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Journal articles on the topic 'X-ray densitometry in medicine'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Krmar, M., S. Shukla, and K. Ganezer. "Bone densitometry using x-ray spectra." Physics in Medicine and Biology 55, no. 20 (September 24, 2010): 6105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/005.

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2

Inoue, Tetsuo, Hajime Orimo, Shozo Koshikawa, Philip D. Ross, John C. Gallagher, and John A. Kanis. "Acronym of improved microdensitometry (computed X-ray densitometry)." Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 12, S2 (December 1994): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02383384.

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3

Paiva, Lúcia Costa, Silvana Filardi, Aarão Mendes Pinto-Neto, Adil Samara, and João Francisco Marques Neto. "Impact of degenerative radiographic abnormalities and vertebral fractures on spinal bone density of women with osteoporosis." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 120, no. 1 (January 3, 2002): 09–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802002000100003.

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CONTEXT: Measurements of bone density taken by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry are the most accurate procedure for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. This procedure has the disadvantage of measuring the density of all mineral components, including osteophytes, vascular and extra vertebral calcifications. These alterations can influence bone density results and densitometry interpretation. OBJECTIVE: To correlate radiography and densitometry findings from women with osteoporosis, analyzing the influence of degenerative processes and vertebral fractures on the evaluation of bone density. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Osteoporosis outpatients' clinic at Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-six postmenopausal women presenting osteoporosis diagnosed by bone density. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were measured by the technique of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, using a LUNAR-DPX densitometer. Fractures, osteophytes and aortic calcifications were evaluated by simple x-rays of the thoracic and lumbar spine. RESULTS: The x-rays confirmed vertebral fractures in 41.6%, osteophytes in 33.3% and calcifications of the aorta in 30.2%. The prevalence of fractures and aortic calcifications increased with age. The mean bone mineral density was 0.783g/cm² and the mean T-score was --3.47 DP. Neither fractures nor aortic calcifications had significant influence on bone mineral density (P = 0.36 and P = 0.09, respectively), despite the fractured vertebrae having greater bone mineral density (P < 0.02). Patients with lumbar spine osteophytes showed greater bone mineral density (P = 0.04). Osteophytosis was associated with lumbar spine bone mineral density after adjustment for fractures and aortic calcifications by multiple regression (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Osteophytes and lumbar spine fractures can overestimate bone density interpretation. The interpretation of densitometry results should be carried out together with the interpretation of a simple lumbar spine x-ray in elderly women.

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4

Druzhinin, Valentin N., Vadim G. Suvorov, Nikolay V. Druzhinin, Aleksandr N. Cherniyi, and Sergey N. Troynyakov. "X-ray computer densitometry in the diagnosis of fat hepatosis." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 10 (November 3, 2020): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-10-681-686.

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Currently, the problem of reducing the risk of developing fat liver hepatosis from exposure to household and industrial toxicants among the working-age population continues to be an important medical and social problem, since not timely diagnosis of the disease can lead to its progressive course with the development of inflammatory changes, necrosis and liver fibrosis up to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. In this regard, the search for methods and techniques that optimize the diagnosis of fat hepatosis is relevant. Modern methods of radiation diagnostics of liver density characteristics can significantly reduce subjectivity in the assessment of changes due to the use of quantitative indicators. The aim of study - improving the quality of x-ray diagnostics of fat liver disease based on a precision assessment of the density of the liver parenchyma using computed tomography. A comparative retrospective analysis of the results of a comprehensive clinical and radiological examination of 115 men of working age in the range of 40-55 years was performed. The main group (48 people) - employees of machine-building plants: shapers, stumpers, fitters-assemblers who had industrial contact with such factors as local vibration, dust, noise, muscle strain, burdened with a long alcoholic history and the presence of signs of metabolic syndrome: hyperlipidemia, impaired tolerance to carbohydrates, diabetes, abdominal obesity. The comparison group included representatives of auxiliary professions without clinical signs of pathology (47 people), comparable in age and experience with the main group. X-ray examinations were performed using computer tomographs: "HI Spead CT/e Dual" by GE Medical Systems and "Aqulion 64" by Toshiba. To measure the liver density in Hounsfield units (HU), the ROI (zone of interest) tool was used, which allows determining the desired value over areas of different dimensions. Measurements were performed on computer screens in 4 zones of interest at 4 levels of scanning of the liver lobes (apex, level of the caval gate, level of the left lobe, level of the portal gate) with the calculation of the average values of the density index (IDH) and density gradients (IDG) relative to the aorta, spleen and kidney. Analysis of the results of a posteriori CT densitometry of various parts of the liver within the framework of the developed algorithm, including the use of absolute and relative (gradient) x-ray density indicators of hepatic, vascular (aorta),splenic and renal structures, allowed us to expand our understanding of the quantitative density characteristics both in normal and in patients with signs of diffuse fat hepatosis (FH). It was found that the liver parenchyma density indicators can be a kind of (conditional), sometimes the only indicators of the degree of severity of changes that objectively manifest positive or negative dynamics of pathophysiological processes and, in particular, at the initial stages of the development of the studied pathology. Density differences in the right and left liver parenchyma in the control group (conditional norm) in terms of absolute density and its gradient, regardless of the level of scanning, were insignificant (statistically unreliable). In patients with clinical signs of fatty liver infiltration at the stage of steatosis, in the absence of x-ray morphologically detectable structural changes, a decrease in IDH and the dynamics of its increase (recovery) at various stages of observation were revealed. Even with comparatively equal IDH of the evaluated departments, the IDG of different people differed, manifesting the individuality of metabolic processes occurring in the body, in particular in the liver, is a kind of indicator of their direction and severity. The significance of density indicators as predictors of the subsequent stages of the pathology under consideration was particularly evident in the analysis of the results of primary diagnostics and its development in the dynamics of observations. The application of the developed methodological approach allowed us to expand our understanding of the possibilities of KT-liver densitometry in patients with metabolic syndrome (hyperlipidemia, impaired carbohydrate tolerance, diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity) in the diagnosis of fatty liver disease (FLD) at various stages of examination, including in the early subclinical phases of pathology development. The results obtained indicate the predominant role of ethyl alcohol as a hepatotoxicant in the development of FLD in the estimated cohort of the working-age population. The use of an original algorithm for evaluating tissue density makes it possible to significantly ensure the objectivity of the interpretation of research results.

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5

Eis, Sergio Ragi, and E. Michael Lewiecki. "Peripheral bone densitometry: clinical applications." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 50, no. 4 (August 2006): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302006000400005.

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Technologies for the measurement of bone mineral density and other parameters of bone strength at peripheral skeletal sites have been studied since the 1960s. Single-energy Photon Absorptiometry (SPA), Radiographic Absorptiometry (RA), Radiogrametry (RG), Single-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (SXA), Peripheral Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (pDXA), and Quantitative Ultrasonometry (QUS) have been successively evaluated. These technologies and their clinical applications are discussed in this article. The available scientific evidence supports the clinical use of these technologies at peripheral skeletal for assessment of fracture risk. Peripheral measurements other than the 33% (one-third) radius by DXA cannot be used to diagnose osteoporosis according to current standards. Peripheral skeletal sites are not clinically useful for monitoring changes in BMD with natural evolution of the disease and its treatment. Peripheral BMD measurement can theoretically be used to screen patients for selection to central DXA testing, although device-specific cut-points should be developed before this is implemented. When central DXA testing is not available, peripheral BMD testing may be considered to identify individuals who might benefit from pharmacological intervention.

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6

Glybochko, Peter Vitalevich, Yuri Gennadevich Alyaev, Vadim Igorevich Rudenko, Leonid Mikhailovich Rapoport, Vagarshak Aramaisovich Grigoryan, Denis Victorovich Butnaru, Anna Nikolaevna Perekalina, Igor Georgievich Kraev, and Dmitry Olegovich Korolev. "The clinical role of X-ray computed tomography to predict the clinical efficiency of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy." Urologia Journal 86, no. 2 (March 26, 2018): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391560317749422.

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Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficiency of computed tomography for diagnostics of patients with urolithiasis and the choice of treatment strategy. Material and methods: The study was carried out at the Urological Clinic of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and included 1044 patients with urinary stones. The ultimate goal of this study was to predict the clinical efficiency of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using a combination of computed tomography and densitometry. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was performed on “Siemens Lithostar Plus,” “Siemens Modularis Uro,” and “Dornier Gemini” lithotripters. Statistical analysis of clinical data included evaluation of individual sampling groups and calculation of weighted arithmetic mean ( M). Results: The efficiency of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has been determined primarily using X-ray analysis of the concrement outlines and the structure (homogeneous or heterogeneous) of its central zone. However, in terms of efficiency and repetition rate (the number of fragmentation procedures required for complete clearance) of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, the mean density of the concrement along the whole length of its three-dimensional structure (expressed in Hounsfield units) appeared to be the most reliable and informative predictive index in this study. Conclusion: The combination of computed tomography with densitometry in the treatment of patients with urolithiasis allows one (1) to determine the exact localization, size, X-ray structure, and structural density of urinary stones and (2) to predict, on the basis of densitometric data histograms, the clinical efficiency and repetition rate of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with due regard to the X-ray structure of peripheral and central zones, and mean density (in Hounsfield units) of urinary concrements.

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7

Haude, Michael, Guido Caspari, Dietrich Baumgart, Thomas Ehring, Rainer Schulz, Thomas Roth, Lothar Koch, Raimund Erbel, Paul Spiller, and Gerd Heusch. "X-ray densitometry for the measurement of regional myocardial perfusion." Basic Research in Cardiology 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003950050189.

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8

VAINIO, P., E. AHONEN, K. LEINONEN, H. SIEV??NEN, and E. KOSKI. "Comparison of instruments for dual-energy X-ray bone mineral densitometry." Nuclear Medicine Communications 13, no. 4 (April 1992): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199204000-00156.

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9

Druzhinin, V. N., L. V. Artemova, S. N. Troynyakov, and U. T. Tukhtaev. "Possibilities of x-ray computer densitometry in diagnosis of occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-1-55-59.

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The article presents results of assessing lung parenchyma density within X-ray diagnostic pattern “Opal glass” in patients with changes characteristic for occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis(60 patients) and interstitial pneumonia (65 patients of reference group) vs. reference group (70 individuals), by modified method of X-ray computer tomography of high resolution. Quantitative characteristics as native parameter (HU units), density gradient (IDG), with consideration of homogeneity degree of the evaluated zone by SD value enabled considerable objectification of the changes direction in diagnostic monitoring of the studied lung disorders.

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10

Preidler, Klaus, L. S. White, J. Tashkin, C. O. McDaniel, J. Brossmann, R. Andresen, and D. Sartoris. "Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometric Densitometry in Osteoarthritis of the Hip." Acta Radiologica 38, no. 4 (1997): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859709174383.

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11

Preidler, K. W., L. S. White, J. Tashkin, C. O. McDaniel, J. Brossmann, R. Andresen, and D. Sartoris. "Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometric Densitometry in Osteoarthritis of the Hip." Acta Radiologica 38, no. 4 (July 1997): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859709174383.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of buttressing on bone densitometry measurements in the femoral neck, in Ward's triangle, and in the greater trochanter. In addition, we attempted to establish the length of the femoral axis (FAL) and the true length of the femoral neck (FNL) as potential correlates with osteoarthritis (OA) or with buttressing. Material and Methods: Our study comprised 101 hips in 68 adult patients. Conventional radiographs of the hip joints were obtained in order to assess the presence and extent of OA by means of the 6-step grading system introduced in 1990 by Croft et al., and in order to measure the cortical thickness at the medial aspect of the femoral neck. In addition, FAL and FNL were measured. All patients underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry so that bone density could be assessed in the femoral neck, in Ward's triangle, and in the greater trochanter. The Spearman rank correlation was used to compare the measurements. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant positive correlation between cortical thickness and bone density in the femoral neck and in Ward's triangle. No correlation was found between cortical thickness and bone density in the greater trochanter, nor between cortical thickness and OA, FNL, and FAL, nor between OA and bone density, FNL, and FAL. Conclusion: Buttressing influenced our bone density measurements in the femoral neck and in Ward's triangle. It did not affect the region of the greater trochanter which may therefore be the best region of interest for a long-term follow-up of bone density in patients with OA.

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12

Negreiros, Caio Cesar Leite de, Marina Guareschi Berigo, Robson Luiz Dominoni, and Deisi Maria Vargas. "Asymptomatic vertebral fractures in patients with low bone mineral density." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 62, no. 2 (April 2016): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.02.145.

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Summary Objective: Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) is a test technique that can be used to detect asymptomatic vertebral fractures (AVF). It uses dual energy X-ray bsorptiometry (DXA) and can be performed concurrently with bone densitometry. This study aims to assess the prevalence of AVF in patients with low bone mass. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 135 individuals with low bone mineral density (BMD) with a T-score < -2.0 standard deviation (SD) in a densitometry clinic located in the city of Blumenau (state of Santa Catarina). Anthropometric, clinical and lifestyle variables were obtained from history-taking and physical examination. Densitometric variables were obtained by bone mineral densitometry and VFA (Explorer, Hollogic®). Vertebral fractures were classified according to the Genant criteria. Student's t, chi-square and logistic regression were performed for statistical analysis. Results: AVFs occurred in 24.4% of the subjects. They were older compared to those without AVF (65±9.25 versus 60.1±8.66; p=0.005), and had a history of lowimpact fractures (38.24% versus 19.8%; OR 2.5; p=0.03). Half of the patients that reported steroid therapy had AVFs, compared to one fifth of those who did not use steroids (50% versus 21.49%; OR 3.6; p=0.01). Conclusion: Asymptomatic vertebral fractures were present in approximately one fourth of patients. The risk factors associated were history of low-impact fracture, use of steroids and age > 61 years.

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13

Chakraborty, Dev P., and G. T. Barnes. "Bone mineral densitometry with x-ray and radionuclide sources: A theoretical comparison." Medical Physics 18, no. 5 (September 1991): 978–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596613.

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14

Steiger, P. "Fan beam dual X-ray absorptiometry: an important advance in bone densitometry." British Journal of Radiology 71, no. 849 (September 1998): 993–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.71.849.10195021.

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15

Jaovisidha, S., D. J. Sartoris, E. M. E. Martin, M. De Maeseneer, S. M. Szollar, and L. J. Deftos. "Influence of Spondylopathy on Bone Densitometry Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry." Calcified Tissue International 60, no. 5 (May 1997): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900257.

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16

Resch, H., S. Newrkla, S. Grampp, A. Resch, S. Zapf, S. Piringer, A. Hockl, and P. Weiss. "Ultrasound and X-ray-Based Bone Densitometry in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa." Calcified Tissue International 66, no. 5 (May 2000): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002230010070.

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17

RIVERA, MARCELA, PAMELA HUMERES, and PATRICIO GONZÁLEZ. "Increased Bone Mineral Density in Dual X-ray Densitometry Due to Gluteal Implants." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 1999): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199901000-00011.

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18

Khan, A. A., J. Brown, K. Faulkner, D. Kendler, B. Lentle, W. Leslie, P. D. Miller, et al. "Standards and Guidelines for Performing Central Dual X-Ray Densitometry from the Canadian Panel of International Society for Clinical Densitometry." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/jcd:5:3:247.

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Khan, A. A., J. Brown, K. Faulkner, D. Kendler, B. Lentle, W. Leslie, P. D. Miller, et al. "Standards and Guidelines for Performing Central Dual X-Ray Densitometry from the Canadian Panel of International Society for Clinical Densitometry." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 5, no. 4 (December 2002): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/jcd:5:4:435.

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20

Larkin, A., N. Sheahan, U. O'Connor, L. Gray, A. Dowling, E. Vano, P. Torbica, et al. "QA/acceptance testing of DEXA X-ray systems used in bone mineral densitometry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 129, no. 1-3 (February 18, 2008): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn086.

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21

Wapniarz, M., R. Lehmann, O. Randerath, S. Baedeker, W. John, K. Klein, and B. Allolio. "Precision of dual x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral computed tomography using mobile densitometry units." Calcified Tissue International 54, no. 3 (March 1994): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00301682.

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22

Mueller, Bryon, and Michael K. O'Connor. "Effects of Radioisotopes on the Accuracy of Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry for Bone Densitometry." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/jcd:5:3:283.

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23

Stavitskii, R. V., I. M. Lebedenko, and I. I. Burdina. "Use of scanning x-ray densitometry and computer tomography for monitoring efficacy of antitumor therapy." Biomedical Engineering 29, no. 3 (May 1995): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00560495.

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24

Cadarette, Suzanne M. "Evaluation of Decision Rules for Referring Women for Bone Densitometry by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry." JAMA 286, no. 1 (July 4, 2001): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.1.57.

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Wellens, R., W. C. Chumlea, S. Guo, A. F. Roche, N. V. Reo, and R. M. Siervogel. "Body composition in white adults by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, densitometry, and total body water." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.3.547.

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26

Hwua, Yi-Shi, Iuan-Hong Tzeng, Yu-Ling LiRadiographer, Yuan-Chi LiuRadiographer, Sien-Huei LiaoRadiographer, and Li-Chieh ChiangRadiographer. "The Average Precision Error of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Performed by Multiple Bone Densitometry Technologists." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2010.01.113.

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27

Nizovtsova, L. A., S. P. Morozov, A. V. Petryaykin, V. Yu Bosin, K. A. Sergunova, A. V. Vladzimirskiy, and M. Yu Shantarevich. "ON THE UNIFICATION OF BONE DENSITOMETRY AND INTERPRETATION OF ITS RESULTS." Journal of radiology and nuclear medicine 99, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20862/0042-4676-2018-99-3-158-163.

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The paper gives data on the importance of osteoporosis, existing approaches to its diagnosis, the specific features of a dual-energy X- ray absorption procedure to measure bone density, the determination of main densitometric indicators, such as a T-score and a Z-score, as well as their interpretation, by predicting the probability of bone fractures. It shows the need for population-based studies in Russia to set up a normative bone mineral density base with regard to age- and gender-related differences and other factors influencing the bone structure. The concept of a threshold for intervention is discussed, which determines diagnostic and therapeutic tactics depending on what risk group a patient belongs to. It is noted that the surveys conducted among radiologists have indicated that most specialists are poorly aware of the problem of osteoporosis, its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

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Kolchina, М. А., O. V. Kosmatova, V. E. Novikov, and I. A. Skripnikova. "Early markers of athrosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and osteoporotic fractures in a postmenopausal woman (сlinical case)." Clinician 13, no. 3-4 (January 30, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2019-13-3-4-53-58.

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The aim to demonstrate that subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular rigidity in a postmenopausal patient without clinical sings of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis are connected with a decreased bone mass.Materials and methods. Patient O., 64 years old, was examined at the National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine within the program “Comprehensive assessment of total risks and early preclinical markers of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis complications”. No complaints during the examination were revealed. Laboratory tests were performed to evaluate blood lipids level, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, determine marker of bone resorption – CTX (β-crosslaps), measure levels of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Instrumental examinations included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the spine and femoral neck, carotid ultrasound, applanation tonometry, multispiral computed tomography of coronary arteries with calcium score determination.Results. During outpatient examination, densitometry revealed decreased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and in the femoral neck, corresponding to osteoporosis, carotid ultrasound identified atherosclerotic plaques, multispiral computed tomography of coronary arteries – coronary calcification, applanation tonometry – increased aortic stiffness.Conclusion. The clinical case is an example of early-detected preclinical signs of atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Due to the high frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis, vessel wall state should be examined in women at the beginning of postmenopause. Signs of vascular stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis give occasion to assess risk of fractures using the FRAX ® calculator and, if necessary, to diagnose bone mass loss using X-ray densitometry. Proposed algorithm can contribute to the early detection of cardiovascular diseases and at the same time improve fracture risk assessment.

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Nordin, B. E. C., and B. E. C. Nordin. "Guidelines for bone densitometry." Medical Journal of Australia 160, no. 8 (April 1994): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138321.x.

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Wellens, R., A. F. Roche, S. Guo, W. C. Chumlen, and R. M. Siervogel. "ASSESSING PERCENT BODY FAT AND FAT-FREE MASS BY DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00347.

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31

Diachkova, Ekaterina, Elizaveta V. Abramova, Natalia A. Blagushina, and Svetlana Tarasenko. "Surgical treatment with dental implants in a patient with secondary loss of teeth and osteoporosis caused by an imbalance of vitamin D." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 11 (November 2020): e235585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235585.

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In recent years, the success of long-term dental implants has remained problematic, especially because of the increasing rate of mineral balance changes in patients with partial loss of teeth, regardless of their age, race and sex. This article describes the experience of 6 years of treatment with dental implants in a patient with secondary loss of tooth and mineral imbalance (osteopenia) due to vitamin D deficiency, in collaboration with endocrinologist. Along with basic dental care, special medicine was prescribed for this pathology. The bone system was monitored through regular blood tests, skeletal bone densitometry and X-ray of the maxillofacial region. This management plan allowed dental implants to be maintained in good condition for 7 years.

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Popić, Bruno, Boris Dželalija, Danijela Nujić, Andrea Milostić-Srb, Kristijan Dinjar, Vlatko Kopić, and Dubravka Holik. "The radiomorphometric indices of the mandible as a screening method for early detection of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women." Collegium antropologicum 45, no. 1 (2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.45.1.4.

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The aim of the study was to compare radiomorphometric indices measured on panoramic radiographs: mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI) and mandibular cortical index (MCI) with the densitometric values of skeletons in postmenopausal women, as well as and to determine the possibilities of their use in screening for early detection of osteoporosis in risky populations. Radiomorphometric indices were measured on panoramic radiographs of 146 postmenopausal patients, mean age 66.3 (±9.7) years, mean menopausal age 16.3 (±10.6) years. By dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method were measured bone mineral density of the femur and the lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4). The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the changed densitometric finding, and to distinguish osteopenia and osteoporosis. The examinees with lower densitometric values had significantly lower MCW (3.60 mm) and PMI (0.36 mm) than those with regular densitometric values (p<0.001). The most frequent finding in patients with osteopenia was C2 stage of erosion (69.50%; p<0.001), while the C3 stage of erosion (57.40%; p<0.001) was in osteoporosis patients. When differing the normal from the changed finding of densitometry the results were: MCW – area under the curve (AUC) 0.862, sensitivity 92.04%, specificity 75.76%, resolution point ≤4.39 (p<0.001); for PMI-AUC 0.874, sensitivity 76.11%, specificity 84.85%, resolution point ≤ 0.41 (p<0.001) and for MCI-AUC 0.826, sensitivity 87.6%, specificity 69.7%, resolution point> 1 (p<0.001). For early detection of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in everyday clinical practice, panoramic radiograph as a screening method can be of help.

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Karguppikar, Madhura Bharat, Nikhil Shah, Vaman Khadilkar, and Anuradha Khadilkar. "Low bone mineral density on DXA and slipped capital femoral epiphysis as rare presentation in a child with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 8 (August 2021): e242349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242349.

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We present a 7-year-old girl with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). She underwent bilateral arthroscopy with implant fixation for the SCFE and the symptoms resolved. This was followed by fracture of the femur after minor trauma. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan done to evaluate her bone health revealed a low bone mineral density (BMD). Our case highlights the finding of low BMD on DXA and rare association of SCFE in a child with RTS. The conundrum in this case is whether this child can be labelled to have osteoporosis as defined by the criteria given by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry guidelines.

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Blake, Glen M., and Ignac Fogelman. "Interpretation of bone densitometry studies." Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2998(97)80027-x.

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Baraldi, E., M. C. Bollini, A. De Marchi, and F. Zacchello. "Effect of beclomethasone dipropionate on bone mineral content assessed by X-ray densitometry in asthmatic children: a longitudinal evaluation." European Respiratory Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07040710.

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Chow, Y. W., C. Inman, P. Pollintine, C. A. Sharp, M. J. Haddaway, W. El Masry, and M. W. J. Davie. "Ultrasound bone densitometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study." Spinal Cord 34, no. 12 (December 1996): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1996.134.

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Uddin, M. F., S. M. M. Islam, M. N. Khan, R. Khatun, T. A. Biman, M. M. Ahasan, S. Akter, and A. N. Monika. "Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD) Precision and Scattered Radiation Level of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Installed in Mymensingh Nuclear Medicine Unit, Bangladesh." Universal Journal of Medical Science 4, no. 2 (March 2016): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujmsj.2016.040202.

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Druzhinin, V. N., V. G. Suvorov, A. N. Cherny, S. N. Troynakov, and U. T. Tukhtaev. "X-ray densitometric aspects of diagnosis of ulnar epicondylitis." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-1-19-24.

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Introduction. Timely and adequate diagnosis and treatment of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the bone and joint apparatus, which include epicondylitis (epicondylosis), including professionally caused, continues to be a serious health problem today, since they cause significant economic damage associated with temporary and persistent disability of the active part of the world’s population. In this regard, the search for methods and methodological approaches to improve the radiation diagnosis of this disease remains relevant. The study is devoted to solution of important medical problems, including occupational diseases-optimization of X-ray of the ulnar epicondylitis based on the use of new methodological approaches quantifying the density of pathological remodeling of bone structures in the subject area, that allow to objectify the direction of changes in monitoring intensity changes in the estimated structures.The aim of the study is to improve the quality of x-ray diagnostics of ulnar epicondylitis based on a precision assessment of the optical density of bone and periarticular tissues using digital radiography.Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the results of a comprehensive clinical and radiological examination of patients, workers of the main group (fitters and laborers machine-building plants) working age range of 30–50 years with a clinical picture of subacute phase of the ulnar epicondylitis in the absence of a pathognomonic ultrasound findings and x-ray morphological signs of the disease. X-ray studies were performed using digital low-dose x-ray diagnostic devices. Visualization, processing, analysis of medical images and comparison of results in the dynamics of research were carried out using the programs «Lins machaon doctor’s workstation». To measure the conditional optical density of bone and soft tissues, we used the ROI tool (zone of interest), which allows us to determine the desired value in areas of different dimensions. Measurements were performed on digital radiographs and computer monitor screens in the areas of interest: the lateral parts of the humerus condyles and adjacent periarticular tissues with the calculation of the average values of the optical density index (ID) and optical density gradients (IDG) relative to the density of periarticular soft tissues.Results. Analysis of the results of a posteriori osteodensitometry of the distal humerus within the framework of the developed algorithm, which includes the use of absolute and relative indicators of conditional optical density after preliminary color correction of digital x-ray images of bone and paraossal tissue structures, allowed us to expand our understanding of the topography of the distribution of mineral saturation in the condyles of at-risk individuals relative to those of the control group. It was found that the indicators of optical density of bone and paraossal tissues can be a kind of (conditional), sometimes the only indicators of the degree of severity of changes, positive or negative dynamics of pathophysiological processes. Density differences in the distal parts of the right and left humerus (bony and soft -tissue paraossal structures of the condyles) in the control group (conditional norm) in terms of absolute optical density and its gradient, regardless of the assessment area, were insignificant (statistically unreliable), although they were multidirectional. In patients with clinical signs of epicondylitis in the absence of x-ray morphologically detectable structural changes, a decrease in ID and the dynamics of its recovery at various stages of observation were revealed. Even when the ID of the actual bone structure is relatively equal, the IDG differs in different people, since it is largely determined by metabolic processes that are dynamically more labile than in the bones, and thus serve as a kind of indicator of their intensity. Taking into account the relative torpidity of perestroika processes in the structures of the bone tissue of the condyles in epicondylitis, IDG should be considered a more informative indicator of their dynamics. The importance of optical density indicators as predictors of the considered pathology is particularly evident in the process of analyzing the results of its diagnosis and development in the dynamics of observations not so much at the collective as at the individual level of assessment.Conclusions. The application of the developed methodological approach allows us to significantly expand our understanding of the topographical distribution of the density of bone and soft tissue structures of the distal humerus at various stages of examination of patients, including the early subclinical phases of possible pathology, even in the absence of visually detectable x-ray morphological changes. The use of an original algorithm for evaluating tissue density will reduce the negative role of the so-called «human factor» and thus significantly ensure the objectivity of the interpretation of research results.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

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ROSENTHALL, LEONARD. "DEXA Bone Densitometry Measurements in Adults with X-linked Hypophosphatemia." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 18, no. 7 (July 1993): 564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199307000-00004.

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Deurenberg-Yap, Mabel, Gordon Schmidt, Wija A. van Staveren, Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast, and Paul Deurenberg. "Body fat measurement among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians: a comparative study using a four-compartment model and different two-compartment models." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 4 (April 2001): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2000276.

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This cross-sectional study compared body fat percentage (BF%) obtained from a four-compartment (4C) model with BF% from hydrometry (using 2H2O), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and densitometry among the three main ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore, and determined the suitability of two-compartment (2C) models as surrogate methods for assessing BF% among different ethnic groups. A total of 291 subjects (108 Chinese, seventy-six Malays, 107 Indians) were selected to ensure an adequate representation of age range (18–75 years) and BMI range (16–40 kg/m2) of the general adult population, with almost equal numbers from each gender group. Body weight was measured, together with body height, total body water by 2H2O dilution, densitometry with Bodpod® and bone mineral content with Hologic® QDR-4500. BF% measurements with a 4C model for the subgroups were: Chinese females 33.5 (SD 7.5), CHINESE MALES 24.4 (sd 6.1), Malay females 37.8 (sd 6.3), Malay males 26.0 (sd 7.6), Indian females 38.2 (sd 7.0), Indian males 28.1 (sd 5.5). Differences between BF% measured by the 4C and 2C models (hydrometry, DXA and densitometry) were found, with underestimation of BF% in all the ethnic-gender groups by DXA of 2.1–4.2 BF% and by densitometry of 0.5–3.2 BF%). On a group level, the differences in BF% between the 4C model and 2H2O were the lowest (0.0–1.4 BF% in the different groups), while differences between the 4C model and DXA were the highest. Differences between the 4C model and 2H2O and between the 4C model and DXA were positively correlated with the 4C model, water fraction (fwater) of fat-free mass (FFM) and the mineral fraction (fmineral) of FFM, and negatively correlated with density of the FFM (DFFM), while the difference between 4C model and densitometry correlated with these variables negatively and positively respectively (i.e. the correlations were opposite). The largest contributors to the observed differences were fwater and DFFM. When validated against the reference 4C model, 2C models were found to be unsuitable for accurate measurements of BF% at the individual level, owing to the high errors and violation of assumptions of constant hydration of FFM and DFFM among the ethnic groups. On a group level, the best 2C model for measuring BF% among Singaporeans was found to be 2H2O.

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Mil, Tom De. "Intra-annual to multi-decadal xylem traits in a tropical moist semi-deciduous forest of Central Africa." Afrika Focus 30, no. 1 (February 26, 2017): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03001010.

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A witness of a tree’s past conditions is the wood itself. The main research question of this dissertation is how to assess and reveal the driving forces of the patterns of wood traits on pith-to-bark cross-sections in tropical trees. Cambial and leaf phenology was monitored in the Luki Reserve (Mayombe forest, D.R. Congo). Furthermore, X-ray CT densitometry was explored to assess traits in a reliable way, for multiple species. Variability in phenology is observed for T. superba, which requires traits of individual trees to be fixed on a time axis. Furthermore, X-ray CT is a suitable method for assessing traits in a fast way. Cambial activity of understory trees has shown to be species-specific, whilst many trees show zero xylem growth. Finally, 66 years of tree growth was analysed, while trait analysis revealed a median ring count of only 32, thus implying many non-periodical rings. This work presents methodological improvements to measure traits as continuous variables from pith to bark, but also acknowledges that phenology still remains a key aspect in order to fix traits on a time axis.

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Haude, Michael, R. Brennecke, R. Erbel, M. Lang, H. P. Deutsch, U. Renneisen, and J. Meyer. "Parametric assessment of myocardial perfusion during interventional cardiac catheterization by means of X-ray densitometry — short — and long-term results." International Journal of Cardiac Imaging 5, no. 2-3 (June 1990): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01833987.

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BALDOCK, R. A., and I. POOLE. "Video camera calibration for optical densitometry." Journal of Microscopy 172, no. 1 (October 1993): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1993.tb03392.x.

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&NA;. "Norland Corporation Announces An X-Ray-Based Bone Densitometer." Orthopaedic Nursing 7, no. 6 (November 1988): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-198811000-00018.

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LUNDSTRÖM, MATS, and JAN-OLOF EKLUNDH. "COMPUTER DENSITOMETRY OF RETINAL NERVE FIBRE ATROPHY." Acta Ophthalmologica 58, no. 4 (May 27, 2009): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1980.tb08306.x.

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Karjalainen, J., J. Töyräs, T. Rikkonen, J. S. Jurvelin, and O. Riekkinen. "Dual-frequency ultrasound technique minimizes errors induced by soft tissue in ultrasound bone densitometry." Acta Radiologica 49, no. 9 (November 2008): 1038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850802325982.

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Background: Most bone ultrasound devices are designed for through-transmission measurements of the calcaneus. In principle, ultrasound backscattering measurements are possible at more typical fracture sites of the central skeleton. Unfortunately, soft tissue overlying the bones diminishes reliability of these measurements. Purpose: To apply the single-transducer dual-frequency ultrasound (DFUS) technique to eliminate the errors induced by soft tissue on the measurements of integrated reflection coefficient (IRC) in human distal femur in vivo. Material and Methods: Ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examinations were conducted on a bodybuilder during a 21-week training and dieting period. Results: Significant changes in quantity and composition of soft tissue took place during the diet. However, DXA measurements showed no significant effects on bone density measurements. The single transducer DFUS technique enabled the determination of local soft-tissue composition, as verified by comparison with the DXA ( r=0.91, n=8, p<0.01). Further, the technique eliminated the soft-tissue-induced error from IRC measured for the bone. The uncorrected IRC associated significantly with the change in local soft-tissue composition ( r=−0.83, n=8, p<0.05), whereas the corrected IRC values showed no significant dependence ( r=−0.30, n=8, p=0.46) on local soft-tissue composition. Conclusion: The DFUS technique may significantly enhance the accuracy of clinical ultrasound measurements of bone.

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Jiménez-Núñez, Francisco Gabriel, Sara Manrique-Arija, Inmaculada Ureña-Garnica, Carmen María Romero-Barco, Blanca Panero-Lamothe, Miguel Ángel Descalzo, Loreto Carmona, Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez, and Antonio Fernández-Nebro. "Reducing the Need for Central Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Postmenopausal Women: Efficacy of a Clinical Algorithm Including Peripheral Densitometry." Calcified Tissue International 93, no. 1 (April 23, 2013): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9728-4.

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Gantait, Arunava, Subrata Pandit, Neelesh K. Nema, and Pulok K. Mukjerjee. "Quantification of Glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza Glabra Extract by Validated HPTLC Densitometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/93.2.492.

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Abstract Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn (Family-Fabaceae) is active as an anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, mild laxative, antistress, antidepressive, antiulcer, liver protective, estrogenic, emmenagogue, and antidiabetic substance, and is widely used in the Indian system of medicine. The major bioactive constituent is glycyrrhizin. A simple HPTLC method has been developed to control the quality of raw as well as finished glycyrrhiza using glycyrrhizin as the bioactive marker. The solvent system was optimized to chloroformmethanolwater (65 + 36 + 7.5, v/v/v). Extract and standard were dissolved in 70 methanol and applied on a precoated TLC plate. After development, the plate was scanned at 254 nm to create a chromatogram, then the quantity of glycyrrhizin was determined in the extract. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, LOD, and LOQ. Linearity range was found to be 0.964.80 g per spot. The linearity relationship was described by the equation: Y 612.706 + 1.091X (with r 0.99904 and SD 2.52), where Y is the area under curve and X is the amount of glycyrrhizin (ng). The amount of glycyrrhizin found in the extract was 9.1. Thus, the method provides a rapid and cost-effective quality measure for Glycyrrhiza Glabra hydroalcoholic extract.

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Richards, H. K., A. H. J. Lovick, and J. D. Pickard. "Low-Cost Microcomputer-Based Densitometer." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 5, no. 3 (September 1985): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1985.67.

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We have constructed low-cost equipment for the measurement of the optical density of x-ray films. This equipment is based on a video system connected via an analog to digital converter to an Apple microcomputer. The optical density of an x-ray film can thus be accessed by commands in BASIC or machine-code programs. By using a calibrated step-wedge film, we have found a stable linear response for optical densities of up to 0.8.

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Ekman, Anna, Karl Michaëlsson, Marianne Petrén-Mallmin, Sverker Ljunghall, and Hans Mallmin. "Dual X-ray Absorptiometry of Hip, Heel Ultrasound, and Densitometry of Fingers Can Discriminate Male Patients with Hip Fracture from Control Subjects." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 5, no. 1 (March 2002): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/jcd:5:1:079.

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