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Journal articles on the topic 'Würm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis, and Maurice Reille. "The Pollen Sequence of Les Échets (France): A New Element for the Chronology of the Upper Pleistocene." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 38, no. 1 (November 29, 2007): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032531ar.

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ABSTRACT Les Échets mire (near Lyon, France) is one of the very few European sites showing an almost continuous record from the glaciation that preceded the Eemian up to now. The pollen diagram can easily be correlated with those from Grande Pile (Vosges). On the basis of a comparison between the two sequences, the age of three clearly temperate post-Eemian episodes (Saint-Germain Ia, Ic and Il at Grande Pile) is discussed. The authors correlate these episodes with the Early Würm Interstadials of Amersfoort, Brorup and Odderade described in Northern Europe and accept the chronology of Grande Pile that dates Saint-Germain I and Saint-Germain Il between ca 115 000 and 70 000 BP, thus making them equivalents of deep sea isotopic stages 5c and 5a. This leads to refute the 14C chronology admitted up to now that places the Early Würm between 75 000 and 55 000 BP. Considering the predominant temperate episodes during this period, the authors propose to use the term "Pre-Würm" instead of "Early Würm". During the Middle Würm, three not well-marked interstadials can be recognized. No interstadial is found during the late Pleni-Würm.

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2

Guadelli, Jean-Luc. "Les cerfs du Würm ancien en Aquitaine." Paléo 8, no. 1 (1996): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/pal.1996.908.

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3

Schreiner, Albert, and Georg Sawatzki. "Der Wiesetalgletscher im Südschwarzwald in der Würm- und Rißeiszeit." Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins 82 (April 25, 2000): 377–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/jmogv/82/2000/377.

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4

Tsai, Cheng-Lung, Kôhei Kubota, Hong-Thai Pham, and Wen-Bin Yeh. "Ancestral Haplotype Retention and Population Expansion Determine the Complicated Population Genetic Structure of the Hilly Lineage of Neolucanus swinhoei Complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) on the Subtropical Taiwan Island." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030227.

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The present study demonstrates that the complicated genetic structure of the hilly lineage of the Neolucanus swinhoei complex was driven by its biological features and habitat requirements as well as hindrance by the CMR during periodical Pleistocene glaciations. The results revealed a tendency of geographical differentiation and major and sub- lineage divergences before and after the Riss glaciation, followed by stable population growth during Würm glaciation. At least four refugia were inferred for N. swinhoei during the Riss–Würm glaciations. The ancestral haplotype retention in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and compensated substitution in 16S rRNA gene is a possible evolutionary scenario resulting in the inconsistent evolution pattern between COI and 16S rRNA gene coupled with the long-distance dispersal of N. swinhoei. Although the CMR did hinder the dispersal of N. swinhoei, its ancestors may have dispersed to eastern Taiwan through the northern and southern low mountains of the CMR before the Riss glaciation. Our finding suggests that the population growth in the Würm glaciation led a dispersal back to western Taiwan, which is contrast to the more common dispersal scenario from western Taiwan to eastern populations proposed in other studies.

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5

Wegmüller, Samuel. "Palynostratigraphische Untersuchungen an letztinterglazialen Schieferkohlen des nördlichen Napfvorlandes (Schweizerisches Mittelland)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.45.1.08.

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Abstract. Auf der südwestlich des Städtchens Huttwil (Schweizerisches Mittelland) gelegenen Terrasse von Schweinbrunnen wurde mit einer Rotationskernbohrung ein 11,60 m langes Profil mit Schieferkohleflözen gewonnen und pollenanalytisch untersucht. Dabei wurde ein nahezu vollständiges Interglazial erläßt, das aufgrund palynostratigraphischer Befunde dem letzten Interglazial (Riss/Würm) zuzuordnen ist. Zwei fragmentarische Sequenzen aus Sedimenten im Hangenden der Schieferkohlen zeigen kurze Ausschnitte aus Pinus/Picea-Interstadialen. Die Ablagerung der Schieferkohlen setzte kurz, nach dem Beginn der Abies-Phase ein und kam am Ende des Interglazials zum Stillstand. Die frühen Phasen des Interglazials waren durch starke Erosions- und Akkumulationsvorgänge gekennzeichnet. Größere Abtragungsvorgänge fanden ebenfalls während der Abies-Phase und am Übergang zur nachfolgenden Kaltzeit (Würm) statt.

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6

Feldmann, Ludger. "Ehemalige Ammerseestände im Hoch- und Spätglazial des Würm." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.42.1.04.

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Abstract. Auf der Grundlage terrassenmorphologischer Untersuchungen im oberen Ampertal lassen sich neben dem rezenten Ammerseespiegel von 533 m NN alte Seespiegel bei 565 m, 561 m, 555 m, 544m, 542 m und 536m rekonstruieren. Die Datierung dieser Seespiegel ergibt sich aus morphologischen und pedologischen Beobachtungen, wobei die zwei höchsten Wasserstände keinem Seespiegel, sondern einem Gerinne auf Toteis entsprechen. Die Absenkung von 565 auf 561m NN erfolgte nach dem Ammerseestadium, die folgende auf 555 m NN an der Wende vom Hoch- zum Spätglazial, wobei der Seespiegel von 536m NN sehr wahrscheinlich erst in der Jüngeren Dryas erreicht wurde. Die Zerschneidung der Endmoränen und damit die Erniedrigung des Ammerseespiegels hat vermutlich sehr viel länger gedauert, als bisher angenommen wurde.

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7

Mohammed, Boukhir, Chaouni Abdel-Ali, and Lahrach Abderrahim. "Etude Sedimentologique Et Stratigraphique Du Remplissage Du Grand Porche Du Gisement De Montgaudier, Charente, France." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 18 (June 30, 2017): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n18p402.

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The sedimentological study of the deposits accumulated at the level of the two sectors of the Grand Porche of Montgaudier allowed establishing a stratigraphic synthesis of the deposits in this part of the filling of this deposit and the paleoclimatic conditions of the establishment of the different types of sediments. The systematic analyzes carried out on samples taken from the two sectors I and II revealed their origins: allochthonous and autochthonous. The data from these sedimentological analyzes of this filling also revealed the conditions and the factors which led to the establishment of these deposits. Finally, these stratigraphic studies allowed establishing a chronological framework relative to the chronology of the deposits of the adjacent loci, 8 and 6, attributed to the old würm and the Riss-würm.

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8

Keller, O., and E. Krayss. "Die hochwürmzeitlichen Rückzugsphasen des Rhein-Vorlandgletschers und der erste alpine Eisrandkomplex im Spätglazial." Geographica Helvetica 42, no. 2 (June 30, 1987): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-42-169-1987.

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Abstract. The Upper Pleistocene Wurm Glaciation Recessional Stades of the Alpine foreland glaciers of the Rhine area, and the first Alpine boundary complex of the Late Pleistocene. In the Rhine area of the Wurm glaciation, the recessional Stades can be morphologically subdivided by means of glacial boundary complexes. The Würm-Stem-on-the-Rhine complex is evidence for an upper Wurm readvance of the foreland glaciers after an intensive melting period (± 16 000 y BP?). The first Late Pleistocene readvance of the local northern Alpine glaciers appears as the Würm-Weissbad complex (± 14 000 y BP?), while in the main network of the glaciation no reaction is recognizable. In the Upper Pleistocene of the Wurm, the equilibrium line of the Rhine glacier was at an elevation of 1000 m. The first readvance of local glaciers in the Late Pleistocene took place at an elevation of about 1500 m.

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9

Oskar, Keller. "Erwägungen zur Korrelation mittelpleistozäner Relikte des Rheingletschers mit der Nordschweizer Stratigraphie." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 63, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.63.1.02.

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Abstract. Für die Nordschweiz wird in Preusser, Graf, Keller, Krayss & Schlüchter (2011) dargelegt, dass vor den bekannten Glazialen Würm = Birrfeld und Riss = Beringen zwei (eventuell drei) weitere mittelpleistozäne Glaziale einzuschieben sind: Habsburg und Möhlin. In dieser Arbeit werden an ausgewählten Schlüsselstellen in Süddeutschland litho- und morphostratigraphische Befunde ausgewertet, die es ermöglichen diese zwei neu eingeführten Glaziale auch auf den Rheingletscher zu übertragen. Dem Zeitraum der Deckenschotter-Eiszeiten schliesst sich die Periode der MPR (Mittelpleistozäne Reorganisation) mit einer markanten fluvialen Ausräumung des Bodenseegebiets an. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Gletscher der nachfolgenden mittelpleistozänen Becken-Eiszeiten das übertiefte Bodenseebecken ausschürften. Die älteste dieser Eiszeiten wird als Größtes Rheinisches Glazial (GRG) = Möhlin bezeichnet und entspricht dem von Ellwanger (2003) eingeführten Hosskirch. Ihm können im nördlichen Rheingletschergebiet alle äußersten glaziären Bildungen zugewiesen werden. Im Nordwesten wurden diese früher als risszeitlich interpretiert, im Nordosten hingegen als mindelzeitlich. Das GRG ist nachweisbar älter als Riss, aber jünger als die Jüngeren Deckenschotter. Mindel im Nordosten des Rheingletschers würde daher zur Becken-Eiszeit. Das Habsburg-Glazial erreichte in der Nordschweiz ungefähr Ausmaße wie Würm. Im Rheingletschergebiet konnten in der entsprechenden Bandbreite, aber auch ausserhalb Zeugen und/oder Indizien gefunden werden, die dieses Glazial wahrscheinlich machen. Bisher ist diese eiszeitliche Großvergletscherung im nördlichen Rheingletschergebiet nicht erkannt worden, weil ihre Hinterlassenschaften von den nachfolgenden Glazialen Riss und Würm großenteils zerstört wurden. Für die chronostratigraphische Einordnung des Größten Rheinischen Glazials GRG sowie des Habsburg-Glazials können zwischengeschaltete Interglaziale als Zeitmarken beigezogen werden: IG Unterpfauzenwald – GRG – IG Holstein – Habsburg – IG Meikirch – Riss – IG Eem. Demgemäss ergibt sich folgende zeitliche Ordnung für die Glaziale: GRG +350 ka BP (MIS 10), Habsburg +250 ka BP (MIS 8), Riss +150 ka BP (MIS 6).

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10

Mayr, Christoph, Renate Matzke-Karasz, Philipp Stojakowits, Sally E. Lowick, Bernd Zolitschka, Tanja Heigl, Richard Mollath, et al. "Palaeoenvironments during MIS 3 and MIS 2 inferred from lacustrine intercalations in the loess–palaeosol sequence at Bobingen (southern Germany)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 66, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-66-73-2017.

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Abstract. Recently exposed loess–palaeosol sequences in the northern Alpine foreland close to Bobingen (southern Germany) were investigated with a multi-proxy approach combining isotopic, geochemical, lithological, and micropalaeontological methods. Luminescence ages date the sections into the Middle and Upper Würmian periods corresponding to Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2. A gleyic soil horizon at the base was dated to 45 ka and provided a palynoflora dominated by Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Pinus, as well as frequent aquatic taxa. Lacustrine conditions prevailed after the gley formation until 30 ka, providing a comparatively diverse lacustrine fauna dominated by aquatic gastropods and the ostracod species Candona candida. At the transition to the Upper Würm, climatic conditions became harsh, indicated by accelerated deposition of more coarse-grained loess, organic geochemical indicators, and scarceness of biotic remains. Two tundra-gley horizons in the Upper Würm point to short phases of climatic amelioration with higher humidity also evidenced by reoccurrence of ostracod and aquatic gastropod remains. We propose that these climatic ameliorations were coincident with the Greenland interstadials 4 and 2.

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11

WELTEN, MAX. "Late Glacial and Late Weichselian (Spätglazial und Spät-Würm): a comment." Boreas 8, no. 3 (January 16, 2008): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1979.tb00821.x.

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12

Müller, Ulrich C., Jörg Pross, and Erhard Bibus. "Vegetation response to rapid climate change in Central Europe during the past 140,000 yr based on evidence from the Füramoos pollen record." Quaternary Research 59, no. 2 (March 2003): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-5894(03)00005-x.

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AbstractThe response of Central European vegetation to rapid climate change during the late Quaternary period (Eemian to Holocene) is assessed by data from the new pollen record of Füramoos, southwestern Germany. This record represents the longest late Quaternary pollen record north of the Alps as currently known. Its high degree of completeness allows detailed correlations with Greenland ice cores and sea–surface temperature records from the North Atlantic. Our data show that if climate deteriorations were not long or severe enough to extirpate refugia of arboreal taxa north of the Alps such as during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 5 (i.e., Würm Stadial A, Stadial B, and Stadial C), reforestation with the onset of warmer conditions in Central Europe occurred on a centennial scale. If arboreal taxa became completely extinct north of the Alps such as during MIS 4 (i.e., Würm Stadial D), several thousand years were necessary for the reimmigration from refugia situated in regions south of the Alps. Thus, Dansgaard–Oeschger interstades (DOIS) 24 to 20 and 15 to 11 are expressed in Central European pollen records, whereas DOIS 19 to 16 are not recorded due to migration lags.

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13

Rebelo, Fernando. "O risco de sedimentação na laguna de Aveiro: leitura actual de um texto de Amorim Girão (1922)." Territorium, no. 14 (August 26, 2007): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_14_6.

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O risco de sedimentação na laguna de Aveiro é apresentado com base na leitura actual de um dos capítulos da tese de doutoramento de Amorim Girão (1922). Vários momentos da evolução da laguna são interpretados através das mais importantes mudanças climáticas conhecidas desde o período frio do Würm até hoje. A previsão do desaparecimento da laguna é fortalecida, agora, com o acelerar dos processos naturais pela intervenção do homem.

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14

Schlüchter, Christian. "Lokale Vergletscherungsspuren im westlichen Ausläufer des Napfberglandes (Schweiz)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.37.1.04.

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Abstract. Über die quartäre Vergletscherungsgeschichte des Napfberglandes in der Zentralschweiz ist im Einzelnen wenig bekannt. Zwei Vergletscherungen sind allgemein anerkannt: a) die große Vergletscherung (= klassisches Riß) ist in der Form erratischer Leitgesteine belegt und (b) die letzte Eiszeit (= Würm) ist als Lokalvergletscherung durch glazigene Formen und bescheidene Ablagerungen bekannt gewesen. — Neue lokale Beobachtungen zeigen, daß die letzteiszeitliche Vergletscherung des Napfberglandes auch die westlichsten Ausläufer um 750 m erfaßt hat.

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15

Van Husen, Dirk, and Jürgen M. Reitner. "An Outline of the Quaternary Stratigraphy of Austria." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 60, no. 2/3 (July 22, 2011): 366–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.60.2-3.09.

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Abstract. Es wird ein Überblick über die in Österreich verwendete Quartär-Stratigraphie gegeben. Die stratigraphische Gliederung der kartierbaren Sedimenteinheiten basiert teilweise auf Kriterien der Lithostratigraphie (lithologischer Eigenschaften) und jenen der Allostratigraphie (z.B. Diskonitinuitäten). Für das Altpleistozän (2.58–0.78 Ma) fehlen bis jetzt Spuren einer Vergletscherung. Die wenigen und isolierten Sedimentvorkommen belegen fluviatile Akkumulation und Lössablagerung in der Umgebung der Flüsse. Paläomagnetisch korrelierte Löss-Paläoboden – Sequenzen wie das Profil Stranzendorf mit der Gauss/Matuyama – Grenze bzw. Neogen/Quartär – Grenze dokumentieren in Übereinstimmung mit den globalen δ18O Werten etwas wärmere Bedingungen als im Mittelpleistozän (0.78–0.13 Ma). Vier Großvergletscherungen (Günz, Mindel, Riß und Würm) sind für Mittelpleistozän und Jungpleistozän belegt. Diese sind mit Sedimenten aus der Vorstoßphase überlagert von Grundmoräne, Endmoränen im Alpenvorland und damit verknüpfte Terrassenschüttungen sowie Lössakkumulation dokumentiert. Daraus ist die klimagesteuerte Sedimentation im Zusammenhang mit dem Vorstoß der Gletscher, der Ausbreitung des Permafrostes und der Frostschuttbildung bis ins Vorland erkennbar. Die jüngsten Großvergletscherungen Riß und Würm werden aufgrund geochronologischer Daten mit den Marinen Isotopenstufen (MIS) 6 und 2 korreliert. Für Günz und Mindel scheint eine Gleichzeitigkeit mit den Phasen massiver globaler Klimaverschlechterung während MIS 16 und MIS 12 plausibel. Dokumente für die schwächeren Glaziale wurden bisher nur in Lössprofilen (z.B. Krems Schießstätte) gefunden.

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16

Gómez-Orellana, Luis, Pablo Ramil-Rego, and Castor Muñoz Sobrino. "The Würm in NW Iberia, A pollen record from Area Longa (Galicia)." Quaternary Research 67, no. 3 (May 2007): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.01.003.

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AbstractThe pollen record at Area Longa is the westernmost sequence available for investigation of the last glaciation in continental Europe. It is located in a region, NW Iberia, for which data from times earlier than the late glacial period are scarce. It comprises a series of exposed limnetic levels that lie above an Eemian (Oxygen Isotope Stage [OIS] 5e) beach and are separated by inorganic layers. The oldest limnetic level (Level I), attributed to the early glacial period (OIS 5a to OIS 5d), shows a dominance of woodland with high proportions of Fagus pollen and is tentatively identified with St. Germain I. The lower pleniglacial (OIS 4) Level II records a stadial landscape of grassland and shrub. Level III, from the pleniglacial interstade (OIS 3), reflects a complex period in which three warmer woodland phases alternated with periods of more open vegetation. This cyclical behavior correlates with the ice core isotope record and with the general tendencies observed in other Würmian pollen records, but the composition of our pollen profiles differs from those observed in these other records. In NW Iberia, the dominant trees were deciduous taxa, not conifers. Of particular note is the presence of lowland Fagus woodlands during the pre-Würm, and the occurrence of Carpinus considerably farther west than the boundary of its current distribution in the Iberian Peninsula.

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17

Link, Arne, and Frank Preusser. "Hinweise auf eine Vergletscherung des Kemptener Beckens (Südwest-Bayern) im Mittleren Würm." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.55.1.04.

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Abstract. In den glazial übertieften Becken des würmzeitlichen Illergletschers wurden Untersuchungen zur Lagerung (Bohr- und Aufschlussdaten) und zur Chronologie (Lumineszenzdatierungen) limnischer Sedimente durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse belegen drei getrennte Phasen mit einer Akkumulation von feinkörnigen lakustrinen Beckensedimenten im Bereich des Kemptener Beckens, die dem späten Hochglazial (Marines Isotopen-Stadium 2), dem Mittleren Würm (MIS 3) und dem Präwürm zugeordnet werden. Die Sedimentabfolgen dokumentieren mit ihrem typischen Profilaufbau (Tillkomplex an der Basis; Bänderschluffe mit dropstones; Bänderschluffe), dass im Bereich des Kemptener Beckens in den drei genannten Zeitbereichen jeweils eine Vergletscherung mit Eiszerfall und abschließender Seephase nachzuweisen ist. Die mittelwürmzeitlichen Sedimentabfolgen sind stratigraphisch von besonderer Bedeutung, da sie auf eine Vergletscherung des Kemptener Beckens hinweisen, die unter Berücksichtigung regionaler und überregionaler Klimaarchive dem MIS 4 zugeordnet wird. Entsprechende Eisrandlagen konnten bisher an der Reliefoberfläche nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, da sie mit dem Eisvorstoß zum Würmhochstand (MIS 2) vermutlich überfahren und verschliffen wurden.

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18

Becker, Patrick, Martin Funk, Christian Schlüchter, and Kolumban Hutter. "A study of the Würm glaciation focused on the Valais region (Alps)." Geographica Helvetica 72, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-72-421-2017.

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Abstract. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the glaciation in the European Alps reached maximum ice extent. We already simulated the steady states of the Alpine ice coverage for several climate drivers in Becker et al. (2016) and heighten in this article such studies for the Swiss Valais region. To this end, we employ the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), which combines the shallow ice approximation (SIA) with basal sliding elements of the shallow shelf approximation (SSA), and subject this model to various external driving mechanisms. We further test the sensitivity of this kind of the ice coverage in the Valais region to a temporally constant climate and to monotonic ice sheet build-up from inception to steady state as well as to the Dye 3 temperature driving during the past 120 000 years. We also test differences in the precipitation patterns exerted to the northern and southern catchment areas of the Rhone and Toce rivers to possible transfluence changes in ice from the northern to the southern catchment areas and vice versa. Moreover, we study the effect of the ice deformability and estimate the removal up to 1000 m of sediment in the Rhone Valley and study the removal of rock hindering the flow through the valley cross section at the knee of Martigny. All these studies took place because of a discrepancy in the ice height prediction of the modelled ice sheet with its geomorphologically reconstructed counterpart with proxy data obtained by Bini et al. (2009) as well as a difference in ice height between the two of up to 800 m. Unfortunately, all the scenarios in the model do not sufficiently reduce this discrepancy in the height prediction and the geomorphological reconstruction. The model results have discovered an ice dynamical discrepancy with the land map in Bini et al. (2009).

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19

Bueche, Thomas, and Kilian Loesch. "High-resolution DTM-based stratigraphic correlation of fluvial terraces along River Würm." KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information 67, no. 6 (November 2017): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544503.

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20

Straus, Lawrence Guy. "Late Würm adaptive systems in Cantabrian Spain: The case of eastern Asturias." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5, no. 4 (December 1986): 330–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4165(86)90016-4.

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21

Rosique, Thierry. "Détritisme et morphogenèse à la fin du Würm dans les Alpes françaises méridionales [Detritism and morphogenesis at the end of Würm in the Southern French Alps (Middle Durance).]." Quaternaire 8, no. 1 (1997): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/quate.1997.1556.

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22

Vidal Romani, Juan Ramon, and Daniel Fernández Mosquera. "Cronología glaciar pleistocena de la Serra de Gerês, (Norte de Portugal)." Estudos do Quaternário / Quaternary Studies, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30893/eq.v0i2.14.

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Pleistocene glacier chronology of the Serra do Gerês (Northern Portugal) — The dating of glacialfeatures by cosmogenic 2 1Ne isotopes in the Serra do Gerês have permitted to distinguish several glacierphases in which until the moment was considered a single one attributed to the Würm. The resulting dataare roughly consistent with the previous geomorphologic model for the area and improves the chronologicalaccuracy and the understanding of the pleistocene glacial dynamics in Northern Portugal.

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23

Buch, Manfred W., and Ludwig Zöller. "Gliederung und Thermolumineszenz-Chronologie der Würmlösse im Raum Regensburg." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.40.1.05.

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Abstract. Die seit dem Jahre 1984 gesammelten Befunde zur Würm-Löß-Gliederung im Raum Regensburg werden mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag anhand ausgewählter Profile zusammenfassend dargestellt und mit den Gliederungen von Brunnacker (1982) und Schellmann (1988) verglichen. Auf der Grundlage von 11 Thermolumineszenz-Datierungen und drei 14C-Datierungen wird eine Korrelation mit der Pedostratigraphie des Würms in Mittel- und Osteuropa diskutiert. Der Bildungszeitraum der „Mosbacher Humuszonen" während des Altwürms ist im Untersuchungsgebiet mit einem TL-Alter von 74 +/- 7,4 ka vor heute im Bereich des humosen Abschnittes der „Basisfließerde" im Sinne von BRUNNACKER (1982) erfaßt. Der Übergang von solifluidaler Umlagerung zu verstärkter Lößsedimentation findet im Raum Regensburg im Verlauf des frühen Mittelwürms um 58 +/- 5 ka vor heute statt. Als „Mittelwürm-Boden" (MW-Boden) wird aus dem Untersuchungsraum ein kräftiger f Bv-Horizont beschrieben, der einer Bodenbildung während des Denekamp-Interstadials zwischen 28 und 30 ka vor heute entspricht, die möglicherweise aber auch noch ältere mittelwürmzeitlich-interstadiale Phasen der Pedogenese einschließt. Der Jungwürmlöß ist im Raum Regensburg durch drei initiale Verbraunungshorizonte (f Cv-Horizonte) und einen Naßboden („N") gegliedert (Abb. 14). Die älteste TL-datierte jungwürmzeitliche Lößakkumulation erfolgte um 25,4 + / —2,4 ka. Ein bereits nach biostratigraphischen Befunden als spätglazial eingestufter sogenannter „Sumpflöß" wurde mit einem TL-Alter von 16,2 + /—1,5 ka datiert.

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Glückert, G. "Zur letzten Eiszeit im alpinen und nordeuropäischen Raum." Geographica Helvetica 42, no. 2 (June 30, 1987): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-42-93-1987.

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Abstract. On the last Glaciation of the Alps and Fennoscandia. During the Pleistocene the Alps and the Fennoscandian Shield were covered several times with extensive ice caps. During the last Ice Age. the Würm or Weichsel Glaciation, the maximum extent of the glaciers occurred at the end of the Ice Age, as late as 20.000 years ago. The main retreat phases during deglaciation were marked as distinct ice marginal zones and dated between 20,000 and 9,000 BP.

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Štěpančíková, Petra. "River Terraces at the lower course of the Sázava River from Vrabčí Brod to Kamenný Přívoz." Geografie 108, no. 3 (2003): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2003108030216.

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A detailed geomorphological analysis of terraces within this part of the valley is submitted in the article. Only denudated relics of these terraces occur in the studied section of the valley. Comparison to the terrace system of the Vltava River was exerted for the arrangement of the Sázava terraces into the stratigraphical chronology. The terraces of the groups IIIA (Günz 2) up to VII (Würm) have been identified in the examined part of the Sázava valley.

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26

Monegato, Giovanni, Cesare Ravazzi, Marta Donegana, Roberta Pini, Gilberto Calderoni, and Lucia Wick. "Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end moraine system (eastern Alps)." Quaternary Research 68, no. 2 (September 2007): 284–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.07.002.

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AbstractThe glacial history of the Tagliamento morainic amphitheater (southeastern Alpine foreland, Italy) during the last glacial maximum (LGM) has been reconstructed by means of a geological survey and drillings, radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis in the amphitheater and in the sandur. Two phases of glacial culmination, separated by a distinct recession, are responsible for glacial landforms and related sediments in the outer part of the amphitheater. The age of the younger advance fits the chronology of the culmination of the last glaciation in the Alps, well established between 24 and 21 cal ka BP (20 to 17.5 14C ka BP), whereas the first pulse between 26.5 and 23 cal ka BP (22 to 21 14C ka BP), previously undated, was usually related to older (pre-LGM) glaciations by previous authors. Here, the first pulse is the most extensive LGM culmination, but is often buried by the subsequent pulse. The onset and final recession of the late Würm Alpine glaciation in the Tagliamento amphitheater are synchronous with the established global glacial maximum between 30 and 19 cal ka BP. The two-fold LGM glacial oscillation is interpreted as a millennial-scale modulation within the late Würm glaciation, caused by oscillations in inputs of southerly atmospheric airflows related to Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles. Phases of enhanced southerly circulation promoted increased rainfall and ice accumulation in the southern Alps.

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Laukhin, S. A., Kh A. Arslanov, G. N. Shilova, F. Yu Velichkevich, F. E. Maksimov, V. Yu Kuznetsov, S. B. Chernov, and T. V. Tertychnaya. "Paleoclimates and chronology of the middle Würm megainterstadial on the West Siberian Plain." Doklady Earth Sciences 411, no. 2 (December 2006): 1457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x06090273.

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28

Fabre, Richard, Jean-Pierre Texier, Bernard Clément, and Thomas Lebourg. "Méthode de localisation des moraines de convergence dans une ancienne vallée glaciaire (Pyrénées, France) : conséquences sur les instabilités des moraines et reconstruction des glaciers au Würm." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-107.

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In this work, we show how it is possible to locate the thickest of till areas from the geological and geomorphological map-making of glacial formations in high mountain sites. This qualitative information is the result of a mapping methodology realized in two stages, and applied to an old glaciated Pyrenees valley, the Aspe valley. In the first stage, we show the need to draw the map of the undifferentiated glacial formations to establish the geomorphological Aspe valley map during the Würm (10 000 to 70 000 BC). This period of glaciation is correlated to the Northern Europe glacial Weichselien episode. The second stage consists in superimposing the topographic and geomorphological maps to determine the altimetric position of the lateral and convergence tills of the various glaciers. The method proposed makes it possible to obtain on a map, the position of the thickest convergence tills. The thickest of the convergence tills is verified in the field by different electrical surveys. Also, we observed that more than 50% of the landslides present in this valley are probably of Holocene age, but not reactivated at present. This can be explained by the strong variation of their mechanical characteristics compared with the slope of the side and the substratum. We show that the suggested map-making method can be applied, under certain conditions, to other glaciated valleys.Key words: Pyrenees, Würm (Weichselian age), glacial modelling, moraine, landslides.

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Hillaire-Marcel, Claude, Bassam Ghaleb, Clément Gariépy, Cari Zazo, Manolo Hoyos, and Jose-Luis Goy. "U-Series Dating by the TIMS Technique of Land Snails from Paleosols in the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 44, no. 2 (September 1995): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1072.

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AbstractA sequence of seven superimposed paleosols developed on eolian calcarenites and alluvium was sampled on the island of Lanzarote in order to examine the possibility of dating land snail shells by the U-series method, using a TIMS technique allowing measurement of U and Th isotopes in very small samples. In the lower six units, the fossil shells yielded D-allo/L-isoleucine (A/I) ratios of about 0.5 and apparent AMS 14C ages ranging from 41,000 to 34,000 yr B.P., indicating that most paleosols formed during a relatively short mid-Würm humid episode. The upper unit (paleosol 7) yielded more variable A/I ratios (ranging from 0.6 to 0.2) and a younger 14C age ∼27,000 yr B.P. Most samples contained enough U to allow the calculation of U-series ages, after correction for the presence of a detrital component. In samples containing a few tens of ppb of U (paleosols 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7), the ages are strongly dependent upon the model used for the correction. In samples containing more than 300 ppb of U (paleosols 4 and 5), concordant ages of ∼31,000 ± 1000 yr were obtained regardless of the correction model used. U uptake in these shells occurred during one single early diagenetic phase, soon after burial, since shells of modern snails do not contain any significant amount of U. The arid conditions subsequent to the mid-Würm humid episode have likely ensured since then a fair closure of the radioactive system.

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Stojakowits, Philipp, and Arne Friedmann. "A contribution to the vegetation history of the late Riss/Würmian Interglacial on the Iller-Lech plain." Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins 102 (April 2, 2020): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/jmogv/102/0020.

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31

Flageollet, Jean-Claude. "Quartäre Vereisungen in den lothringischen Vogesen: Anzahl, Ausdehnung und Alter." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.38.1.03.

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Abstract. Die abschließende Auswertung der Arbeiten zur Aufnahme der Geologischen Karte 1 : 50.000 der Vogesen (Blätter Bruyeres und Epinal) hat bestätigt, daß der mittlere Teil der westlichen Vogesen von zumindest drei aufeinanderfolgenden Vereisungen betroffen war. Vor allem die Randlagen der dritten Vereisung sind in den Tälern von Mosel, Ognon und Moselotte und im Gebiet um Le Tholy nachgewiesen. Unter Bezug auf die für Grand Pile und Les Echets aufgestellten Stratigraphien kann man die dritte Vereisung des Moselbeckens dem Würm-Hochglazial zuordnen. Daraus ergibt sich mindel- bzw. rißzeitliches Alter für die vorausgehenden Vereisungen.

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32

Jerz, Hermann, and Joachim Mangelsdorf. "Die interglazialen Kalksinterbildungen bei Hurlach nördlich Landsberg am Lech." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 39, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.39.1.04.

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Abstract. Von Hurlach nördlich Landsberg a. Lech werden Sinterkalke mit vielfältiger Ausbildung beschrieben. Sie zeichnen sich durch humose Lagen und durch eine reiche Molluskenfauna aus (vgl. Beitrag Kovanda, i. ds. Bd.). Nach der geologischen Situation und aufgrund weiterer Ergebnisse (Palynologie, Malakologie, U/Th-Datierung) besitzen sie ein interglaziales Alter (Riß/Würm). Die Kalkabsätze sind heute isoliert, durch Seiten- und Tiefenerosion von den am östlichen Lechsteilhang austretenden Quellen abgeschnitten. Der Lech hat demzufolge hier in den letzten hunderttausend Jahren sein Steilufer bis zu 200 m weit nach E zurückverlegt.

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33

Bravard, Jean-Paul. "Tectonique et dynamique fluviale du Würm à l’Holocène à la confluence Saône-Rhône (France)." Paléoréseaux hydrographiques quaternaires : centenaire W.M. Davis 51, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033130ar.

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RÉSUMÉLes travaux classiques réalisés sur le cours aval de la Saône ont mis en évidence le fait que la nappe alluviale würmienne se trouve à une altitude inférieure à celle du cours d'eau actuel; elle est par ailleurs en position déprimée par rapport à la terrasse fluvio-glaciaire, considérée comme étant de même âge, qui se développe en rive gauche du Rhône sur le site de Lyon. L'interprétation communément admise privilégie le facteur tectonique qui serait responsable de la subsidence de la plaine de la Saône et de la surrection relative de la région de Lyon. Des observations nouvelles et la reprise d'observations anciennes négligées conduisent à proposer un schéma d'évolution postglaciaire sensiblement différent. La position déprimée des alluvions würmiennes de la Saône dans la région de Villefranche-sur-Saône correspondrait à un niveau d'érosion fluviatile tardiglaciaire (Alleröd) en relation avec un niveau de base rhodanien incisé par rapport au niveau actuel de la plaine alluviale. La réaccumulation holocène du Rhône, rapidement acquise, aurait provoqué une accumulation régressive de la Saône; un affluent du Massif central à forte charge. l'Azergues, a pu jouer un rôle dans l'établissement du profil en long de la Saône aval dans la deuxième moitié de l'Holocène et contribuer à créer un effet barrage ayant favorisé la sédimentation fine de la Saône dans son lit majeur. Cette forte contribution des processus fluviatiles à la mise en place du remplissage alluvial n'exclut pas celle des processus tectoniques qui ont très probablement joué un rôle important à l'échelle du Quaternaire. On propose ici de combiner les deux facteurs explicatifs en relativisant le rôle de la surrection dans le secteur de la confluence Rhône-Saône et de la subsidence sur la Saône aval depuis le maximum du Würm.

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Blavoux, Bernard. "L'occupation de la cuvette lémanique par le glacier du Rhône au cours du Würm." Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'étude du quaternaire 25, no. 2 (1988): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/quate.1988.1867.

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35

Monjuvent, Guy, and Gérard Nicoud. "Interprétation de la déglaciation rhodanienne au Würm, des moraines « internes » à la cuvette lémanique." Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'étude du quaternaire 25, no. 2 (1988): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/quate.1988.1874.

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36

ALPAR, B. "Plio-Quaternary history of the Turkish coastal zone of the Enez-Evros Delta: NE Aegean Sea." Mediterranean Marine Science 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.269.

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The Enez-Evros Delta, NE Aegean Sea, is located in one the most important wetlands in the world with its sandy offshore islands, abandoned channel mouths, sand-dunes, shoals, marshlands, saline lagoons and saltpans. It comprises very well developed sedimentary units and a prodelta lying on an older submarine delta. The present day elevations of the middle-late Pleistocene marine terraces indicate a regional tectonic uplift in the area. Due to lack of geophysical and bore hole data and partly due to its strategic position, the structural and stratigraphic features of the submarine extension of the delta are not known in detail. In this paper, Plio-Quaternary history of this delta and its submarine part on the Turkish shelf was explored by using high-resolution shallow reflection seismic profiles. The delta is formed by the alluvial deposits of the Enez-Evros River and shaped by their interaction with the sea. It takes place in front of a large and protected ancient bay which was filled rapidly over millennia. The sediments in the plateau off the river are principally pro-deltaic with muddy areas near the river mouths changing to muddy sand further out. The sea-level changes in Plio-Quaternary were characterised by three different seismic stratigraphic units on the folded Miocene limestone basement. In the late Pleistocene, the shelf area over an Upper Miocene basement was flooded during the Riss-Würm interglacial period, exposed in the Würm glacial stage, and flooded once again during the Holocene transgression.

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37

Malicky, Hans. "Mitteleuropäische (extra - mediterrane) Arealkerne des Dinodal am Beispiel von Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 56, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.56.2.347-359.

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Aus eigenen Daten und aus Literaturangaben werden mindesten 13 mitteleuropäische Regionen (außerhalb des Mediterrangebietes) mit Anhäufungen oder Vorkommen von stenendemischen Trichopterenarten genannt, die als Arealkerne und als mögliche Refugien während der letzten (Würm-) Kaltzeit dieser und weiterer Arten gedeutet werden. Diese Areale sind: das Massif Central, Teile des französischen und schweizerischen Jura, Schwarzwald und Vogesen, die Umgebung von Grenoble, die Bergamasker Alpen und ihre Umgebung, die Lessinischen Alpen, die Karawanken und ihre Umgebung, die Steirischen Randgebirge, die Hohe Tatra, der Bereich von Tschernogora – Rodna - Maramuresch, das Bihor-Gebirge und Teile der Südkarpaten.StichwörterZoogeography, area dynamics, Dinodal, Trichoptera, Central Europe, Pleistocene refugia.

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38

Srdoč, Dušan, Nada Horvatinčić, Bogomil Obelić, Ines Krajcar-Bronić, and Peg O'Malley. "The Effects of Contamination of Calcareous Sediments on their Radiocarbon Ages." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007657.

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Two principal reasons for the inherent uncertainty in 14C dating of calcareous sediments such as tufa or those of lacustrine origin are the unknown initial 14C activity (Ao) of the sediment, mainly affecting younger (Holocene) samples, and contamination of older sediments with recent carbonate, causing 14C ages to be excessively young. To assess the contamination effect, samples of old tufa from the Riss/Würm interglacial were examined. These sediments contain essentially no 14C except that contributed by surface contamination. Tufa samples were crushed and grains ranging in size from <1 mm, 1 to 2mm, up to 4 to 5mm were separated for analysis; 2M HCl was then used to dissolve the samples in successive steps. 14C measurements indicated that each subsequent soluble fraction obtained from porous tufa gave a successively older age, indicating that the surface of the sample was contaminated by younger carbonates. No consistent effect of grain size on the 14C age was observed. Compact tufa proved to be less subject to contamination. 14C ages obtained on this material were also too young, yet older than the age obtained from porous tufa samples.14C ages of interglacial tufa were cross-checked with the 230Th/234U dating method, using samples of very clean calcite which overlies the tufa blocks. Inferred 230Th/234U ages of the interglacial tufa (which had yielded 14C dates ranging from 25,000 to 37,000 yr) coincided with the last interglacial (Riss/Würm, Stage 5). Samples of Holocene tufa, in which contributions of recent 14C from surface contamination would pose less of a problem, yielded 14C and 230Th/234U dates which were in excellent agreement.

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39

Blanc, Jean-Joseph. "Phases d'effondrements aux grottes préhistoriques : du Würm à l'Holocène dans le Midi de la France." Karstologia : revue de karstologie et de spéléologie physique 6, no. 1 (1985): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/karst.1985.2100.

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40

Dreesbach, Regina. "On the Lithostratigraphy of the Würm Glaciation in the Region of the Isar-Loisach Glacier." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 137, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/137/1986/553.

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41

Valoch, Karel. "Das Mittelwürm in den Lössen Südmährens und seine paläolithischen Kulturen." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.46.1.05.

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Abstract. Archaeological excavations at several sites in the loesses of Southern Moravia have revealed an Middle Würm Interstadial soil, classed by micromorphological analysis as between pararendzinas and chernozems. This soil has been named Bohunice after the locality where it was first defined and in accordance with the works of Haesaerts. Anthraconistic and palynologic analysis enabled a reconstruction of the vegetation and climate. The dominant landscape was open, with scattered groups of trees; the climate was cool and moderately wet. A number of radiocarbon dates relate to the period between 40 000 and 30 000 years B.P. At the time transitional cultures developed between the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic (Bohunician, Szeletian) and also the earliest Upper Palaeolithic culture (Aurignacian).

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COÛTEAUX, MICHEL. "Fluctuations glaciaires de la fin du Würm dans les Alpes françaises, établies par des analyses polliniques." Boreas 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1983.tb00359.x.

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43

Muñoz Sobrino, Castor, Pablo Ramil-Rego, and Luis Gómez-Orellana. "Late Würm and early Holocene in the mountains of northwest Iberia: biostratigraphy, chronology and tree colonization." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 16, no. 4 (November 10, 2006): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-006-0083-5.

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44

Falguères, Christophe, Henry de Lumley, and James L. Bischoff. "U-Series dates for stalagmitic flowstone E (Riss/Würm interglaciation) at Grotte du Lazaret, Nice, France." Quaternary Research 38, no. 2 (September 1992): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90058-q.

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45

Marquet, Jean Claude, Régis Vézian, and Armelle Gardeisen. "Le Portel-Ouest. Associations fauniques et paléoenvironnements sur la frange septentrionnale des Pyrénées ariègeoises au Würm ancien [The Portel-West. Paleoenvironment and faunat associations from the northern hedge of the ariegeoises Pyrenees during the ancient Würm]." Quaternaire 9, no. 4 (1998): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/quate.1998.1612.

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46

Carranza, Salvador, and Oscar Arribas. "Genetic uniformity of Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993 across its distribution range: a preliminary study with mtDNA sequences." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 4 (2008): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230389.

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AbstractThe genetic variability of the Pyrenean frog Rana pyrenaica was assessed using DNA sequences of the cytochrome b, COI and 12S rRNA mitochondrial genes. The results show that, despite inhabiting an area of mountainous terrain with high mountain peaks and deep isolated valleys, R. pyrenaica is genetically very homogeneous. The extremely low level of genetic variability observed, even in the fast evolving cytochrome b and COI genes, suggests that R. pyrenaica may have colonized most of its present range very rapidly after the last Würm glaciation from a refuge area in the Prepyrenees. This is the first attempt to establish the level of genetic variability of this endangered Pyrenean endemism and, as a result, it has major implications for its conservation.

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Roattino, Thibault, Christian Crouzet, Jean-Francois Buoncristiani, and Hélène Tissoux. "Geometry of glaciofluvial deposits and dynamics of the Lyonnais lobe ice front during the last glacial period (France, Northern Alps)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021012.

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Previous studies in the foreland of the French Western Alps, based on the analysis of geomorphological criteria for the internal moraine complex, show several stages of retreat or stagnation of the Lyonnais ice lobe during marine isotopic stages 4 and 2. Based on chronological data of the literature, the age of the Würmian maximum extension of the Lyon ice lobe must have occurred during MIS 4 but this result is still debated. At the Last Glacial Maximum, in the western part of the Lyonnais ice lobe, glaciofluvial corridors were active during flash floods draining glacial meltwater. Today, these corridors are dead valleys and display a series of terraces. In this paper, we analyse the sedimentary geometries and dynamics of three glaciofluvial corridors (Moidieu, Septeme and Heyrieux) located at the front of the internal moraine complex of the Lyonnais ice lobe. Upstream, the Moidieu corridor splits into three branches called North Moidieu, Central Moidieu and South Moidieu. Glaciofluvial deposits in the corridors are composed of pebbles and gravels in a sandy matrix. Sedimentary structures show mass flow events and the migration of river bars in braided channels which are characteristic of proximal glaciofluvial rivers in a proglacial environment. According to a new geomorphological map built using a high-resolution digital elevation model and an isopach map of the Quaternary deposits created from a compilation of the borehole data, we suggest that these corridors correspond to “tunnel valleys” built during the most extensive Riss glaciation. Then during the Würm maximum glacial extension, these “tunnel valleys” show complex infilling by glacio-fluvial sediments during the Würmian maximal extent. In the three corridors, the number of river terraces can be better defined by using new geomorphological analyses. A total of three Würm terraces can be observed: two in the north and three in the south. This difference between the south and north is probably a result of climatic and tectonic forcing.

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Povinec, P. P., O. Franko, A. Šivo, M. Richtáriková, R. Breier, P. K. Aggarwal, and L. Araguás-Araguás. "Spatial Radiocarbon and Stable Carbon Isotope Variability of Mineral and Thermal Waters in Slovakia." Radiocarbon 52, no. 3 (2010): 1056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200046130.

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Isotope hydrology investigations were carried out with the aim to study isotope variability in mineral and thermal waters (MTW) of Slovakia. The aquifers of MTW were formed by Triassic limestones and dolomites, which are found in the mountains as well as in the pre-Tertiary substratum of depressions and lowlands. The MTW were of artesian and/or open structures. At present, there are only boreholes available, as natural outflows have already been captured by them. Large spatial isotope variability (14C between 2 and 33.6 pMC, δ18O between −11.8‰ and −9.8‰, and δ13C between −12.7‰ and +3.4‰ for bicarbonates and −21‰ and –4.9‰ for free CO2) and heterogeneity of MTW was observed, indicating different origins of MTW. Corrected radiocarbon apparent ages of MTW indicate that they mostly infiltrated during the Würm and Holocene periods.

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Buoncristiani, Jean-François, and Michel Campy. "Late Pleistocene Detrital Sediment Yield of the Jura Glacier, France." Quaternary Research 56, no. 1 (July 2001): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2243.

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AbstractMeasures of present-day glacial erosion vary widely with the technique employed. This paper quantifies the glacial material trapped in a proglacial lake during the Würm glacial period. The Combe d'Ain site was occupied by a meltwater lake where all the detrital material entering it from the Jura glacier accumulated. Sediment yield is computed from three factors: (1) the size of the sediment source area, (2) the length of time the system operated, and (3) the volume of sediment trapped. The sediment budget of the lake system suggests a detrital sediment yield of 4400±1700 metric tons per square kilometer and per calendar year. This represents a denudation rate of 1.6±0.6 mm per year, illustrating that mechanical erosion by the Jura glacier is more intensive than other processes of erosion.

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Ferrier, Catherine, and J. C. Leblanc. "Le Bemat, un site paléontologique du Würm ancien en Gironde. Premiers résultats de l'étude géologique et karstique." Paléo 2, no. 1 (1990): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/pal.1990.993.

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