Academic literature on the topic 'WTO, TRIPS Agreement, Intellectual Property Rights in Afghanistan'
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Journal articles on the topic "WTO, TRIPS Agreement, Intellectual Property Rights in Afghanistan"
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Eberhard Tundang, Ronald. "US–China Trade War An Impetus for New Norms on Technology Transfer." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 943–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020040.
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This article argues that the trade dispute between United States (US) and China should be an impetus for new rules and norms regarding technology transfer at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Technology transfer is a desirable outcome under WTO rules, including the Trade-Related Intellectual property Rights Agreement. However, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) have failed to effectively promote and facilitate technology transfer. The problem lies in the nature of the intellectual property rights that TRIPs are intended to protect and enforce. Though necessary, by conferring exclusive rights to its holder, intellectual property rights have the unintended consequences of inhibiting competition and technology transfer. Furthermore, it may impede the transfer of technology from developed countries to developing countries where firms often lack the capacity to further innovate the technology it has acquired. This article proposes new norms at the WTO, in particular the TRIPs and SCM Agreement, to improve its efficacy in promoting and facilitating technology transfer.
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Bhattacharya, Radhika. "Are Developing Countries Going Too Far on TRIPS? A Closer Look at the New Laws in India." American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (June 2008): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400211.
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The goal of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement is to harmonize the intellectual property rights of World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries to a certain minimum standard. As a WTO member, the organization required India to enact legislation that enforces TRIPS by 2005. Part of India's motivation to pass its 2005 Patents Act stemmed from its obligations as a WTO member nation, as well as the government's desire to stimulate greater foreign investment, innovative research and economic growth.India's implementation of the TRIPS Agreement has generated a great deal of controversy. Disagreement exists about whether the Indian Patents Act overzealously protects intellectual property rights and whether the Patents Act goes beyond the spirit of the TRIPS Agreement. Many health officials and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are seriously concerned about what the Patents Act implies for people suffering from diseases in less developed countries. Nonprofit and some World Health Organization officials argue that the new law prevents India from producing and supplying generic drugs within its borders and to other developing countries.
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Gagliani, Gabriele. "Intellectual Property-Related Local Content Requirements in International Trade Law: An Evolving Concept Amid Persisting Questions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 4 (April 1, 2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021016.
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Despite the challenges they pose under international trade law, recent discussions and cases at the World Trade Organization (WTO) demonstrate that local content requirements (LCRs) have enjoyed continued success among both developed and developing countries. This article focuses on a specific type of LCRs, intellectual property-related LCRs (IP-related LCRs). The article argues that the concept and related regulation of LCRs concerning IP rights have undergone a remarkable evolution under international trade law. The notion and regulation of IP-related LCRs, in particular, have changed from the 1883 Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) and the 1886 Berne Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 and, later, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and other Agreements at the WTO. Indeed, while the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention are still in force, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and the WTO Agreements have reframed the debate and implications of IP-related LCRs. Nevertheless, some questions on what is permissible under international trade law remain open at the WTO. Given LCRs continued success, some clarifications on their consistency with WTO law may be further needed. Local Content Requirements (LCRs), Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), World Trade Organization (WTO), Intellectual Property Rights
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Sulistianingsih, Dewi, and Raden Muhammad Arvy Ilyasa. "THE IMPACT OF TRIPS AGREEMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS IN INDONESIA." Indonesia Private Law Review 3, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v3i2.2579.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the TRIPs agreement on the development of intellectual property law in Indonesia. In the current era of globalization, the protection of intellectual property rights is related to global-scale trade at the international level. Protection of intellectual property rights becomes an important issue wherein the current era the development of technology, information and communication have developed very rapidly which gave rise to innovations. Therefore, it is necessary to study how the impact regarding the emergence of TRIPs and how the adjustments made by Indonesia so that the WTO/TRIPs Agreement is in accordance with the political dynamics of intellectual property law in Indonesia. This research is a doctrinal legal research based on secondary data. The materials used come from literature studies that focus on the study of intellectual property. Property rights become an important issue in the business world where business actors offering services or a product want to get guaranteed protection of intellectual property rights. One of the developments in intellectual property protection in Indonesia was affected by the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPs Agreement) which was found in the Uruguay Round agreement in the framework of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Indonesia also agreed to the Uruguay round of GATT by adjusting intellectual property laws that have been regulated in TRIPs which marked the opening of provisions regarding TRIPs with in Indonesian legal system. Therefore it becomes Indonesia's obligation to harmonize and synergy exiscing the legal instruments and strict law enforcement in the protection of intellectual property in Indonesia.
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Kamiike, Atsuko. "The TRIPS Agreement and the Pharmaceutical Industry in India." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 32, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107919875573.
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The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) calls for the harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) regulations across all WTO member countries. The TRIPS Agreement requires all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property. It was assumed that the introduction of pharmaceutical product patents would hamper the Indian pharmaceutical industry’s growth. Contrary to expectations, however, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has been growing in the post-TRIPS period. The TRIPS Agreement changed the research and development (R&D) orientation of Indian pharmaceutical companies, which have increased their R&D investments. Since the TRIPS Agreement was signed, the pharmaceutical global value chain (GVC) has been re-structured and has now expanded to emerging countries like India. Indian pharmaceutical firms have thus been participating in the pharmaceutical GVC in the post-TRIPS period. This participation is conducive to technological upgrading and technology transfers. While operating in the GVC, Indian pharmaceutical firms are upgrading by adopting state-of-the-art technologies. This study explores how the TRIPS Agreement is influencing the Indian pharmaceutical industry and discusses the industry’s growth factors in the post-TRIPS period within the GVC framework. JEL: L21, L24, L26, L65
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SAGGI, KAMAL, and JOEL P. TRACHTMAN. "Incomplete Harmonization Contracts in International Economic Law: Report of the Panel, China – Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WT/DS362/R, adopted 20 March 2009." World Trade Review 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000455.
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AbstractIn China – Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, the Panel addressed three main issues: 1.the relationship between China's censorship laws and its obligations to protect copyright under the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (‘TRIPS’);2.China's obligations under TRIPS to ensure that its customs authorities be empowered to dispose properly of confiscated goods that infringe intellectual property rights;3.whether China's volume and value of goods thresholds for application of criminal procedures and penalties with respect to trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy comply with TRIPS requirements for application of criminal procedures and penalties.
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Mushita, Andrew T., and Carol B. Thompson. "Patenting Biodiversity? Rejecting WTO/TRIPS in Southern Africa." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638002317261472.
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The year 2000 was the deadline for developing countries to bring their national laws into compliance with the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the transition to one universal intellectual property law is not proceeding as scripted. After briefly summarizing a long tradition of debate about intellectual property, this article first analyzes what is new and different about TRIPS. It then argues that extending intellectual private property rights to plants, in particular in the form of patents, challenges scientific logic and threatens biodiversity. Southern Africa has also taken this view, and is proposing political and legal alternatives to the patenting of biodiversity. Combining principles from the Convention on Bio logical Diversity and the FAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, draft legislation affirms farmers' and community rights, while not denying the important role of international protocols. The proposal, calling for local and national control, is not only a model for Africa, but for other developing countries to resolve the incongruities between TRIPS and the CBD over the patenting of living organisms.
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Milani, Alireza, and Amir Ahmadi. "Trade and IPR in Iran: TRIPS Issues and Challenges." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 10 (November 1, 2017): 388–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017052.
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The Iranian government is working to develop its national intellectual property (IP) law to engage with the international IP system, prepare for membership of the WTO, and fulfil its obligations under the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. Joining the WTO – even at the same level of obligation as current Members – may require a substantial adjustment in national law and corresponding industrial policy. The impact of bringing national law into baseline or ‘normal’ TRIPS Agreement compliance should not be underestimated. Compared to the TRIPS Agreement, Iran’s IP system is far from compliant. A number of items required in TRIPS are not yet protected in Iran. Even for items covered by law in Iran, many are not in compliance with TRIPS. To comply with TRIPS, Iran has a challenging agenda of reform.
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Pitschas, Christian. "The New EU Tobacco Products Directive in the Light of TRIPS: Trademarks and the Protection of Public Health." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2014): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014045.
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This article addresses the provisions of the recently adopted EU Tobacco Products Directive regarding the labelling of tobacco products. These provisions are reviewed in the light of the WTO-Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS-Agreement). This article seeks to determine the meaning of Article 8 TRIPS-Agreement as regards measures of WTO Members for the protection of public health. Further, said labelling provisions are assessed as to their necessity for the protection of public health and consistency with the provisions of the TRIPS-Agreement on trademarks, especially Article 20 TRIPS-Agreement.
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Frein, Michael. "Die Globalisierung von Rechten an geistigem Eigentum und der Nord-Süd-Konflikt." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 126 (March 1, 2002): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i126.715.
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The article discusses the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as an instrument for the globalisation of intellectual property rights. It focuses on the provisions of TRIPs Art 27.3 (b), which contains global rules for the patenting of life, and the question of access to medicines for the poor in developing countries. By analysing the underlying economic and political interests of the industrial countries and multinational corporations, which have formed the provisions of the TRIPs- Agreement, it is argued that higher standards in intellectual property rights, especially patents, advantage the rich and disadvantage the poor. Therefore there is an urgent need to change the TRIPs-Agreement in line with the interests and in favour of developing countries. The article shows that there are several suggestions for the current negotiations made not only by NGOs, but also by governments of developing countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WTO, TRIPS Agreement, Intellectual Property Rights in Afghanistan"
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Mugambe, Lydia. "The exceptions to patent rights under the WTO-TRIPS Agreement : where is the right to health guaranteed?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/980.
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"The thesis of this study is that the flexibility within the exceptions to patent rights protecton under the TRIPS Agreement has not sufficiently been exploited at the national level. The study conceptualises the regimes for the protection of the right to health and IPRs not as mutually exclusive but as potentially reinforcing. The contention is therefore that the obligations in respect to the right to health limit the manner in which states can exercise the flexibilty within the patent regime of the TRIPS Agreement. Eventually the study seeks to answer the question: Where does the guarantee for the right to health lie in light of the TRIPS regime? ... The study is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The introduction lays the background for te discussion. Chapter one deals with the definition of important concepts and provides the context in which the study is set. The chapter also discusses the background to the creation of the TRIPS Agreement, with an emphatic discussion on the involvement or lack thereof of Africn and other least developed and developing countries in this process. Chapter two discusses the patent rights exceptions clause under the TRIPS Agreement. Against this background, compuslory licensing, government use and parallel importing as means of making accessibility to drugs a reality under the TRIPS Agreement will be discussed. Chapter three identifies other means of making drugs more accessible and identifying places where they have worked well. In this chapter, generic substitution, establishemnt of a pricing committee, therapeutic value pricing, pooled procurement, negotiated procurement and planned donations will be discussed. Finally a conclusion will be drawn from the discussion and recommendations will be advanced." -- Chapter 1.Prepared under the supervision of Riekie Wandrag at the Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Musungu, Sisule Fredrick. "The right to health in the global economy : reading human rights obligations into the patent regime of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/931.
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"The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, within the wider context of globalisation, has brought about a conflict between the obligation of states to promote and protect health and the achievement of economic goals pursued under the WTO regime. Since trade is the driving engine of globalisation, it is imperative that, at the very least, rules governing it do not violate human rights but rather promote them. The problem of IP and the right to health therefore lies in ensuring that the integration of economic rules and institutional operations in relation to IPRs coincide with states’ obligations to promote and protect public health. ...
This study centres on the specific debate about health and IPRs in the context of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the WTO rules on IP protection. In terms of a human rights approach to the TRIPS Agreement, the ICESCR has been chosen for several reasons. First, the ICESCR specifically recognises both the right to health and the right to the protection of inventions in clearer terms than any other human rights instrument. Secondly, at least 111 of the state parties to the ICESCR are also members of the WTO including a large number of developing countries. Thirdly, if one sees the ICESCR as a vehicle for the fulfilment of the obligation to promote and protect human rights under the United Nations Organisation’s (UN) Charter, it can be argued that in line with article 103, the implementation and interpretation of TRIPS by all UN members states must take into account basic human rights. However, even with primary focus being on the ICESCR, most of the discussion on practical issues will focus on the experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa because the inequalities and problems of access to health care are most dramatically played out in this part of the world.
The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between the obligation of states to progressively realise and guarantee the right to health, and the IP rules under the TRIPS Agreement. The specific objective is to examine the relationship between the exceptions under the TRIPS Agreement and the obligation to protect health and the identification of a consistent way of achieving a convergence between the implementation and interpretation of the rules of the two regimes in the area of health." -- Chapter 1Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2001.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Štrosová, Alžběta. "Práva k duševnímu vlastnictví v obchodních jednáních WTO." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12294.
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The goal of this diploma thesis is to introduce the intellectual property rights protection in the member states of the World Trade Organization and the main agreement that regulates this area, i.e. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual property Rights. The only discussed topic in the current round of negotiations are geographical indications and the creation of multilateral system for notifying and registering geographical indications for wines and spirits. Moreover, the thesis deals with the work of the TRIPS Council and several disputes related to TRIPS fulfillment.
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Lilla, Paulo Eduardo de Campos. "Direitos de propriedade intelectual e o controle das práticas restritivas da concorrência à luz do acordo TRIPs/OMC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-02122016-094148/.
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A presente tese de doutorado tem como objetivo a análise da interface entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência no contexto do enquadramento jurídico oferecido pelo Acordo sobre Aspectos de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio Acordo TRIPS da Organização Mundial do Comércio OMC. As disposições relevantes sobre concorrência foram incluídas no Artigo 8.2, que autoriza os Membros a adotarem medidas apropriadas para evitar abusos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e práticas que restrinjam o comércio e a transferência internacional de tecnologia; no Artigo 40, que dispõe sobre o controle das práticas restritivas em acordos de licenciamento; e no Artigo 31(k), que trata do licenciamento compulsório de patentes para remediar práticas anticoncorrenciais. Essas disposições acabaram sendo incluídas no Acordo TRIPS como resultado de concessões feitas pelos países desenvolvidos aos países em desenvolvimento, em troca do fortalecimento dos padrões mínimos de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, podendo, portanto, ser consideradas no contexto das flexibilidades constantes no Acordo. No entanto, ainda que essas disposições representem um elemento essencial de equilíbrio, também deixaram importantes questões sem resposta. Além de serem vagas, não fornecem diretrizes adequadas para os países em desenvolvimento implementarem políticas públicas nacionais para coibir práticas restritivas da concorrência relacionadas à exploração de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Assim, enquanto os países mais industrializados possuem autoridades antitruste e tribunais com sólida experiência e recursos necessários para lidar com questões envolvendo a interface entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência, os países em desenvolvimento, em sua maioria, mesmo possuindo leis antitruste nacionais, ainda não adquiriram a experiência e capacitação para tratar de tema tão complexo. Desse modo, a tese deverá abordar as circunstâncias nas quais eventuais abusos de direitos de propriedade intelectual podem restringir a livre concorrência nos mercados, com ênfase nas práticas restritivas em acordos de licenciamento, pools de patentes e licenças cruzadas, bem como nas condutas unilaterais de exclusão relacionadas à exploração desses direitos. Para tanto, propõe-se a interpretação dos dispositivos do TRIPS sobre concorrência a partir da experiência prática das autoridades antitruste e tribunais dos Estados Unidos e da União Europeia. Será também abordada a relação entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência no contexto do ordenamento jurídico-constitucional brasileiro, especialmente a partir da Lei n.º 12.529/2011, nova lei antitruste que altera e define o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC), e de casos recentes julgados pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). Ao final, serão analisadas as possíveis abordagens que poderiam ser adotadas pelos países em desenvolvimento na implementação de políticas de concorrência nacionais, que sejam eficazes e compatíveis com o Acordo TRIPS, de modo a contribuir com eventuais discussões futuras sobre o tema em foros internacionais.The purpose of this thesis is to assess the interface between intellectual property and competition law in light of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization WTO. The provisions regarding competition were included in Article 8.2, which authorizes the Members to adopt appropriated measures to prevent abuses of intellectual property rights by right holders or practices which restrain trade and international transfer of technology; in the Article 40, which deals with the control of anti-competitive practices in contractual licenses; and Article 31(k), which deals with the compulsory licensing of patents to remedy a practice considered to be anti-competitive. These provisions were included in the TRIPS Agreement as a result of concessions made by the developed countries to the developed countries, in exchange for the strengthening of the minimal standards for the protection of intellectual property rights. Therefore, these provisions can be considered within the context of the flexibilities set forth in the Agreement. However, even if such provisions represent an essential element of balance, they also left important issues unanswered. Besides being vague, they do not provide adequate guidance for emerging countries to implement national public policies to prevent restrictive practices related with the exploitation of intellectual property rights. As a consequence, whereas the most industrialized countries already have antitrust authorities and courts with strong experience and the necessary resources to deal with issues related with the interface between intellectual property and competition law, most of the emerging countries, even those which have national antitrust laws, have not yet acquired experience and technical capacity to deal with such a complex matter. Thus, the thesis should tackle the circumstances in which possible abuses of intellectual property rights might restrain competition, especially with regard to restrictive practices in licensing agreements, cross-licenses and patent pools, and unilateral exclusionary abuses related with the exploitation of such rights. In this sense, it is proposed to interpret the provisions of TRIPS on competition from the practical experience of the antitrust authorities and courts of the United States and the European Union. We should also tackle the relationship between intellectual property and competition laws in the ambit of the Brazilian legal and constitutional system, especially with regard to Law No. 12.529/2011, the new Brazilian antitrust law, which alters and defines the Brazilian Defense of Competition System SBDC (Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência SBCD), as well as with regard to recent cases judged by the Administrative Counsel of Economic Defense CADE (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica CADE). Finally, it will be examined possible approaches that could be adopted by developing countries in implementing national competition policies, effective and compatible with the TRIPS Agreement, so as to contribute to future discussions on the issue in international fora.
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Wang, Yinan. "Handling the U.S.-China Intellectual Property Rights Dispute – the Role of WTO’s Dispute Settlement System." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1336224534.
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Nesheiwat, Ferris K. "The compliance with intellectual property laws and their enforcement in Jordan : a post-WTO review & analysis." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3639/.
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This thesis examines the implementation, enforcement and evolution of IP laws and regulations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The period of interest includes the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty first century, with emphasis on the role played by Free Trade Agreements struck between Jordan and the United States, the European Union, and Jordan’s accession to the World Trade Organization. This thesis also examines the enforcement of the current set of IP laws in Jordan, and looks at their social and economic compatibility with the Jordanian societal norms and economic realities. This thesis argues that Jordanian IP laws lack a meaningful social and economic texture, and have failed to be evenly enforced in Jordan, essentially because they do not fit the Jordanian culture and are not compatible with Jordan’s economic stage of development. Additionally, the thesis argues that IP laws have had insignificant economic impact on the Jordanian economy as the majority of technologies used in Jordan, and the majority of foreign direct investments attracted to Jordan, are not IP related. Finally, the thesis argues that the current Jordanian enforcement model, which is built on coercion by donor countries, is serving the interests of foreign companies to the exclusion of the local citizens, and will not, in the long run, produce an enforcement model based on self-regulation by Jordanians, themselves. The laws, therefore, are unable to produce tangible results for the Jordanian people, or help meet their economic interests. The last part of the thesis deals with recommendations and suggestions aimed at creating an integrated approach to the adoption of IP policies.
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Barreto, Ana Cristina Costa. "A flexibilização do acordo TRIPS e a necessidade de respeito aos direitos humanos nas regras da OMC: o humanismo nas relações internacionais." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2769.
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CAPES
The global transformations occurring in modernity have led to the emergence of new challenges and the need to search for new perspectives on stakeholder participation in the international system. Particularly, the inclusion of new issues within the WTO rules, within the multilateral trading system is fundamental to the pursuit of well-being of people take a central role in the discussions, and sustainable development is achieved from the respect and balance between human beings and the market. The paper attempted to analyze the TRIPS Agreement and its relationship with the right to access to medicines, assessing the possibility that the relaxation of its rules be considered a demonstration of the relevance of human rights in international trade. To achieve this objective, the first analysis of the evolution of the system of protection of intellectual property was critical to understanding the formation of the international IP regime that culminated in the TRIPS Agreement. In sequence, the problem of access to medicines was presented from the considerations about the social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry and the implications caused by the TRIPS Agreement, regarding the need to be envisioned an international policy aimed at ensuring universal access to products the pharmaceutical industry, thus revealing the existence of a relationship between the work of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization and Human Rights. Finally, from the point of view of modern cosmopolitanism from the demonstration that the internationalization of human rights can be understood as a reassertion of humanism found that to change the paradigms of intellectual property and particularly patent pharmaceutical, it is essential to define the social role of the pharmaceutical industry, understanding the conditions of access to drugs is regarded as a matter subject to humanitarian protection.
As transformações globais ocorridas na modernidade têm provocado o surgimento de novos desafios e a necessidade de busca por novas perspectivas na participação dos atores no sistema internacional. Particularmente, a inclusão de novos temas no âmbito das regras da OMC, dentro do sistema multilateral de comércio, é fundamental para que a busca pelo bem-estar do homem tome papel central nas discussões, e o desenvolvimento sustentável seja alcançado a partir do respeito e do equilíbrio entre ser humano e mercado. A dissertação se propôs a analisar o Acordo TRIPS e sua relação com o direito ao acesso a medicamentos, avaliando a possibilidade de que a flexibilização de suas normas ser considerada uma demonstração da relevância dos Direitos Humanos no âmbito do comércio internacional. Visando tal objetivo, inicialmente a análise da evolução do sistema de proteção da Propriedade Intelectual foi fundamental para compreender formação do regime internacional de PI que culminou com o Acordo TRIPS. Em sequência, a problemática do acesso a medicamentos foi apresentada a partir das considerações acerca da responsabilidade social da indústria farmacêutica e das implicações provocadas pelo Acordo TRIPS, no que tange à necessidade de ser vislumbrada uma política internacional que vise a garantia do acesso universal aos produtos da indústria farmacêutica, evidenciando assim a existência de uma relação entre a atuação de organismos internacionais, entre os quais a Organização Mundial do Comércio e os Direitos Humanos. Por fim, sob o ponto de vista do cosmopolitismo moderno, a partir da demonstração de que a internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos pode ser compreendida como a reafirmação do Humanismo constatou-se que para a mudança dos paradigmas relativos à propriedade intelectual e, particularmente, à patente farmacêutica, é imprescindível a definição do papel social da indústria farmacêutica, a compreensão de que as condições de acesso a medicamentos sejam consideradas matéria sujeita à proteção humanitária.
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Ruzek, Vincent. "Communautarisation et mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G009.
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L’internationalisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, initiée à la fin du XIXe siècle, a pris depuis la fin du XXe siècle une toute nouvelle tournure avec son inclusion dans le champ des disciplines commerciales multilatérales. La signature de l’accord ADPIC marque en effet l’émergence d’une véritable gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle : l’ambition affichée par l’OMC est d’encadrer, substantiellement parlant, la marge de manœuvre des membres dans la mise en place de leurs politiques de protection. Bien qu’initié plus tardivement, la communautarisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle revêt désormais une portée considérable : outre une conciliation effective des régimes nationaux de protection avec les principes cardinaux du traité, d’importantes directives d’harmonisation ont été édictées, et des titres européens de protection ont même été créés dans certains secteurs. Notre étude a pour vocation de montrer comment la communautarisation, au-delà de son rôle traditionnel de source du droit, officie comme un indispensable vecteur de structuration de la position européenne vis-à-vis de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant ascendant tout d’abord – du local au global –, le vecteur communautarisation joue un rôle de mutualisation des objectifs à promouvoir sur la scène internationale. L’enjeu n’est autre que celui de façonner une gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle qui corresponde au système d’intérêts et de valeurs de l’Union, conformément aux objectifs ambitieux assignés par le Traité. Ce processus de mutualisation n’a toutefois rien d’automatique : d’importantes contraintes institutionnelles – malgré plusieurs révisions du Traité et la progression graduelle de l’harmonisation en interne – contrarient l’émergence d’une véritable politique européenne extérieure intégrée. Mais c’est précisément à l’aune de ces contraintes qu’il convient d’apprécier la portée des accomplissements de l’UE, qui a su s’imposer comme un acteur central de la gouvernance mondiale du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant descendant ensuite – du global au local –, le vecteur communautarisation s’accompagne d’une montée en puissance du juge de Luxembourg dans l’arbitrage des situations d’interactions normatives fréquentes et complexes entre le droit de l’Union et le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude systématique de la résolution par la Cour de ces interactions normatives montre combien celle-ci s’attache à préserver l’autonomie de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, en ménageant une marge d’appréciation significative dans la mise en œuvre des obligations découlant de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Cette marge d’appréciation est mise à profit pour assurer la défense d’un modèle européen original en construction, tirant parti des flexibilités du cadre normatif mondialThe internationalization of IP Law, initiated at the end of the 19th century, has taken since the end of the 20th century a brand new twist with its inclusion in the field of multilateral trade disciplines. The signing of the TRIPS agreement marks the emergence of a global IP governance. Indeed, the ambition displayed by the WTO is to supervise the margin of maneuver of its Members in implementing their policies. Although Communitization of IP law started much later, it now has a considerable scope: national protection regimes have been conciliated with the cardinal principles of the Treaty, some important harmonization directives have been enacted, and various European titles of protection have even been created. Our study is designed to show how Communitization, beyond its traditional role of source of law, officiates as a necessary and efficient vector for structuring the European position towards the Globalization of IP Law. In its ascendant side first -- from Local to Global, the Communitization vector plays a role of merging the objectives to be promoted on the international scene. The issue at stake is to shape an IP global framework that corresponds to the system of interests and values of the EU, in accordance with the far-reaching objectives assigned by the Treaty. This merging process is, however, not automatic. In spite of several amendments to the Treaty and of the progress of internal harmonization, various institutional constraints thwart the emergence of a fully integrated external European policy in the field of IP. But it is precisely in light of these constraints that the scope of the achievements of the EU, which in now recognized as a central actor in the global IP governance, must be appreciated. In its down side then -- from Global to Local, the Communitization vector is accompanied by a rise of the European Court of Justice in arbitrating complex normative interactions between national, EU and International IP Laws. A systematic analysis of the resolution by the ECJ of these normative interactions reveals its determination to safeguard the autonomy of the EU legal order, by arranging for significant discretion in implementing international commitments. This margin of appreciation is used to defend an original European model under construction, taking advantage of the flexibilities of the global normative framework
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Šmíd, Vojtěch. "Globální systém ochrany duševního vlastnictví: účel a pozice WIPO a WTO." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332626.
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The thesis is focused on a specific area of intellectual property field, namely the system of protection of Intellectual property whose current form has been shaped by the international organizations, especially by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). There has therefore been allocated extra space in the thesis to make the reader familiar with these respective organizations, especially with their organizational structure, decision-making procedures and activities. Important part of the thesis is analysis of current relations between WIPO and WTO, including its negative aspects. The thesis also contains section devoted to possible future development of the relations between WIPO and WTO.
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St-Martin, Frédéric. "The right to health, the TRIPS agreement and the public health safeguards to encourage the universal access to essential medicines." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2403.
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The privileges arising from patent protection on pharmaceutical products often prevent the
full realization of the right to health, especially in developing countries with scarce
resources. This thesis first identifies the international agreements that have established the
right to health in international law, obligations and violations associated with it, the
problems encountered in the implementation of human rights on the field, compared with
the implementation and sanctions associated with economic rights from the World Trade
Organization regulatory framework. A comparative study of the legislative frameworks of
both developed and developing countries will reveal to what extent Canada, the United
States, the European Union, Brazil, India, and South Africa conformed with patent
protection exceptions arising from international patent law to protect public health.
Finally, the author identifies the crucial indicators that need to be considered in order to
assess the conformity of a given approach with the right to health, before he underscores
the temporary character of the relevant WTO measures, and the future stakes concerning an
increased access to essential medicines.Les droits issus des brevets d'invention sur les produits pharmaceutiques empêchent souvent la réalisation pleine et entière du droit à la santé, plus spécialement dans les pays en voie de développement ayant des ressources plus limitées. Ce mémoire de recherche retrace d'abord les accords internationaux ayant établi le droit à la santé en droit international, les obligations et les violations qui en découlent, la problématique quant à la mise en oeuvre des droits de l'homme sur le terrain, en comparaison avec la mise en oeuvre et les sanctions pour le non-respect de droits économiques dans le cadre réglementaire de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Ensuite, une étude comparative des cadres législatifs de pays développés et de pays en développement révèlera dans quelle mesure le Canada, les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne, le Brésil, l'Inde, et l'Afrique du Sud se sont conformés aux exceptions aux règles de protection issues du droit international des brevets pour cause de santé publique. L'auteur identifie finalement les points de première importance qu'il considère primordial de considérer afin d'évaluer si une approche conforme au droit à la santé a été respectée dans le commerce de médicaments essentiels, avant de souligner l'aspect temporaire des mesures courantes prévues dans l'OMC et des futurs enjeux quant à l'accroissement de l'accès aux médicaments essentiels.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des biotechnologies". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Le jury est impressionné par l'ampleur de la recherche et de la synthèse très instructive du débat Nord-Sud".
Books on the topic "WTO, TRIPS Agreement, Intellectual Property Rights in Afghanistan"
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A handbook on the WTO TRIPS agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Korea (South). Tʻŭkhŏchʻŏng. Kukche Hyŏmnyŏk Tamdanggwansil. WTO TRIPS hyŏpchŏng chomunbyŏl haesŏl. [Seoul]: Tʻŭkhŏchʻŏng, 2004.
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Masiiwa, Medicine. WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): A users guide. Harare: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2002.
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Hermes, Christoph Julius. TRIPS im Gemeinschaftsrecht: Zu den innergemeinschaftlichen Wirkungen von WTO-Übereinkünften. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2002.
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Intellectual property rights, the WTO, and developing countries: The TRIPS agreement and policy options. London: Zed Books, 2000.
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Unfinished business in the WTO Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Harare: Trade and Development Studies, 2006.
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Margono, Suyud. Hukum hak cipta Indonesia: Teori dan analisis harmonisasi ketentuan World Trade Organization/WTO-TRIPs Agreement. Ciawi, Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2010.
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Margono, Suyud. Hukum hak cipta Indonesia: Teori dan analisis harmonisasi ketentuan World Trade Organization/WTO-TRIPs Agreement. Ciawi, Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2010.
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Indonesia, ed. Hukum hak cipta Indonesia: Teori dan analisis harmonisasi ketentuan World Trade Organization/WTO-TRIPs Agreement. Ciawi, Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2010.
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Stremmel, Dennis. Protektionsmöglichkeiten in der WTO?: Geistige Eigentumsrechte im TRIPs-Abkommen und die Forderung nach Sozial- und Umweltstandards. Frankfurt, M: P. Lang, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "WTO, TRIPS Agreement, Intellectual Property Rights in Afghanistan"
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Koul, Autar Krishen. "WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement)." In Guide to the WTO and GATT, 505–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2089-7_30.
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"Introduction II. The Concept Of The Trips Agreement." In WTO - Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 12–32. Brill | Nijhoff, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004145672.i-910.14.
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Carlos Maria, Correa. "Ch.1 Preamble." In Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707219.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter discusses the Preamble of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. As in other World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and the WTO Agreement itself, the TRIPS Agreement contains a detailed Preamble where the negotiating parties expressed the objectives that they sought in adopting this component of the WTO system. While the provisions of the Preamble reflect, to some extent, the different positions that the negotiating parties brought to the negotiating table, they substantially respond to the protectionist paradigm advocated by the United States and other developed countries with regard to intellectual property. Indeed, some of developing countries’ concerns about the implications of stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs) for their economies and, in particular, for transfer of technology, received limited attention. Ultimately, the Preamble to the TRIPS Agreement contains a few elements that may be important for the interpretation of specific provisions in the Agreement.
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Taubman, Antony, Hannu Wager, and Jayashree Watal. "Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) 1994." In A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement, 15. WTO, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/cea39537-en.
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Carlos Maria, Correa. "Ch.14 Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights, Dispute Prevention and Settlement, Transitional and Institutional Arrangements, and Final Provisions." In Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707219.003.0014.
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This concluding chapter looks at the acquisition and maintenance of intellectual property rights (IPRs), dispute prevention and settlement, transitional and institutional arrangements, and final provisions in the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. Different aspects relating to the procedures for the acquisition and maintenance of intellectual property rights are regulated in Article 62 of the TRIPS Agreement. Its main purpose is to ensure that the application of national legislation on this matter does not unjustifiably impair the access to and exercise of such rights. Meanwhile, Articles 63 and 64 contain rules aimed at preventing and settling disputes concerning the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. Prevention of disputes is basically sought under the TRIPS Agreement through the rules on ‘transparency’ contained in Article 63. All WTO Members could avail themselves of one year after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement to comply with the obligations relating to intellectual property protection. The reason for this is quite obvious: most or all Members, including developed country Members, needed to introduce changes into their legislation in order to comply with the standards set out by the TRIPS Agreement, especially with those contained in Part II. A Council to specifically deal with TRIPS matters is established by Article 68.
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de Vuyst, Bruno de, and Alea M. Fairchild. "Intellectual Property Rights, Resources Allocation and Ethical Usefulness." In Information Security and Ethics, 3188–98. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-937-3.ch214.
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Intellectual property rights (IP) are established through the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement (part of the Uruguay Round Agreements creating the WTO) as global and uniform. This absolute IP may provide such opportunities for rent-seeking that misallocations may occur, resulting in a perception of IP as ethically unuseful.
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Carlos Maria, Correa. "Ch.10 Layout-Designs (topographies) of Integrated Circuits." In Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707219.003.0010.
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This chapter demonstrates how World Trade Organization (WTO) Members are bound to accord the treatment provided for in the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement to the natural or legal persons that meet the criteria of eligibility for protection provided for under the 1989 Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, subject to the exceptions to the national treatment principle provided for therein (Article 3.1 of the TRIPS Agreement). Section 6, Part II, of the TRIPS Agreement essentially obliges Members to comply with the Washington Treaty. This obligation applies irrespective of the fact that the Treaty never entered into force. The protection of integrated circuits is the newest chapter in the intellectual property field. The first country to introduce a sui generis regime with that purpose was the US in 1984, followed by Japan in May 1985. With Section 6 of the TRIPS Agreement, the US and Japan obtained what they were unable to reach with the negotiation of the Washington Treaty. The Agreement gave them an opportunity to correct what they deemed weaknesses of the Washington Treaty, notably, the provisions relating to compulsory licenses, importation of products containing infringing semiconductors, and innocent infringement.
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Carlos Maria, Correa. "Ch.7 Geographical Indications." In Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707219.003.0007.
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This chapter describes how the adoption of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement represented an important step for the international recognition of geographical indications. Geographical indications have three basic functions. They provide information about the name of a product; the geographical origin of the product; and a given quality, reputation, or characteristics attributable to a geographical area. Although such indications were covered under some prior international conventions—such as the Paris Convention, the Madrid Agreement, and the Lisbon Agreement—the scope and membership of such conventions offered a protection considerably more limited than the one granted by the TRIPS Agreement. However, significant controversies still dominate the discussion of this issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO). In particular, disagreement exists about the modes of implementing the registration of geographical indications under Article 23.4 of the Agreement. Moreover, a number of developed and developing countries have proposed to expand to other products the special protection only available today for wines and spirits.
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"Introduction III. The Trips Agreement In The Ec And Its Member States, Applicability And Enforcement." In WTO - Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 33–62. Brill | Nijhoff, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004145672.i-910.20.
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Ricketson, Sam, and Jane C. Ginsburg. "Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Come of Age." In International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, 121–62. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801986.003.0004.
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This chapter investigates the various changes that have occurred in the circumstances surrounding the Berne Convention. A number of influences are to be seen at play here, but two have been particularly crucial. First, there has been the continuing effect of technological change, in particular the advent of digital technologies and the subsequent development of networked communications and the Internet. Second, there has been the linking of protection of intellectual property rights with trade issues, culminating in the adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in 1994 (TRIPs Agreement) as one of the annexed agreements of the newly established World Trade Organization (WTO). Underlying the adoption of the TRIPs Agreement, in turn, was widespread dissatisfaction with the way that existing intellectual property rights agreements such as Berne dealt with questions of enforcement and the absence therein of any effective dispute-resolution mechanism between states. Both these issues are closely connected, but for the purposes of exposition it is helpful to deal with the way they were resolved in the different forums of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Berne, and then of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO.