Journal articles: 'WVP'

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Alderete, N., Y. A. Villagrán Zaccardi, A. A. Di Maio, and N. De Belie. "Isothermal water vapour permeability of concrete with different supplementary cementitious materials." Materiales de Construcción 68, no. 330 (April 18, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.02517.

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Water vapour permeability (WVP) is a key parameter for the sustainable thermal conditioning of buildings. The study of the WVP in concrete with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) allows for the design of structures with improved durability and sustainability. To our knowledge, there is insufficient experimental data in the literature regarding the WVP of concrete with SCMs. WVP tests were made on concrete mixes containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and limestone powder (LP) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement, and of concrete mixes containing pozzolanic cement (NP). Results from three moisture gradients show that GGBFS induces the greatest reduction in WVP, followed by the NP. LP shows a diluting effect of the binder, which could be compensated by GGBFS in the ternary blend. From the comparison between the WVP and the capillary sorption rate, the influence of the SCMs on the connectivity of the smallest pores is assessed.

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Gidik, Hayriye, Oly Vololonirina, Rita Maria Ghantous, and Andreas Ankou. "Impact of test parameters on the water vapor permeability of textiles." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2018-0018.

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PurposeUnlike other materials, textiles associate with aesthetic and mechanical properties such as flexibility and removability that allow them to be deployed or folded as required and which make them good candidates for clothing and furnishing but also, eventually, for other applications such as building. Actually, the clothing should ensure appropriate heat and mass transfers between the human body and its environment in order to maintain the thermo-physiological comfort. For that, it is important to determine water vapor permeability (WVP) of textile. Several normalized procedures with variants depending on the nature of the tested material exist to measure the WVP. One of the methods used is the “dish method” described by the British Standard (BS 7209). The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of the test parameters on the WVP measurements.Design/methodology/approachConsequently, WVP of different textiles was measured while varying several parameters like: nature of fabrics, air layer thickness, vapor pressure gradient and air velocity.FindingsA decrease in the WVP values was observed with an increase in the air layer thickness and the number of textile layers. On the other side, an increase in the water pressure gradient induces an increase in the WVP value. Finally, it was also observed that air velocity has an impact on the WVP measurements.Originality/valueIn addition to intrinsic properties of fabrics, i.e., nature of fiber, woven structure, the influence of the several extrinsic properties, i.e., the influence of the air layer thickness, the number of textile layers, the vapor pressure gradient and the air velocity, on the WVP were investigated. Some researchers have already investigated the impact of these parameters on the WVP measurement separately. However, this study presents a difference from other studies that it takes into account the influence of the both intrinsic and extrinsic properties on WVP. In addition to these, this work combine several extrinsic properties which are presented separately during other studies. The first time, in this study the influence of the air velocity on WVP was investigated. Results on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fabrics showed a great variation in the results when varying the location of the cups inside the climatic chamber. This is the reason why future studies look at studying more deeply the effect of air velocity on the WVP properties on different types of fabrics by connecting WVP values with air velocity values. It is also planned to make tests with the rotation device and by fixing the value of the temperature and RH. The objective will be to obtain reliable values that do not take into account the effect of air velocity.

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Field, Paul R., and Robert Wood. "Precipitation and Cloud Structure in Midlatitude Cyclones." Journal of Climate 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2007): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3998.1.

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Abstract Composite mean fields and probability distribution functions (PDFs) of rain rate, cloud type and cover, cloud-top temperature, surface wind velocity, and water vapor path (WVP) are constructed using satellite observations of midlatitude cyclones from four oceanic regions (i.e., the North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, and South Atlantic). Reanalysis surface pressure fields are used to ascertain the locations of the cyclone centers, onto which the satellite fields are interpolated to give a database of ∼1500 cyclones from a two-year period (2003–04). Cyclones are categorized by their strength, defined here using surface wind speed, and by their WVP, and it is found that these two measures can explain a considerable amount of the intercyclone variability of other key variables. Composite cyclones from each of the four ocean basins exhibit similar spatial structure for a given strength and WVP. A set of nine composites is constructed from the database using three strength and three WVP ranges and is used to demonstrate that the mean column relative humidity of these systems varies only slightly (0.58–0.62) for a doubling in WVP (or equivalently a 7-K rise in sea surface temperature) and a 50% increase in cyclone strength. However, cyclone-mean rain rate increases markedly with both cyclone strength and WVP, behavior that is explained with a simple warm conveyor belt model. Systemwide high cloud fraction (tops above 440 hPa) increases from 0.23 to 0.31 as cyclone strength increases by 50%, but does not vary systematically with WVP. It is suggested that the composite fields constitute useful diagnostics for evaluating the behavior of large-scale numerical models, and may provide insight into how precipitation and clouds in midlatitude cyclones respond under a changed climate.

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Wenger, Sebastian, Robert Csapo, Michael Hasler, Barnaby Caven, Tom Wright, Thomas Bechtold, and Werner Nachbauer. "The effect of different water vapor permeable jackets on moisture management, subjective perceptions and physiological parameters during submaximal exercise in a cool environment." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 4 (January 3, 2018): 528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517750648.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of differences in water vapor permeability (WVP) of outdoor jackets on moisture management, subjective perceptions and physiological parameters under conditions typically encountered in outdoor sports. Four outdoor jackets differing only in their WVP were compared in a repeated measures study. A total of 19 subjects (nine females) were tested in a climatic chamber at 10℃ and 40% relative humidity. The protocol consisted of 15 min of rest, 50 min of treadmill running at 60% of the individual maximal running velocity, and 15 min of passive recovery. We found that jackets featuring greater WVP helped to reduce relative humidity underneath the jacket, resulting in less sweat residue in the clothing system and drier skin during exercise and rest. Subjects were also able to perceive the differences in the microclimate and reported feeling more comfortable and drier in the more permeable jackets. However, WVP did not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption, heart rate, tympanic temperature, overall loss of subjects’ body mass or on perceived exertion. It can be concluded that outdoor jackets with higher WVP benefit moisture management during submaximal exercise in cool temperatures by reducing relative humidity in the clothing system mostly during rest periods. This effect leads to a drier skin which favors perceived comfort and might reduce the after-chill effect. However, WVP of outdoor jackets neither significantly affects physiological responses nor perceived exertion during submaximal exercise in a cool environment.

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Indarti, Eti, Arisa Sri Marlita, and Zaidiyah Zaidiyah. "SIFAT TRANSPARANSI DAN PERMEABILITAS FILM BIONANOKOMPOSIT POLYLACTIC ACID DAN POLYCAPROLACTONE DENGAN PENAMBAHAN NANOCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE SEBAGAI PENGISI [Transparency and permeability properties of Bionanocomposite Film of Polylactic Acid and Polycaprolactone, and Nanocrystalline Cellulose as a Filler]." Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Hasil Pertanian 25, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtihp.v25i2.81-89.

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Production of Polylactic acid (PLA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) bionanocomposite films with various ratios was done by adding nanocrystalline celullose (NCC) from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as a filler. The aim of the research was to find out the effect of PLA/PCL ratio on film thickness, transparency of bionanocomposite films and water vapor permeability or WVP of the film bionanocomposite with addition of the 3% NCC. The PLA/PCL ratio are 1.0/0.0; 0.8/0.2; 0.6/0.4; 0.5/0.5; 0.4/0.6; 0.2/0.8; and 0.0/1.0, prepared with solvent casting method. Characterization of PLA/PCL bionanocomposites film performed was thickness, transparency test and water vapor permeability (WVP) test. The thickness of bionanocomposites film produced were around are about 0.036-0.053 mm, results show that the lower PLA/PCL ratio the thicker film obtained. The highest value of film transparency was obtained at a ratio of 1.0 / 0.0 (81.4% at a wavelength of 550 nm), the smaller the PLA / PCL ratio, the lower the value of transparency. The WVP value of PLA/PCL bionanocomposite films gives a lower value than the WVP value of pure PLA film and pure PCL film. The best WVP was obtained at a PLA/PCL ratio of 0.8/0.2 which was 1.49x10-16kg.m/(m2.s.Pa).

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Su, Jun Feng, Wen Long Xia, Wen Li, and Ke Man Jin. "Environmental-Friendly Soy Protein Isolate/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Blend Packaging Films: Water Vapor Permeability." Advanced Materials Research 96 (January 2010): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.96.75.

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The aim of the present work was to investigate the moisture sensitivity of soy protein isolate (SPI) films blending with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) plasticized by glycerol. Water vapor permeability (WVP) was measured based on the contents of PVA and glycerol in films. WVP values of various SPI/PVA films with/without glycerol were in the range of 8.25 and 10.9 g mm/m2 h kPa. The results showed that WVP values decreased with the increasing content of PVA. Moreover, XRD tests confirmed that the glycerol would insert into the macromolecular blending structure and destroy the crystalline of blends, and the crosslinkage between glycerol molecules and SPI reduced the interstitial spaces in protein matrix, thus allowing for decreasing diffusion rate of water molecules through the films.

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Zhu, De Yi, Li Qiang Jin, Yu Lu Wang, and Hai Xia Ren. "Water Barrier Property of Gelatin-Based Films Cross-Linked with Microbial Transglutaminase." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1391.

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In this paper, gelatin-based films were prepared by mixing gelatin with glycerol, and microbial transglutaminase (mTG) which was used as cross linking agent. The result of SEM confirmed that a dense network structure was formed after mTG treatment comparing to the native. The effect of mTG on water barrier property of films was investigated by measuring the water vapor permeability (WVP). The results showed that the concentration of gelatin has a significant influence on the water barrier property of gelatin-based film which was treated with mTG. The WVP value of the films decreased sharply after enzymatic cross-linking when gelatin concentration increased to 8%, while no evident change of the WVP can be found when the gelatin concentrations was lower than 8%.

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Short, Rick, Nick Gribble, Edward Turner, and Andrew D. Riley. "Using the Vitrification Test Rig for Process Improvements on the Waste Vitrification Plants." Advances in Science and Technology 73 (October 2010): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.73.176.

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The Vitrification Test Rig (VTR) is a full scale non-active waste vitrification plant (WVP), that replicates the lines used for immobilising highly active reprocessing waste at Sellafield in the UK. In the high level waste (HLW) vitrification process, liquid HLW is dried in a rotating tube furnace then mixed with an alkali borosilicate glass frit. This mixture is heated to form a homogeneous product glass that is poured, cooled and stored in steel canisters. The primary function of the VTR is to trial and develop methods to increase the efficiency of high level waste processing at the active WVP. Efficiency gains are mainly achieved by increasing the rate at which the immobilised product is created and by increasing the ratio of HLW to glass frit in the product. The VTR has also been used to investigate the chemistry of various process additions and conditions, the effects of potential fault scenarios, and the processing of dilute waste streams that will be received by WVP in the future. All of these areas have the potential to improve processing efficiency through the optimisation of process conditions and the minimisation of unplanned plant outages. This paper discusses several VTR campaigns that have led to overall improvements of WVP operation.

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Peng, Shuai, Li Hong Niu, Ke Qiang Lai, and Yi Qun Huang. "Physicochemical Properties of Biodegradable Tilapia Skin Gelatin Film and Gelatin-Polysaccharide Based Composite Films." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1133.

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The present study was to investigate the film forming properties of tilapia skin gelatin as affected by the addition of 2%, 5% Arabic gum or pectin (g/g gelatin), as well as 1%, 2% glutaraldehyde (GTA) (g/g gelatin) in an attempt to improve gelatin film properties. Tensile strength (TS) and transparency of gelatin film were improved 36.6% and 30.3% by the addition of Arabic gum, respectively, while the water vapor permeability (WVP) was not affected. The addition of pectin had less effect on the film tensile strength and transparency, but led to 41.7% of increase in WVP. Tensile strength and WVP of gelatin-arabic gum composite film cross-linked with 2% GTA were better than those of 1% GTA cross-linked composite film, though the extensibility and transparency were slightly weak. The FTIR spectra of gelatin films showed that both Arabic gum and pectin formed cross-linkages with gelatin protein molecules, while GTA facilitated the formation of intermolecular bonds, resulting in more stable films.

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Mikkonen, Kirsi S., Mari I. Heikkilä, Stefan M. Willför, and Maija Tenkanen. "Films from Glyoxal-Crosslinked Spruce Galactoglucomannans Plasticized with Sorbitol." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/482810.

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Films were prepared from a renewable and biodegradable forest biorefinery product, spruceO-acetyl-galactoglucomannans (GGMs), crosslinked with glyoxal. For the first time, cohesive and self-standing films were obtained from GGM without the addition of polyol plasticizer. In addition, glyoxal-crosslinked films were prepared using sorbitol at 10, 20, 30, and 40% (wt.-% of GGM). Glyoxal clearly strengthened the GGM matrix, as detected by tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis. The elongation at break of films slightly increased, and Young's modulus decreased with increasing sorbitol content. Interestingly, the tensile strength of films was constant with the increased plasticizer content. The effect of sorbitol on water sorption and water vapor permeability (WVP) depended on relative humidity (RH). At low RH, the addition of sorbitol significantly decreased the WVP of films. The glyoxal-crosslinked GGM films containing 20% sorbitol exhibited the lowest oxygen permeability (OP) and WVP of the studied films and showed satisfactory mechanical performance.

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Wang, Zhe, Shuaifeng Hu, and Huaiyu Wang. "Scale-Up Preparation and Characterization of Collagen/Sodium Alginate Blend Films." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4954259.

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In an effort to produce scale-up of edible films, collagen-based films including different amounts of sodium alginate (CS) were prepared by casting method. Films were characterized based on their rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and oxygen permeability (OP). The microstructures were also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the addition of sodium alginate effectively improved the viscosity and thermal stability, significantly increased TS, and decreased E and WVP (P<0.05), but with no obvious effect on OP (P>0.05). SEM and AFM showed homogeneous matrix, with no signs of phase separation in the blends. Overall, films (CS2) produced using collagen (g) : sodium alginate (g) = 10 : 2 showed suitable rheological property (apparent viscosity was 4.87 m Pa s−1) and better TS (26.49 Mpa), E (64.98%), WVP (1.79 × 10−10 g·cm−1·s−1·Pa−1), and OP (3.77 × 10−5 cm3·m−2·d−1·Pa−1).

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Zhong, Tian, Zi Xuan Lian, Zhe Wang, Yan Qing Niu, and Zhong Su Ma. "Fatty Acids Effect on Properties of Methylcellulose-Based Bi-Layer Edible Films." Advanced Materials Research 666 (February 2013): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.666.63.

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Bi-layer edible films based on methylcellulose (MC) was used as the film-forming matrix, and Stearic acids (SA), Oleic acid (OA) which were used as moisture barriers, were investigated. Mechanical resistance was mainly attributed to the MC matrix. The water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased when the OA proportion increased and the lowest value was obtained at the SA/OA ratio of 7:2. But when the liquid fraction continued to increase in the mixed lipids, the WVP began to show a worse performance.

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Ishtiaque, Shagufta, Shahina Naz, Jawaad Ahmed, and Arshad Faruqui. "Barrier Properties Analysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate Films (PET) Coated with Natural Polyphenolic and Gelatin Mixture (PGM)." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.38.

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The food packaging material provides protection against moisture, heat, enzymes, oxygen penetration etc. The shelf life of food can be increased by coating barrier materials on plastic films. In this work the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and water vapour permeability (WVP) of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films were adjusted via coating of Polyphenols and Gelatin mixture (PGM) with different concentrations while maintaining the other properties of modified PET films. This article deals with the changes in properties of PGM coated PET films with some innovative ideas of multilayer film formulation. Polyphenolics were extracted from Terminalia Catappa (Indian almond), Camellia sinensis (Green tea leaves) and Trachyspermumammi (Ajwain). The results showed that WVP was decreased from 1.0±0 to 0.12±0.03 g/in2/day (p < 0.01) in comparison with uncoated (1.3±0.07g/in2/day). Similarly, same trend was obtained for OTR (63.5±0.02 to 38.1±0.03g/in2/day) with respect to uncoated film (82 ± 3.5). This study provides important evidence that addition of PGM on PET films leads to improved films in terms of OTR and WVP with minor changes in optical properties.

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Bourtoom, T., M. S. Chinnan, P. Jantawat, and R. Sanguandeekul. "Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on the Properties of Edible Film from Water-Soluble Fish Proteins in Surimi Wash-Water." Food Science and Technology International 12, no. 2 (April 2006): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013206063980.

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Edible film made from water-soluble fish proteins present in surimi wash-water were developed based on formulation conditions explored in a previous study. Type and concentration of plasticizer significantly ( p < 0.05) affected the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. Sorbitol (SOR) plasticized films were the most brittle, with the highest tensile strength (TS, 3.14MPa) however its effect on water vapour permeability (WVP) was low (30.41g/mm/m2/d/kPa). In contrast, glycerol (GLY) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) plasticized films exhibited flexible structure despite a low TS (2.13MPa and 1.80MPa, respectively) resulting in higher WVP (125.8g/mm/m2/d/kPa and 89.52g/mm/m2/d/kPa). As plasticizer concentration increased, TS decreased concomitant with an increase in elongation as break (E) and higher WVP. SOR plasticized films, showed higher film solubility (FS) and protein solubility (PS) compared to GLY and PEG plasticized films. Increasing the plasticizer concentration, overall, resulted in both higher FS and PS. The colour of films was more affected by the nature of the plasticizer used than by its concentration.

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Yang, Siqiao, and Haichao Li. "Effect of temperature on composite films made with activated carbon, graphite, or graphene oxide (GO) in a gelatin matrix." BioResources 16, no. 1 (November 4, 2020): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.77-95.

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Activated carbon, graphite, and GO/gelatin composite films were prepared by the blending method. The properties of composites were characterized by tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), water vapour permeability (WVP), water-absorption ability, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and moisture at different temperatures. The properties of GO/gelatin composite films were better when each of three kinds of carbon materials were used as reinforcement phases and added into the matrix gelatin. The results showed that EB and TS of GO/gelatin composite films were both excellent. The moisture of GO/gelatin composite films was greater than the others. SEM micrographs showed that GO had better compatibility and dispersibility with gelatin than activated carbon and graphite. The water absorption of GO/gelatin composite films were low, at 15 °C and 25 °C, and the WVP was low at 35 °C. The WVP of GO/gelatin composite films was lower than the others at different temperatures. The contact angle of GO/gelatin composite films was larger than the others.

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Short, Rick, Barbara Dunnett, Nick Gribble, Hannah Steel, and Carl James Steele. "Vitrification of high molybdenum feeds in the presence of reprocessing waste liquor." MRS Proceedings 1518 (2013): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.276.

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ABSTRACTAt Sellafield, the Post Operational Clean Out (POCO) of solids from the base of the highly active waste storage tanks, in preparation for decommissioning, will result in a high molybdenum stream which will be vitrified using the current Waste Vitrification Plant (WVP). In order to minimise the number of containers required for POCO, the high molybdenum feed could be co-vitrified by addition to reprocessing waste, using the borosilicate glass formulation currently utilised on WVP. Co-vitrification of high molybdenum feeds has been carried out using non-active simulants, both in the laboratory and on the Vitrification Test Rig (VTR) which is a full scale working replica of a WVP processing line.In addition, a new borosilicate glass formulation containing calcium has been developed by NNL which allows a higher incorporation of molybdenum through the formation of a durable CaMoO4 phase, after the solubility limit of molybdenum in the glass has been reached. Vitrification of the high molybdenum feed in the presence of varying quantities of reprocessing waste liquor using the new glass formulation has been carried out in the laboratory. Up to ∼10 wt% MoO3 could be incorporated without any detrimental phase separation in the product glass, but increasing the fraction of reprocessing waste was found to decrease the MoO3 incorporation. Soxhlet and static powder leach tests have been performed to assess the durability of the glass products. This paper discusses the results of the vitrification of high molybdenum feeds in the presence of reprocessing liquor in both the borosilicate glass formulation currently utilised on WVP and the modified formulation which contain calcium.

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Indrianti, Novita, Yudi Pranoto, and Akmadi Abbas. "Preparation and Characterization of Edible Films Made from Modified Sweet Potato Starch through Heat Moisture Treatment." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.26740.

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The edible films were prepared from native sweet potato starch (SPS) or modified sweet potato starch through heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The treatments which were carried out in this research were the different durations of HMT (1, 2, and 3 h) and the SPS concentrations (1, 1.25 and 1.5%). The edible films were characterized by moisture content, thickness, tensile strength, elongation, water vapor permeability (WVP), solubility, morphology, thermal, and x-ray diffraction. The result showed that the thickness, the tensile strength, and the elongation of the modified SPS edible films were higher while the WVP and the solubility were lower than those of the native SPS edible films. The longer durations of HMT had no effects on the characteristics of the edible films. The increase of SPS concentrations enhanced the moisture content, the thickness, the WVP and the elongation but decreased the solubility and the tensile strength of edible films. The films surfaces of modified SPS edible films appeared to be denser and compact than those of native SPS edible films. The crystallinity and the thermal properties of the modified SPS edible films showed the higher increase than those of the native SPS edible films.

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Zhong, Tian, Zi Xuan Lian, Zhe Wang, Yan Qing Niu, and Zhong Su Ma. "Influence of the Microwave and Ultrasonic Synergistic Effect on Properties of Methylcellulose/Stearic Acids Films." Advanced Materials Research 666 (February 2013): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.666.51.

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The Influence of the microwave (MW) and ultrasonic (US) synergistic effect on mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of methylcellulose (MC)/stearic acids (SA) films was studied. For this purpose, the initial emulsions were prepared and treated in a MW and US combination reaction system. The water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films was determined, as well as the mechanical properties. As a result of the extending of MW and US treatment time, the WVP of MC/SA films declined significantly. And the tensile strength (TS) and elongation percentage at break (E) were also affected by the treatment greatly. When the treated time was 20 min, the highest TS and E were observed.

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Qian, Chun Jie, Ji Li Tu, Hua Yun Ge, and Jin Qiang Liu. "Impact of Soft Nursing Care on Drying Efficiency of Cotton Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 331 (September 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.331.9.

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The performance of heat transfer coefficient, wicking and water vapour permeability (WVP) of cotton fabric were tested after adding amino-functional silicone softening agent in simulating process of home laundry. Meanwhile, the experiment of line drying of fabric soaked in water after spinning was designed to study the impact of soft nursing care on drying efficiency of fabric. The result showed that with the amino-functional silicone softening agent added, handle was improved obviously. With the concentration of softening agent increasing, WVP of fabric increased, while heat transfer coefficient had the opposite result. Wicking effect increased slowly at the beginning and decreased sharply later. It was found that soft nursing care improved the drying efficiency.

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Zhou, Ying, Tonglin Xu, Yu Zhang, Chong Zhang, Zhaoxin Lu, Fengxia Lu, and Haizhen Zhao. "Effect of Tea Polyphenols on Curdlan/Chitosan Blending Film Properties and Its Application to Chilled Meat Preservation." Coatings 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040262.

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Incorporating phenolic acids into polysaccharide films improves their physical properties, in turn improving their potential commercial applicability as a preservation material for different foods. This study aimed to develop films from curdlan and tea polyphenols, and determine the effect of their contents on the water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of the films. Different ratios of tea polyphenols were incorporated into the curdlan-based films to improve their properties. The results obtained showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of films were likely to be significantly decreased by adding tea polyphenols, especially at a content of 0.6%, which resulted in a 50% decrease. Meanwhile, the WVP and moisture content of the films was also decreased. However, a low WVP can prevent moisture loss from food. Other film properties, such as antioxidant efficiency, were also investigated. The results showed that the antioxidant potential of the film can be improved by tea polyphenols. The composite films were also applied to the preservation of chilled meat, which resulted in the shelf life being extended by about 3–5 days. Some properties, such as water resistance and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging capacity of the composite film, were improved.

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Othman, Siti Hajar, Nur Fitrah Liyana Othman, Ruzanna Ahmad Shapi’i, Siti Hajar Ariffin, and Khairul Faezah Md Yunos. "Corn Starch/Chitosan Nanoparticles/Thymol Bio-Nanocomposite Films for Potential Food Packaging Applications." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030390.

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This work aims to develop corn starch/chitosan nanoparticles/thymol (CS/CNP/Thy) bio-nanocomposite films as potential food packaging materials that can enhance the shelf life of food. CS/CNP/Thy bio-nanocomposite films were prepared by the addition of different concentrations of thymol (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 w/w%) using a solvent casting method. The resulting films were characterized in terms of optical, mechanical, and water vapor permeability (WVP) properties. The addition of thymol was found to reduce the tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), and Young’s modulus (YM) of the films. Generally, the increment in the concentration of thymol did not significantly affect the TS, EAB, and YM values. The addition of 1.5 w/w% thymol increased the WVP of the films but the WVP reduced with the increase in thymol concentrations. CS/CNP/Thy-3% bio-nanocomposite films demonstrated the potential to lengthen the shelf life of cherry tomatoes packed with the films, whereby the cherry tomatoes exhibited no significant changes in firmness and the lowest weight loss. In addition, no mold growth was observed on the sliced cherry tomatoes that were in direct contact with the films during 7 days of storage, proving the promising application of the films as active food packaging materials.

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Eryuruk, Selin Hanife. "The effects of elastane and finishing properties on wicking, drying and water vapour permeability properties of denim fabrics." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-01-2019-0003.

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Purpose The liquid water and water vapour transfer properties of fabrics play an important and decisive role in determining thermal comfort properties of clothing systems. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of fabric composition (98 percent cotton–2 percent elastane and 100 percent cotton) and finishing treatments (rigid, resin, bleaching and softening) on the wicking, drying and water vapour permeability (WVP) properties of denim fabrics. Design/methodology/approach The research design for this study consists of experimental study. Two fabric compositions (98 percent cotton–2 percent elastane and 100 percent cotton) and four finishing treatments (rigid, resin, bleaching and softening) were evaluated to see the effects of elastane and finishing treatments on wicking, drying and WVP properties of woven denim fabrics. Results were analysed statistically. Findings Experimental results showed that the transfer wicking, drying and WVP values of denim fabrics were significantly influenced by fabric weight, fibre composition and finishing treatments. Practical implications The wicking ability of sweat from the skin to the outer environment of a skin contact fabric layer is the primary requirement. Originality/value As a result of the literature review, it was seen that there are some studies in the literature about comfort properties of denim fabrics, but there is no study concerning the water vapour transmission, wicking and drying properties of denim fabrics.

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Bourtoom, T., and M. S. Chinnan. "Improvement of Water Barrier Property of Rice Starch-chitosan Composite Film Incorporated with Lipids." Food Science and Technology International 15, no. 2 (April 2009): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013208105993.

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This study investigated the effect of lipid types (oleic acid, palm oil, and margarine) and their concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50wt%) on the water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), percentage of elongation at break (%E), and structure of emulsified rice starch-chitosan composite film. The influence of rice starch-chitosan composite film incorporated with lipids in controlling the moisture transfer in moisture-sensitive products was determined by wrapping a low aw-type cracker product in rice starch-chitosan composite film. TS and WVP of rice starch-chitosan composite film decreased with the addition of lipids, whereas %E increased in these films. Addition of lipids significantly raised film yellowness for composite films. The results showed that films added with oleic acid gave higher L*, b*, and chroma values but lower a* value than margarine and palm oil, respectively. The lower transparency of the films was noticed when a greater amount of lipid was incorporated (p < 0.05). Oleic acid-incorporated films provided the films with smoother surface and higher values of TS and %E but lower WVP than margarine and palm oil, respectively. Wrapping cracker samples in the rice starch-chitosan composite film incorporated with oleic acid could maintain the hardness and provide longer shelf life and lower moisture content than synthetic polyvinyl chloride film (PVC) and unwrapped (reference) crackers, respectively.

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Tew, Sue Teng, Jan Mei Soon, Soottawat Benjakul, Thummanoon Prodran, Manee Vittayanont, and Phakawat Tongnuanchan. "Development of gelatine-based bio-film from chicken feet incorporated with sugarcane bagasse." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-07-2016-0086.

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Purpose Protein-based films have good barrier characteristics against gas compared to synthetic films, but they have poor mechanical properties and high water vapour permeability (WVP) due to their hydrophilic nature. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is available abundantly in Southeast Asian countries and can be potentially utilized for its cellulose to increase the stiffness of the film. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop a gelatine-based film from chicken feet incorporated with SCB. Design/methodology/approach Film-forming solutions (FFS) from chicken feet gelatine with different percentages of glycerol (25 and 35 per cent) were prepared by casting 4.0 g of FFS onto a rimmed silicone resin plate (50 × 50 mm2). Cellulose from SCB was purified and used to prepare hydrolyzed SCB. Films with 35 per cent glycerol were selected to be incorporated with different weight percentages (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent) of hydrolyzed SCB to increase the tensile strength (TS) and lower the WVP of the films. Mechanical properties, colour and transparency of the films were also tested. Findings Films containing 35 per cent glycerol have lower TS but higher elongation at break compared to films prepared with 25 per cent glycerol. There were no significant differences between the films with 25 per cent and 35 per cent glycerol in thickness, WVP and transparency value tests. Film incorporated with 5.0 Wt.% SCB had a slight increment in TS (23.07 MPa) compared to the control film (22.50 MPa). WVP was also lowered from 2.18 × 10−11gm−1s−1Pa−1 to 1.85 × 10−11gm−1s−1Pa−1. The other properties, namely, thickness, colour measurement and transparency value, were significantly different (p < 0.05) but nearer to the properties of the control film. Originality/value This study incorporates hydrolyzed SCB to study the potential mechanical benefits in protein-based bio-films. There is potential to utilize agricultural waste (chicken feet and SCB) to develop food packaging films.

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Kang, In-Hyeng, Hyo-Suk Park, and Han-Sup Lee. "Assessment of Wear Comfort of Water-vapor-permeable (WVP) garments." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 36, no. 9 (September 30, 2012): 928–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2012.36.9.928.

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Xun, Qian Nan, Qiao Lei, Jian Qiang Bao, and Zhi Ying Huang. "Effect of Protein Variety on Properties of Gelatin Edible Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 1040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.1040.

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Influences of whey protein isolate (WPI), sodium caseinate (NaCas) and soybean protein isolate (SPI) on gelatin (GA) film properties were investigated by comparing with common plastic films. The results suggested that WPI and NaCas caused tensile strength (TS) of GA film increasing from 6.38MPa to 7.17MPa,7.52MPa; water vapor permeability (WVP) decreasing from 18.46*10-13g m-1 s-1 Pa-1 to 17.92*10-13g m-1 s-1,16.46*10-13g m-1 s-1; and resulted in oxygen transmission rate (O2TR) decreasing from 128.315cm3m-2d-10.1MPa-1 to 37.352 cm3m-2d-10.1MPa-1, 38.129 cm3m-2d-10.1MPa-1.WVP of GA films increased 13.2% and O2TR decreased 4.1% as the addition of SPI. NaCas-GA composite films was the optimal group which had significant advantage on Ts, optical properties and barrier properties.

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Naidu, Darrel S., and Maya J. John. "Effect of Clay Nanofillers on the Mechanical and Water Vapor Permeability Properties of Xylan–Alginate Films." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102279.

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In this study, xylan–alginate-based films were reinforced with nanoclays (bentonite or halloysite) by the solvent casting technique. The effect of the nanoclay loadings (1–5 wt %) on various properties—mechanical, optical, thermal, solubility, water sorption, and water vapor permeability (WVP)—of the xylan–alginate films were examined for their application as food packaging materials. A 5 wt % loading of either bentonite or halloysite resulted in a 49% decrease of the WVP due to the impermeable nature of the silicate layers that make up both bentonite and halloysite. Thermal stability and solubility of the nanocomposite films were not significantly influenced by the presence of the nanoclays, whereas the optical properties were significantly improved when compared to neat xylan–alginate blend. In general, films reinforced with bentonite exhibited superior mechanical and optical properties when compared to both halloysite-based nanocomposite and neat films.

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Xu, Wen Jing, and Hong Yan Liu. "Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Profiler Observations before a Heavy Rainfall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.312.

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Ground-based 12-channel microwave radiometer profiler TP/WVP-3000 can provide temperature and vapor density profile per minute up to 10 km height. The observations feature apparent change before heavy rainfall obtained by TP/WVP-3000 is presented in this paper. It demonstrates the detailed thermodynamic features that the atmosphere becomes colder and drier above height 3-4 km about 9 hours before the rain, the integrated water vapor gradually increases from 5 cm to 9 cm, the integrated cloud water change from near zero to 15 mm and the vapor density also increases rapidly about half an hour before the rain, which can be concluded that the radiometer profiler is able to improve the understanding of mesoscale weather in this case due to the profiler significantly improves the temporal resolution of atmospheric thermodynamic observations.

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Wang, Wentao, Hui Zhang, Yangyong Dai, Hanxue Hou, and Haizhou Dong. "Effects of low poly(vinyl alcohol) content on properties of biodegradable blowing films based on two modified starches." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 7 (October 28, 2015): 1017–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715614080.

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Biodegradable films from hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HPDSP)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cationic starch/PVA blends were obtained by extrusion blowing at ratios of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20. The morphology, X-ray patterns, transparency, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films were measured and compared. Scanning electron microscopic micrographs of the films showed continuous matrix texture as well as better compatibility between modified starches and PVA. X-Ray diffraction indicated the formation of ordered crystalline structures in the films during extrusion blowing. The addition of PVA to modified starches significantly increased their tensile strength (TS, 3.92 MPa) while decreasing their water vapor permeability (WVP, 3.23 × 10−10 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1). The starch/PVA composite films did not show phase separation.

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Muñoz-Tebar, Nuria, Ana Molina, Manuel Carmona, and María Isabel Berruga. "Use of Chia by-Products Obtained from the Extraction of Seeds Oil for the Development of New Biodegradable Films for the Agri-Food Industry." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030620.

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Chia oil production and consumption have increased in recent years, producing a large number of by-products that had low utility or economic value for the industry. In this study, a biodegradable film was successfully prepared from mucilage extracted from defatted chia flour. The physical-chemical, optical, water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical properties of films made with two different types of chia matrixes (defatted flour and whole seeds) were determined. In general, defatted chia flour films exhibited a slightly reddish and yellowish color but still transparent in appearance, were good visible light barriers, and had better mechanical properties than films made with whole seeds. They also have greater WVP values than synthetic films such as low-density polyethylene. The results of the present study demonstrated that defatted chia flour can be used in producing edible films with improved quality characteristics.

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Yang, Ji Yi, Yu Yue Qin, Jian Xin Cao, Ming Wei Yuan, Shi Qi Liu, and Ming Long Yuan. "Preparation and Characterization of poly(L-lactide) /poly (ε-caprolactone) Composite Films for Food Packaging Application." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.845.

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Poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were produced by solution mixing and cast into films. The films were characterized by morphological, mechanical, and barrier behavior tests to evaluate the effect of the PCL. The micrographs of the fractured surfaces showed the morphology of the phase separated system, with the dispersed PCL phase higher than 30%. The elongation at break of PLLA was improved significantly (p<0.05) in the blends while the tensile strength decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increase of PCL content. WVP of PLLA/PCL films significantly decreased (p< 0.05) by blending with PCL. When the ratio of PLLA/PCL increased from 100/0 to 50/50, WVP of PLLA/PCL films decreased from 1.85±0.15 (×10-14kgm/m2sPa) to 1.27±0.06 (×10-14kgm/m2sPa). The results showed that PLLA/PCL blend can be a novel composite film for food packaging applications.

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Marcos-Madrazo, Aitor, Clara Casado-Coterillo, Leticia García-Cruz, Jesús Iniesta, Laura Simonelli, Víctor Sebastián, María Encabo-Berzosa, Manuel Arruebo, and Ángel Irabien. "Preparation and Identification of Optimal Synthesis Conditions for a Novel Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membrane." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080913.

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The physicochemical and mechanical properties of new alkaline anion-exchange membranes (AAEMs) based on chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymers doped with unsupported copper nanoparticles (NPs) and copper exchanged over different porous materials were investigated regarding ion-exchange capacity (IEC), OH− conductivity, water uptake (WU), water vapor permeability (WVP), and thermal and mechanical resistance. The influence of the type of filler included in different morphologies and filler loading has been explored using copper exchanged materials such as the layered porous titanosilicate AM-4, layered stannosilicate UZAR-S3, and zeolites Y, MOR, and BEA. Compared to commercially available anion-exchange membranes, the best performing membranes in terms of WU, IEC, OH− conductivity and WVP in this study were those containing 10 wt % of Cu-AM-4 and Cu-UZAR-S3, although 10 wt % Cu-MOR provided better mechanical strength at close values of WVP and anion conductivity. It was also observed that when Cu was exchanged in a porous silicate matrix, its oxidation state was lower than when embedded as unsupported metal NPs. In addition, the statistical analysis of variance determined that the electrochemical properties of the membranes were noticeably affected by both the type and filler loading, and influenced also by the copper oxidation state and content in the membrane, but their hydrophilic properties were more affected by the polymers. The largest significant effects were noticed on the water sorption and transport properties, which gives scope for the design of AAEMs for electrochemical and water treatment applications.

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Vieira, Tiago M., Margarida Moldão-Martins, and Vítor D. Alves. "Design of Chitosan and Alginate Emulsion-Based Formulations for the Production of Monolayer Crosslinked Edible Films and Coatings." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071654.

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This study aimed to develop edible monolayer emulsion-based barriers with polysaccharides as film-forming components (chitosan and sodium alginate), soy lecithin as a surfactant and olive oil as a hydrophobic barrier. Monolayer barriers in the form of films were prepared by casting filmogenic emulsions composed of 2% w/v chitosan (dissolved in lactic acid 1% v/v) or 1% w/v sodium alginate, with different lipid contents (25, 50 and 100% w/w biopolymer basis) and different surfactant concentrations (5, 10 and 25% w/w, lipid basis). Glycerol was used as a plasticizer (25 % w/w, biopolymer basis). After the emulsion drying process, the obtained stand-alone films were sprayed with a crosslinking solution, achieving an optimized crosslinker content of 3.2 mgCa2+/cm2 alginate film and 4 mg tripolyphosphate/cm2 chitosan film. The effect of oil and lecithin contents, as well the presence of crosslinking agents, on the film’s water vapour permeability (WVP), water vapour sorption capacity, mechanical properties and colour parameters, was evaluated. The results have shown that the lowest WVP values were obtained with formulations containing 25% lipid and 25% surfactant for chitosan films, and 100% lipid and 25% surfactant for alginate films. The application of the crosslinking agents decreased even further the WVP, especially for chitosan films (by 30%). Crosslinking also increased films’ resistance to deformation under tensile tests. Overall, the films developed present a good potential as polysaccharide-based barriers with increased resistance to water, which envisages the use of the designed formulations to produce either edible/biodegradable films or edible coatings.

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Dwimayasanti, Rany, and Bayu Kumayanjati. "Karakterisasi Edible Film dari Karagenan dan Kitosan dengan Metode Layer by Layer." Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v14i2.603.

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enis pengemas biodegradable saat ini sangat diperlukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan plastik sintetik, di antaranya dengan pengembangan pengemas edible film yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Karagenan dan kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang berpotensi menjadi bahan dasar dalam pembuatan edible film. Penelitian pembuatan edible film berbahan dasar karagenan dan kitosan dengan metode layer-by-layer telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi karagenan dan kitosan yang berbeda terhadap kualitas edible film yang dihasilkan. Karakterisasi film yang dilakukan meliputi uji kuat tarik, elongasi, kelarutan, water vapour permeability (WVP) dan morfologi permukaan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah faktorial 2 faktor dengan variasi karagenan (1,0%, 1,5%, 2,0%, 2,5%) dan variasi kitosan (0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5%, 2,0%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap kombinasi konsentrasi karagenan dan kitosan menghasilkan nilai yang berbeda-beda. Kenaikan konsentrasi karagenan dan kitosan tidak selalu berbanding lurus terhadap kenaikan nilai kuat tarik, elongasi, kelarutan, WVP dan morfologi permukaan edible film. Secara umum, dari seluruh perlakuan yang ada dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi karagenan 2,5% dan kitosan 1,0% adalah formulasi terbaik.

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Layuk, Payung, Joula Sondakh, and Marietje Pesireron. "Characteristics and Permeability Properties of Sago Starch Edible Film." AGRITEKNO: Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jagritekno.2019.8.2.34.

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The research was aimed to study the potential of sago starch as an edible film or edible wrapper, which is used as a barrier to mass transfer. The edible film was made from sago starch with the addition of nutmeg pectin at concentrations of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by adding glycerol as much as 20% w/w. The results showed that the addition of nutmeg pectin and glycerol was able both to improve film characteristics and to control mass transfer. Addition of nutmeg pectin caused an increase in the Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) value of the film. Edible sago starch films can be used as a dodol packaging material because it protects products from oxidation and fungi, and is a better barrier from oxygen when compared to synthetic films. The increase in nutmeg pectin concentration caused an increase in WVP and exponential oxygen permeability. Keywords: edible film, sago, wrapping

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Li, Ya-Yu, Wei-Wen Jing, Jian-Hua Wang, and Jun-Fang Li. "Elucidating the Relationship Between Structure and Property of Waterborne Polyurethane-Cellulose Nanocrystals Nanocomposite Films." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3767.

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are promising polymer reinforcements owning to their biocompatibility and high elastic modulus, low density, nano size, and inherent biocompatibility. The waterborne polyurethane-cellulose nanocrystals (WPU-CNCs) nanocomposite films were prepared using the conventional solvent casting technique over a whole composition. The mechanical performance, optical transmittance, amphiphilicity, water vapor permeability (WVP), and oxygen permeability (OP) of these WPU-CNCs films were evaluated. The incorporation of CNCs into WPU resulted in a significant enhancement of Young's modulus and tensile strength. The WVP of nanocomposite films had a lowest value at CNCs content of 50 wt.%. Upon the increase of CNCs content from 0 to 90 wt.%, the transmission path of oxygen molecular through the nanocomposite films became more tortuous, leading to drastic decrease in the OP. These WPU-CNCs nanocomposite films with high strength, optical transparency, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties have the potential applications in biomedical, furniture coating, and food packaging fields.

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Masamba, Kingsley, Yue Li, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Jianguo Ma, and Fang Zhong. "Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Zein–Corn Starch Composite Films as Affected by Gallic Acid Treatment." International Journal of Food Engineering 12, no. 8 (October 1, 2016): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2016-0112.

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Abstract The effect of gallic acid treatment on mechanical and water barrier properties in zein and zein–corn starch composite films was investigated. Four concentrations of corn starch (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %) were used in composite films making a final solid concentration of 6 % (w/v) in the film forming solution. One composite film containing 10 % corn starch was also prepared in absence of gallic acid for comparison purpose. Gallic acid treatment improved tensile strength (TS) and water vapor permeability (WVP) while solubility was increased in control zein films. On the other hand, gallic acid treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced TS and increased WVP in zein–corn starch composite films. Interestingly, mechanical and water barrier properties of composite films prepared in absence of gallic acid were comparatively better than gallic acid treated composite films. These findings provided useful insights in how each individual hydrocolloid in the composite film was differently affected by gallic acid treatment.

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Zimoch-Korzycka, Anna, Jagoda Ambrozik-Haba, Dominika Kulig, and Andrzej Jarmoluk. "Modification Effect of Cellulase on the Physicochemical Characteristic of Polysaccharides Edible Films." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/184616.

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This study was conducted to assess hydrolytic influence of cellulase (C) on the physicochemical stability of chitosan (CH)/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films in time of storage (T). Initially, nine films were physically characterized by contact angle, water vapour permeability (WVP), water activity(aw), tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and chemically by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). The contact angle results varied from 53.67° to 78.33°. The presence of the enzyme and passing time reduced the WVP from8.46E-09to7.41E-09 g/s·m·Pa. The enzyme treatment improved elasticity but decreased tensile strength of films. After adding cellulaseTgwas shifted to a higher temperature. Thermal stability of the films decreased with addition of cellulase and after prolonging storage time. FTIR analysis proved that chemical changes in polysaccharides structure were caused by cellulase incorporation in films composition, which may be observed in appearance of 1656 cm−1band. Theawvalues did not change.

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Shin, Yeaheun, and Youngmi Park. "Preparation and Application of Polymer-Composited Yarn and Knit Containing CNT/Ceramic." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 36, no. 1 (October 29, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x17737839.

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The properties and light-heating function of a knit prepared by the composite spinning of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and an inorganic ceramic were examined. The CNTs and ceramic were mixed and polymerized in a master batch (MB) and the MB chip was then melt spun to prepare the CNT/ceramic-composite yarn (LH-Yn) and single-jersey knits (LH-Knit). The properties of the LH-Yn and LH-Knit were compared with those of the regular polyester yarn (PET-Yn) and polyester knit (PET-Knit). The contents of carbon in the CNTs by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, tensile and tear performance, thermal insulation, air permeability (AP), water vapor permeability (WVP), and far-infrared (FIR) emissivity were analyzed. The result showed that the surface temperature of the LH-Knit was much higher than that of the PET-Knit. The measured WVP, AP, and FIR emissivity were also slightly higher in the LH-Knit, but the difference was not significant.

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Escamilla-García, Monserrat, Luis Felipe Delgado-Sánchez, Raquel Adriana Ríos-Romo, Blanca E. García-Almendárez, Georgina Calderón-Domínguez, Juan Vicente Méndez-Méndez, Aldo Amaro-Reyes, Prospero Di Pierro, and Carlos Regalado-González. "Effect of Transglutaminase Cross-Linking in Protein Isolates from a Mixture of Two Quinoa Varieties with Chitosan on the Physicochemical Properties of Edible Films." Coatings 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110736.

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The growing demand for minimally processed foods with a long shelf life and environmentally friendly materials has forced industry to develop new technologies for food preservation and handling. The use of edible films has emerged as an alternative solution to this problem, and mixtures of carbohydrates and proteins, may be formulated to improve their properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of protein cross-linking with transglutaminase (TG) of two varieties of quinoa protein isolate (Chenopodium quinoa) [Willd (QW), and Pasankalla (QP)] on the physicochemical and barrier properties of edible films based on chitosan (CT)-quinoa protein. The evaluated properties were water vapor permeability (WVP), solubility, adsorption, roughness determined by atomic force microscopy, and the interactions among the main film components determined by Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that TG interacted with lysine of QW and QP. CT:QW (1:5, w/w) showed the lowest solubility (14.02 ± 2.17% w/w). WVP varied with the composition of the mixture. The WVP of CT:quinoa protein ranged from 2.85 to 9.95 × 10−11 g cm Pa−1 cm−2 s−1 without TG, whereas adding TG reduced this range to 2.42–4.69 × 10−11 g cm Pa−1 cm−2 s−1. The addition of TG to CT:QP (1:10, w/w) reduced the film surface roughness from 8.0 ± 0.5 nm to 4.4 ± 0.3 nm. According to the sorption isotherm, the addition of TG to CT-QW films improved their stability [monolayer (Xm) = 0.13 ± 0.02 %]. Films with a higher amount of cross-linking showed the highest improvement in the evaluated physical properties, but interactions among proteins that were catalyzed by TG depended on the protein source and profile.

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Thuy, Le Thi Minh, Emiko Okazaki, and Kazufumi Osako. "EFFECT OF PREPARING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF GELATIN FILM FROM HORSE MACKEREL SCALE." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v1i0.81.

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In this study, the effect of preparing conditions, such as protein concentrations and glycerol concentrations of film forming solution (FFS) on properties of gelatin film from horse mackerel scale were investigated. Properties of edible film from gelatin was extracted at 70oC for 1 h at various protein concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) in film-forming solution (FFS) were examined.. Films from FFS containing higher protein content showed the higher TS and EAB. WVP of film increased with increasing protein concentration of FFS. The study about the effect of glycerol in FFS on the film property showed that addition of glycerol as a plasticizer into FFS at the concentrations of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 % of protein lead to the decline of TS of gelatin film, while both EAB and WVP of film increased. The SDS-PAGE patterns showed that all gelatin films consisted of two different α chains, α1 and α2, as well as a β component and no differences in protein patterns among the protein concentrations and glycerol concentrations of FFS.Keywords: gelatin, films, horse mackerel, scales.

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Yuan, Ming Wei, Yu Yue Qin, Ji Yi Yang, Yan Wu, Ming Long Yuan, and Hong Li Li. "Preparation and Characterization of Poly(L-Lactide-Co-ε-Caprolactone) Copolymer for Food Packaging Application." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.231.

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Biodegradable poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLA-PCL) copolymers were synthesized via solution polymerization by varying the feed composition of L-lactide (LLA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) (LLA/ ε-CL= 1/0, 1/1, 1/2, and 1/3). PLA-PCL film was produced by solution mixing. The films were characterized by thermal property, mechanical property, and barrier behavior tests to evaluate the effect of the PCL. The differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed the micro-domain structure in the copolymer. The elongation at break of PLLA was improved significantly (p<0.05) in PLA-PCL copolymer while the tensile strength decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increase of PCL content. WVP of PLA-PCL films significantly decreased (p< 0.05) when compared with that of neat PLLA film. When the feed ratio of PLA-PCL copolymer increased from 1/0 to 1/3, WVP of PLA-PCL films increased from 1.85±0.15 (×10-11gm/m2sPa) to 2.83±0.26 (×10-11gm/m2sPa). The results showed that PLA-PCL copolymer can be a novel film for food packaging applications.

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Tural, Serpil, Sadettin Turhan, and Fatih Öz. "Characterization and antioxidant capacity of anchovy by-product protein films enriched with rosemary and laurel essential oils." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.4.09.

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In this study, characterization and antioxidant capacity of anchovy by-product protein (ABP) films with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% rosemary (REO) and laurel essential oils (LEO) were investigated. The films with REO and LEO showed higher elongation at break and water vapor permeability (WVP), but lower elastic modulus, transparency, and tensile strength. L* and b* values decreased as a function of essential oil (EO) amount and films became darker and slightly yellowish. The solubility of films with REO and LEO decreased by 10.00-16.05% and 13.84-18.20%, respectively. Intermolecular interaction and molecular organization in the polymer matrix were changed by EO incorporation. Films with EOs showed a nonhomogeneous surface and comparatively smooth cross-section structure providing easy permeation. The antioxidant properties of films were enriched by addition EO and the highest antioxidant capacity was determined in 1.5% LEO film. As a result, although ABP films enriched with EOs have a high WVP, they can be used as packaging material for food products that are susceptible to lipid oxidation.

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Sedlaříková, Jana, Magda Doležalová, Pavlína Egner, Jana Pavlačková, Jiří Krejčí, Ondřej Rudolf, and Petra Peer. "Effect of Oregano and Marjoram Essential Oils on the Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Based Systems." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2593863.

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The effect of two essential oils (EOs), from Origanum vulgare and Origanum majorana, their structural properties, and concentration on physical and antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan based solutions as well as films was investigated. Results showed that significantly different behaviour was induced by variation in the compositions of given essential oils. Film-forming solutions (FFS) containing oregano oil comprised considerably greater particles in comparison with the marjoram samples. Similarly, structural changes were confirmed by SEM analysis of chitosan films modified with the EOs; the smaller particles of the marjoram oil demonstrated better compatibility with chitosan matrix. However, chitosan films enriched with the oregano oil showed significantly superior antimicrobial activity compared to the marjoram. The dissimilar effects of the two EOs were also observed by water vapour pressure (WVP) measurement; increasing the amount of oregano oil triggered a drop in the WVP of the prepared films, whereas the marjoram oil had a negligible impact in this respect. These results suggest that the structural features of active substances in the EOs play a crucial role in determining the final properties of FFS and biofilm systems.

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Chung, Yong-Chan, Ha Youn Kim, Jae Won Choi, and Byoung Chul Chun. "Control of the water compatibility and shape recovery of polyurethane using the graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 5 (June 23, 2020): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244320933707.

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Graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) onto polyurethane (PU) was conducted to improve its water compatibility, tensile mechanical strength, shape memory, and low-temperature flexibility properties, as well as to control its water vapor permeability (WVP). Control PUs containing free poly(PEGA) were also prepared to compare with the poly(PEGA)-grafted PUs. The water compatibility of PU notably improved due to the grafting of poly(PEGA) based on water contact angle results. The soft segment melting temperature and glass transition temperature were not changed with the increase in the PEGA content. The tensile strength of PU sharply increased due to the grafting of poly(PEGA), whereas the free poly(PEGA) in the control PUs did not cause a similar increase. The maximum strain of PU was not affected by the grafting of poly(PEGA). The shape recovery at 0°C significantly increased compared with the unmodified PU. The low-temperature flexibility of PU improved, and the WVP through the PU membrane was reduced by the grafting of poly(PEGA) onto PU.

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Fernandes, Marta, António Pedro Souto, Fernando Dourado, and Miguel Gama. "Application of Bacterial Cellulose in the Textile and Shoe Industry: Development of Biocomposites." Polysaccharides 2, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2030034.

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Several studies report the potential of bacterial cellulose (BC) in the fashion and leather industries. This work aimed at the development of BC-based composites containing emulsified acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) that are polymerized with the redox initiator system hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and L-ascorbic acid and ferrous sulfate as a catalyst. BC was fermented under static culture. The polymerization of the emulsified organic droplets was tested before and after their incorporation into BC by exhaustion. The composites were then finished with an antimicrobial agent (benzalkonium chloride) and dyed. The obtained composites were characterized in terms of wettability, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical, thermal and antimicrobial properties. When AESO emulsion was polymerized prior to the exhaustion process, the obtained composites showed higher WVP, tensile strength and thermal stability. Meanwhile, post-exhaustion polymerized AESO conferred the composite higher hydrophobicity and elongation. The composites finished with the antimicrobial agent showed activity against S. aureus. Finally, intense colors were obtained more uniformly when they were incorporated simultaneously with the emulsified AESO with all the dyes tested.

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Munir, Sadia, Miral Javed, Yang Hu, Youming Liu, and Shanbai Xiong. "The Effect of Acidic and Alkaline pH on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Surimi-Based Edible Films Incorporated with Green Tea Extract." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102281.

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The effects of green tea extract (GTE) at acidic and alkaline pH (pH 3 and 11, respectively) on the physico-mechanical, thermal, and water transmission properties of silver carp surimi-based edible films were investigated. Incorporation of GTE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced elongation at break (EAB) but improved tensile strength (TS). Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the solubility of films and water vapor permeability (WVP) were also perceived in GTE-containing films. Transparency and color were also affected, depending upon the concentration and pH. Films prepared at an acidic pH demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) improved WVP, transparency, solubility, and thermal stability compared to those prepared at an alkaline pH. The protein pattern of films revealed a strong interaction between phenolic compounds of GTE and surimi proteins as evidenced by the presence of a myosin heavy chain (MCH) at the top of the gel. Generally, the addition of GTE at an acidic pH had significantly (p < 0.05) greater impact on film properties than at an alkaline pH and could offer great potential for surimi protein-based edible films with improved properties.

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Boonthamjinda, Lalintip, Nawadon Petchwatana, Sirijutaratana Covavisaruch, Wannee Chinsirikul, and Noppadon Kerddonfag. "Biaxially-Stretched Poly(Lactic) Acid (PLA) and Rubber-Toughened PLA Films: Tensile and Physical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.363.

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Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is bioplastic produced from corn starch; its brittleness limits the use of PLA in many applications. Biaxial stretching is one approach adopted by film manufacturers to enhance the properties of plastics such as polypropylene (PP). This study aims to produce biaxially-oriented PLA films which had been toughened with 1-10% core-shell rubber (CSR). Differential scanning caloriemetry (DSC) results indicated that all biaxially-stretched neat PLA and the PLA/CSR films possessed nearly 20% greater crystallinity than the as-cast film.The yield stress of the biaxially-stretched films were higher than that of the unstretched films in both machine (MD) and transverse (TD) directions. After biaxial stretching, the elongation at break of the stretched films was still much higher than that of the unstretched ones. The tear resistance was highest in the film with 5 wt% CSR, it became higher after biaxial stretching. The water vapor permeation (WVP) was also minimum in the film with 5 wt% CSR. The biaxially-stretched films had lower WVP than the unstretched ones due to the enhanced crystallization and chain orientation in the stretched films.

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Toledo, Lucas de Alcântara Sica de, Maíra Isabeli Bavato, Hélen Cássia Rosseto, Rita Cortesi, and Marcos Luciano Bruschi. "Pharmaceutical films made from the waste material from the preparation of propolis extracts: development and characterization." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 51, no. 4 (December 2015): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502015000400011.

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abstract This study investigated the development and characterized the physicochemical properties of films obtained from by-products (BP) from the preparation of propolis extracts. Films were produced in the presence and absence of a polymeric adjuvant (gelatin or ethylcellulose) and propylene glycol by a solvent casting method. Density, surface topography by scanning electron microscopy, mechanical properties (folding endurance, tensile strength and percentage elongation), water vapour permeability (WVP), moisture uptake capacity, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were determined. The films were a transparent, light greenish-yellow colour, with a uniform surface, and were flexible and easy to handle. The thickness and density of the preparations indicated that the compounds were homogeneously dispersed throughout the film. Mechanical properties were influenced by the film composition; films containing gelatin were more resistant to stress, while those containing ethylcellulose were more flexible. Increasing the adjuvant concentration decreased the elasticity and the rupture resistance, but increased the moisture uptake capacity and WVP of the formulations. BP was thermally stable as were the films. FTIR tests suggested interactions between BP and the adjuvants. This work could contribute to the utilization of BP to prepare films for food and pharmaceutical uses

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Ji, Tengteng, Rong Zhang, Xiaorong Dong, Dur E. Sameen, Saeed Ahmed, Suqing Li, and Yaowen Liu. "Effects of Ultrasonication Time on the Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Nano-ZnO/Multilayer Graphene Nanoplatelet Composite Films." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091797.

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Ultrasonication-assisted solution casting was used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/nano-ZnO/multilayer graphene nanoplatelet (xGnP) composite films; the performances (mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), biodegradability and antibacterial activity) of these films were investigated as a function of the ZnO NPs:xGnP mass ratio and ultrasonication time. Intermolecular interactions among ZnO NPs, xGnP and the PVA/CMC matrix were shown to improve WVP, while X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that the internal reticular structure of ultrasound-treated PVA/CMC/ZnO NPs/xGnP composite films was in a fluffier state than that of the untreated composite films and the PVA/CMC film. The incorporation of ZnO NPs and xGnP into the composite film reduced its tensile strength and elongation at break, and increased antibacterial activity and biodegradability. In addition, we carried out the experiment of strawberry preservation and measured weight loss ratio, firmness, content of total soluble solids and titration acid. Finally, the composite film of 7:3 had the best preservation effect on strawberries. Thus, the obtained results paved the way to develop novel biodegradable composite films with antimicrobial activity for a wide range of applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'WVP'

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