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Journal articles on the topic 'X-kernel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Shi, Hu, Terry J. Siebenmorgen, Hengliang Luo, and Zephania Odek. "Fissure Detection and Measurement in Rough Rice Using X-Ray Imaging." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13043.

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Abstract. Fissures in rice kernels that develop prior to harvest and post-harvest processing significantly reduce head rice yield, a crucial parameter for evaluating rice quality and economic value in the rice industry. In this study, fissures in rough rice were revealed by scanning approximately 50 rough rice kernels at a time using an x-ray system. An algorithm was developed to detect and measure fissures in rough rice kernels in the x-ray images using the Python programming language coupled with the OpenCV library. This algorithm successfully segmented individual rice kernels in the x-ray images using the gap-filling method. The algorithm detected fissures by adaptive thresholding of each rice kernel and applying a series of filters. Data on kernel parameters (number, area, length, and width) and fissure parameters (percentage of kernels fissured and fissure number, area, and length per kernel) were produced for the images to characterize kernel size and fissuring levels of the rice sample. This algorithm demonstrated good repeatability in measuring kernel and fissure parameters, with relative standard deviations of less than 4% and 9%, respectively. The accuracy of the developed algorithm in measuring fissures was validated by visual inspection of rough rice, with a deviation of less than 2% in percentage of kernels fissured. The fissure detection and measurement algorithm provides a useful tool for quantifying fissures in rough rice samples using x-ray imaging. This information could be used to quantify fissuring levels and predict head rice yield for rough rice samples without a cumbersome milling process. Keywords: Cracks, Fissure, Imaging, Rice, X-ray.

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Odek, Zephania R., Terry J. Siebenmorgen, and Andronikos Mauromoustakos. "Relative Impact of Kernel Thickness and Moisture Content on Rice Fissuring during Drying." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 1 (2018): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12513.

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Abstract.Individual kernel thickness and moisture content (MC) vary within rice panicles. These variations affect the drying characteristics of rice kernels and consequently, the milling yield. This study utilized an X-ray system augmented with an in-situ rice drying apparatus that enabled fissure detection in rough rice kernels during drying and tempering. Rough rice kernels of two long-grain cultivars (Roy J and CL XL745), each at two MC levels (20% and 16%, w.b.), were fractionated into three thickness fractions (thin <1.98 mm, medium 1.98 - 2.03 mm, and thick >2.03 mm). Kernels from each of the 12 sub-lots were dried and tempered under controlled air conditions. Fissured kernel percentages (FKP) were determined from X-ray images taken before, during, and after drying and tempering. Kernel thickness and MC both affected moisture desorption fissuring. Generally, as kernel thickness increased, the FKP increased for high-MC lots. In regards to MC, high-MC lots were more prone to fissuring than the low-MC lots. Overall, these findings highlight the role of kernel properties on fissuring during drying. Keywords: Kernel fissuring, Kernel thickness, Moisture content, Rice drying, X-ray imaging.

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Proshlyakov, A., S. Yanniotis, and J. Blahovec. "Pistachio deterioration detected by X-ray absorption." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 2 (April 18, 2013): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/101/2012-cjfs.

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The measurement of the absorption coefficient of X-rays in healthy and fungus infected pistachio kernels was the main objective of this work aimed at detecting the potential injury by insects and/or fungi in the kernel. It was found that the absorption coefficient in the injured parts is about half of that in the healthy parts. The absorption coefficient is also affected by the position in the kernel due to the variations in cell dimensions and the oil and moisture contents in the kernels.  

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Odek, Zephania R., Bhagwati Prakash, and Terry J. Siebenmorgen. "X-Ray Detection of Fissures in Rough Rice Kernels." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 5 (2017): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12369.

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Abstract. X-ray imaging is a viable method of fissure detection in rough rice kernels owing to the ability of X-rays to penetrate hulls, thus allowing visualization of internal rice kernel structure. Traditional methods of fissure detection are only applicable for brown and milled rice, and therefore cannot be used to study fissures developed during rough rice drying. In this study, the fissure detection capability of an X-ray system was evaluated and the relationship between head rice yield (HRY), as measured through laboratory milling, and the percentage of fissured rough rice kernels was determined. Long-grain rice lots of various cultivars were dried using heated air at 60°C, 10% relative humidity (RH) for five drying durations to produce different degrees of fissuring, and then milled to determine HRY. A strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.95) between HRY and the percentage of fissured rough rice kernels after drying was determined. This correlation confirms the substantial impact that kernel fissures have on milling yields. Overall, these findings show the effectiveness of X-ray imaging in rough rice fissure detection, which could allow for drying research that may provide a better understanding of kernel fissuring kinetics. Keywords: Fissures, Grainscope, Head rice yield, Rice drying, X-ray imaging.

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Nowosad, Piotr, and Małgorzata Charytanowicz. "Object classification using X-ray images." Journal of Computer Sciences Institute 15 (June 30, 2020): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.1720.

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The main aim of the presented research was to assess the possibility of utilizing geometric features in object classification.Studies were conducted using X-ray images of kernels belonging to three different wheat varieties: Kama, Canadian andRosa. As a part of the work, image processing methods were used to determine the main geometric grain parameters,including the kernel area, kernel perimeter, kernel length and kernel width. The results indicate significant differencesbetween wheat varieties, and demonstrates the importance of their size and shape parameters in the classification process.The percentage of correctness of classification was about 92% when the k-Means algorithm was used. A classificationrate of 93% was obtain using the K-Nearest Neighbour and Support Vector Machines. Herein, the Rosa variety was betterrecognized, whilst the Canadian and Kama varieties were less successfully differentiated.

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6

CLARKE, J. M., and R. M. DePAUW. "WATER IMBIBITION RATE OF WHEAT KERNELS AS AFFECTED BY KERNEL COLOR, WEATHER DAMAGE, AND METHOD OF THRESHING." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-001.

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The rate of water imbibition by wheat kernels may be related to preharvest sprouting damage and tempering times during milling. The effects of kernel color and exposure to weather damage on water imbibition rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels, and the effects of field vs. oven drying and hand vs. mechanial threshing on water uptake rate of HY320 wheat and Welsh triticale (X-Triticosecale Wittmack) were investigated. Rates of imbibition were determined by sequential weighings over a 32-h period of 50-kernel samples imbibing water from agar media. In HY320 wheat, the rate was faster for mechanically threshed (0.0117 g g−1 h−1) than for hand-threshed (0.0115 g g−1 h−1) samples. Threshing method did not affect imbibition rate of Welsh triticale kernels (average 0.0141 g g−1 h−1). Rate of germination was significantly greater for mechanically threshed than for hand-threshed Welsh, but there was no significant difference for HY320. Method of drying did not affect kernel water imbibition rate. Rate of imbibition was faster in nonweathered than in weathered wheat (0.0136 vs. 0.0130 g g−1 h−1). In five wheat crosses involving white and red kernel color, rate of water imbibition was not associated with the allele for kernel color. Rate was negatively correlated with kernel weight (r = 0.49**, n = 49) and kernel hardness (r = −0.29*) in the five crosses, and positively correlated with protein content (r = 0.44**). Other undetermined factors accounted for the major part of the genotypic differences in rate of imbibition.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., X-Triticosecale Wittmack, windrowing, kernel water imbibition rate, germination rate

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7

Moreira de Carvalho, Maria Laene, Adriaan C. van Aelst, Jan Walter van Eck, and Folkert A. Hoekstra. "Pre-harvest stress cracks in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels as characterized by visual, X-ray and low temperature scanning electron microscopical analysis: effect on kernel quality." Seed Science Research 9, no. 3 (March 1999): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258599000239.

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AbstractInternal cracks caused by high temperature or excessive moisture during maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development were characterized, and their effects on kernel quality were assessed. Pre-harvest stress cracks are often located near the middle of the kernel along the embryo axis, but they were also detected in other positions, irrespective of the shape of the kernel. X-ray analysis enabled visualisation of stress cracks that are invisible to the human eye and, therefore, gave a better estimate of the percentage of cracks. However, low temperature scanning electron microscopy of the surface of milled kernels revealed small cracks not noticed by visual or X-ray inspection. All kernels tested in this way had a crack of some sort in the endosperm tissue. Cracks were also frequent in the scutellum, but rare in the embryo axis. Endosperm cracks followed the boundary of the starch granules, but did not extend into the pericarp tissue. In contrast to external cracks caused by mechanical impact, pre-harvest internal stress cracks generally are not detrimental to germination and vigour. However, if the crack is located inside or perpendicular to the embryo axis, it may affect the quality of the kernel, probably by impeding nutrient translocation to the embryo.

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8

Hutchinson, N., and L. Peterson. "Design of the x -kernel." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 18, no. 4 (August 1988): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/52325.52332.

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Khaki, Saeed, Hieu Pham, Ye Han, Andy Kuhl, Wade Kent, and Lizhi Wang. "Convolutional Neural Networks for Image-Based Corn Kernel Detection and Counting." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 10, 2020): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092721.

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Precise in-season corn grain yield estimates enable farmers to make real-time accurate harvest and grain marketing decisions minimizing possible losses of profitability. A well developed corn ear can have up to 800 kernels, but manually counting the kernels on an ear of corn is labor-intensive, time consuming and prone to human error. From an algorithmic perspective, the detection of the kernels from a single corn ear image is challenging due to the large number of kernels at different angles and very small distance among the kernels. In this paper, we propose a kernel detection and counting method based on a sliding window approach. The proposed method detects and counts all corn kernels in a single corn ear image taken in uncontrolled lighting conditions. The sliding window approach uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) for kernel detection. Then, a non-maximum suppression (NMS) is applied to remove overlapping detections. Finally, windows that are classified as kernel are passed to another CNN regression model for finding the ( x , y ) coordinates of the center of kernel image patches. Our experiments indicate that the proposed method can successfully detect the corn kernels with a low detection error and is also able to detect kernels on a batch of corn ears positioned at different angles.

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10

Barreñada García, Antonio. "Evaluación de explotación de METAL X-Kernel v.3.0.3." Philologia Hispalensis 2, no. 11 (1997): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ph.1997.v11.i02.13.

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11

Beznea, Lucian. "Ultrapotentials and positive eigenfunctions for an absolutely continuous resolvent of kernels." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 112 (December 1988): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000001173.

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Let (X, ) be a measurable space and be a submarkovian resolvent of kernels (with the initial kernel V proper) on X which is absolutely continuous and has a dual resolvent (with the same properties) with respect to a σ-finite measure.

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12

Zivanovic, Tomislav, Gordana Brankovic, and Slavko Radanovic. "Combining abilities of maize inbred lines for grain yield and yield components." Genetika 42, no. 3 (2010): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1003565z.

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Diallel mating design experiment with reciprocal crosses was used to determine combining abilities of five maize inbred lines and their hybrid combinations for grain yield, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row in 2005. and 2006. year. GCA and SCA significant values were observed for all traits under study in both years. GCA/SCA relation showed that dominant gene effect had prevalent influence in the inheritance of grain yield, ear length and ear diameter. Additive gene effect had larger importance in the inheritance of number of kernel rows per ear. NS-1445 inbred line showed best GCA effect for grain yield, ear length and number of kernels per row, but worst GCA effect for number of kernel rows per ear. Best GCA effect for ear diameter achieved inbred line F-7R. Line BL-47 showed best GCA effect for number of kernel rows per ear in both years, but also the worst GCA effect for grain yield and number of kernels per row. Hybrid combination NS-1445 x BL-47 showed largest SCA effect for grain yield in both years and also showed, like hybrid combination F-7R x NS-1445, significant SCA effects for all other traits, except ear diameter. This cross also proved that hybrid combinations that include one parent with good GCA effect and the other parent with bad GCA effect can have very successful performance. It will be useful during selection material testing, to keep also genotypes which show bad GCA effect, but have phenotypic favorable trait values. Reciprocity effect was significant for SCA effects of all traits but ear diameter. It is the conformation of involvement of plasmagenes in maize quantitative traits inheritance. The largest reciprocity effect for grain yield achieved F-7R x BL-47 in both years. Significantly higher grain yield in this hybrid combination was achieved when line F-7R was used as a female parent and significantly higher number of kernel rows per ear was achieved when line BL-47 was used as a female parent.

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GOTSMAN, ALEXEY, and HONGSEOK YANG. "Modular verification of preemptive OS kernels." Journal of Functional Programming 23, no. 4 (July 2013): 452–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796813000075.

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AbstractMost major OS kernels today run on multiprocessor systems and are preemptive: it is possible for a process running in the kernel mode to get descheduled. Existing modular techniques for verifying concurrent code are not directly applicable in this setting: they rely on scheduling being implemented correctly, and in a preemptive kernel, the correctness of the scheduler is interdependent with the correctness of the code it schedules. This interdependency is even stronger in mainstream kernels, such as those of Linux, FreeBSD or Mac OS X, where the scheduler and processes interact in complex ways. We propose the first logic that is able to decompose the verification of preemptive multiprocessor kernel code into verifying the scheduler and the rest of the kernel separately, even in the presence of complex interdependencies between the two components. The logic hides the manipulation of control by the scheduler when reasoning about preemptable code and soundly inherits proof rules from concurrent separation logic to verify it thread-modularly. We illustrate the power of our logic by verifying an example scheduler, which includes some of the key features of the scheduler from Linux 2.6.11 challenging for verification.

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Kashapova, L. K., P. Kotrč, and Yu A. Kupryakov. "Non-thermal particle effects on the Hα and Hβ line profiles in the 18 August 2002 solar flare." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 10 (October 15, 2008): 2975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2975-2008.

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Abstract. We present results of the 18 August 2002 flare analysis as an example for developing a diagnostic tool for thermal and non-thermal processes in chromospheric lines. Taking into account the hard X-ray (HXR) emission, we attempted to derive the Hα and Hβ line properties which were caused by the non-thermal electron contribution and could be useful for diagnostic purposes. The flare itself was a sequence of harder and softer bursts in HXR and we investigated three flare kernels associated with them. Two of the kernels appeared simultaneously. This phase of the flare could be observed in a broad band of wavelengths (HXR, UV, optical and microwaves). Kernel 1 did not clearly coincide with any HXR source but its intensity increased with the HXR flux rise. The flare kernel~3 did not show any significant response in microwaves, however, the related HXR flux was comparable with the flux of the previous kernels. We carried out an analysis of the difference between the Hα/Hβ profile rate in the line center at the distance of 0.5 Å from the line center. Only kernel 2 showed parameter fluctuations that were related to HXR flux evolution. The supposition of the non-thermal electron effect on the Hα/Hβ profile ratio was confirmed only at the kernel connected with the 25–50 keV HXR source. We found further confirmation that the Hα/Hβ line intensity ratio could be used as a diagnostic tool for non-thermal electron presence.

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Kumar, Manjeet, S. S. Verma, Meenakshi Uniyal, Anupam Barh, and N. K. Singh. "Exploitation of combining ability and heterosis for development of maize hybrids for tarai region of Uttarakhand." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.1002.

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The present investigation was carried out with fifty six genotypes involving 10 parents, their 45 F1s hybrids and one check hybrid in tarai region of Uttarakhand. The presence of more amount of variance due to SCA effects than GCA effects in our experimental material indicated that heterosis breeding is better choice. The good general combiners were P1, P3 and P4 for ear length; P8 for ear diameter; P5 and P8 for number of kernel rows per ear; P1 and P4 for number of kernels per row, P8 and P9 for100-kernel weight and P5 for grain yield, which can be utilized directly or indirectly in breeding programme. The best eight specific combiners for grain yield were P1xP8, P4xP10, P7xP8, P5xP8, P5xP9, P4xP9, P1xP2 and P5xP10 involving average x average, good x average, good x poor and average x poor parental combinations of generalcombining ability indicating the presence of non-additive gene action. The nine crosses, P1xP2, P1 xP5, P1xP8, P4xP9, P4xP10, P5 xP8, P5xP9, P5xP10 and P7xP8 had positive significant per cent heterosis for grain yield, and crosses namely P1xP4, P1xP5 and P1xP8 for ear length; P1xP3 and P1xP5 for number of kernels per row and P1xP8 and P9x P10 for 100-kernel weight were having positive significant per cent heterosis at 1% and/or 5% level of significance for respective traits. The crosses, P1xP2, P1xP8, P4xP9 andP7xP8 manifested high SCA effects along with excellent standard heterosis and per se performance for grain yield and also for most of the studied characters, therefore, classified as potential hybrids.

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Al-Qassem, Hussain, Leslie Cheng, and Yibiao Pan. "Endpoint Estimates for Oscillatory Singular Integrals with Hölder Class Kernels." Journal of Function Spaces 2019 (January 16, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8561402.

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We prove the uniform L1→L1,∞ and HE1→L1 boundedness of oscillatory singular integral operators whose kernels are the products of an oscillatory factor with bilinear phase and a Calderón-Zygmund kernel K(x,y) satisfying a Hölder condition. This Hölder condition appreciably weakens the C1 condition imposed in existing literature.

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Menegatto, V. A., and C. P. Oliveira. "Positive Definiteness on Products of Compact Two-point Homogeneous Spaces and Locally Compact Abelian Groups." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 63, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/s0008439519000663.

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AbstractIn this paper, we consider the problem of characterizing positive definite functions on compact two-point homogeneous spaces cross locally compact abelian groups. For a locally compact abelian group $G$ with dual group $\widehat{G}$, a compact two-point homogeneous space $\mathbb{H}$ with normalized geodesic distance $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ and a profile function $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}:[-1,1]\times G\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ satisfying certain continuity and integrability assumptions, we show that the positive definiteness of the kernel $((x,u),(y,v))\in (\mathbb{H}\times G)^{2}\mapsto \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}(\cos \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}(x,y),uv^{-1})$ is equivalent to the positive definiteness of the Fourier transformed kernels $(x,y)\in \mathbb{H}^{2}\mapsto \widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}_{\cos \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}(x,y)}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE})$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\in \widehat{G}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{t}(u)=\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}(t,u)$, $u\in G$. We also provide some results on the strict positive definiteness of the kernel.

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18

Zeleke, Habtamu. "Heterosis and Combining Ability for Grain Yield and Yield Component Traits of Maize in Eastern Ethiopia." Current Agriculture Research Journal 3, no. 2 (October 19, 2015): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.3.2.05.

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Combining ability analysis for grain yield and yield component traits in maize were carried out in 8×8 diallel cross. The analysis of variance showed there is highly significant variation between the genotypes for all the traits considered. Year of testing was significant only for days to maturity and grain yield per hectare. The highest percentage of heterosis for grain over the standard varieties (BH 660) was observed by the cross L1 x L4 (29.3%) followed by crosses L1 x L5 (28.3%), L3 x L5 (21.7%) and L1 x L7 (20.8%). Mid-parent heterosis for days to maturity ranged from -2.5 to -23.9%, whereas that of better parent heterosis ranged from 0 to -13% indicating that the hybrids tend to be earlier in maturity than the parents. The mean squares due to GCA for days to maturity, ear diameter, member of kernels per row, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were significant, indicating the importance of additive genetic variance in controlling these traits. The mean squares due to SCA were also significant for days to maturity, ear length, member of kernels per row and 1000 kernel weight indicating the importance of non-additive genetic variance in controlling these traits. The inbred lines L1, L3, and L4 were good general combiners for grain yield.

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Duggal, B. P. "Range-kernel orthogonality of the elementary operator X→∑i=1nAiXBi−X." Linear Algebra and its Applications 337, no. 1-3 (November 2001): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3795(01)00339-1.

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Kokilashvili, Vakhtang, Alexander Meskhi, and Muhammad Asad Zaighum. "Positive kernel operators in $$L^{p(x)}$$ spaces." Positivity 17, no. 4 (February 3, 2013): 1123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11117-013-0225-9.

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WANG, HUA. "BOUNDEDNESS OF SEVERAL INTEGRAL OPERATORS WITH BOUNDED VARIABLE KERNELS ON HARDY AND WEAK HARDY SPACES." International Journal of Mathematics 24, no. 12 (November 2013): 1350095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x1350095x.

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In this paper, by using the atomic decomposition theory of Hardy space H1(ℝn) and weak Hardy space WH1(ℝn), we give the boundedness properties of some operators with variable kernels such as singular integral operators, fractional integrals and parametric Marcinkiewicz integrals on these spaces, under certain logarithmic type Lipschitz conditions assumed on the variable kernel Ω(x, z).

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Satsanit, Wanchak. "On the Operator ⨁BkRelated to Bessel Heat Equation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/497676.

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We study the equation(∂/∂t)u(x,t)=c2⊕Bku(x,t)with the initial conditionu(x,0)=f(x)forx∈Rn+.The operator⊕Bkis the operator iterated k-times and is defined by⊕Bk=((∑i=1pBxi)4-(∑j=p+1p+qBxi)4)k, wherep+q=nis the dimension of theRn+,Bxi=∂2/∂xi2+(2vi/xi)(∂/∂xi),2vi=2αi+1,αi>-1/2,i=1,2,3,…,n, andkis a nonnegative integer,u(x,t)is an unknown function for(x,t)=(x1,x2,…,xn,t)∈Rn+×(0,∞),f(x)is a given generalized function, andcis a positive constant. We obtain the solution of such equation, which is related to the spectrum and the kernel, which is so called Bessel heat kernel. Moreover, such Bessel heat kernel has interesting properties and also related to the kernel of an extension of the heat equation.

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Cheah, Zhong Xiang, Peter M. Kopittke, Kirk G. Scheckel, Matthew R. Noerpel, and Michael J. Bell. "Comparison of Zn accumulation and speciation in kernels of sweetcorn and maize differing in maturity." Annals of Botany 125, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz179.

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Abstract Background and Aims Understanding the speciation of Zn in edible portions of crops helps identify the most effective biofortification strategies to increase the supply of nutrients for improving the health and nutrition of consumers. Methods Kernels of 12 sweetcorn and three maize (Zea mays) varieties were analysed for Zn concentration and content. The speciation of the Zn in the embryos, endosperms and whole kernels at 21, 28 and 56 days after pollination (DAP) was then examined for one maize and one sweetcorn variety using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Key Results Averaged across all sweetcorn and maize varieties at 21 DAP, the embryo contributed 27–29% of the whole kernel Zn whilst the endosperm contributed 71–73 %. While sweetcorn embryos contributed a lower proportion to the total kernel Zn than those of maize, the proportion of total Zn in the embryo increased as kernels aged for both varieties, reaching 33 % for sweetcorn and 49% for maize at 28 DAP. Using XAS, it was predicted that an average of 90 % of the Zn in the embryos was present as Zn-phytate, while in the endosperm the Zn was primarily complexed with an N-containing ligand such as histidine and to a lesser extent with phytate. However, in maize endosperms, it was also observed that the proportion of Zn present as Zn-phytate increased as the kernel matured, thereby also probably decreasing its bioavailability in these mature maize kernels. Conclusions The apparent low bioavailability of Zn supplied in maize at its consumption stage (i.e. mature kernels) probably undermines the effectiveness of biofortification of this crop. Conversely, successful biofortification of Zn in sweetcorn and green maize consumed as immature kernels could potentially provide a good source of bioavailable Zn in human diets.

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CHANG, CHIH, and CHRONG-HSIN LIAN. "SOME RESULTS ON (PRE)KERNEL CATCHERS AND THE COINCIDENCE OF THE KERNEL WITH PREKERNEL." International Game Theory Review 04, no. 03 (September 2002): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198902000653.

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The paper is devoted on the one hand to (pre)kernel catchers and on the other hand to the coincidence of the kernel K with the prekernel Pr K. Sufficient conditions for the coincidence K = Pr K are given by the inclusions R* ⊆ X or L* ∩ R* ⊆ X. Here X denotes the imputation set. The two sets R* and L* consist of those preimputations of which the payoffs are bounded above by player's maximal marginal contribution or bounded below by player's minimal marginal contribution.

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Peel, Syd, and Laurence J. Wilson. "Modeling the Distribution of Precipitation Forecasts from the Canadian Ensemble Prediction System Using Kernel Density Estimation." Weather and Forecasting 23, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007waf2007023.1.

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Abstract Kernel density estimation is employed to fit smooth probabilistic models to precipitation forecasts of the Canadian ensemble prediction system. An intuitive nonparametric technique, kernel density estimation has become a powerful tool widely used in the approximation of probability density functions. The density estimators were constructed using the gamma kernels prescribed by S.-X. Chen, confined as they are to the nonnegative real axis, which constitutes the support of the random variable representing precipitation accumulation. Performance of kernel density estimators for several different smoothing bandwidths is compared with the discrete probabilistic model obtained as the fraction of member forecasts predicting the events, which for this study consisted of threshold exceedances. A propitious choice of the smoothing bandwidth yields smooth forecasts comparable, or sometimes superior, to the discrete probabilistic forecast, depending on the character of the raw ensemble forecasts. At the same time more realistic models of the probability density are achieved, particularly in the tail of the distribution, yielding forecasts that can be optimally calibrated for extreme events.

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Peterson, L., N. Hutchinson, S. O'Malley, and M. Abbott. "RPC in the x-Kernel: evaluating new design techniques." ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 23, no. 5 (November 1989): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74851.74860.

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Hutchinson, N. C., and L. L. Peterson. "The x-Kernel: an architecture for implementing network protocols." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 17, no. 1 (1991): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/32.67579.

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Peterson, L., N. Hutchinson, S. O'Malley, and H. Rao. "The x-kernel: a platform for accessing internet resources." Computer 23, no. 5 (May 1990): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.53352.

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29

Meskhi, Alexander, and Muhammad Asad Zaighum. "Weighted Kernel Operators in L^p(x)(ℝ_+) spaces." Journal of Mathematical Inequalities, no. 3 (2016): 623–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7153/jmi-10-50.

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30

Werner, Dirk. "New classes of Banach spaces which are M-ideals in their biduals." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 111, no. 2 (March 1992): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004100075447.

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A subspace X of a Banach space Y is called an M-ideal if there is an L-projection P on Y* whose kernel is X1, the annihilator of X; that is, we haveIn the case that Y is the bidual of X, a natural linear projection on X*** = Y* with kernel X1 is available, namely .

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Chen, Jiecheng, and Guoen Hu. "Compact Commutators of Rough Singular Integral Operators." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2014-042-1.

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AbstractLet b ∊ BMO(ℝn) and TΩ be the singular integral operator with kernel Ω(x)/|x|n, where Ω is homogeneous of degree zero, integrable, and has mean value zero on the unit sphere Sn-1. In this paper, using Fourier transform estimates and approximation to the operator TΩ by integral operators with smooth kernels, it is proved that if b ∊ CMO(ℝn) and satisfies certain minimal size condition, then the commutator generated by b and TΩ is a compact operator on Lp(ℝn) for appropriate index p. The associated maximal operator is also considered.

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32

Tien, Nguyen Duy, and V. Tarieladze. "Probability Measures with Big Kernels." gmj 8, no. 2 (June 2001): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gmj.2001.333.

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Abstract It is shown that in an infinite-dimensional dually separated second category topological vector space X there does not exist a probability measure μ for which the kernel coincides with X. Moreover, we show that in “good” cases the kernel has the full measure if and only if it is finitedimensional. Also, the problem posed by S. Chevet [Kernel associated with a cylindrical measure, Springer-Verlag, 1981, p. 69] is solved by proving that the annihilator of the kernel of a measure μ coincides with the annihilator of μ if and only if the topology of μ-convergence in the dual space is essentially dually separated.

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Li, Siqi, and Guobao Wang. "Modified kernel MLAA using autoencoder for PET-enabled dual-energy CT." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2204 (July 5, 2021): 20200204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0204.

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Combined use of PET and dual-energy CT provides complementary information for multi-parametric imaging. PET-enabled dual-energy CT combines a low-energy X-ray CT image with a high-energy γ -ray CT (GCT) image reconstructed from time-of-flight PET emission data to enable dual-energy CT material decomposition on a PET/CT scanner. The maximum-likelihood attenuation and activity (MLAA) algorithm has been used for GCT reconstruction but suffers from noise. Kernel MLAA exploits an X-ray CT image prior through the kernel framework to guide GCT reconstruction and has demonstrated substantial improvements in noise suppression. However, similar to other kernel methods for image reconstruction, the existing kernel MLAA uses image intensity-based features to construct the kernel representation, which is not always robust and may lead to suboptimal reconstruction with artefacts. In this paper, we propose a modified kernel method by using an autoencoder convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract an intrinsic feature set from the X-ray CT image prior. A computer simulation study was conducted to compare the autoencoder CNN-derived feature representation with raw image patches for evaluation of kernel MLAA for GCT image reconstruction and dual-energy multi-material decomposition. The results show that the autoencoder kernel MLAA method can achieve a significant image quality improvement for GCT and material decomposition as compared to the existing kernel MLAA algorithm. A weakness of the proposed method is its potential over-smoothness in a bone region, indicating the importance of further optimization in future work. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synergistic tomographic image reconstruction: part 2’.

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Pimentel, Leidiane Reis, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva, Alex Resende Schio, Eli Santana de Oliveira Rodrigues, and Lucas Teixeira Costa. "Economic viability of including palm kernel cake in diets for feedlot lactating cows." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 38, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i3.31150.

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This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet for lactating crossbred cows in feedlot system, and its implications on economic viability. We used 12 crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows assigned to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares, in the following treatments: control (without inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet); inclusion of 50, 100 or 150 g palm kernel cake (PKC) per kg in the total dry matter (TDM). Earnings per animal showed a reduction in values, this decrease in profitability is related to the increase in feed costs, specifically, and the costs with concentrate, which increased as the palm kernel cake was included in the treatments, 0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg-1 TDM. The effect observed for profitability affected the internal rate of return, which decreased with the inclusion of palm kernel cake levels in the diet. However, it was positive in all treatments, demonstrating the feasibility of investment in palm kernel cake. Data on the economic viability evidenced that treatment with 100 g palm kernel cake per kg TDM is the most financially viable under the conditions of this study.

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-Ignjatovic-Micic, Dragana, Goran Stankovic, Ksenija Markovic, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, Vesna Lazic-Jancic, and Miloje Denic. "Kernel modifications and tryptophan content in QPM segregating generations." Genetika 42, no. 2 (2010): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1002267m.

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Maize has poor nutritional value due to deficiency of two essential amino acids - tryptophan and lysine. Although recessive opaque2 (o2) mutation significantly increases their content in the endosperm, incorporation of opaque2 into high yielding cultivars was not commercially successful, because of its numerous agronomic and processing problems due to soft endosperm. Quality protein maize - QPM has lately been introduced as opaque2 maize with improved endosperm hardness and improved agronomic traits, but mostly within tropical and subtropical germplasm. The ongoing breeding project at MRI includes improvement of MRI opaque2 lines and conversion of standard lines to QPM germplasm. The main selection steps in QPM breeding involve assessing kernel modifications and tryptophan level in each generation. Herein, we present the results of the analysis for these traits on F3 and BC1F1 generations of QPM x opaque2, opaque2 x QPM and standard lines x QPM crosses. The results showed that the majority the genotypes had kernel types 2 and 3 (good modifications). The whole grain tryptophan content in F3 and BC1F1 genotypes of crosses between QPM and opaque2 germplasm was at the quality protein level, with a few exceptions. All BC1F1 genotypes of standard lines x QPM had tryptophan content in the range of normal maize, while majority of F3 genotypes had tryptophan content at level of QPM. The progeny (with increased tryptophan levels) of QPM and opaque2 crosses had significantly higher tryptophan content compared to the progeny of crosses between standard and QPM lines - 0.098 to 0.114 and 0.080, respectively. All genotypes that had poorly modified kernels and/or low tryptophan content will be discarded from further breeding.

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Mazouz, A. "On the range and the kernel of the operator $X\mapsto AXB-X$." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 127, no. 7 (March 3, 1999): 2105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-99-04754-1.

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37

Wang, Hua. "Boundedness of Singular Integral Operators with Variable Kernels on Weighted Weak Hardy Spaces." Chinese Journal of Mathematics 2014 (January 23, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/357135.

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Let TΩ be the singular integral operator with variable kernel Ω(x,z). In this paper, by using the atomic decomposition theory of weighted weak Hardy spaces, we will obtain the boundedness properties of TΩ on these spaces, under some Dini type conditions imposed on the variable kernel Ω(x,z).

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Chen, Su. "Optimal Bandwidth Selection for Kernel Density Functionals Estimation." Journal of Probability and Statistics 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/242683.

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The choice of bandwidth is crucial to the kernel density estimation (KDE) and kernel based regression. Various bandwidth selection methods for KDE and local least square regression have been developed in the past decade. It has been known that scale and location parameters are proportional to density functionals∫γ(x)f2(x)dxwith appropriate choice ofγ(x)and furthermore equality of scale and location tests can be transformed to comparisons of the density functionals among populations.∫γ(x)f2(x)dxcan be estimated nonparametrically via kernel density functionals estimation (KDFE). However, the optimal bandwidth selection for KDFE of∫γ(x)f2(x)dxhas not been examined. We propose a method to select the optimal bandwidth for the KDFE. The idea underlying this method is to search for the optimal bandwidth by minimizing the mean square error (MSE) of the KDFE. Two main practical bandwidth selection techniques for the KDFE of∫γ(x)f2(x)dxare provided: Normal scale bandwidth selection (namely, “Rule of Thumb”) and direct plug-in bandwidth selection. Simulation studies display that our proposed bandwidth selection methods are superior to existing density estimation bandwidth selection methods in estimating density functionals.

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39

Tong, P., D. Zhao, D. Yang, X. Yang, J. Chen, and Q. Liu. "Wave-equation-based travel-time seismic tomography – Part 1: Method." Solid Earth 5, no. 2 (November 26, 2014): 1151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1151-2014.

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Abstract. In this paper, we propose a wave-equation-based travel-time seismic tomography method with a detailed description of its step-by-step process. First, a linear relationship between the travel-time residual Δt = Tobs–Tsyn and the relative velocity perturbation δ c(x)/c(x) connected by a finite-frequency travel-time sensitivity kernel K(x) is theoretically derived using the adjoint method. To accurately calculate the travel-time residual Δt, two automatic arrival-time picking techniques including the envelop energy ratio method and the combined ray and cross-correlation method are then developed to compute the arrival times Tsyn for synthetic seismograms. The arrival times Tobs of observed seismograms are usually determined by manual hand picking in real applications. Travel-time sensitivity kernel K(x) is constructed by convolving a~forward wavefield u(t,x) with an adjoint wavefield q(t,x). The calculations of synthetic seismograms and sensitivity kernels rely on forward modeling. To make it computationally feasible for tomographic problems involving a large number of seismic records, the forward problem is solved in the two-dimensional (2-D) vertical plane passing through the source and the receiver by a high-order central difference method. The final model is parameterized on 3-D regular grid (inversion) nodes with variable spacings, while model values on each 2-D forward modeling node are linearly interpolated by the values at its eight surrounding 3-D inversion grid nodes. Finally, the tomographic inverse problem is formulated as a regularized optimization problem, which can be iteratively solved by either the LSQR solver or a~nonlinear conjugate-gradient method. To provide some insights into future 3-D tomographic inversions, Fréchet kernels for different seismic phases are also demonstrated in this study.

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40

Tong, P., D. Zhao, D. Yang, X. Yang, J. Chen, and Q. Liu. "Wave-equation based traveltime seismic tomography – Part 1: Method." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 2 (August 25, 2014): 2523–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-2523-2014.

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Abstract. In this paper, we propose a wave-equation based traveltime seismic tomography method with a detailed description of its step-by-step process. First, a linear relationship between the traveltime residual Δt = Tobs – Tsyn and the relative velocity perturbation δc(x) / c(x) connected by a finite-frequency traveltime sensitivity kernel K(x) is theoretically derived using the adjoint method. To accurately calculate the traveltime residual Δt, two automatic arrival-time picking techniques including the envelop energy ratio method and the combined ray and cross-correlation method are then developed to compute the arrival times Tsyn for synthetic seismograms. The arrival times Tobs of observed seismograms are usually determined by manual hand picking in real applications. Traveltime sensitivity kernel K(x) is constructed by convolving a forward wavefield u(t,x) with an adjoint wavefield q(t,x). The calculations of synthetic seismograms and sensitivity kernels rely on forward modelling. To make it computationally feasible for tomographic problems involving a large number of seismic records, the forward problem is solved in the two-dimensional (2-D) vertical plane passing through the source and the receiver by a high-order central difference method. The final model is parameterized on 3-D regular grid (inversion) nodes with variable spacings, while model values on each 2-D forward modelling node are linearly interpolated by the values at its eight surrounding 3-D inversion grid nodes. Finally, the tomographic inverse problem is formulated as a regularized optimization problem, which can be iteratively solved by either the LSQR solver or a non-linear conjugate-gradient method. To provide some insights into future 3-D tomographic inversions, Fréchet kernels for different seismic phases are also demonstrated in this study.

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41

Thies, Thorsten, and Frank Weber. "Optimal Reduced-Set Vectors for Support Vector Machines with a Quadratic Kernel." Neural Computation 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0899766041336459.

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To reduce computational cost, the discriminant function of a support vector machine (SVM) should be represented using as few vectors as possible. This problem has been tackled in different ways. In this article, we develop an explicit solution in the case of a general quadratic kernel k(x, x′) = (C + Dx⊺x′)2. For a given number of vectors, this solution provides the best possible approximation and can even recover the discriminant function if the number of used vectors is large enough. The key idea is to express the inhomogeneous kernel as a homogeneous kernel on a space having one dimension more than the original one and to follow the approach of Burges (1996).

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42

Appleby, John A. D., and David W. Reynolds. "Subexponential solutions of linear integro-differential equations and transient renewal equations." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 132, no. 3 (June 2002): 521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500001761.

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This paper studies the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of the scalar integro-differential equation The kernel k is assumed to be positive, continuous and integrable.If it is known that all solutions x are integrable and x(t) → 0 as t → ∞, but also that x = 0 cannot be exponentially asymptotically stable unless there is some γ > 0 such that Here, we restrict the kernel to be in a class of subexponential functions in which k(t) → 0 as t → ∞ so slowly that the above condition is violated. It is proved here that the rate of convergence of x(t) → 0 as t → ∞ is given by The result is proved by determining the asymptotic behaviour of the solution of the transient renewal equation If the kernel h is subexponential, then

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43

Atalla, Robert E. "On the kernel of a Markov projection on $C(X)$." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 93, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-1985-0776203-5.

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Atalla, Robert E. "On the Kernel of a Markov Projection on C(X)." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 93, no. 4 (April 1985): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2045545.

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45

Bhatwadekar, S. M., and Amartya K. Dutta. "Kernel of locally nilpotent $R$-derivations of $R[X,Y]$." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 349, no. 8 (1997): 3303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-97-01946-6.

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46

Arcozzi, Nicola, and Matteo Levi. "On a class of shift-invariant subspaces of the Drury-Arveson space." Concrete Operators 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/conop-2018-0001.

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Abstract In the Drury-Arveson space, we consider the subspace of functions whose Taylor coefficients are supported in a set Y⊂ ℕd with the property that ℕ\X + ej ⊂ ℕ\X for all j = 1, . . . , d. This is an easy example of shift-invariant subspace, which can be considered as a RKHS in is own right, with a kernel that can be explicitly calculated for specific choices of X. Every such a space can be seen as an intersection of kernels of Hankel operators with explicit symbols. Finally, this is the right space on which Drury’s inequality can be optimally adapted to a sub-family of the commuting and contractive operators originally considered by Drury.

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47

Sonobe, Rei. "Parcel-Based Crop Classification Using Multi-Temporal TerraSAR-X Dual Polarimetric Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11101148.

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Cropland maps are useful for the management of agricultural fields and the estimation of harvest yield. Some local governments have documented field properties, including crop type and location, based on site investigations. This process, which is generally done manually, is labor-intensive, and remote-sensing techniques can be used as alternatives. In this study, eight crop types (beans, beetroot, grass, maize, potatoes, squash, winter wheat, and yams) were identified using gamma naught values and polarimetric parameters calculated from TerraSAR-X (or TanDEM-X) dual-polarimetric (HH/VV) data. Three indices (difference (D-type), simple ratio (SR), and normalized difference (ND)) were calculated using gamma naught values and m-chi decomposition parameters and were evaluated in terms of crop classification. We also evaluated the classification accuracy of four widely used machine-learning algorithms (kernel-based extreme learning machine, support vector machine, multilayer feedforward neural network (FNN), and random forest) and two multiple-kernel methods (multiple kernel extreme learning machine (MKELM) and multiple kernel learning (MKL)). MKL performed best, achieving an overall accuracy of 92.1%, and proved useful for the identification of crops with small sample sizes. The difference (raw or normalized) between double-bounce scattering and odd-bounce scattering helped to improve the identification of squash and yams fields.

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48

Cohn, Harry. "Limit behaviour for stochastic monotonicity and applications." Advances in Applied Probability 20, no. 2 (June 1988): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427393.

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A transition probability kernel P(·,·) is said to be stochastically monotone if P(x, (–∞, y]) is non-increasing in x for every fixed y. A Markov chain is said to be stochastically monotone (SMMC) if its transition probability kernels are stochastically monotone. A new method for tackling the asymptotics of SMMC is given in terms of some limit variables {Wq}. In the temporally homogeneous case a cyclic pattern for {Wq} will describe the limit behaviour of suitably normed and centred processes. As a consequence, geometrically growing constants turn out to pertain to almost sure convergence. Some convergence criteria are given and applications to branching processes and diffusions are outlined.

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Phanthawimol, W., Y. Punkla, K. Kwakpatoon, and Y. Kemprasit. "On Homomorphisms of Krasner Hyperrings." Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Mathematics 57, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10157-011-0023-2.

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On Homomorphisms of Krasner Hyperrings By a homomorphism from a Krasner hyperring (A, +, ·) into a Krasner hyperring (A', +', ·') we mean a function ƒ: A → A' satisfying ƒ(x + y) ⊆ ƒ(x)+ ƒ(y) and ƒ(x · y) = ƒ(x) ·' ƒ(y) for all ×, y ∈ A. The kernel of ƒ, ker ƒ, is defined by ker ƒ = {x ∈ A | ƒ(x) = 0'} where 0' is the zero of (A', +', ·'). In fact, ker ƒ may be empty. In this paper, some general properties of a Krasner hyperring homomorphism with nonempty kernel are given. Various examples are also provided.

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Prunaru, Bebe. "A Factorization Theorem for Multiplier Algebras of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2011-174-x.

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