Academic literature on the topic 'Writings of Worcester in 13c'

Cambridge, St John's College 42 (B. 20) is a Latin manuscript, dated as twelfth century and tentatively placed at Worcester. It contains 136 folios, closely written in double columns of forty-five lines each, in which a range of abbreviations has been used. By these means a quantity of material has been presented, including two collections of homilies/sermons, a calendar, extracts from the works of named authors and miscellaneous smaller items. The most notable of the sermons for Anglo-Saxonists is a new text of Archbishop Wulfstan's Latin composition,De Anticristo, but it keeps company with other anonymous sermons, some of which are variant texts of sermons copied or composed in English manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon historical period. The manuscript needs a closer study than those done by M.R. James, who catalogued the anonymous items without identification, or by H. Schenkl, whose catalogue is incomplete although it includes some identifications. Identification of the anonymous items, with notice of parallel texts in other manuscripts where possible, helps to confirm the date of the manuscript, suggests that its place of origin was Worcester, and allows speculation on the canon of Wulfstan's Latin writing.

In 669 Theodore, a Greek-speaking monk originally from Tarsus in Asia Minor, arrived in England to take up his duties as archbishop of Canterbury. He was joined the following year by his colleague Hadrian, a Latin-speaking African by origin and former abbot of a monastery in Campania (near Naples). One of their first tasks at Canterbury was the establishment of a school; and according to Bede (writing some sixty years later), they soon ‘attracted a crowd of students into whose minds they daily poured the streams of wholesome learning’. Bede goes on to report, as evidence of their teaching, that some of their students who survived to his own day were as fluent in Greek and Latin as in their native language. Elsewhere he names some of these students: Tobias (later bishop of Rochester), Albinus (Hadrian's successor as abbot in Canterbury), Oftfor (later bishop of Worcester) and John of Beverley. Bede does not mention Aldhelm in this connection; but we know from a letter addressed by Aldhelm to Hadrian that he too must be numbered among their students. Unfortunately Aldhelm is the only one of these Canterburyalumnito have left any writings, so we are in no position to appraise the high opinion which Bede had formed of their learning.

Orientador: Susani Silveira Lemos França
Resumo: Ao longo da primeira metade do Quatrocentos, expedições militares levaram à ocupação efetiva de domínios na França pleiteados pelos monarcas ingleses. A despeito do sucesso dessas campanhas iniciadas em 1413, a governação daqueles territórios até primórdios da década de 1450 foi marcada, segundo relatos conhecidos, por instabilidades decorrentes da conduta inadequada dos guerreiros de um lado e de outro da contenda. Tais descaminhos foram alvo das inquietações de William Worcester (1415-1480/5?), letrado que denunciou em seu tratado Boke of Noblesse um fazer bélico contemporâneo descompassado, pouco virtuoso e marcado por desvios, distante, pois, dos modelos recomendados aos cristãos. Suas reflexões, quando comparadas com outras externadas por seus contemporâneos, trazem indicações sobre as etapas de organização e execução do conflito e permitem questionar características do fazer marcial quatrocentista tanto dos adversários franceses como dos próprios guerreiros ingleses. Ao atentar para esse aspecto, o objetivo desta investigação é perquirir o que se julgou condenável no empreendimento das contendas, interrogando, a partir da produção escrita inglesa, a redefinição dos caminhos para a condução do conflito e dos planos de conquista. Em síntese, a pesquisa dispõe-se a questionar sobre uma fração particular da história da guerra: os juízos e avaliações sobre os combatentes, esmiuçando seu papel como espelho para interpretar as condutas dos povos para além do próprio conflito.
Abstract: At the first half of fifteenth-century, military expeditions led to the effective occupation of French domains claimed by English monarchs. Despite the successful results achieved in the campaigns started in 1413, it was generally asserted that, until the beginning of 1450’s, the governance of those territories was characterized by instabilities originated from the inadequate behavior of warriors on both sides of the struggle. Such state of overall jeopardy was noticed by William Worcester (1415-1480/5?) in his treatise Boke of Noblesse, where he denounced a state of disorderly warfare, on the one hand, poorly associated with virtues and, on the other, strongly related to vices, stretched away from Christian recommended models. When compared to his contemporaries ideas, William Worcester’s offer evidences regarding crucial steps in conflict organization and performance, enabling, in like manner, a proper questioning of both French and English martial enterprises characteristics. Aware of such perspective, this inquest targets what was understood as condemnable in war making, and, therefore, it interrogates English writings about the desired paths to be tread on effective conflict development and conquest plans. Shortly, this research aims to question a particular fraction of military history: the reasonings and evaluations concerning warriors’ behaviour, scrutinizing their role as a mirror that enables a deeper interpretation of people’s conducts beyond war itself.
Resumen: A lo largo de la primera mitad del Cuatrocientos, expediciones militares llevaron a la ocupación efectiva de dominios en Francia pleiteados por los monarcas ingleses. A pesar del éxito de estas campañas iniciadas en 1413, la gobernación de aquellos territorios hasta principio de la década de 1450 fue marcada, según relatos conocidos, por instabilidades consecuentes de la conducta inadecuada de los guerreros de un lado y de otro de la contienda. Tales descaminos fueron objeto de las inquietudes de William Worcester (1415-1480/5?) letrado que denunció en su tratado Boke of Noblesse un hacer bélico contemporáneo descomedido, poco virtuoso y marcado por desvíos, distante, pues, de los modelos recomendados a los cristianos. Sus reflexiones, cuando equiparadas con otras externas por sus contemporáneos, traen indicaciones sobre las etapas de organización y ejecución del conflicto y permiten cuestionar características del hacer marcial cuatrocentista tanto de los adversarios como de los propios guerreros ingleses. Al atenerse para este aspecto, el objetivo de esta investigación es perquirir lo que se juzgó condenable en el desarrollo de los pleitos, interrogando, desde la producción escrita inglesa, la redefinición de los caminos para la conducción del conflicto y de los planes de conquista. En síntesis, la pesquisa se dispone a cuestionar una fracción particular de la historia de la guerra: los juicios y evaluaciones sobre el comportamiento de los combatientes, desmenuzando su papel... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo)
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