Relevant bibliographies by topics / X-ray

Academic literature on the topic 'X-ray'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "X-ray"

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Kim, Sung-Soo, and Do-Yun Kim. "Characteristics of the X-ray Fluorescence by the 40kV transmission anode x-ray tube." Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society 17, no. 3 (May 30, 2008): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5757/jkvs.2008.17.3.247.

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Jung, Ji Eun, Yu Rim Jang, Ki-Wook Kim, Sangcheol Heo, and Ji-Sook Min. "The analytical application for cement using X-Ray diffraction and X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer." Analytical Science and Technology 26, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5806/ast.2013.26.5.340.

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Rajkhowa, Kannagi, Puran Bhat, Harsh Chaudhary, and Gurleen Kaur. "XNet: X - Ray Image Segmentation." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2023): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr231031011354.

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Nittono, Osamu. "X-ray Dynamical Diffraction Techniques (X-ray Topography and X-ray Goniometry)." Materia Japan 35, no. 9 (1996): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.35.999.

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Baoquan Li, Baoquan Li, and Huan Mou Huan Mou. "Vacuum-sealed miniature modulated x-ray source and the influence factors of x-ray intensity." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 7 (2016): 073401–73404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.073401.

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Winrock, Cori A. "X-ray Pastoral, and: Portrayal, X-ray." Colorado Review 38, no. 2 (2011): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2011.0061.

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Lee, Yong-Kang, and Dae-Seop So. "A Study on How to Improve AI X-Ray Inspection Ability to Strengthen Industrial Security: Focusing on the USB Detection Experiment of AI X-Ray." Korean Journal of Security Convergence Management 10, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.24826/kscs.10.6.13.

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Demidov, A. I. "X-ray." St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal 214, no. 1 2015 (March 2015): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/jest.214.29.

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Bairavasundaram, Lakshmi N., Muthian Sivathanu, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau. "X-RAY." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 32, no. 2 (March 2, 2004): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1028176.1006716.

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Ueji, Y., Y. Bisaiji, T. Kuriyama, K. Okitsu, and Y. Amemiya. "Universal X-ray ellipsometer and X-ray depolarizer." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305081766.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "X-ray"

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Luangtip, Wasutep. "X-ray studies of ultraluminous X-ray sources." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11266/.

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Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are extra-galactic, non-nuclear point sources, with X-ray luminosities brighter than 10^39 erg s^-1, in excess of the Eddington limit for 10 M_sun black holes. Recent results indicate that the majority of ULXs are stellar remnant black holes accreting material at or above the Eddington rate, rather than sub-Eddington accretion onto intermediate mass black holes. However, precisely how these ULXs accrete material at a super-Eddington rate remains an open question. This thesis focuses on the nature of these system as well as their environments, and attempts to explain physically how the sources operate in this super-critical accretion regime. This work begins with a study of the X-ray spectra of ULXs in very nearby galaxies (D < 5 Mpc). A range of physical models is used to explain the ULX spectra and to interpret the results physically. The outcomes consistently suggest that ULXs are stellar remnant black holes accreting material at or above the Eddington rate. It is demonstrated that the hard spectral component is consistent with emission from the inner radius of an advection-dominated slim accretion disc; the mass of black holes powering ULXs can be constrained from this hard emission, falling in the regime of stellar-mass black hole (~3 - 30 M_sun). Assuming that the soft spectral component represents soft thermal emission from an optically-thick outflowing wind, the size of the wind is constrained to be between ~10^4 – 10^6 R_g. We further explore the nature of ULXs by studying the X-ray spectral evolution of the individual source Holmberg IX X-1 with observed source luminosity. We find that the spectra tend to evolve from relatively flat or two-component spectra in the medium energy band, at lower luminosities, to a spectrum that is distinctly curved and disc-like at the highest luminosities. This spectral variability is consistent with the prediction of super-Eddington accretion models, in which the outflowing wind is expected to be launched from within the photospheric radius; the increase in accretion rate causes the more powerful wind to scatter a higher fraction of hard photons into the line of sight, while those that survive the passage through the wind will be Compton down-scattered to lower energies; these increase and soften the hard spectral component, resulting in a disc-like spectrum peaking at lower energy than the hard component seen at lower luminosity. Furthermore, we find observational evidence that the ULX might precess around its rotational axis, implied by a degree of degeneracy between different spectra observed at the same luminosity. Finally, we study the population of ULXs present in a sample of 17 nearby luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). It is found that the LIRGs possess significantly fewer ULXs per unit star formation rate than nearby normal galaxies, by a factor of about 10. We argue that part of the deficit could be due to the high metallicity environment of the host galaxies suppressing the formation of ULXs, and the lag between star formation starting and the appearance of ULXs; however, the majority of the deficit of ULXs is likely to be due to the high amount of gas and dust in the LIRGs obscuring a large fraction of ULXs.
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Koliopanos, Filippos. "X-ray diagnostics of ultra-compact X-ray binaries." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-183488.

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Non-solar composition of the donor star in ultra-compact X-ray binaries (UCXBs) may have a pronounced effect on the fluorescent lines appearing in their spectra due to reprocessing of primary radiation by the accretion disc and the white dwarf surface. We show that the most dramatic and easily observable consequence of the anomalous C/O abundance is the significant, by more than an order of magnitude, attenuation of the Kα line of iron. It is caused by screening of the presence of iron by oxygen - in the C/O-dominated material the main interaction process for an E ~ 7 keV photon is absorption by oxygen rather than by iron, contrary to the solar composition case. Ionization of oxygen at high mass accretion rates adds a luminosity dependence to this behaviour - the iron line is significantly suppressed only at low luminosity, log (LX) < 37-37.5, and should recover its nominal strength at higher luminosity. The increase of the equivalent width of the Kα lines of carbon and oxygen, on the other hand, saturates at rather moderate values. Screening by He is less important, due to its low ionization threshold and because in the accretion disc it is mostly ionized. Consequently, in the case of the He-rich donor, the iron line strength remains close to its nominal value, determined by the iron abundance in the accretion disc. This opens the possibility of constraining the nature of donor stars in UCXBs by means of X-ray spectroscopy with moderate energy resolution.
We search for the Fe Kα line in spectra of ultra-compact X-ray binaries (UCXBs). For this purpose we have analysed XMM-Newton observations of five confirmed UCXBs. We find that the object 2S 0918-549 - whose optical spectrum bears tentative signatures of a C/O accretion disc - is devoid of any emission features in the 6-7 keV range, with an upper limit of less than 10 eV for the equivalent width (EW) of the Fe line. 4U 1916-05 - whose optical spectrum is consistent with reflection from a He-rich accretion disc - exhibits a bright broad iron emission line. This behaviour is in agreement with the theoretical predictions presented in Koliopanos et al. Namely, we expect strong suppression of the Fe Kα emission line in spectra originating in moderately bright (log LX less than ≈37.5) UCXBs with C/O- or O/Ne/Mg-rich donors. On the other hand the EW of the Fe line in spectra from UCXBs with He-rich donors is expected to retain its nominal value of ~100 eV. Our analysis also reveals a strong Fe Kα line in the spectrum of 4U 0614+091. This detection points towards a He-rich donor and seems to be at odds with the source's classification as C/O rich. Nevertheless, a He-rich donor would explain the bursting activity reported for this system. Lastly, based on our theoretical predictions, we attribute the lack of a strong iron emission line - in the two remaining UCXB sources in our sample (XTE J1807-294 and 4U 0513-40) - as an indication of a C/O or O/Ne/Mg white dwarf donor. From the upper limits of the Fe Kα line EW in 4U 0513-40, 2S 0918-549 and XTE J1807-294 we obtain a lower limit on the oxygen-to-iron ratio, O/Fe > 10[O/Fe]sol
We detect variability of the Fe Kalpha emission line in the spectrum of X-ray pulsar 4U 1626-67, correlated with changes in its luminosity and in the shape of its pulse profile. Analysis of archival Chandra and RXTE observations revealed the presence of an intrinsically narrow Fe Kalpha emission line in the spectrum obtained during the source's current high luminosity period. However, the line was not present during an XMM- Newton observation seven years earlier, when the source was ~three times fainter. The small intrinsic width of the line, sigma ~ 36 eV, as measured by the high energy grating of Chandra, suggests reflection off the outer accretion disk, at R ~ 1800Rs,assuming a Keplerian disk. This value is consistent with the truncation radius of the disk by the magnetic field of the neutron star, ~ 3 x 10^12 Gauss, known from cyclotron line measurements. Timing analysis of the XMM-Newton and RXTE data revealed a major change in the pulse profile of the source from a distinct double peaked shape during the high luminosity state when the line was present, to a much more complex multi-peak structure during the low luminosity state. We argue that the appearance of the line and the change in the shape of the pulse profile are correlated and are the result of a major change in the emission diagram of the accretion column, from a pencil-beam pattern at low luminosity, to a fan-beam pattern at high luminosity.
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Juett, Adrienne Marie 1976. "X-ray spectroscopy of low-mass X-ray binaries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28371.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-144).
I present high-resolution X-ray grating spectroscopy of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) using instruments onboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton). The first part of this thesis concentrates on results from the subset of LMXBs with orbital periods less than an hour, known as ultracompact binaries. Previous low-resolution X-ray spectra of four systems (4U 0614+091, 2S 0918-549, 4U 1543-624, and 4U 1850-087) all contain a broad residual near 0.7 keV which had been attributed to unresolved line emission. I show that this residual is due to an incorrect model of the intervening photoelectric absorption and can be accounted for by allowing a non-standard Ne/O abundance ratio in the intervening material. I propose that there is neon-rich material local to each binary and that the mass donor is a low-mass, neon-rich degenerate dwarf in an ultracompact binary. Follow-up spectroscopy of 2S 0918-549 and 4U 1543-624 with the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) onboard Chandra and the Reflection Grating Spectrometer onboard XMM confirms the excess neutral neon absorption. Interestingly, the Ne/O ratio of 4U 1543-624 varies by a factor of three between the Chandra and XMMobservations, supporting the suggestion that some of the absorption originates local to the binaries. I also present X-ray spectroscopy of another ultracompact binary, the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar XTE J0929-314. No emission or absorption features are found in the high-resolution spectrum of this source, and the neutral absorption edge depths are consistent with the estimated interstellar absorption. The second part of this thesis uses LMXBs as probes of the interstellar medium (ISM).
(cont.) High-resolution X-ray studies of ISM absorption features can provide measurements of the relative abundances and ionization fractions of all the elements from carbon through iron. X- ray studies also probe the ISM on larger scales than is possible in the optical and ultraviolet wavebands. I present high-resolution spectroscopy of the oxygen K-shell ISM absorption edge in seven X-ray binaries using Chandra. The best-fit model consists of two absorption edges and five Gaussian absorption lines and can be explained by the recent theoretical calculations of K-shell absorption by neutral and ionized atomic oxygen. Significant oxygen features from dust or molecular components, suggested in previous studies, are not required by the Chandra spectra. These measurements also probe large-scale properties of the ISM, placing a limit on the velocity dispersion of the neutral lines of less than 200 km s-1 and constraining the interstellar ratio of O II/O I to approximately 0.1 and the ratio of O III/O I to less than 0.1.
by Adrienne Marie Juett.
Ph.D.
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Jonker, Peter Gustaaf. "Probing low-mass X-ray binaries with X-ray timing." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/92302.

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Homan, Jeroen. "X-ray timing studies of low-mass x-ray binaries." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/92942.

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Gavriil, Fotis Panagiotis. "Magnetar-like x-ray bursts from anomalous x-ray pulsars." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100371.

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The leading model for understanding the energetics of anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) is that they are "magnetars"---young, isolated neutron stars powered by the decay of their enormous magnetic fields. The identification of AXPs as magnetars is motivated by the similarity of AXPs to another enigmatic class of sources, the Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs). We report on long-term monitoring of AXPs using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). We monitor AXPs with RXTE to study their rotational stability, to search for variations in their pulsed flux and pulsed morphology. During our regular monitoring observations we discovered multiple bursts from two AXPs: this was the first time such behavior has been observed from these sources. Prior to our monitoring campaign, the detection of bursts solely from SGRs was the principle difference between AXPs and SGRs. The first detection of AXP bursts came in Fall 2001 when we discovered two SCR-like X-ray bursts from the direction of AXP 1E 1048.1--5937. Due to RXTE's large (1° x 1°) field-of-view we could not unambiguously identify the AXP as the burster. Recently, we detected a third burst from the direction of this source as well as a simultaneous increase in the pulsar's pulsed emission---this clearly identified the AXP as the burster. The most outstanding demonstration of AXP bursting behavior came on 2002 June 18 when AXP 1E 2259+586 underwent a major outburst involving 80 bursts and several changes in the persistent and pulsed emission, including a huge pulsed flux enhancement, a pulse morphology change and a rotational glitch. We also find variations in the persistent emission of AXPs in the absence of an obvious outburst. For example, we discovered two pulsed flux flares from AXP 1E 1048.1--5937. Both flares lasted several months and had well resolved few-week-long rises. The long rise tunes of the flares is a phenomenon not previously reported for this class of object, but has a clear explanation within the context of the magnetar model. All these results imply a close relationship between AXPs and SGRs, which we now believe are both magnetars, and have posed significant challenges to competing models.
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Gladstone, Jeanette Claire. "Optical & X-ray studies of ultraluminous X-ray sources." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12/.

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Ultraluminous X-ray Sources (ULXs) are point like X-ray sources situated external to the nucleus of their host galaxy, with inferred X-ray luminosities in excess of 10^{39} erg s^{−1} . Although first observed ∼ 30 years ago, these sources are yet to be fully understood. Some have suggested that these fascinating objects may contain intermediate mass black holes, whilst others have proposed they are stellar mass black holes residing in a new extreme accretion state. This thesis works towards the conclusion of this debate, by developing our understanding of these systems and their environments. This work begins with a photometric survey of the optical counterparts of ULXs. The main aim of this survey is to find plausible candidates to gain radial velocity measurements and therefore mass functions of these systems. However, the collation of this sample also provides the opportunity to classify the stellar objects held within these systems. From this work, we find seven good candidates for optical spectroscopic follow-up. Our results also show that many of our sample are consistent with OB type stars, while some contain later type bright giants/supergiants. Possibly our best chance to gain precise measurements of M_{BH}, and settling the debate over the nature of these systems, is by using radial velocity curves of their optical counterparts to calculate a mass function of ULXs. We are currently undertaking a programme to pursue mass function measurements for these systems. To date, we have received the pilot spectra of three optical counterparts. We discuss the progress of this programme to date and perform analysis on both the absorption/emission features and the continuum of these spectra. Initial analysis reveals the presence of the He ii 4686 A line in two of our pilot spectra. This line may be associated with the accretion disc of these systems, and could therefore be used in our pursuit of the mass function. We also find the presence of both low and high ionization lines, with some evidence for shock ionisation, and electron temperature of 7,000 – 10,000 K. This Balmer decrement also indicates that the extinction can be highly variable across ULX field. This combination may suggest a ‘patchy’ environment with separate shock and photoionisation emission regions. While the continuum emission of one of our sample can be explained by either the spectra of an OB star or of a standard accretion disc, the steep slopes of two of our sample indicates non-stellar origins that could represent the optical spectrum of a super-Eddington accretion disc. Finally, this work highlights the need for further observations of these sources in order to unlock their nature. We present results of X-ray spectral variability studies of the ULX population contained within NGC 4485 & 4490. We collate Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the interacting galaxy pair, to analyse the emission from the six ULXs previously identified, and one additional source observed in the a recent exposure. This provides us with an opportunity to study variability on both short and longer time scales. The spectral variability is generally characterised by a hardening of the source spectra as their luminosities increase. The sources show a variety of long-term light curves; however, short-term (intra-observational) temporal variability is conspicuous by its absence. This survey also reveals the detection of a possible change in accretion state that could be used to gain crude mass estimates of the compact objects. Finally, we explore further the variability of these systems with the aid of two new proprietary observations. Finally, analysis of some of the best quality X-ray spectral data publicly available on these sources has provided the opportunity to explore the nature of these systems. We apply phenomenological models to characterise the spectra of these objects and more physically motivated models in order to explore the physical processes underlying these characteristics. Results show that the spectra of these sources are fundamentally different to that of Galactic X-ray binaries, whilst the application of physical models indicates a more extreme version of the highest known luminosity state, the very high state. We therefore speculate that in observing ULXs we are observing stellar mass black holes residing in a new ‘ultraluminous’ state.
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Plowes, Jonathan Andrew. "Ray optics of X-ray lasers." Thesis, University of York, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296391.

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Ribbing, Carolina. "Microfabrication of miniature x-ray source and x-ray refractive lens." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Materials Science, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3099.

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In several x-ray related areas there is a need for high-precision elements for x-ray generation and focusing. An elegant way of realizing x-ray related elements with high precision and low surface roughness is by the use of microfabrication; a combination of semiconductor processing techniques and miniaturization. Photolithographic patterning of silicon followed by deposition, etching, bonding and replication is used for batchwise fabrication of small well-defined structures. This thesis describes microfabrication of a miniature x-ray source and a refractive x-ray lens. A miniature x-ray source with diamond electrodes has been tested for x-ray fluorescence. Another version of the source has been vacuum encapsulated and run at atmospheric pressure. One-dimensionally focusing saw-tooth refractive x-ray lenses in silicon, epoxy, and diamond have been fabricated and tested in a synchrotron set-up. Sub-micron focal lines and gains of up to 40 were achieved. The conclusion of the thesis is that the use of microfabrication for construction of x-ray related components can not only improve the performance of existing components, but also open up for entirely new application areas.

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Beklen, Elif. "X-ray And Optical Observations Of High Mass X-ray Binaries." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612636/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, X-ray and optical observations of accretion powered pulsars are presented. By using archival RXTE observations we work on the X-ray spectral and pulse timing analysis of 4U 1538-52, 4U 1907+09, SMC X-1 to have more detailed information about their orbital and spin parameters. For 4U 1538-52 and SMC X-1, we determined new orbital epochs. By using long term pulse history of 4U 1907+09, we were able to work spin-down trend of the system and also calculate the change in the spin-down rate. Using Fermi/GBM observations we can monitor bright accreting pulsar systems. We are producing long term histories of pulse frequency and flux of 20 continuosly monitoring systems. Adding Swift/BAT observations to GBM observations, for 4U 1626-67, we did reveal the characteristics belong to spin-down trend before and spin-up behaviour after torque reversal seen in 2008 February. Two newly discovered IGRJ06074+2205 and IGRJ01583+6713 sources are identified as X-ray binary systems and we found parameters of them like distance, magnitudes, by using both optical photometric and spectroscopic observations.
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Books on the topic "X-ray"

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G, Long Gabrielle, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. X-ray topography. Gaithersburg, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2004.

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Spiller, Eberhard. Soft X-ray optics. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1994.

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Nars, François. X-ray. New York: powerHouse Books, 1999.

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Nars, François. X-ray. [London]: Thames & Hudson, 1999.

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Davies, Ray. X-Ray. London: Viking, 1994.

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Davies, Ray. X-ray. London: Viking, 1994.

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Davies, Ray. X-Ray. London: Penguin, 1995.

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Wenbing, Yun, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. X-ray microbeam technology and applications: 11-12 July, 1995, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1995.

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Agarwal, B. K. X-ray spectroscopy: An introduction. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Authier, André. Dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "X-ray"

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Brauweiler, Robert, Klaus Engelke, Martin Hupfer, Willi A. Kalender, Marek Karolczak, and Hubertus Pietsch. "X-Ray and X-Ray-CT." In Small Animal Imaging, 201–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42202-2_12.

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Kalender, Willi A., Paul Deak, Klaus Engelke, and Marek Karolczak. "X-Ray and X-Ray-CT." In Small Animal Imaging, 125–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12945-2_10.

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Pitzen, Joshua, Umar Tariq, and Frederick Weiss. "X-ray." In Pain, 207–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99124-5_48.

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de la Guardia, Miguel, and Salvador Garrigues. "X-ray." In Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food, 285–300. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118654316.ch14.

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Weik, Martin H. "X-ray." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1938. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_21287.

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Gooch, Jan W. "X-Ray." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 817. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12922.

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Grupen, Claus. "X Rays and X-Ray Regulations." In Introduction to Radiation Protection, 160–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02586-0_10.

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Ladd, Mark, and Rex Palmer. "X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction." In Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallography, 111–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3954-7_3.

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Tan, Kai Syng. "X: X-ray Yourselves." In Studies in Mobilities, Literature, and Culture, 185–86. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55377-6_22.

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Molteni, Roberto. "X-Ray Imaging: Fundamentals of X-Ray." In Micro-computed Tomography (micro-CT) in Medicine and Engineering, 7–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16641-0_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "X-ray"

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Jacobsen, Chris, Malcolm Howells, Steve Rothman, Janos Kirz, and Ken McQuaid. "X-ray holographic microscopy using photoresists." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.tuc4.

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Soft x-ray holographic microscopy offers the promise of producing images of hydrated biological specimens at a transverse resolution of a few hundred angstroms.1 Using a soft x-ray undulator National Synchrotron Light Source and a monochromator and spatial filter pinhole, we coherently illuminate our specimen (air-dried rat pancreatic zymogen granules) and recording medium (a photoresist) with 25-A soft x rays.2 By using the Gabor holographic geometry, we are able to bypass the technological difficulties of making high-resolution x-ray optical elements. The processed holograms are enlarged with an electron microscope and digitized, and a reconstructed image is obtained numerically using a computer. In this manner, we obtained images of air-dried rat pancreatic zymogen granules which exhibit sub-1000-A resolution and which yield information not available in 100-keV electron or optical images of similarly prepared specimens.
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Noda, Daiji, Naoki Takahashi, Atsushi Tokuoka, Megumi Katori, and Tadashi Hattori. "Fabrication of Carbon Membrane X-Ray Mask for X-Ray Lithography." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40287.

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X-ray radiographic imaging techniques have been applied in many fields. Previously we proposed a method for X-ray phase imaging using X-ray Talbot interferometry which requires the use of X-ray gratings. In this work, we fabricated the X-ray gratings needed for X-ray Talbot interferometry using an X-ray lithography technique. For X-ray lithography the accuracy of the fabricated structure depends largely on the accuracy of the X-ray mask. Conventionally a resin material is used for the support membrane for large area X-ray masks. However, resin membranes have the disadvantage that they can sag after several cycles of X-ray exposure due to the heat generated by the X-rays. For our new proposal we used thin carbon wafers for the membrane material because carbon has an extremely small thermal expansion coefficient. This new type of X-ray mask is very easy to process, and it is expected that it will lead to more precise X-ray masks. We fabricated carbon membrane X-ray masks on 6 inch wafers with a 1:1 line-to-space ratio and a pitch of 5.3 μm, covering a large effective area of 100 × 100 mm2.
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London, Richard A., James E. Trebes, and Mordecai D. Rosen. "X-Ray Holography: X-Ray Interactions and Their Effects." In Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1988.mh310.

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We summarize a theoretical study of the interactions of x rays with a biological sample during the creation of a hologram. The choice of an optimal wavelength for x-ray holography is discussed, based on a description of scattering by objects within an aqueous environment. The problem of the motion resulting from the absorption of x rays during a short exposure is described. The possibility of using very short exposures in order to capture the image before motion can compromise the resolution is explored. The impact of these calculation on the question of the feasibility of using an x-ray laser for holography of biological structures is discussed.
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Newman, Richard. "Applications of x rays in art authentication: radiography, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence." In Photonics West '98 Electronic Imaging, edited by Walter McCrone, Duane R. Chartier, and Richard J. Weiss. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.308590.

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Pareddy, Sujeath, Anhong Guo, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. "X-Ray." In ASSETS '19: The 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308561.3353808.

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Nagase, Fumiaki. "X-ray scattering in x-ray binary pulsars." In The evolution of X-ray binaries. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46033.

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Arndt, Ulrich W., and Anne C. Bloomer. "X-ray crystallography with microfocus x-ray sources." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Carolyn A. MacDonald and Ali M. Khounsary. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.405883.

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Wiktorowicz, Grzegorz. "X-ray Binaries and Ultraluminous X-ray Sources." In Quark Phase Transition in Compact Objects and Multimessenger Astronomy: Neutrino Signals, Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts. СНЕГ, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26119/sao.2020.1.51290.

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Gordon, C. L., C. P. J. Barty, and S. E. Harris. "Time gated x-ray imaging using an ultrashort pulse, laser produced plasma x-ray source." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1994.thd.19.

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The development of high peak power, ultrashort pulse duration Ti:sapphire laser systems1-2 has led to the generation of hard, incoherent x-rays from laser-produced-plasmas (LPP).3 In these experiments x-rays with energies as high as 1.5 MeV were produced. Also generated were copious amounts of diagnostic x-rays (20 keV to 150 keV). This fact suggests that ultrashort-pulse-pumped, LPP x-ray sources may have uses in medical imaging applications. In particular, there are two distinct differences between the LPP x-ray source and conventional x-ray sources, namely source duration and source size. The duration of the LPP source is believed to be <1 ps or nearly 6 orders of magnitude shorter than conventional x-ray sources. Because of this, it becomes possible to consider time gated imaging arrangements which require greatly reduced x-ray exposures to create the same quality image of a patient. The source size of the LPP x-ray source may be as much as 100 times smaller than conventional devices and thus may allow imaging of much smaller features than previously possible.
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Heise, John. "X-Ray Flashes and X-Ray Counterparts of Gamm-Ray Bursts." In GAMMA-RAY BURST AND AFTERGLOW ASTRONOMY 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1579346.

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Reports on the topic "X-ray"

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Tao, Yang, Victor Alchanatis, and Yud-Ren Chen. X-ray and stereo imaging method for sensitive detection of bone fragments and hazardous materials in de-boned poultry fillets. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695872.bard.

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As Americans become increasingly health conscious, they have increased their consumptionof boneless white and skinless poultry meat. To the poultry industry, accurate detection of bonefragments and other hazards in de-boned poultry meat is important to ensure food quality andsafety for consumers. X-ray imaging is widely used for internal material inspection. However,traditional x-ray technology has limited success with high false-detection errors mainly becauseof its inability to consistently recognize bone fragments in meat of uneven thickness. Today’srapid grow-out practices yield chicken bones that are less calcified. Bone fragments under x-rayshave low contrast from meat. In addition, the x-ray energy reaching the image detector varieswith the uneven meat thickness. Differences in x-ray absorption due to the unevenness inevitablyproduce false patterns in x-ray images and make it hard to distinguish between hazardousinclusions and normal meat patterns even by human visual inspection from the images.Consequently, the false patterns become camouflage under x-ray absorptions of variant meatthickness in physics, which remains a major limitation to detecting hazardous materials byprocessing x-ray images alone.Under the support of BARD, USDA, and US Poultry industries, we have aimed todeveloping a new technology that uses combined x-ray and laser imaging to detect bonefragments in de-boned poultry. The technique employs the synergism of sensors of differentprinciples and has overcome the deficiency of x-rays in physics of letting x-rays work alone inbone fragment detection. X-rays in conjunction of laser-based imaging was used to eliminatefalse patterns and provide higher sensitivity and accuracy to detect hazardous objects in the meatfor poultry processing lines.Through intensive research, we have met all the objectives we proposed during the researchperiod. Comprehensive experiments have proved the concept and demonstrated that the methodhas been capable of detecting frequent hard-to-detect bone fragments including fan bones andfractured rib and pulley bone pieces (but not cartilage yet) regardless of their locations anduneven meat thickness without being affected by skin, fat, and blood clots or blood vines.
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Barbee, T. W. X-ray waveguides for high resolution x-ray analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13928.

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Rostoker, Norman, and Amnon Fisher. X-Ray Laser. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236245.

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Attwood, David T., and Jr. X-Ray Optics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada221218.

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Black, David R., and Gabrielle G. Long. X-ray topography. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.960-10.

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Vaughan, D., ed. X-Ray Data Booklet. Center for X-Ray Optics. [Tables]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6359890.

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Shear, Trevor A. Review of X-ray Tomography and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1351176.

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McAninch, J. E., G. S. Bench, S. P. H. T. Freeman, M. L. Roberts, J. R. Southon, J. S. Vogel, and I. D. Proctor. PXAMS -- Projectile X ray AMS: X ray yields and applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118271.

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Spielman, R. X-Ray Detector: An x-ray radiation detector design code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6908044.

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Lehman, Sean K., and Angela M. Foudray. X-Ray Array Sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1114713.

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