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Reid, Anne N., and Chris Whitfield. "Functional Analysis of Conserved Gene Products Involved in Assembly of Escherichia coli Capsules and Exopolysaccharides: Evidence for Molecular Recognition between Wza and Wzc for Colanic Acid Biosynthesis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 5470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.15.5470-5481.2005.
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ABSTRACT Group 1 capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of Escherichia coli and some loosely cell-associated exopolysaccharides (EPSs), such as colanic acid, are assembled by a Wzy-dependent polymerization system. In this biosynthesis pathway, Wza, Wzb, and Wzc homologues are required for surface expression of wild-type CPS or EPS. Multimeric complexes of Wza in the outer membrane are believed to provide a channel for polymer export; Wzc is an inner membrane tyrosine autokinase and Wzb is its cognate phosphatase. This study was performed to determine whether the Wza, Wzb, and Wzc proteins for colanic acid expression in E. coli K-12 could function in the E. coli K30 prototype group 1 capsule system. When expressed together, colanic acid Wza, Wzb, and Wzc could complement a wza-wzb-wzc defect in E. coli K30, suggesting conservation in their collective function in Wzy-dependent CPS and EPS systems. Expressed individually, colanic acid Wza and Wzb could also function in K30 CPS expression. In contrast, the structural requirements for Wzc function were more stringent because colanic acid Wzc could restore translocation of K30 CPS to the cell surface only when expressed with its cognate Wza protein. Chimeric colanic acid-K30 Wzc proteins were constructed to further study this interaction. These proteins could restore K30 biosynthesis but were unable to couple synthesis to export. The chimeric protein comprising the periplasmic domain of colanic acid Wzc was functional for effective K30 CPS surface expression only when coexpressed with colanic acid Wza. These data highlight the importance of Wza-Wzc interactions in group 1 CPS assembly.
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Vincent, Carole, Patricia Doublet, Christophe Grangeasse, Elisabeth Vaganay, Alain J. Cozzone, and Bertrand Duclos. "Cells of Escherichia coli Contain a Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Wzc, and a Phosphotyrosine-Protein Phosphatase, Wzb." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 11 (June 1, 1999): 3472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.11.3472-3477.1999.
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ABSTRACT Two proteins of Escherichia coli, termed Wzc and Wzb, were analyzed for their capacity to participate in the reversible phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine. First, Wzc was overproduced from its specific gene and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Upon incubation in the presence of radioactive ATP, it was found to effectively autophosphorylate. Two-dimensional analysis of its phosphoamino acid content revealed that it was modified exclusively at tyrosine. Second, Wzb was also overproduced from the corresponding gene and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. It was shown to contain a phosphatase activity capable of cleaving the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate intop-nitrophenol and free phosphate. In addition, it was assayed on individual phosphorylated amino acids and appeared to dephosphorylate specifically phosphotyrosine, with no effect on phosphoserine or phosphothreonine. Such specificity for phosphotyrosine was confirmed by the observation that Wzb was able to dephosphorylate previously autophosphorylated Wzc. Together, these data demonstrate, for the first time, that E. coli cells contain both a protein-tyrosine kinase and a phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase. They also provide evidence that this phosphatase can utilize the kinase as an endogenous substrate, which suggests the occurrence of a regulatory mechanism connected with reversible protein phosphorylation on tyrosine. From comparative analysis of amino acid sequences, Wzc was found to be similar to a number of proteins present in other bacterial species which are all involved in the synthesis or export of exopolysaccharides. Since these polymers are considered important virulence factors, we suggest that reversible protein phosphorylation on tyrosine may be part of the cascade of reactions that determine the pathogenicity of bacteria.
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Nakar, David, and David L. Gutnick. "Involvement of a Protein Tyrosine Kinase in Production of the Polymeric Bioemulsifier Emulsan from the Oil-Degrading Strain Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.3.1001-1009.2003.
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ABSTRACT The genes associated with the biosynthesis of the polymeric bioemulsifier emulsan, produced by the oil-degrading Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1 are clustered within a 27-kbp region termed the wee cluster. This report demonstrates the involvement of two genes of the wee cluster of RAG-1, wzb and wzc, in emulsan biosynthesis. The two gene products, Wzc and Wzb were overexpressed and purified. Wzc exhibited ATP-dependent autophosphorylating protein tyrosine kinase activity. Wzb was found to be a protein tyrosine phosphatase capable of dephosphorylating the phosphorylated Wzc. Using the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) Wzb exhibited a V max of 12 μmol of PNPP min−1 mg−1 and a Km of 8 mM PNPP at 30°C. The emulsifying activity of mutants lacking either wzb or wzc was 16 and 15% of RAG-1 activity, respectively, suggesting a role for the two enzymes in emulsan production. Phosphorylation of Wzc was found to occur within a cluster of five tyrosine residues at the C terminus. Colonies from a mutant in which these five tyrosine residues were replaced by five phenylalanine residues along with those of a second mutant, which also lacked Wzb, exhibited a highly viscous colony consistency. Emulsan activity of these mutants was 25 and 24% of that of RAG-1, respectively. Neither of these mutants contained cell-associated emulsan. However, they did produce an extracellular high-molecular-mass galactosamine-containing polysaccharide. A model is proposed in which subunit polymerization, translocation and release of emulsan are all associated and coregulated by tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Rosche, Thomas M., Ben Smith, and James D. Oliver. "Evidence for an Intermediate Colony Morphology of Vibrio vulnificus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 4356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02937-05.
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ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus causes both food-borne disease and wound infections. Most V. vulnificus strains express capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which is required for the virulence of this organism. Under standard growth conditions, CPS expression is lost at a relatively high frequency (10−3 to 10−4), resulting in a switch from an opaque (Op, CPS+) colony morphology to a translucent (Tr, CPS−) colony morphology. The wzb gene, which encodes a phosphatase required for CPS expression, has been proposed to be involved in this switch through a site-specific deletion of the entire gene. In an examination of five strains, we found that the frequency of wzb deletion in Tr colonies varies by strain and therefore does not account for all the Tr colonies that are seen. In addition, we have identified a third, intermediate (Int) colony morphotype, in which the colonies appear less opaque but are not fully translucent. PCR studies have demonstrated that Int colonies still contain the wzb gene, while reverse transcriptase PCR studies have shown that although Int strains retain expression of wzb, in some cases the transcription of wzb is reduced. Int strains switch to a true Tr (wzb negative) morphotype at a very high frequency (nearly 100%) under certain conditions. Finally, Int colonies, which in some cases can easily be mistaken for Tr colonies, have been observed to occasionally revert to Op, while Tr colonies containing a wzb deletion presumably are unable to revert to the encapsulated form.
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LaPointe, Gisele, Daniele Atlan, and Christophe Gilbert. "Characterization and site-directed mutagenesis of Wzb, an O-phosphatase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus." BMC Biochemistry 9, no. 1 (2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2091-9-10.
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Tiwari, Monalisa, Shruti Panwar, Akansha Kothidar, and Vishvanath Tiwari. "Rational targeting of Wzb phosphatase and Wzc kinase interaction inhibits extracellular polysaccharides synthesis and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii." Carbohydrate Research 492 (June 2020): 108025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2020.108025.
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Govarthanan, Muthusamy, Jung-Hee Park, Loganathan Praburaman, Young-Joo Yi, Min Cho, Hyun Myung, Shanmugam Gnanendra, Seralathan Kamala-Kannan, and Byung-Taek Oh. "Relative Expression of Low Molecular Weight Protein, Tyrosine Phosphatase (Wzb Gene) of Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 Toward Arsenic Stress and Molecular Modeling." Current Microbiology 71, no. 3 (June 6, 2015): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0850-6.
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Klumpp, Susanne, Jan Hermesmeier, Dagmar Selke, Ralf Baumeister, Roland Kellner, and Josef Krieglstein. "Protein Histidine Phosphatase: A Novel Enzyme with Potency for Neuronal Signaling." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 22, no. 12 (December 2002): 1420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000045041.03034.99.
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The importance of reversible phosphorylation for neuronal signaling and cell survival is well recognized. Knowledge in vertebrates, however, is so far limited to O-phosphates from serine, threonine, and tyrosine. The authors describe an enzyme acting on N-phosphates. It is the first protein histidine phosphatase identified in vertebrates. This histidine phosphatase is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues including brain. Characterization and sequencing showed a yet unknown protein with no similarity to other phosphatases. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the homolog of this histidine phosphatase was exclusively expressed in neurons, suggesting a distinct role of reversible histidine phosphorylation in neuronal functions.
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Pettis, Gregg S., and Aheli S. Mukerji. "Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Essential Virulence Factor Capsular Polysaccharide of Vibrio vulnificus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093259.
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Vibrio vulnificus populates coastal waters around the world, where it exists freely or becomes concentrated in filter feeding mollusks. It also causes rapid and life-threatening sepsis and wound infections in humans. Of its many virulence factors, it is the V. vulnificus capsule, composed of capsular polysaccharide (CPS), that plays a critical role in evasion of the host innate immune system by conferring antiphagocytic ability and resistance to complement-mediated killing. CPS may also provoke a portion of the host inflammatory cytokine response to this bacterium. CPS production is biochemically and genetically diverse among strains of V. vulnificus, and the carbohydrate diversity of CPS is likely affected by horizontal gene transfer events that result in new combinations of biosynthetic genes. Phase variation between virulent encapsulated opaque colonial variants and attenuated translucent colonial variants, which have little or no CPS, is a common phenotype among strains of this species. One mechanism for generating acapsular variants likely involves homologous recombination between repeat sequences flanking the wzb phosphatase gene within the Group 1 CPS biosynthetic and transport operon. A considerable number of environmental, genetic, and regulatory factors have now been identified that affect CPS gene expression and CPS production in this pathogen.
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Cefalo, Angela D., Jeffery R. Broadbent, and Dennis L. Welker. "The Streptococcus thermophilus protein Wzh functions as a phosphotyrosine phosphatase." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 6 (June 2013): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0094.
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Amino acid residues that are important for metal binding and catalysis in Gram-positive phosphotyrosine phosphatases were identified in the Wzh protein of Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C by using sequence comparisons. A His-tagged fusion Wzh protein was purified from Escherichia coli cultures and tested for phosphatase activity against synthetic phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine–threonine peptides. Purified Wzh released 2316.5 ± 138.7 pmol PO4·min−1·μg−1 from phosphotyrosine peptide-1 and 2345.7 ± 135.2 pmol PO4·min−1·μg−1 from phosphotyrosine peptide-2. The presence of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium vanadate decreased purified Wzh activity by 45%–50% at 1 mmol·L–1, 74%–84% at 5 mmol·L–1, and by at least 88% at 10 mmol·L–1. Purified Wzh had no detectable activity against the phosphoserine–threonine peptide. These results clearly establish that S. thermophilus MR-1C Wzh functions as a phosphotyrosine phosphatase that could function to remove phosphate groups from proteins involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, including the protein tyrosine kinase Wze and priming glycosyltransferase.
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Hannus, Michael, Fabian Feiguin, Carl-Philipp Heisenberg, and Suzanne Eaton. "Planar cell polarization requires Widerborst, a B′ regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A." Development 129, no. 14 (July 15, 2002): 3493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.14.3493.
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We have identified widerborst (wdb), a B′ regulatory subunit of PP2A, as a conserved component of planar cell polarization mechanisms in both Drosophila and in zebrafish. In Drosophila, wdb acts at two steps during planar polarization of wing epithelial cells. It is required to organize tissue polarity proteins into proximal and distal cortical domains, thus determining wing hair orientation. It is also needed to generate the polarized membrane outgrowth that becomes the wing hair. Widerborst activates the catalytic subunit of PP2A and localizes to the distal side of a planar microtubule web that lies at the level of apical cell junctions. This suggests that polarized PP2A activation along the planar microtubule web is important for planar polarization. In zebrafish, two wdb homologs are required for convergent extension during gastrulation, supporting the conjecture that Drosophila planar cell polarization and vertebrate gastrulation movements are regulated by similar mechanisms.
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Kumar, Ajay, Abhishek Kumar, ManiRam Prasad, Chandra Prakash, and Sunil Kumar Srivastav. "Phosphocalcemic responses of vitamin D3 administered intact or hypophysectomized Heteropneustes fossilis maintained either in artificial freshwater or calcium deficient freshwater." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 5, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.005.03.0332.
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The serum calcium level of vehicle injected fish (group-A) exhibits no alteration throughout the experiment. Vitamin D3 administration to fish Heteropneustes fossilis exhibited hypercalcemia from day 3 to day 7 (group-B). However hypophysectomized and vehicle injected fish showed hypocalcemia from day 3 to day 7 (group-C). While hypophysectomized and vitamin D3 injected fish exhibited hypercalcemia on day 3 till the end of experiment (group -D). The serum phosphate of group A fishes is unaltered throughout experiment. The phosphate level of vitamin D3 treated fish (group-B) exhibits hyperphosphatemia from day 3 to day 7. In group C fishes exhibited a significant decrease in phosphate level throughout the experiment. While the group D fishes showed hyperphosphatemia from day 3 to day 7. In group E fishes the serum calcium level remains unaffected up to day 3 the level decreases on day 5 to day 7. In group F fishes showed hypercalcemia from day 3 to day 7. In group H fishes a progressive decrease in serum calcium level is noticed on day 3 to day 7. The group H fishes shows increase in the serum calcium level from day 3 to day 7. The serum phosphate level of group E fishes showed a decrease from day 3 to day 5. The phosphate level increases from day 3 to day 7 in group F fishes. The phosphate level exhibited a decrease from day 3 to day 7 (group G). The phosphate level increases from day 5 to day 7 of group H fishes.
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Trautvetter, Ulrike, Bianka Ditscheid, Gerhard Jahreis, and Michael Glei. "Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Blood Lipids and Intestinal Sterols in Human Intervention Studies Using Different Sources of Phosphate as Supplements—Pooled Results and Literature Search." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070936.
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Phosphates are associated with negative physiological effects. The objectives of this publication were to compare differential effects of supplementation with calcium phosphate or phosphate alone in healthy humans. Four adult human studies were conducted with pentacalcium hydroxy-trisphosphate supplementation (CaP; 90 subjects) and their data were pooled for assessment. For literature search; PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge were used and 21 items were assigned to three main topics. The pooled study results show that following CaP supplementation, faecal calcium and phosphorus and urinary calcium were increased, blood lipids were positively modulated, and faecal bile acids were increased, as compared with placebo. The literature search reveals that following calcium phosphate supplementation, urinary calcium was increased. Following solely phosphate supplementation, urinary phosphorus was increased and urinary calcium was decreased. Postprandial calcium concentrations were increased following calcium phosphate supplementation. Postprandial phosphate concentrations were increased following solely phosphate supplementation. Calcium phosphate supplementation resulted in rather positively modulated blood lipids and gut-related parameters. The presented results show the relevance to distinguish between calcium phosphate and solely phosphate supplementations, and the importance of a balanced calcium and phosphorus intake.
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Mohd, Nurulhuda, Masfueh Razali, Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali, and Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim. "3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphates-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Animal Models: A Scoping Review." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072621.
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Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds have received greater attention as an attractive option compared to the conventional bone grafts for regeneration of alveolar bone defects. Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphates have been used as biomaterials in the fabrication of 3D-printed scaffolds. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the potential of 3D-printed HA and calcium phosphates-based scaffolds on alveolar bone regeneration in animal models. The systematic search was conducted across four electronic databases: Ovid, Web of Science, PubMed and EBSCOHOST, based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines until November 2021. The inclusion criteria were: (i) animal models undergoing alveolar bone regenerative surgery, (ii) the intervention to regenerate or augment bone using 3D-printed hydroxyapatite or other calcium phosphate scaffolds and (iii) histological and microcomputed tomographic analyses of new bone formation and biological properties of 3D-printed hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphates. A total of ten studies were included in the review. All the studies showed promising results on new bone formation without any inflammatory reactions, regardless of the animal species. In conclusion, hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphates are feasible materials for 3D-printed scaffolds for alveolar bone regeneration and demonstrated bone regenerative potential in the oral cavity. However, further research is warranted to determine the scaffold material which mimics the gold standard of care for bone regeneration in the load-bearing areas, including the masticatory load of the oral cavity.
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Tanaka, T., T. F. Thingstad, U. Christaki, J. Colombet, V. Cornet-Barthaux, C. Courties, J. D. Grattepanche, et al. "Lack of P-limitation of phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes in surface waters of three anticyclonic eddies in the stratified Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2011): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-525-2011.
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Abstract. We investigated the identity of the limiting nutrient of the pelagic microbial food web in the Mediterranean Sea using nutrient manipulated microcosms during summer 2008. Experiments were carried out with surface waters at the center of anticyclonic eddies in the Western Basin, the Ionian Basin, and the Levantine Basin. In situ, the ratio of N to P was always higher in both dissolved and particulate organic fractions compared to the Redfield ratio, suggesting a relative P-starvation. In each experiment, four different treatments in triplicates (addition of ammonium, phosphate, a combination of both, and the unamended control) were employed and chemical and biological parameters monitored throughout a 3–4 day incubation. Temporal changes of turnover time of phosphate and ATP, and alkaline phosphatase activity during the incubation suggested that the phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (Hprok) communities were not P-limited at the sites. Furthermore, statistical comparison among treatments at the end of the incubation did not support a hypothesis of P-limitation at the three study sites. In contrast, primary production was consistently limited by N, and Hprok growth was not limited by N nor P in the Western Basin, but N-limited in the Ionian Basin, and N and P co-limited in the Levantine Basin. Our results demonstrated the gap between biogeochemical features (an apparent P-starved status) and biological responses (no apparent P-limitation). We question the general notion that Mediterranean surface waters are limited by P alone during the stratified period.
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Nolasco, Leticia, Francisca C. Gushiken, Vimal Patel, Nancy Turner, Subhashree Pradhan, Jing-fei Dong, Joel L. Moake, and K. Vinod Vijayan. "Protein Phosphatase 2B Inhibition Promotes the Secretion of Von Willebrand Factor from Endothelial Cells." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.692.692.
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Abstract Ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers secreted from the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) of endothelial cells plays a crucial role in the development of thrombotic microangiopathies. Secretion of WPB contents is regulated, in part, by the phosphorylation of vesicle trafficking proteins that constitutes the endothelial exocytotic machinery. In comparison to agonist-induced, protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways that regulate the exocytosis of WPB contents, a role for protein phosphatases in regulating endothelial exocytosis is currently undefined. In this study, we show that inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) activity by cyclosporine A (CsA), tacrolimus (FK506) or a cell-permeable PP2B autoinhibitory (AI) peptide promotes the secretion of hyper-adhesive ULVWF from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the absence of any other endothelial cell-stimulating agent. PP2B inhibitor-induced secretion and anchorage of ULVWF strings from HUVECs induce the tethering of adhesive platelets. In support of a role for PP2B in VWF secretion, we demonstrated that the catalytic subunit of PP2B expressed as a GST fusion protein interacts with the vesicle trafficking protein, Munc18c. Serine phosphorylation of Munc18c, which promotes granule exocytosis in other secretory cells, was significantly increased in CsA-treated HUVECs, suggesting that this process may be involved in CsA-mediated WPB exocytosis and secretion of VWF. Furthermore, plasma VWF antigen levels were also enhanced in CsA-treated mice, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PP2Bb in HUVECs significantly enhanced VWF secretion. These observations suggest that CsA promotes VWF release, at least in part by inhibition of PP2B activity. These observations are compatible with the clinically observed association of CsA treatment and increased plasma VWF levels in humans, as well as the association between prolonged exposure to CsA and thrombotic microangiopathy in a subset of exposed patients.
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Tanaka, T., T. F. Thingstad, U. Christaki, J. Colombet, V. Cornet-Barthaux, C. Courties, J. D. Grattepanche, et al. "N-limited or N and P co-limited indications in the surface waters of three Mediterranean basins." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 5, 2010): 8143–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-8143-2010.
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Abstract. The limiting nutrient for the pelagic microbial food web in the Mediterranean Sea was investigated in the nutrient manipulated microcosms during summer 2008. Surface waters were collected into 12 carboys at a center of anticyclonic eddy at the Western Basin, the Ionian Basin, and the Levantine Basin, respectively. As compared to the Redfield ratio, the ratio of N to P in the collected waters was always smaller in the dissolved inorganic fraction but higher in both dissolved and particulate organic fractions. Four different treatments in triplicates (addition of ammonium, phosphate, a combination of both, and the unamended control) were set up for the carboys. Responses of chemical and biological parameters in these different treatments were measured during the incubation (3–4 days). Temporal changes of turnover time of phosphate and ATP, and alkaline phosphatase activity during the incubation suggested that the phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (Hprok) communities were not purely P-limited at any studied stations. Statistical comparison between the treatments for a given parameter measured at the end of the incubation did not find pure P-limitation in any chemical and biological parameters at three study sites. Primary production was consistently limited by N, and Hprok growth was not limited by N nor P in the Western Basin, but N-limited in the Ionian Basin, and N and P co-limited in the Levantine Basin. Our results demonstrated the gap between biogeochemical features and biological responses in terms of the limiting nutrient. We question the general notion that Mediterranean surface waters are limited by P alone during the stratified period.
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Koné, B., S. Diatta, A. Saïdou, I. Akintayo, and B. Cissé. "Réponses des variétés interspécifiques du riz de plateau aux applications de phosphate en zone de forêt au Nigeria." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 5 (November 1, 2009): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss08086.
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Pour améliorer la production du riz sur les sols acides en zone de forêt humide de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et approfondir la connaissance de la nutrition en phosphore (P) des variétés interspécifiques du riz de plateau, le potentiel de production de certaines variétés a été évalué à l’application du phosphate sur un hyperdystric ferralsol à Ikwo au Nigeria. Cinq variétés de riz dont un sativa (V1 = WAB 56 - 104) et quatre interspécifiques (V2 = WAB450-1-B-P-38-HB, V3 = WAB450-11-1-P-40-HB, V4 = WAB450-11-1-P-P-40-1-H et V5 = WAB450-24-3-2-P-18-HB) ont été semées dans un dispositif de blocs complets randomisés à trois répétitions. Le phosphore a été appliqué annuellement à 50, 100 et 150 kg P ha-1 sous forme de triple super phosphate-TSP durant trois ans, ou en application unique du phosphate naturel du Mali (Ma) aux doses proportionnelles (150, 300 et 450 kg P ha-1) à la première année de l’étude. Les rendements en grain (1,6-3,7 t ha-1), les efficacités agronomiques (2-40 kg kg-1) et les efficiences agronomiques relatives (5-53 %) ont révélé des différences significatives (P <0,05) entre les interspécifiques selon leurs besoins en P et la meilleure productivité de certains (V3 et V4) d’entre eux sur sol acide par rapport à V1. L’usage combiné de ces variétés et de 30 kg P ha-1 an-1 (Ma) ou 45 kg P ha-1 an-1 (TSP) ont été recommandés pour l’obtention de hauts rendements du riz. Le maintient d’un bon équilibre des rapports des cations (Ca : Mg et K : Mg) dans le sol a été jugé nécessaire pour améliorer la réponse du riz à la fertilisation phosphatée pour une production rizicole durable sur les hyperdystric ferralsols.Mots clés : Afrique de l’Ouest, interspécifiques, riziculture pluviale, hyperdystric ferralsol, phosphate
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Mori, Keiichiro, Florian Janisch, Mehdi Kardoust Parizi, Hadi Mostafaei, Ivan Lysenko, Dmitry V. Enikeev, Shoji Kimura, Shin Egawa, and Shahrokh F. Shariat. "Prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10147-019-01578-9.
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Abstract Purpose To assess the prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using the PUBMED, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus in April 2019 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis statement. Studies were deemed eligible if they compared hormone-sensitive prostate cancer patients with high vs. low alkaline phosphatase to determine its predictive value for overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and progression-free survival. We performed a formal meta-analysis of these outcomes. Results 42 articles with 7938 patients were included in the systematic review and 28 studies with 5849 patients for the qualitative assessment. High alkaline phosphatase was associated with worse overall survival (pooled HR 1.72; 95% CI 1.37−2.14) and progression-free survival (pooled HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.10−1.54). In subgroup analyses of patients with “high-volume” and “low-volume”, alkaline phosphatase was associated with the overall survival (pooled HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.21−1.64 and pooled HR 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06−2.52, respectively). Conclusions In this meta-analysis, elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were associated with an increased risk of overall mortality and disease progression in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. In contrast, those were not associated with an increased risk of cancer-specific mortality. Alkaline phosphatase was independently associated with overall survival in both patients with “high-volume” and “low-volume” hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Alkaline phosphatase may be useful for being integrated into prognostic tools that help guide treatment strategy, thereby facilitating the shared decision making process.
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Huang, Hexian, Gregor Hagelueken, Chris Whitfield, and James H. Naismith. "Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the bacterial capsule assembly-regulating tyrosine phosphatases Wzb ofEscherichia coliand Cps4B ofStreptococcus pneumoniae." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 65, no. 8 (July 25, 2009): 770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1744309109023914.
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Joshi, Vinod K., Vikas Kumar, Harmeet Chauhan, and Beenu Anwar. "PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF MUSKMELON WINE: EFFECT OF DILUTION OF PULP, DAHP, PECTINESTERASE ENZYME AND CITRIC ACID ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (August 15, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.001.02.0007.
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An attempt has been made to study the effect of dilution, addition of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP), pectinesterase enzyme and citric acid on the fermentability, physico-chemical and sensory quality characteristics of muskmelon wine. Initial physico-chemical characteristics of the muskmelon pulp showed that it is an average source of sugars and a good source of phenols, which make it more suitable as fermentation media. Out of the two dilutions, fermentation of 1:1 dilution of muskmelon pulp gave good fermentability, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics except fermentation efficiency and amino acid content. Fermentability, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of muskmelon wine was found to be affected significantly by the addition of DAHP in the must. The addition of pectinesterase enzyme significantly effected fermentability, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of the muskmelon wine except pH, titratable acidity and amino acid content. Addition of citric acid in the must did not show any drastic impact on the quality of muskmelon wine. Clustering of the data showed that muskmelon wine prepared using 1:1 dilution of pulp with the addition of DAHP and pectinesterase enzyme fell in one cluster, whereas, the rest of the wines fell in the other cluster. Physico-chemical characteristics and variables of muskmelon wine were reduced to two principal components using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that accounted for 89.02% and 98.03% variation respectively. It is concluded that 1:1 dilution of muskmelon pulp, with the addition of DAHP, pectinesterase enzyme and citric acid can be successfully used for the preparation of good quality muskmelon wine.
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Hasegawa, Yu, Jun-ichiro Hamada, Motohiro Morioka, Shigetoshi Yano, Takayuki Kawano, Yutaka Kai, Kohji Fukunaga, and Yukitaka Ushio. "Neuroprotective Effect of Postischemic Administration of Sodium Orthovanadate in Rats with Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 9 (September 2003): 1040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000085160.71791.3f.
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Orthovanadate is a competitive inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Some of its reported biologic effects are its insulin mimetic property and its activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). The authors previously reported its neuroprotective effect on delayed neuronal death of gerbil hippocampal CA1 neurons via Akt and ERK activation after transient forebrain ischemia. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of postischemic intraperitoneal administration of sodium orthovanadate (2 mL/kg of 50-mmol/L sodium orthovanadate in saline) was investigated in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ischemic neuronal injury was evaluated 1 day and 28 days after ischemia. The neuroprotective effect of orthovanadate was significant in the cortex but not the caudate putamen (ischemic core) at both 1 and 28 days after ischemia. In orthovanadate group, the activities of Akt and ERK were maintained after reperfusion; they were decreased in saline group. Blood glucose level decreased but within normal range. Regional cerebral blood flow was lower than that of saline group only at 0 hours after reperfusion. These data suggest that orthovanadate has neuroprotective effects in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and that these effects are mediated by Akt and ERK activation. Furthermore, low blood glucose levels and gradual recovery of regional cerebral blood flow may contribute to neuroprotection.
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Ohtsuki, Sumio, Masanori Tachikawa, Hitomi Takanaga, Hidemi Shimizu, Masahiko Watanabe, Ken-ichi Hosoya, and Tetsuya Terasaki. "The Blood–Brain Barrier Creatine Transporter is a Major Pathway for Supplying Creatine to the Brain." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 22, no. 11 (November 2002): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000033966.83623.7d.
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Although creatine plays a pivotal role in the storage of phosphate-bound energy in the brain, the source of cerebral creatine is still unclear. The authors examined the contribution made by the creatine transporter (CRT) at the blood–brain barrier in supplying creatine to the brain from blood. An in vivo intravenous administration study suggested that creatine is continuously transported from the blood to the brain against the creatine concentration gradient that exists between brain and blood. Conditionally immortalized mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (TM-BBB) exhibited creatine uptake, which is Na+ and Cl− dependent and inhibited by CRT inhibitors, such as β-guanidinopropionate and guanidinoacetate. Northern blot and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that CRT is expressed in TM-BBB cells and isolated mouse brain microvessels. Moreover, high expression of CRT was observed in the mouse brain capillaries by confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. These results suggest that CRT plays an important role in supplying creatine to the brain via the blood–brain barrier.
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Erecinska, Maria, Marianne Thoresen, and Ian A. Silver. "Effects of Hypothermia on Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Central Nervous System." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 5 (May 2003): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000066287.21705.21.
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This review analyzes, in some depth, results of studies on the effect of lowered temperatures on cerebral energy metabolism in animals under normal conditions and in some selected pathologic situations. In sedated and paralyzed mammals, acute uncomplicated 0.5- to 3-h hypothermia decreases the global cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglc) and oxygen (CMRO2) but maintains a slightly better energy level, which indicates that ATP breakdown is reduced more than its synthesis. Intracellular alkalinization stimulates glycolysis and independently enhances energy generation. Lowering of temperature during hypoxia–ischemia slows the rate of glucose, phosphocreatine, and ATP breakdown and lactate and inorganic phosphate formation, and improves recovery of energetic parameters during reperfusion. Mild hypothermia of 12 to 24-h duration after normothermic hypoxic–ischemic insults seems to prevent or ameliorate secondary failures in energy parameters. The authors conclude that lowered head temperatures help to protect and maintain normal CNS function by preserving brain ATP supply and level. Hypothermia may thus prove a promising avenue in the treatment of stroke and trauma and, in particular, of perinatal brain injury.
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Cao, Lina, Hongyong Xiang, Jingwen Xu, Yufu Gao, Chenlu Lin, Kun Li, Zhiwei Li, et al. "Nutrient Detection Sensors in Seawater Based on ISI Web of Science Database." Journal of Sensors 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5754751.
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Marine ecosystem is increasingly deteriorating. In order to assess anthropogenic influence and instigate appropriate remedial actions, it is still of great significance to develop the technology of sensors applied for nutrient detection (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) in seawater. This brief review shows an important direction for the development of nutrient detection sensors in seawater and also the limitations and challenges based on data from the ISI Web of Science database. Being different from previous review papers, in this short critical review paper (1) we unified the unit of limit of detection (LOD) for making the comparison within different researches possible; (2) only the literatures focusing on the technological development of sensors in seawater were used; and (3) not only the detection methods but also the detected analytes and publication years were discussed to supply more valuable information for the development of nutrient sensors applied in seawater. In total, 109 literatures were collected with regard to technological development. The quantity of literatures has increased most during 2011-2020. For analytes, literatures related to nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, and phosphate will continue to increase with more accurate data. For detection methods, spectrophotometry, colorimetry, fluorimetry, and electrochemistry are the most widely used sensors. LODs show thousands of orders. In general, there are lower LOD to nitrite and ammonium and fluorimetry method. Now, for analytes, nitrate 1.0983 > silicate 0.5495 > phosphate 0.4823 > ammonium 0.1324 > nitrite 0.0568 . For detection methods, microfluidics 1.7617 > electrochemistry 1.2607 > colorimetry 0.4462 > spectrophotometry 0.2941 > fluorimetry 0.0558 . This result indicated that the development level of detection methods is closer for nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate. For ammonium, spectrophotometry has significantly lower LOD than electrochemistry ( p < 0.05 ), and fluorimetry also has significantly lower LOD than electrochemistry ( p < 0.05 ). Our results imply that sensors with accurate LOD should be developed in the future. In addition, more detection methods should be considered by future sensors.
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Tang, Yang, Alex C. Nee, Aigang Lu, Ruiqiong Ran, and Frank R. Sharp. "Blood Genomic Expression Profile for Neuronal Injury." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 3 (March 2003): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000048518.34839.de.
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This study determined whether stroke and other types of insults produced a gene expression profile in blood that correlated with the presence of neuronal injury. Adult rats were subjected to ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, status epilepticus, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia and compared with untouched, sham surgery, and hypoxia animals that had no brain injury. One day later, microarray analyses showed that 117 genes were upregulated and 80 genes were downregulated in mononuclear blood cells of the “injury” (n = 12) compared with the “no injury” (n = 9) animals. A second experiment examined the whole blood genomic response of adult rats after global ischemia and kainate seizures. Animals with no brain injury were compared with those with brain injury documented by TUNEL and PANT staining. One day later, microarray analyses showed that 37 genes were upregulated and 67 genes were downregulated in whole blood of the injury (n = 4) animals compared with the no-injury (n = 4) animals. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 increased 2.3- and 1.6-fold in animals with severe and mild brain injury, respectively, compared with no-injury animals. Vascular tyrosine phosphatase-1 increased 2.0-fold after severe injury compared with no injury. The data support the hypothesis that there is a peripheral blood genomic response to neuronal injury, and that this blood response is associated with a specific blood mRNA gene expression profile that can be used as a marker of the neuronal damage.
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Pinto, Belinda S., and Terry L. Orr-Weaver. "Drosophila protein phosphatases 2A B′ Wdb and Wrd regulate meiotic centromere localization and function of the MEI-S332 Shugoshin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 49 (November 20, 2017): 12988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718450114.
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Proper segregation of chromosomes in meiosis is essential to prevent miscarriages and birth defects. This requires that sister chromatids maintain cohesion at the centromere as cohesion is released on the chromatid arms when the homologs segregate at anaphase I. The Shugoshin proteins preserve centromere cohesion by protecting the cohesin complex from cleavage, and this has been shown in yeasts to be mediated by recruitment of the protein phosphatase 2A B′ (PP2A B′). In metazoans, delineation of the role of PP2A B′ in meiosis has been hindered by its myriad of other essential roles. The Drosophila Shugoshin MEI-S332 can bind directly to both of the B′ regulatory subunits of PP2A, Wdb and Wrd, in yeast two-hybrid experiments. Exploiting experimental advantages of Drosophila spermatogenesis, we found that the Wdb subunit localizes first along chromosomes in meiosis I, becoming restricted to the centromere region as MEI-S332 binds. Wdb and MEI-S332 show colocalization at the centromere region until release of sister-chromatid cohesion at the metaphase II/anaphase II transition. MEI-S332 is necessary for Wdb localization, but, additionally, both Wdb and Wrd are required for MEI-S332 localization. Thus, rather than MEI-S332 being hierarchical to PP2A B′, these proteins reciprocally ensure centromere localization of the complex. We analyzed functional relationships between MEI-S332 and the two forms of PP2A by quantifying meiotic chromosome segregation defects in double or triple mutants. These studies revealed that both Wdb and Wrd contribute to MEI-S332’s ability to ensure accurate segregation of sister chromatids, but, as in centromere localization, they do not act solely downstream of MEI-S332.
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Ahmed, Saba, Nadeem Iqbal, Xiaoyan Tang, Rafiq Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad, and Usman Irshad. "Organic amendment plus inoculum drivers: Who drives more P nutrition for wheat plant fitness in small duration soil experiment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): e0266279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266279.
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Functioning of ecosystems depends on the nutrient dynamics across trophic levels, largely mediated by microbial interactions in the soil food web. The present study investigated the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and poultry manure (PM) for maintaining labile P in the soil for an extensive fertility enhancement and as a substitution of chemical fertilizers. Based on the different P solubilizing capabilities of Bacillus and Pseudomonas, a quadruple consortium of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and their grazer nematodes (soil free living) supplemented with PM were studied. This study was carried out on the trophic levels of soil communities to assess the growth and availability of P to the wheat plants. Experiment was performed for 90 days. Comparing the unamended and amended predator results showed that nematode addition beyond bacterial treatment substantially increased the net available P by ≈2 times, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity by 3.3 times. These results demonstrated the nematodes association with increasing nutrient availability or P mineralization. The interactive effect of PM as substrate and biological drivers was more noticeable on plant dry biomass (1.6 times) and plant P concentration (3.5times) compared to the similar unamended treatment. It is concluded that the biological drivers significantly enhanced the soil ALP and available P while the substrate and biological drivers enhanced dry biomass and plant P concentration. Bacterivore nematodes enhanced the effect of PSB for P mineralization via microbial loop and could be used for the enhancement of wheat production.
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Lu, Aigang, Yang Tang, Ruiqiong Ran, Joseph F. Clark, Bruce J. Aronow, and Frank R. Sharp. "Genomics of the Periinfarction Cortex after Focal Cerebral Ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 7 (July 2003): 786–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000062340.80057.06.
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Understanding transcriptional changes in brain after ischemia may provide therapeutic targets for treating stroke and promoting recovery. To study these changes on a genomic scale, oligonucleotide arrays were used to assess RNA samples from periinfarction cortex of adult Sprague-Dawley rats 24 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusions. Of the 328 regulated transcripts in ischemia compared with sham-operated animals, 264 were upregulated, 64 were downregulated, and 163 (49.7%) had not been reported in stroke. Of the functional groups modulated by ischemia: G-protein–related genes were the least reported; and cytokines, chemokines, stress proteins, and cell adhesion and immune molecules were the most highly expressed. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of 20 selected genes at 2, 4, and 24 h after ischemia showed early upregulated genes (2 h) including Narp, Rad, G33A, HYCP2, Pim-3, Cpg21, JAK2, CELF, Tenascin, and DAF. Late upregulated genes (24 h) included Cathepsin C, Cip-26, Cystatin B, PHAS-I, TBFII, Spr, PRG1, and LPS-binding protein. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is involved in mitochondrial reoxidation of glycolysis derived NADH, was regulated more than 60-fold. Plasticity-related transcripts were regulated, including Narp, agrin, and Cpg21. A newly reported lung pathway was also regulated in ischemic brain: C/EBP induction of Egr-1 ( NGFI-A) with downstream induction of PAI-1, VEGF, ICAM, IL1, and MIP1. Genes regulated acutely after stroke may modulate cell survival and death; also, late regulated genes may be related to tissue repair and functional recovery.
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Vannucci, Robert C., Javad Towfighi, and Susan J. Vannucci. "Secondary Energy Failure after Cerebral Hypoxia–Ischemia in the Immature Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 24, no. 10 (October 2004): 1090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000133250.03953.63.
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A delayed or secondary energy failure occurs during recovery from perinatal cerebral hypoxia–ischemia. The question remains as to whether the energy failure causes or accentuates the ultimate brain damage or is a consequence of cell death. To resolve the issue, 7-day postnatal rats underwent unilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed thereafter by systemic hypoxia with 8% oxygen for 2.5 hours. During recovery, the brains were quick frozen and individually processed for histology and the measurements of 1) high-energy phosphate reserves and 2) neuronal (MAP-2, SNAP-25) and glial (GFAP) proteins. Phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP, initially depleted during hypoxia–ischemia, were partially restored during the first 18 hours of recovery, with secondary depletions at 24 and 48 hours. During the initial recovery phase (6 to 18 hours), there was a significant correlation between PCr and the histology score (0 to 3), but not for ATP. During the late recovery phase, there was a highly significant correlation between all measured metabolites and the damage score. Significant correlation also exhibited between the neuronal protein markers, MAP-2 and SNAP-25, and PCr as well as the sum of PCr and Cr at both phases of recovery. No correlation existed between the high-energy reserves and the glial protein marker, GFAP. The close correspondence of PCr to histologic brain damage and the loss of MAP-2 and SNAP-25 during both the early and late recovery intervals suggest evolving cellular destruction as the primary event, which precedes and leads to the secondary energy failure.
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Deshpande, Venkatesh, Anika Kao, Viswanathan Raghuram, Arnab Datta, Chung-Lin Chou, and Mark A. Knepper. "Phosphoproteomic identification of vasopressin V2 receptor-dependent signaling in the renal collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 317, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): F789—F804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00281.2019.
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Vasopressin controls water balance largely through PKA-dependent effects to regulate the collecting duct water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Although considerable information has accrued regarding the regulation of water and solute transport in collecting duct cells, information is sparse regarding the signaling connections between PKA and transport responses. Here, we exploited recent advancements in protein mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive, multiple-replicate analysis of changes in the phosphoproteome of native rat inner medullary collecting duct cells in response to the vasopressin V2 receptor-selective agonist 1-desamino-8D-arginine vasopressin. Of the 10,738 phosphopeptides quantified, only 156 phosphopeptides were significantly increased in abundance, and only 63 phosphopeptides were decreased, indicative of a highly selective response to vasopressin. The list of upregulated phosphosites showed several general characteristics: 1) a preponderance of sites with basic (positively charged) amino acids arginine (R) and lysine (K) in position −2 and −3 relative to the phosphorylated amino acid, consistent with phosphorylation by PKA and/or other basophilic kinases; 2) a greater-than-random likelihood of sites previously demonstrated to be phosphorylated by PKA; 3) a preponderance of sites in membrane proteins, consistent with regulation by membrane association; and 4) a greater-than-random likelihood of sites in proteins with class I COOH-terminal PDZ ligand motifs. The list of downregulated phosphosites showed a preponderance of those with proline in position +1 relative to the phosphorylated amino acid, consistent with either downregulation of proline-directed kinases (e.g., MAPKs or cyclin-dependent kinases) or upregulation of one or more protein phosphatases that selectively dephosphorylate such sites (e.g., protein phosphatase 2A). The phosphoproteomic data were used to create a web resource for the investigation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and regulation of AQP2-mediated water transport.
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Füleky, Gy. "Phosphate sorption capacity of European volcanic soils." Agrokémia és Talajtan 59, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.59.2010.1.9.
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The aim of the presented study was to prepare the phosphate sorption isotherms of 20 European volcanic soil profiles and some other Hungarian and German volcanic soils (n = 114) used in the experiment and to establish the soil characteristics determining the phosphate sorption capacity of these soils. The Langmuir isotherm well describes the phosphate sorption of European volcanic soils at bright concentration interval 0–600 mg·dm -3 P. The calculated phosphate adsorption maximum (P max ) is an excellent soil property for characterizing the surface activity of soils developed on volcanic parent material. The calculated phosphate sorption maxima of soils included in the experiment ranged from 0 to 10.000 mg P·kg -1 . Some of the volcanic soils sorbed a high ratio of the added phosphate at low concentrations, while others sorbed somewhat less. The difference in the phosphate binding affinity of soils caused the differences in the shape of the Langmuir adsorption isotherms. P retention % is a WRB diagnostic requirement of andic soil horizon. It was supposed that the phosphate sorption maximum (P max ) gives a better characterization of the surface reactivity of volcanic soils. As it was predicted, oxalate soluble Al is the most important soil property, which dominantly (in 73%) explained the phosphate sorption ability of European volcanic soils.
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Wang, Xin, and Qingjun Ma. "Wzb of Vibrio vulnificus represents a new group of low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases with a unique insertion in the W-loop." Journal of Biological Chemistry 296 (January 2021): 100280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100280.
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Hagelueken, Gregor, Hexian Huang, Iain L. Mainprize, Chris Whitfield, and James H. Naismith. "Crystal Structures of Wzb of Escherichia coli and CpsB of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Representatives of Two Families of Tyrosine Phosphatases that Regulate Capsule Assembly." Journal of Molecular Biology 392, no. 3 (September 2009): 678–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.026.
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Ahmed, Saeed, Muhammad Naeem Ashiq, Dianqing Li, Pinggui Tang, Fabrice Leroux, and Yongjun Feng. "Recent Progress on Adsorption Materials for Phosphate Removal." Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 13, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210513666190306155245.
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Background: High concentration of phosphate has been threatening human health and the ecosystem. Adsorption is one of high-efficiency and low-cost techniques to reduce the concentration of phosphate. This mini review aims to summarize the recent development of adsorption materials for phosphate removal. Method: We conducted a detailed search of “adsorption of phosphate” in the published papers and the public patents on the adsorbents for phosphate based on Web of Science database in the period from January 1 2012 to December 31 2017. The corresponding literature was carefully evaluated and analyzed. Results: One hundred and forty one papers and twenty two recent patents were included in this review. An increased trend in scientific contributions was observed in the development of adsorption materials for phosphate removal. Three kinds of promising adsorbents: layered double hydroxides, natural materials, and metal oxides were paid special attention including removal mechanism, performance as well as the relationship between adsorption performance and structure. Both the chemical composition and the morphology play a key role in the removal capacity and rate. Conclusion: The findings of this review confirm the importance of phosphate removal, show the development trend of high-performance and low-cost adsorption materials for phosphate removal, and provide a helpful guide to design and fabricate high-efficiency adsorbents.
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Thent, Zar Chi, Gabriele R. A. Froemming, and Suhaila Abd Muid. "Does Vitamin K Intake Influence High Phosphate Induced Vascular Pseudo-ossification: An Underappreciated Therapeutic Prospect in General Population?" Current Drug Targets 20, no. 4 (January 25, 2019): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450119666181031124430.
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Increasing interest in vascular pseudo-ossification has alarmed the modern atherosclerotic society. High phosphate is one of the key factors in vascular pseudo ossification, also known as vascular calcification. The active process of deposition of the phosphate crystals in vascular tissues results in arterial stiffness. High phosphate condition is mainly observed in chronic kidney disease patients. However, prolonged exposure with high phosphate enriched foods such as canned drinks, dietary foods, etc. can be considered as modifiable risk factors for vascular complication in a population regardless of chronic kidney disease. High intake of vitamin K regulates the vascular calcification by exerting its anti-calcification effect. The changes in serum phosphate and vitamin K levels in a normal individual with high phosphate intake are not well investigated. This review summarised the underlying mechanisms of high phosphate induced vascular pseudo ossification such as vascular transdifferentiation, vascular apoptosis and phosphate uptake by sodium-dependent co-transporters. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar were searched using the terms ‘vitamin K’, ‘vascular calcification, ‘phosphate’, ‘transdifferentiation’ and ‘vascular pseudoossification’. Vitamin K certainly activates the matrix GIA protein and inhibits vascular transition and apoptosis in vascular pseudo-ossification. The present view highlighted the possible therapeutic linkage between vitamin K and the disease. Understanding the role of vitamin K will be considered as potent prophylaxis agent against the vascular disease in near future.
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Taylor, William D., and David R. S. Lean. "Phosphorus Pool Sizes and Fluxes in the Epilinnnion of a Mesotrophic Lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-155.
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A plausible budget for phosphorus fluxes between different size/functional groups was constructed for the early summer epilimnetic plankton of Jacks Lake, Ontario. Consideration of the complex interactions at the base of the food web, particularly the ability of nanoplankton to graze on picoplankton, helped to resolve the question of phosphate uptake by bacteria versus algae. While the concentration of phosphate we estimated with column chromatography was lower than chemical detection limits, it was still too high to reconcile with our other measurements and we conclude that actual phosphate concentrations may be less than 1 nM. Some microplankton were shown to liberate dissolved phosphate and organic phosphorus when lake water is filtered. The phosphorus content and turnover of major ciliate, rotifer, and crustacean zooplankton were determined and the importance of these compartments as phosphorus sources and sinks was included in the epilimnetic model.
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Xie, Hailun, Lishuang Wei, Shuangyi Tang, and Jialiang Gan. "Prognostic Value of Pretreatment Albumin-to-Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio in Cancer: A Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6661097.
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Background. Recently, it has been reported that the pretreatment albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio (AAPR) is related to the prognosis of various cancers. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the prognostic value of pretreatment AAPR on clinical outcomes in cancer. Methods. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase were systematically searched for relevant research before May 2020. Stata 12 was utilized to extract the data and the characteristics of each study and to generate a pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the relationship between pretreatment AAPR and survival outcomes. Results. We included 16 eligible published articles involving 5,716 patients. We found that low pretreatment AAPR was associated with poor overall survival ( HR = 2.12 , 95% CI: 1.80–2.50, P < 0.001 ), cancer-specific survival ( HR = 2.89 , 95% CI: 1.46–5.71, P < 0.001 ), disease-free survival ( HR = 1.91 , 95% CI: 1.43–2.53, P < 0.001 ), and progression-free survival ( HR = 1.93 , 95% CI: 1.49–2.52, P < 0.001 ). However, there was no statistical relationship between pretreatment AAPR and recurrence-free survival, distant-metastasis-free survival, or locoregional relapse-free survival. The correlation between pretreatment AAPR and overall survival did not change significantly when possible confounders were stratified. The sensitivity analysis showed that this study was reliable. Conclusions. Low pretreatment AAPR was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes of cancer. Pretreatment AAPR could be a valuable noninvasive prognostic indicator for cancer.
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Ren, Hai-Yong, Ling-Ling Sun, Heng-Yuan Li, and Zhao-Ming Ye. "Prognostic Significance of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Level in Osteosarcoma: A Meta-Analysis of Published Data." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/160835.
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Background. Serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) is commonly elevated in osteosarcoma patients. A number of studies have investigated the prognostic role of SALP level in patients with osteosarcoma but yielded inconsistent results.Method. Systematic computerized searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant original articles. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and relative risks (RRs) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the prognostic value of SALP level.Results. Finally, 21 studies comprising 3228 patients were included. Overall, the pooled HRs of SALP suggested that elevated level had an unfavorable impact on osteosarcoma patients’ overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.61–2.06;p<0.001) and event-free survival (EFS) (HR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.61–2.42;p<0.001). Combined RRs of SALP indicated that elevated level was associated with presence of metastasis at diagnosis (RR = 5.55; 95% CI: 1.61–9.49;p=0.006). No significantly different results were obtained after stratified by variables of age range, cancer stage, sample size, and geographic region.Conclusion. This meta-analysis demonstrated that high SALP level is significantly associated with poor OS or EFS rate and presence of metastasis at diagnosis. SALP level is a convenient and effective biomarker of prognosis for osteosarcoma.
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He, Jiaojie, Yue Yang, Yuhong Xu, Zichuan Wang, Bing Xu, Yuheng Huang, and Liwei Yang. "La(OH)3 nano-rods/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers: fabrication, characterization and application for phosphate removal." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 2098–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.467.
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Abstract In this study, an excellent phosphate adsorbent was prepared for removing phosphate to an extremely low concentration. The La(OH)3 nano-rods stabilizing in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers (PLNFs) were prepared by electrospinning and a subsequent in situ precipitation. PAN nanofibers were employed as the matrix of the composite nanofibers, where the well-dispersed La(OH)3 nano-rods were encapsulated as the active species for highly efficient phosphate capture owing to the strong binding between phosphate and lanthanum. On account of the nano-structure, the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity was 151.98 mg P/g (La), much higher than the result of La(OH)3 nano-crystal, produced by precipitation without PAN or any organic surfactants. Moreover, the PLNFs could remove phosphate (2 mg P/L) to an extremely low concentration within 20 min, which could lead to a nutrient deficient condition to protect water quality and ecosystem. The optimization of PLNFs design was implemented through parameter adjustment of electrospinning. Lanthanum salt content, humidity, concentration of solution and applied voltage were chosen to analyze the influences on the composition, diameter and morphology of the nanofibers, giving the result that the most effective adsorbent was the PLNFs with spider-web-like nano-structures.
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Nguyen, Tu Thi Ngoc, Sophia N. Koerdt, and Volker Gerke. "Plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate promotes Weibel–Palade body exocytosis." Life Science Alliance 3, no. 11 (August 21, 2020): e202000788. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000788.
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Weibel–Palade bodies (WPB) are specialized secretory organelles of endothelial cells that control vascular hemostasis by regulated, Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of the coagulation-promoting von-Willebrand factor. Some proteins of the WPB docking and fusion machinery have been identified but a role of membrane lipids in regulated WPB exocytosis has so far remained elusive. We show here that the plasma membrane phospholipid composition affects Ca2+-dependent WPB exocytosis and von-Willebrand factor release. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] becomes enriched at WPB–plasma membrane contact sites at the time of fusion, most likely downstream of phospholipase D1-mediated production of phosphatidic acid (PA) that activates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) 5-kinase γ. Depletion of plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 or down-regulation of PI4P 5-kinase γ interferes with histamine-evoked and Ca2+-dependent WPB exocytosis and a mutant PI4P 5-kinase γ incapable of binding PA affects WPB exocytosis in a dominant-negative manner. This indicates that a unique PI(4,5)P2-rich environment in the plasma membrane governs WPB fusion possibly by providing interaction sites for WPB-associated docking factors.
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Greengard, Paul, Angus C. Nairn, Jean-Antoine Girault, Charles C. Ouimet, Gretchen L. Snyder, Gilberto Fisone, Patrick B. Allen, Allen Fienberg, and Akinori Nishi. "The DARPP-32/protein phosphatase-1 cascade: a model for signal integration1Published on the World Wide Web on 22 January 1998.1." Brain Research Reviews 26, no. 2-3 (May 1998): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00057-x.
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Kroegel, C., T. Yukawa, G. Dent, P. Venge, K. F. Chung, and P. J. Barnes. "Stimulation of degranulation from human eosinophils by platelet-activating factor." Journal of Immunology 142, no. 10 (May 15, 1989): 3518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.142.10.3518.
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Abstract Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a highly active mediator which has been implicated in allergic inflammation and bronchial asthma, possibly by interacting with eosinophils. We have examined the effect of PAF on activation of purified human eosinophils as measured by degranulation (eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil cationic protein, arylsulfatase B, beta-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase) and oxidative metabolism (superoxide anion production). PAF induced enzyme release at concentrations ranging from 1 pM to 10 microM in a rapid (t1/2 5 to 8 min), Ca2+-dependent and noncytotoxic manner from both the specific and small granules, whereas its biologic precursor and metabolite, lyso-PAF, had no effect. For all enzymes, maximal enzyme release occurred at 100 nM PAF with a mean ED50 value of 1.47 +/- 0.4 nM. At this concentration the mean percentage of total enzyme release by PAF from specific granules was 20.3 +/- 1.6% (17.9% for eosinophil peroxidase, 20.6% for beta-glucuronidase, 22.4% for alkaline phosphatase) and 28.8 +/- 2.2% from small granules (arylsulfatase B). Calcium ionophore A23187, PMA, and opsonized zymosan also induced eosinophil degranulation but their peak effect after 10-min incubation with maximal release 14.7%, 12.9%, or 14.1%, respectively, was lower when compared with PAF. Incubation of eosinophils with the PAF-antagonist WEB 2086 led to a parallel shift of the dose-response curve to the right, indicating a competitive antagonism. PAF also caused generation of superoxide anions by human eosinophils but this occurred at higher concentrations of PAF (1 microM to 30 microM) with an ED50 of 8.4 +/- 0.9 microM. Again, this effect was competitively inhibited by WEB 2086. These studies demonstrate that PAF activates human eosinophils to release granule constituents and generate superoxide anions. Since both PAF and eosinophil products are associated with pathogenesis of bronchial asthma our findings may be of particular pathophysiologic relevance.
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Marongiu, Giuseppe, Marco Verona, Gaia Cardoni, and Antonio Capone. "Synthetic Bone Substitutes and Mechanical Devices for the Augmentation of Osteoporotic Proximal Humeral Fractures: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11020029.
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Background: Different augmentation techniques have been described in the literature in addition to the surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the use of cements, bone substitutes, and other devices for the augmentation of proximal humeral fractures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by using PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library, Scopus/EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases according the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines over the years 1966 to 2019. The search term “humeral fracture proximal” was combined with “augmentation”; “polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA”; “cement”; “bone substitutes”; “hydroxyapatite”; “calcium phosphates”; “calcium sulfate”; “cell therapies”, and “tissue engineering” to find the literature relevant to the topic under review. Results: A total of 10 clinical studies considered eligible for the review, with a total of 308 patients, were included. Mean age at the time of injury was 68.8 years (range of 58–92). The most commonly described techniques were reinforcing the screw–bone interface with bone PMMA cement (three studies), filling the metaphyseal void with synthetic bone substitutes (five studies), and enhancing structural support with metallic devices (two studies). Conclusion: PMMA cementation could improve screw-tip fixation. Calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate injectable composites provided good biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and lower mechanical failure rate when compared to non-augmented fractures. Mechanical devices currently have a limited role. However, the available evidence is provided mainly by level III to IV studies, and none of the proposed techniques have been sufficiently studied.
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Grimminger, F., F. Rose, U. Sibelius, M. Meinhardt, B. Pötzsch, R. Spriestersbach, S. Bhakdi, N. Suttorp, and W. Seeger. "Human endothelial cell activation and mediator release in response to the bacterial exotoxins Escherichia coli hemolysin and staphylococcal alpha-toxin." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 4 (August 15, 1997): 1909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.4.1909.
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Abstract Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) and Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin are membrane-perturbating bacterial exotoxins that have been implicated as significant virulence factors in human diseases. We investigated the capacity of these toxins to cause cell activation and mediator release in human endothelial cells, compared with the efficacies of thrombin and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Concentration ranges tested were 1 to 1000 ng/ml (HlyA), 0.01 to 10 micro/ml (alpha-toxin), 0.01 to 10 U/ml (thrombin), and 0.01 to 10 microM (A23187). All stimuli caused dose-dependent generation of platelet-activating factor, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin I2. HlyA and thrombin effected time- and dose-dependent accumulation of large quantities of inositol phosphates, with maximum effects at 100 ng/ml and 1 U/ml, respectively. Corresponding time course and dose dependency were noted for HlyA-elicited diacylglycerol formation. In contrast, only the highest concentrations of alpha-toxin (10 microg/ml) and A23187 (10 microM) effected some moderate inositol phosphate accumulation, and this was suppressed in the presence of the platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086. Metabolic and secretory responses elicited by alpha-toxin were dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. We conclude that both HlyA and alpha-toxin are potent inductors of inflammatory and vasodilatory mediators in human endothelial cells. HlyA-elicited effects may proceed predominantly via activation of the phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis-related signal transduction pathway, whereas transmembrane Ca2+ flux appears to be the major event underlying the release of mediators in response to alpha-toxin. These toxin properties may contribute to vasoregulatory and inflammatory disturbances encountered in states of severe infection and sepsis.
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St-Jules, David E., Mary R. Rozga, Deepa Handu, and Juan Jesus Carrero. "Effect of Phosphate-Specific Diet Therapy on Phosphate Levels in Adults Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 16, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.09360620.
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Background and objectivesHyperphosphatemia is a persistent problem in individuals undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, which may contribute to vascular and bone complications. In some dialysis centers, dietitians work with patients to help them manage serum phosphate. Given the regularity of hyperphosphatemia in this population and constraints on kidney dietitian time, the authors aimed to evaluate the evidence for this practice.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThere was a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and other databases were searched for controlled trials published from January 2000 until November 2019 in the English language. Included studies were required to examine the effect of phosphate-specific diet therapy provided by a dietitian on serum phosphate in individuals on hemodialysis. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) method.ResultsOf the 8054 titles/abstracts identified, 168 articles were reviewed, and 12 clinical trials (11 randomized, one nonrandomized) were included. Diet therapy reduced serum phosphate compared with controls in all studies, reaching statistical significance in eight studies, although overall certainty of evidence was low, primarily due to randomization issues and deviations from protocol. Monthly diet therapy (20–30 minutes) significantly lowered serum phosphate in patients with persistent hyperphosphatemia for 4–6 months, without compromising nutrition status (mean difference, −0.87 mg/dl; 95% confidence interval, −1.40 to −0.33 mg/dl), but appeared unlikely to maintain these effects if discontinued. Unfortunately, trials were too varied in design, setting, and approach to appropriately pool in meta-analysis, and were too limited in number to evaluate the timing, dose, and strategy of phosphate-specific diet therapy.ConclusionsThere is low-quality evidence that monthly diet therapy by a dietitian appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment for persistent hyperphosphatemia in patients on HD.
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Hemamalini, T., N. Vikash, P. Brindha, M. Abinaya, and VR Giri Dev. "One-pot synthesis of cellulose-based nonwoven web incorporated with chitosan for hemostat applications." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 35, no. 2 (March 2020): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911520911655.
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Water-soluble chitosan and wood pulp fiber–based nonwovens were produced using wet-laying technology, and their properties were investigated for the potential application for severe hemorrhage. The pores of the wood pulp nonwovens were completely covered as the concentration of chitosan was increased. A phosphate buffer solution uptake of 997% was attained in the nonwoven loaded with chitosan concentration of 1.5 w/v%. The deposition of blood cells was found to increase with an increase in the water-soluble chitosan concentration. The blood-clotting time was found to be 170 s, making the developed nonwoven to promote blood-clotting mechanism by creating mechanical barrier to reduce the blood loss.
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P, Debnath, Nair SP, Junare P, Thanage R, Jain S, Jain SS, Sonthalia N Rathi PM, and Udgirkar S. "Rare Cause of Obstructive Jaundice in a Young Female." Journal of Gastroenterology, Pancreatology & Liver Disorders 7, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-815x/7/1/001138.
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Introduction: Congenital common bile duct (CBD) webs are extremely rare abnormalities of the extra hepatic ducts with approximately 10 cases reported in the literature. The age at presentation and the clinical symptomatology of these anomalies depend on the grade of the biliary obstruction. These webs usually exhibit early in life as obstructive jaundice, dilation of the proximal biliary tree or even spontaneous perforation of the extra hepatic duct. Some of these congenital webs are partially developed and remain asymptomatic until adulthood. Case Report: 28 year female patient presented with cholestatic pattern jaundice for 2 months. On evaluation found to have dilated CBD with IHBRD on USG. On further imaging studies, CT revealed horizontal web like projection from distal CBD suggestive of web with similar findings on MRCP. ERCP showed horizontal filling defect on cholangiogram with dilated CBD. Endoscopic Ultrasound examination revealed horizontal hyper echoic structure at distal CBD with proximally dilated CBD and IHBRD. Dilatation was performed using Soehendra Biliary Dilation Catheter with significant improvement in her symptomatology. Conclusion: Our case remains the first of its kind in which EUS characterisation of CBD web is described. Though rare congenital anomalies remain an important cause of young patients presenting with obstructive jaundice. Treatment for such cases remains Endoscopic dilatation or surgical by-pass in which endoscopic treatment fails. Keywords: Common bile duct web; Obstructive jaundice; Soehendra Biliary Dilation Catheter; Endoscopic Ultrasound. Abbreviations: HB-Haemoglobin; TLC-Total Leucocyte Count; AST-Aspartate Transaminase; ALT-Alanine Transaminase; ALPAlkaline Phosphatase; USG- Ultrasonography; IHBRD- Intra-hepatic biliary radicle, CBD- Common bile duct; GB- Gall bladder; MRCPMagnetic Resonance Cholangio-Pancreatography
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Molinaris, Valentina, Mario G. Bianchetti, Gregorio P. Milani, Sebastiano A. G. Lava, Roberto Della Bruna, Giacomo D. Simonetti, and Pietro B. Faré. "Interferences in the measurement of circulating phosphate: a literature review." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0281.
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AbstractBackgroundInorganic phosphate in blood is currently determined by the reaction with molybdate. This report aims at reviewing conditions underlying spuriously altered levels of circulating inorganic phosphate.ContentA systematic search of the Excerpta Medica, the National Library Database and the Web of Science database was conducted without language restriction from the earliest publication date available through January 31, 2020.SummaryFor the analysis, 80 reports published in English (n = 77), French (n = 1), German (n = 1) and Spanish (n = 1) were retained. Well-documented pseudohyperphosphatemia was observed in individuals exposed to liposomal amphotericin, in patients affected by a gammopathy, in patients with hyperlipidemia and in patients with hyperbilirubinemia. An unexplained elevated inorganic phosphate level sometimes provided a clue to the diagnosis of a gammopathy. Well-documented cases of pseudohypophosphatemia were observed in patients on large amounts of intravenous mannitol. Finally, pseudohypophosphatemia was occasionally observed on treatment with liposomal amphotericin and in patients with a gammopathy.OutlookIn order to avoid unnecessary testing and treatment, the phenomenon of spuriously altered inorganic phosphate should be recognized. An unexplained hyperphosphatemia may provide a clue to the diagnosis of a gammopathy or a severe hyperlipidemia.
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Gimenez, Audrey, Melika Baklouti, Sophie Bonnet, and Thierry Moutin. "Biogeochemical fluxes and fate of diazotroph-derived nitrogen in the food web after a phosphate enrichment: modeling of the VAHINE mesocosms experiment." Biogeosciences 13, no. 17 (September 14, 2016): 5103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5103-2016.
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Abstract. The VAHINE mesocosm experiment in the oligotrophic waters of the Nouméa lagoon (New Caledonia), where high N2 fixation rates and abundant diazotroph organisms were observed, aimed to assess the role of the nitrogen input through N2 fixation in carbon production and export and to study the fate of diazotroph-derived nitrogen (DDN) throughout the planktonic food web. A 1-D vertical biogeochemical mechanistic model was used in addition to the in situ experiment to enrich our understanding of the dynamics of the planktonic ecosystem and the main biogeochemical carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fluxes. The mesocosms were intentionally enriched with ∼ 0.8 µmol L−1 of inorganic P to trigger the development of diazotrophs and amplify biogeochemical fluxes. Two simulations were run, one with and the other without the phosphate enrichment. In the P-enriched simulation, N2 fixation, primary production (PP) and C export increased by 201, 208 and 87 %, respectively, consistent with the trends observed in the mesocosms (+124, +141 and +261 % for N2 fixation, PP and C export, respectively). In total, 5–10 days were necessary to obtain an increase in primary and export productions after the dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) enrichment, thereby suggesting that classical methods (short-term microcosms experiments) used to quantify nutrient limitations of primary production may not be relevant. The model enabled us to monitor the fate of fixed N2 by providing the proportion of DDN in each compartment (inorganic and organic) of the model over time. At the end of the simulation (25 days), 43 % of the DDN was found in the non-diazotroph organisms, 33 % in diazotrophs, 16 % in the dissolved organic nitrogen pool, 3 % in the particulate detrital organic pool and 5 % in traps, indicating that N2 fixation was of benefit to non-diazotrophic organisms and contributed to C export.