compte les structures du masque et de l'objet. Les performances de la matrice de correction, du modèle de diffusé, et de l'ensemble de la méthode de correction proposée ont été évaluées sur des données simulées, en considérant des détecteurs à comptage de photons avec différents nombres de canaux d'énergie. De plus, des acquisitions ont été réalisées sur un système tomographique à faisCEAux en éventail parallèles comportant un détecteur commercial résolu en énergie. La méthode a été validée avec succès dans les cas de deux fantômes dédiés à des mesures de qualité d'images médicales, avec une amélioration remarquableScattered radiation is a major cause of bias, loss of contrast and artifacts in x-ray computed tomography (CT). Many correction methods have been proposed for conventional CT (using energy-integrating detectors) but it is still an open research topic in the field of spectral CT, a novel imaging technique based on the use of energy-selective photon counting detectors. The main objective of the present thesis was to investigate scatter correction techniques adapted to spectral CT. The chosen solution refines a scatter correction method developed for integration-mode CT which uses a semi-transparent primary modulator mask. The attenuation of the primary modulator mask is first compensated for with a correction matrix which takes advantage of the spectral information. The other contributions are a scatter model based on B-splines allowing an accurate representation of scatter maps with the aid of a very few parameters and a cost function which takes into account the structures of the mask and the object. The accuracy of the correction matrix, the scatter model and the whole proposed scatter correction process were tested on simulated data considering photon counting detectors with various numbers of energy bins and have shown a significant bias reduction, contrast enhancement and artifact removal. In addition, physical experiments were performed using a parallel fan-beam set-up with a commercial energy-resolved detector. The method was successfully validated in the case of two phantoms dedicated to medical image quality measurements, with a remarkable improvement
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Doesburg, Robert Michael Nicolas. "The MARS Photon Processing Cameras for Spectral CT." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7327.
Abstract:
This thesis is about the development of the MARS camera: a standalone portable digital x-ray camera with spectral sensitivity. It is built for use in the MARS Spectral system from the Medipix2 and Medipix3 imaging chips. Photon counting detectors and Spectral CT are introduced, and Medipix is identified as a powerful new imaging device. The goals and strategy for the MARS camera are discussed. The Medipix chip physical, electronic and functional aspects, and experience gained, are described. The camera hardware, firmware and supporting PC software are presented. Reports of experimental work on the process of equalisation from noise, and of tests of charge summing mode, conclude the main body of the thesis. The camera has been actively used since late 2009 in pre-clinical research. A list of publications that derive from the use of the camera and the MARS Spectral scanner demonstrates the practical benefits already obtained from this work. Two of the publications are first-author, eight are co-authored, and a further four acknowledge use of the MARS camera as part of the MARS scanner. The work has been presented at three MARS group meetings, two departmental conferences, and at an internal Medipix3 collaboration meeting hosted by ESRF in Grenoble.
42
Edling, Fredrik. "DIXI – a Hybrid Pixel Detector for X-ray Imaging." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4572.
Abstract:
Medical X-ray imaging is an important tool in diagnostic radiology. The ionising-radiation dose to the patient is justified by the clinical benefit of the examination. Nonetheless, detectors that operate at even lower doses and provide more information to the radiologist are desired. A hybrid pixel detector has the potential to provide a leap in detector technology as it incorporates a more advanced signal-processing capability than currently used detectors.
The DIXI digital detector is a hybrid pixel detector developed for X-ray imaging. It consists of a readout chip and a semiconductor sensor. The division in two parts makes it possible to optimise each part individually. The detector is divided into square pixels with a size of 270 x 270 μm2. DIXI has the ability to count single photons and every readout pixel has two embedded counters to allow the acquisition of two images close in time. A discriminator enables the selection of photons with energies above a preset threshold level.
The readout chip Angie has been developed and its performance has been evaluated in terms of noise, threshold variation and capability to perform energy weighted counting. Silicon sensors have been fabricated, and a control system for DIXI has been designed and built. An electroless process for deposition of Ni/Au bumps on the chip and sensor has been optimised as a preparation for the assembly of a complete detector, which is being assembled by flip-chip bonding using anisotropic conductive film.
A simulation library for the DIXI detector has been set up and results on the image quality are reported for different exposures and working conditions. A theoretical model for hybrid pixel detectors based on the cascaded linear system theory has been developed. The model can be used to investigate and optimise the detector for different detector configurations and operating conditions.
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Schürmann, Christian Joseph. "Chemical Concepts and X-ray Technologies challenged by Charge Density." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E5EC-B.
44
Yeo, Inhwan. "New methods for improving x-ray film in-phantom dosimetry for megavoltage photon radiotherapy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17615.
45
Yilmaz, Ercan. "Characteristic X-ray, Photoelectron And Compton-scattered Photon Escape From A Hpge Detector." Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/1210061/index.pdf.
Abstract:
Escape of photoelectrons, Compton-scattered photons and Ge X-rays from a HPGe detector was studied as a function of energy in the range 8-52 keV. A variable-energy source producing Cu, Rb, Mo, Ag, Ba, and Tb X-rays was used. All three mechanisms for energy loss were observed in the same experiment for Ba and Tb, while only X-ray and photoelectron escapes were evident in the spectra for Ag, Mo, Rb, and Cu. Spectral features and possible mechanisms for partial energy deposition were investigated. A Monte Carlo program was used to simulate the relevant interactions and to estimate the escape probabilities.
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Huang, Zheng. "Dynamic Heterogeneity Analysis of Silica Reinforced SBR Using X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron161978180718311.
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Eriksson, Charlotte. "Optimization of Dual Energy data acquisition using CdTe-detectors with electronic spectrum splitting." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94742.
Abstract:
Dual energy imaging has made it possible to enhance contrast in medical images using images containing different energy information, by combining low and high energy images. Dual energy data can either be acquired using double exposures or splitting the energy spectrum into two images using one exposure. This thesis presents investigations of dual energy imaging using a detector solution developed by XCounter which provides dual energy images in a single exposure with a threshold separating low and high energy images. Phantom experiments with phantoms of aluminum and plexiglas were performed using weighted logarithmic subtraction and basis material decomposition to produce dual energy images. Methods were validated and images were evaluated in terms of signal difference in noise ratio to find the threshold and tube voltage combination for optimum energy spectrum separation. The methods were also tested on biological materials using bone, soft tissue and iodine solution as contrast enhancer, to investigate K-edge imaging. Optimal separation of plexiglas and aluminum were found at 70 kVp and the threshold parameter set within a range of 8 to 9, which corresponds to approximately 30 to 34 keV. For K-edge imaging, the optimum separation were found close to K-edge energy of iodine. The results found in the phantom study correlated with results from the biological material study.
48
Sarker, Suchismita. "Atom Dynamics of Amorphous Materials by X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) & Neutron Spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10619898.
Abstract:
The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment led to the development of non-polluting hydrogen fuel cell use in automobiles. Syngas produced from coal gasification is converted to H2 and CO2 gasses by the water shift reaction. Metallic membranes are used to separate H 2 from CO2 and other gasses obtained from the water shift reaction of coal-derived syngas. Commercial crystalline Pd-Ag membranes are widely used for this purpose; however, Pd is an expensive strategic metal. Thus, inexpensive Ni-Nb-Zr alloys are studied.The permeation property of amorphous membranes are known, however, the mechanism of permeation and the nature of the local atomic order of the amorphous membranes was not fully understood.
In this study, atom dynamics studied by synchrotron x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) showed the movement of heavier elements such as Ni, Nb, and Zr, at room temperature and 373K. The addition of hydrogen significantly accentuates the motion of atoms as the hydrogen occupies the tetrahedral sites within the icosahedra leading to expansion and short-range diffusion, and no long-range diffusion is observed estimated to be ∼10-22 m2/s. Vacuum removal of hydrogen from these membranes showed a contraction of the icosahedra and approached to its original position. This suggests that the process reversible due to the pressure gradient. The XPCS results did not reveal the specific position of hydrogen atoms in the icosahedra; hydrogen goes into the tetrahedral sites of Zr4 and distorted Nb4 sites as determined by neutron vibrational spectroscopy. Total neutron scattering and DFT-MD simulation determine the short-range order of up to 1.8 nm and the nearest neighbor bond distances. Determination of cluster formation was first attempted by using small neutron scattering, but it did not have appropriate “Q” range. Thus atom probe tomography (APT) was attempted. This APT study revealed Nb-rich and Zr-rich clusters embedded in Ni-rich matrix, whose compositions are reported. DFT-MD simulation reveals interconnected icosahedra in the metal matrix. The atom dynamics (NVS and XPCS), atom probe tomography, total neutron scattering studies are discussed which have implication in the mechanisms of hydrogen permeation in amorphous metallic membranes.
49
Ksenia, Chechet. "Edge Illumination technique using direct conversion photon counting detectors for X-ray Phase Contrast imaging." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170408.
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Patel, Shamim. "Single photon counting X-ray diffraction techniques for the investigation of shock compressed condensed matter." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:864f1766-eb75-456e-a66d-950faa6c24ed.
Abstract:
X-ray diffraction has now become a key tool in dynamic compression experiments, with a rich variety of mature diagnostics available. It is a technique which measures the arrangement of atoms in solid material, a direct measurement of the structure and density of materials. This thesis presents two new diffraction diagnostics where the key innovation is the use of a single photon counting CCD to measure energy resolved diffraction signal. Using CCDs in this way has not been done before in a high power laser experiment. The first diagnostic measures diffraction from a poly-crystalline sample and along with experimental results, a simulation code was created to support the development of the technique. The second technique is for use with single crystal samples. The energy resolving ability of the CCD is shown to give extra information about the state of the compressed material it is probing. As an extension to the experimental work, Molecular Dynamics simulations of germanium are presented which show qualitative agreement with previous work in which a phase transition occurs. The structure of the phase changed material is covered in detail.