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1
Bertrand, J. Mark. Pattern of wounds. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House, 2011.
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Bertrand, J. Mark. Pattern of wounds: A Roland March mystery. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2011.
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3
Darlington, Vicki. Hand splinting guide: Patterns, tips, and techniques. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, 2001.
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Ferragina, Anna Maria. Factor endowment and market size in EU-CEE trade: Would human capital change the actual quality trade patterns? Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.
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5
Lovell, Nancy C. Patterns of injury and illness in great apes: A skeletal analysis. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.
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Nazarian, Cynthia N. Love's Wounds. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705229.001.0001.
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This book takes an in-depth look at the widespread language of violence and abjection in early modern European love poetry. Beginning in fourteenth-century Italy, the book shows how Petrarch established a pattern of inequality between suffering poet and exalted Beloved rooted in political parrhēsia. Sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century French and English poets reshaped Petrarch's model into an idiom of extravagant brutality coded to their own historical circumstances. The book argues that these poets exaggerated the posture of the downtrodden lover, adapting the rhetoric of powerless desire to forge a new “countersovereignty” from within the heart of vulnerability—a potentially revolutionary position through which to challenge cultural, religious, and political authority. Creating a secular equivalent to the martyr, early modern sonneteers crafted a voice that was both critical and unstoppable because it suffered. The book tracks the development of the counter-sovereign voice from Francesco Petrarca to Maurice Scève, Joachim du Bellay, Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare. Through interdisciplinary and transnational analyses, the text reads early modern sonnets as sites of contestation and collaboration and rewrites the relationship between early modern literary forms.
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What Would Madame Defarge Knit 21 Patterns Essays Inspired By Classic Literature. Cooperative Press, 2011.
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Sider, Theodore. The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811565.001.0001.
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Metaphysics is sensitive to the conceptual tools we choose to articulate metaphysical problems. Those tools are a lens through which we view metaphysical problems; the same problems look different when we change the lens. There has recently been a shift to "postmodal" conceptual tools: concepts of ground, essence, and fundamentality. This shift transforms the debate over structuralism, in many ways. For instance: structuralist theses say that "patterns" are prior to the "nodes" in the patterns. In modal terms it is clear what this means: the nodes cannot vary independently of the pattern. But it's far less clear what its postmodal meaning is. One expects it to mean that the pattern is fundamental, the entities in the pattern, derivative. But what would a fundamental account of reality that speaks only of patterns and not objects in the patterns look like? I examine three structuralist positions through a postmodal lens. First, nomic essentialism, which says that scientific properties are secondary and lawlike relationships among them are primary. Second, structuralism about individuals, a general position of which mathematical structuralism and structural realism are instances, which says that scientific and mathematical objects are secondary and the pattern of relations among them is primary. Third, comparativism about quantities, which says that particular values of scientific quantities, such as having exactly 1000g mass, are secondary, and quantitative relations, such as being-twice-as-massive-as, are primary. Finally, I take a step back and examine the meta-question of when theories are equivalent, and how that impacts the debate over structuralism.
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Stearns, Peter N. Modern Patterns in Emotions History. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038051.003.0002.
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This chapter addresses the question of whether or not emotions and emotional standards change when a society moves toward modernity. It seeks to explore the current status of the issue, to indicate promising lines for renewed attention, and to urge greater priority for analysis and discussion. For emotions history, key initial questions involve whether any emotional changes accompanied the onset of greater modernity, and certainly what emotional shifts the changing economic and social structures would generate. The goal here is to relaunch a discussion, inviting contributions from both premodern and modern sides and with a special plea for work that bridges the two.
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Peters, S. T., ed. Composite Filament Winding. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.9781627083386.
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Composite Filament Winding describes the engineering involved in the design and construction of filament-wound products and the processes and equipment by which they are made. It covers everything from the geometry, physics, and math of winding theory to best practices for handling fibers and resins. It explains how constituent materials and winding patterns influence production quality and costs, how to estimate variables such as laminate thickness and roving dimensions, and how to express fiber trajectories on curved surfaces using vector calculus and intuitive observations. It discusses the design and operation of filament winding systems, the origin of various processes, and test methods and procedures. It presents examples demonstrating accepted design practices and the consideration of factors such as stiffness, discontinuities, stress ratio, mandrel geometry, and process control. It also includes a glossary of related terms. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-1-61503-722-3, follow this link.
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Wolf, Richard K. The Voice in the Drum. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038587.003.0009.
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This chapter describes Muharram Ali's conversations with a dhol player named Hashim about the drumming rituals as well as the drummers and the drum patterns in Karachi. Hashim also talked about how he and the other dhol players would take turns beating the four tarzs: savārī, mātam, kalmah, and dhīmā. Ali raised for discussion the Bharatpur group's idea about the kalmah pattern. According to Hashim, those on procession get enjoyment (mazah) out of Muharram drumming in general and that such drumming alerts those in the area to what is going on. Ali also made notes and comments on Census of India report (1961) on Muharram in Delhi, Lucknow and Hyderabad. Finally, he acknowledged that the verbal meanings of the drum patterns were cloaked in clouds of subjectivity and hazy memory.
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Huneman, Philippe. Why Would We Call for a New Evolutionary Synthesis? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0002.
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Considering challenges to the modern synthesis (MS), this chapter reconstructs an explanatory scheme proper to the MS. It contrasts it with the explanatory scheme proper to some alternatives to the MS. It considers which empirical facts should compel us to adopt the alternative scheme, or stand with the MS, or consider a weakly attenuated form of its explanatory scheme. Hence the last section focuses on the form of variation: Given that many findings are accumulating concerning the not purely random nature of variation, it asks which specific patterns of variation would be likely to support an alternative explanatory scheme. It argues that neither biased variation nor random genotypic variation is likely to vindicate a specific explanatory scheme.
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Jimenez, Susan B. Analysis of patterns of injury and disease in an historic skeletal sample from Belleville, Ontario. 1991, 1991.
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Ranade, Gireeja V., and Lav R. Varshney. The Role of Information Patterns in Designing Crowdsourcing Contests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0007.
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Crowdsourcing contests are used widely by organizations as a means of accomplishing tasks. These organizations would like to maximize the utility obtained through worker submissions to the contest. If this utility is greater than that obtained through alternative means of completing the task (e.g. hiring someone), the task should be crowdsourced. We analyze the utility generated for different types of tasks and provide a rule-of-thumb crowdsourcing contest design. Knowledge about the relative strengths of the workers participating in the contest is an important factor in contest design. When the contest organizer is unsure about the strength of the workers, crowdsourcing contests deliver higher utility than would hiring or assignment. Disseminating worker strength information acts as a lever to influence participation and increase utility in the contest. Finally, while crowdsourcing is a good option for generic tasks, it might perform poorly for highly specialized tasks.
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Ludwig, Kirk. Constitutive Rules and Agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 first analyzes the concept of a constitutive rule in terms of essentially intentional activity patterns. Then it defines a form of constitutive agency in terms of that. Finally, it contrasts the account with John Searle’s. The rules of chess are constitutive rules. Following them brings into existence a type of activity that would not exist otherwise. The rules define an activity pattern that can be instantiated unintentionally. The rules are followed when it is instantiated intentionally. Thus constitutive rules are constitutive relative to an activity type defined as the intentional instantiation of a pattern of activity. Constitutive rules make available a form of constitutive agency in which what an agent does intentionally contributes constitutively to bringing about an essentially intentional activity type. Searle says constitutive rules have the form ‘X counts as Y in C’. But these instead define certain moments in activities governed by constitutive rules.
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Bapteste, Eric, and Gemma Anderson. Intersecting Processes Are Necessary Explanantia for Evolutionary Biology, but Challenge Retrodiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0014.
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Processes are ubiquitous in biology and play a key explanatory role in evolutionary biology, where they are frequently depicted by patterns. In particular, phylogenetic trees represent divergence from a last common ancestor with a branching pattern. However, the increasingly recognized underdetermination of phylogenetic trees limits the accuracy of tree-based retrodiction. Even phylogenetic networks, which include additional processes intersecting with vertical descent, still provide incomplete descriptions of evolutionary processes, as they usually miss processes that impact unrelated lineages. Interaction networks highlight the intersection of processes that sustain biological diversity. The complex topology of all these networks further challenges retrodiction. Remarkably, when intersecting processes are involved in evolutionary transitions, they introduce new biological processes on Earth. Processes, and hence the explanantia of evolutionary biology, evolve, which challenges uniformitarian approaches to retrodiction. Despite these difficulties, a yet to be introduced typology of processes would help to analyse the (big) processual picture of life.
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McLaughlin, Brian P., and David Rose. On the Matter of Robot Minds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0012.
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One reason it matters whether phenomenally conscious robots will soon be forthcoming is that such robots would have moral rights. The view that they are on the horizon often rests on a certain philosophical view about consciousness, one called “nomological behaviorism” in this chapter. The view entails that, as a matter of nomological necessity, if a robot had exactly the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as a phenomenally conscious being, then the robot would be phenomenally conscious. The chapter experimentally investigates whether the folk think that certain (hypothetical) robots made of silicon and steel would have the same conscious states as certain familiar biological beings with the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as the robots. The findings provide evidence that the folk largely reject the view that silicon-based robots would have the sensations that they, the folk, attribute to the biological beings in question.
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Strain, James J., and Michael Blumenfield, eds. Depression as a Systemic Illness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.001.0001.
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Depression has been declared by the World Health Organization in March of 2017 to be the illness with the greatest burden of disease in the world. This volume attempts to examine the current state of our understanding of depressive disorders, from the animal models, allostatie load, patterns of recurrence, effects on other illnesses, for example, cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, wound healing, etc. It is from this perspective that the editors declare that depression is a systemic illness, not just a mental disorder. Therefore, primary care physicians need to know how to diagnose, treat, and refer when necessary for the non-complicated, non-refractory forms of depression. From this perspective models of mental health training for the primary care physician are reviewed. Then a new model, the medical model, a step beyond collaborative care is described. Non complicated depressive illness needs to be addressed by the primary care physician much as they do asthma, diabetes, hyptertension, and congestive heart failure. Even collaborative care models are unable as the number of psychiatrists is too few even in developed countries, let alone in developing ones to work with primary care. Medical schools and residency training programs need to incorporate curriculum and clinical experiences to accommodate developing expertise to diagnose, treat, and refer when necessary in this most common medical malady. Finally, a modified electronic medical record is proposed as a collaborating agent for the primary care physician.
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Harrington, Lesley, and Benjamin Osipov. The Developing Forager. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.23.
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Studies of regional and chronological variation in skeletal markers of physical activity in past hunter-gatherer populations typically focus on adults, however, patterns of bone strength develop predominantly during childhood and adolescence. Ethnographic studies suggest that differences in environment and subsistence strategy would have brought about variation in how children grew up to be productive foragers capable of procuring food for themselves and others. Different foraging activities require varying degrees of physical strength and skills development. These factors would have influenced the age at which individuals began to participate in different foraging activities and lead to regional and chronological differences in the ontogeny of limb robusticity. This process is culturally-mediated in terms of the degree to which children are ‘trained’ in subsistence activities. Consequently, this study compares ontogenetic patterns in the development of bone strength with the aim of reconstructing physical activity patterns among the children of two Holocene hunter-gatherer populations.
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Westfahl, Gary. All Today’s Parties. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037801.003.0008.
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This chapter examines three William Gibson novels: Pattern Recognition, Spook Country, and Zero History. Gibson had planned Pattern Recognition for a long time: in 1986, he declared that he would “eventually try something else,” and “in twenty years” he would probably be “writing about human relationships.” By shifting from the future to the present, Gibson clearly felt that he was relaunching his career, and hence he logically reverted to the pattern of his first novel. Known as a science fiction writer for decades, Gibson felt an obvious need to justify Pattern Recognition's present-day setting. This chapter considers a number of ways to argue that Pattern Recognition should be classified as science fiction. Spook Country asserts that we live today in a world filled with science-fictional events, but we are unable or unwilling to properly observe them. Zero History suggests that Gibson has entirely distanced himself from the world of computers, the focus of the cyberpunk literature he was once said to represent.
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Grishman, Ralph. Information Extraction. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0030.
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Information extraction (IE) is the automatic identification of selected types of entities, relations, or events in free text. This article appraises two specific strands of IE — name identification and classification, and event extraction. Conventional treatment of languages pays little attention to proper names, addresses etc. Presentations of language analysis generally look up words in a dictionary and identify them as nouns etc. The incessant presence of names in a text, makes linguistic analysis of the same difficult, in the absence of the names being identified by their types and as linguistic units. Name tagging involves creating, several finite-state patterns, each corresponding to some noun subset. Elements of the patterns would match specific/classes of tokens with particular features. Event extraction typically works by creating a series of regular expressions, customized to capture the relevant events. Enhancement of each expression is corresponded by a relevant, suitable enhancement in the event patterns.
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Robinson, Dana. Mandala Coloring Book: 50 Various Patterns, Mandala Coloring Book for Adults, Kids Would Also Enjoy This, Perfect for Relaxation and Stress Relief, Great Gift Idea. Independently Published, 2020.
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23
Nightingale, Julie, Jonathan McConnell, and Renata Eyres. Interpreting Trauma Radiographs. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.
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Nightingale, Julie, Jonathan McConnell, and Renata Eyres. Interpreting Trauma Radiographs. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.
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(Contributor), Ian Christensen, Bridgit Dimond (Contributor), Nigel Thomas (Contributor), Jonathan McConnell (Editor), Renata Eyres (Editor), and Julie Nightingale (Editor), eds. Interpreting Trauma Radiographs. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2005.
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26
Guardino, Matt. Framing Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888183.001.0001.
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This book examines how major news media have influenced the politics of economic inequality by shaping U.S. public opinion toward key policies since the early 1980s. The book describes the substance and ideological texture of news coverage during economic and social welfare policy debates across the neoliberal era. It also compares this news content to patterns of official and nongovernmental discourse. The book argues that the media’s structural position as a corporately organized and commercially driven institution helps to explain politically significant discrepancies between news coverage and broader policy discussions. The book also shows how framing patterns in the news produced through these political-economic processes may influence concrete policy attitudes. Its experimental analysis demonstrates that news coverage can shape public opinion to favor neoliberal policies, including among key segments of the American public that otherwise would not express support. The book contends that structural and institutional shifts which mark the rise of neoliberalism as a governing framework for media policy and practices have reinforced patterns of superficial and narrow news content during policy debates. Ultimately, the book argues that media coverage has fostered political climates conducive to neoliberal domestic policies at important historical moments. It suggests that changing media technologies have done little to arrest these trends in corporate news media, and that significant shifts in public policy coverage would require changes in media policy.
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Costa, Raquel, Miguel A. Serrano, and Alicia Salvador. Psychobiological Responses to Competition in Women. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.21.
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From an evolutionary perspective, questions have been raised about whether women have a psychobiological pattern similar to that of men. In humans, hormonal effects of competition and its outcome have been investigated under the biosocial status hypothesis, which proposes that, after a competition, winners would show increases in testosterone whereas losers would show reductions, and the challenge hypothesis, which emphasizes the functional role of testosterone increases in the spring to promote agonistic behavior related to territoriality and access to females. Subsequently, the coping competition model has defended the study of competition within a more general stress model, considering the psychobiological responses as part of the coping response. This chapter shows that women investigations are increasing in number in recent years and that, in competitive situations, they present coping strategies with a psychobiological response pattern that can be enlightened by the coping competition model.
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Dellavalle, Sergio. The Plurality of States and the World Order of Reason. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0018.
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This chapter argues that Hegel can be regarded as the philosopher who was the first to pave the way to a new paradigm of order and, thus, also to a new idea of the relation between the state and international law. Hegel would not only conceive order as a ‘system’—which emerges clearly from the investigation of the deep connection between his interpretation of international law and relations and the broader context of his philosophy—but this ‘system’ would also be something new within the horizon of the patterns of social order. Indeed, two elements of a new paradigm are at least sketched in Hegel’s philosophy: the polyarchic setting of order, and its dialectic (or maybe even communicative) understanding.
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Kucinskas, Jaime. The Contemplatives (1979–). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881818.003.0003.
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This chapter provides an overview of what the contemplative founders stood for and why they sought to spread meditation into professional sectors. From the beginning, contemplative leaders sought to legitimize and popularize Buddhist-inspired meditation by institutionalizing their programs in powerful organizations and institutional fields in order to initiate progressive social change. The contemplative movement is an alterative one, operating on the theory that partial change in individuals’ cognitive patterns and behavior will gradually lead them to fully transform. The movement leaders hoped that spreading contemplative practices would promote and increase personal development and awareness of interdependence with others. They thought that this, in turn, would aid democratic processes and counter materialism and greed.
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Gibson-Davis, Christina M. Single and Cohabiting Parents and Poverty. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.19.
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This article examines the interrelationships among poverty rates, inequality, and nonmarital family structures, focusing on households with a never-married parent, usually the mother, or with cohabiting parents. It first considers marriage and fertility patterns around the world and how these patterns exhibit characteristics of the so-called second demographic transition in which marriage and fertility have become increasingly disconnected. It then discusses the reasons why nonmarital families tend to be poorer than marital families and also why the correlation between poverty and nonmarital family structures does not causally explain between- or within-country variation in poverty rates. It also describes some methods for addressing high poverty rates among nonmarital household structures, arguing that policies other than marriage promotion would be far more effective at reducing poverty for nonmarital households. The article concludes with an assessment of some implications of nonmarital fertility for economic inequality.
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Hicks, Michael, and Christian Asplund. Orpheus in Tennis Sneakers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037061.003.0001.
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This chapter describes Wolff's childhood and formative years in the world of music. Born to cellist Kurt Wolff and his wife Helen in 1934, Christian Wolff grew up during an era of political unrest, which later culminated in the Second World War. Though born in France to German parents, Wolff would spend a significant part of his life in the United States, where he had begun an informal education in music, and where he would eventually study under his mentor John Cage, from whom Wolff would draw the fundamental ideas, habits, and relationships that would guide the rest of his compositional career. Here, the chapter shows how Wolff's early opus—which set the pattern for all his subsequent compositional periods—were formed and influenced through Cage's instruction. Yet the chapter shows that this influence proved reciprocal, with Wolff likewise leaving his own lasting impacts upon Cage's compositional career.
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Brooks, Risa A. Military Defection and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.26.
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The protests that began in Tunisia in December 2010, and quickly spread across the Arab world, have drawn significant attention to the impact of militaries and coercive institutions on protests and revolutionary movements. The actions of the militaries were a central determinant of the outcomes of the uprisings of 2010–2011. In Tunisia and Egypt the decision by military leaders to abstain from using force on mass protests to suppress them led to the downfall of the countries’ autocrats. In Syria and Bahrain, militaries defended political leaders with brutal force. In Yemen and Libya, militaries fractured, with some units remaining allied to the leader and using force on his behalf and others defecting. In still other states, leaders and militaries were able to forestall the emergence of large, regime-threatening protests.To explain these divergent outcomes, scholars and analysts have looked to a variety of explanatory factors. These focus on the attributes of the militaries involved, their civil-military relations, the size and social composition of the protests, the nature of the regime’s institutions, and the impact of monarchical traditions. These explanations offer many useful insights, but several issues remain under-studied. These include the impact of authoritarian learning and diffusion on protest trajectory. They also include the endogeneity of the protests to the nature of a country’s civil-military relations (i.e., how preexisting patterns of civil-military relations affected the possibility that incipient demonstrations would escalate to mass protests). Scholars also have been understandably captivated by the aforementioned pattern of military defection-loyalty, focusing on explaining that observed difference at the expense of studying other dependent variables. The next generation of scholarship on the uprisings therefore would benefit from efforts to conceptualize and investigate different aspects of variation in military behavior.Overall, the first-generation literature has proved enormously useful and laid the foundation for a much richer understanding of military behavior and reactions to popular uprisings in the Arab world and beyond.
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Hoover, Jesse A. The Apocalypse that Never Was. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825517.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 focuses on the ways in which Donatist appeals to the apocalyptic have been understood by those outside the dissident communion. Four patterns in particular are discussed. In the militant rhetoric of its early opponents, Donatist eschatological claims were dismissed as evidence of “madness.” By the nineteenth century, Donatists were no longer seen as madmen, but their apparent preoccupation with the end of the world caused many to brand them as anachronistic in an age of Christian emperors. Later reassessments would attempt to link apocalyptic rhetoric with socioeconomic protest against Roman oppression or attempt to downplay apocalyptic motifs altogether.
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Bader, Veit. Raising Claims and Dealing with Claims in a ‘Mobile World’ of ‘Superdiversity’: Institutions and Policies of Accommodation under Pressure. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0011.
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Global migration has become more diversified and also the settlement, citizenship and integration package has changed. These changes have important consequences for cultures and identity-definitions, for the socio-political conditions of collective action and claims-making, for established institutional policy-patterns and dealing with claims, for citizenship and democratic representation, and for theories of multiculturalism. My focus is on changing socio-political conditions of collective action because it seems to be the empirically least researched topic and because the competing, fashionable paradigms – ‘intersectionalism’, ‘transnationalism’, ‘mobility’ or ‘superdiversity’ – are kryptonormative, overgeneralized and misleading. I start with conceptual, theoretical, empirical and normative objections against the superdiversity paradigm because it seems to have rapidly increasing traction. Next, however, I proceed from the criticized assumption that superdiversity diagnoses would be empirically true: If, and to the degree to which, cultural practices get more radically flexible, hybrid and fluid and objective social positions, collective identity definitions, netness, groupness and organizations would get fluid and flexible, less stable claims-making can be expected: immigrant ethno-religious minorities of all kinds would loose collective voice. Contrary to the normative praise of superdiversity and ‘individualization’ and of ‘diversity-policies’ this would be – in the real world of structural power-asymmetries – not a praiseworthy utopia but a nightmare.
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Kandel, Denise B., Mei-Chen Hu, Pamela C. Griesler, Bradley T. Kerridge, and Bridget F. Grant. Epidemiology of Substance use Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0041.
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The epidemiology of drug use in the general population includes two distinct streams of research. The more common stream measures consumption patterns by asking individuals whether (and how frequently) they have ever used specific classes of drugs. The second stream measures the extent of problematic drug use by asking individuals about behaviors and symptoms that would meet the criteria for a substance use disorder. This chapter presents data on the epidemiology and phenomenology of substance use disorders from comparative and developmental perspectives, focusing on DSM-5 definitions, prevalence for types of drugs and by age, gender, and race/ethnicity, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, and developmental stages.
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Grove, David R., Gilbert J. Greene, and Mo Yee Lee. Family Therapy for Treating Trauma. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190059408.001.0001.
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Family Therapy for Trauma: An Integrative Family and Systems Treatment (I-FAST) Approach offers a stand-alone family therapy treatment approach for trauma, addressing a gap in the trauma treatment literature. The book outlines a flexible yet structured family therapy approach that can integrate intervention procedures from any of the evidence-based manualized trauma treatments into a family treatment framework. The authors show how this flexibility offers great advantages for engaging trauma survivors and their families into treatment, who otherwise would not cooperate with standard trauma treatment approaches. They show how tracking and utilizing client and family frames in the organizing of treatment enhances both family engagement and the healing process in general. We show the role of family interactional patterns in the perpetuation of trauma symptoms and how changing these patterns leads to the resolution of trauma symptoms. The book demonstrates how tracking and enlarging interactional exceptions plays a key role in overcoming problems related to trauma. For clients who are not interested in trauma treatment, the authors show how treatment focusing on whatever issue they are willing to address can simultaneously resolve their trauma symptoms.
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Anderson, James A. Brain Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0012.
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What form would a brain theory take? Would it be short and punchy, like Maxwell’s Equations? Or with a clear goal but achieved by a community of mechanisms—local theories—to attain that goal, like the US Tax Code. The best developed recent brain-like model is the “neural network.” In the late 1950s Rosenblatt’s Perceptron and many variants proposed a brain-inspired associative network. Problems with the first generation of neural networks—limited capacity, opaque learning, and inaccuracy—have been largely overcome. In 2016, a program from Google, AlphaGo, based on a neural net using deep learning, defeated the world’s best Go player. The climax of this chapter is a fictional example starring Sherlock Holmes demonstrating that complex associative computation in practice has less in common with accurate pattern recognition and more with abstract high-level conceptual inference.
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Bexell, Magdalena, and Kristina Jönsson. Audiences of (De)Legitimation in Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0007.
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This chapter identifies types of audiences at which legitimation and delegitimation practices are directed in global governance. The concept of “audience” steers attention to processes of communication between those who seek to shape legitimacy perceptions and those whose perceptions would be shaped. (De)legitimation practices may have different implications for different audiences, and the chapter suggests that audiences play an active part in the performance of (de)legitimation in global governance. Two distinctions are introduced for classifying relationships between global governance institutions and the multitude of actors that may hold legitimacy beliefs about them, namely between constituencies and observers and between targeted and self-appointed audiences. Such categories can be used for the purpose of studying patterns and variation in legitimacy beliefs across actors.
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Pfeifer, Michael J. The Civil War and Reconstruction and the Remaking of American Lynching. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036132.003.0006.
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This chapter traces the pivotal transformation of racial lynching across the United States in the era of the Civil War and Reconstruction. It begins with an analysis of lynchings of African Americans in the early to mid-1860s in Wisconsin, New York State, and Michigan, highlighting the role northern whites played in forging a national practice of racial lynching during the Civil War and Reconstruction. The chapter ends by examining the emancipation of the slaves and the transition in legal and social arrangements in Louisiana in the Reconstruction era, identifying within emerging patterns of collective violence and shifts in legal institutions the advent of the ritualized racial violence that would plague the South in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Thorau, Christian. “What Ought to be Heard”. Edited by Christian Thorau and Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.9.
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The emergence of program notes and concert guidebooks in the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe and North America are symptoms of a culture of listening that shows many structural similarities between the practice of concert-goers and tourists. This chapter develops the cultural-historical argument that the tourist’s mode of discovering and appropriating the world established patterns of behavior that would soon enough make their entry into concert halls and opera houses. By analyzing the shared features between music listening and tourism, special focus has to be given to the markers that announce, promote, and explain the “musical sight.” Characteristic for the new auditory paradigm of “touristic listening” is a practical, work-focused knowledge that frames, guides, and canonizes the listening experience.
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Knoll and, Benjamin R., and Cammie Jo Bolin. Support and Skepticism Regarding Women’s Ordination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882365.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on why some people support women’s ordination while others oppose it. It takes a deep dive into face-to-face personal narrative interviews to uncover the common themes and patterns of explanations that people give to justify their positions. It uncovers a few key themes that are common to individuals in a variety of religious traditions, including scriptural authority, personal experiences, and gender stereotypes about the gifts and talents that men and women possess. It is striking that despite interviewees’ reasons for supporting or opposing women’s ordination, many indicated they would gladly change their position if their congregation changed its policy. Middle-aged and older women, however, seem to have the most difficulty overall accepting women as pastors.
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Pell, Stephanie K. Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in the United States I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
After the September 11 attacks, law enforcement's mission expanded to include, at times even prioritize, the general “prevention, deterrence and disruption” of terrorist attacks, which presumed a new emphasis upon threat detection and identification by analyzing patterns in larger, less specific bodies of information. Indeed, the unprecedented level of “third-party” possession of information inevitably makes the private sector the most reliable and comprehensive source of information available to law enforcement and intelligence agencies alike. This chapter explores the potential applications of systematic government access to data held by third-party private-sector intermediaries that would not be considered public information sources but, rather, data generated based on the role these intermediaries play in facilitating economic and business transactions (including personal business, such as buying groceries or staying at a hotel on vacation).
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Madsen, Richard. Religion under Communism. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.034.
Full textAbstract:
Lenin began and Stalin completed the organizational structures and the repertoire of strategies and tactics that would be used as a model by almost all subsequent communist movements for suppressing religion. This model was primarily constructed to overcome the challenges posed to the revolution by a powerful Russian Orthodox Church. As such it did not fit the religious circumstances of other communist countries. It was poorly adapted to the decentralized patterns of religious practice in Asia, and it was unable to eliminate resistance from the Roman Catholic Church in Eastern Europe, especially when that church was connected with nationalism. Even though the Stalinist model initially seemed successful in eliminating political opposition from religion in the Soviet Union, it was in the long run a failure on its own terms.
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Rawlings, Hunter. Writing History Implicitly through Refined Structuring. Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.4.
Full textAbstract:
Thucydides self-consciously composed his history for an elite audience of reader-listeners who would pay close attention to his work, not simply hear parts of it recited once. On the surface, he organized it tightly according to rigidly heeded principles: strict focus on war and political decision-making; rigorous ordering of time and space by consecutive summers and winters, and by theaters of action. Behind these overt structures Thucydides imposed a number of implicit designs, which lead perceptive readers to see and appreciate recurring patterns in history, particularly in political leaders’ decision making and in the morale of their cities. Structural parallelisms, juxtapositions, and the ordering of the accounts, for instance, are important Thucydidean means of making readers engage with his history and with their own; verbal linkages also provoke readers to note the ironies, paradoxes, and incongruities of the events.
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Campbell, John L. Race and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872434.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 4 explains how America’s economic decline took on racial tones. For years minorities had been blamed for higher taxes, job loss, and depressed wages, as well as crime, terrorism, and a general assault on traditional American values. However, the facts were at odds with these perceptions. But that didn’t matter to Trump, who disregarded the facts and capitalized on the public’s misunderstandings. Racial scapegoating was not new to the United States. However, it took a more explicit tone in the Trump campaign emphasizing recent immigration patterns—an influx of Hispanics from Mexico and Muslims from the Middle East who Trump said he would stop from entering the country by building a wall along the southern border, rounding up undocumented immigrants, deporting them, and tightening up the immigration system overall. His supporters loved him for it.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Muscle atrophy is usually caused by interruption of axonal flow [axonal neuropathies, motor neuron diseases (MNDs), etc.]. If weakness is out of proportion to atrophy, demyelinating neuropathy should be suspected. Chronic myopathies and immobility also may cause atrophy, but no electromyography (EMG) evidence of denervation or myopathy is found. The pattern of atrophy is often helpful to localize the lesions. Atrophy of the interossi and preservation of the bulk of the thenar muscles suggest ulnar neuropathy, but atrophy of both would suggest a C8 or plexus pathology. Muscle enlargement may be due to fatty replacement, which can be confirmed by EMG and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or due to real muscle hypertrophy from excessive discharges (neuromyotonia).
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van den Berg, Hugo Meyer, and Hanri Mostert. Challenges to Regulating Hydraulic Fracturing in South Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0014.
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Two problems have recently plagued South Africa: insufficient energy supply and water scarcity. Hydraulic fracturing for extracting shale gas forms the backdrop to the consideration of law making and governance patterns to meet challenges of integrating new technologies into the energy landscape. The chapter highlights the climate change imperative that necessitates law making for the integration of ‘new’ technologies into the sector, and the law’s role in their governance. It considers reasons for, and potential success of, hydraulic fracturing as a method of gas extraction, alongside the environmental concerns feeding off the water scarcity problem. Further cultural and contextual concerns with hydraulic fracturing in South Africa are also considered. Law and policy making has failed to address concerns that would speak against introducing this technology. The chapter critiques the Government’s choice of addressing weaknesses in the law by introducing secondary legislation rather than involving a parliamentary process for considering amendments.
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Ryan, Eileen. Italian Imperialism and Sanusi Authority at the Turn of the Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673796.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Italian unification preceded a new era of European imperial expansion. Italian nationalists were eager to ensure Italy’s position as a European great power by claiming overseas territories. For many Italians, adventures in East Africa served only as a distraction from the goal of securing the Mediterranean. After the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881 and the Italian military disaster at Adwa in 1896, Italian imperialists turned their focus to the Ottoman districts of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in modern-day Libya. It was during these last decades of the nineteenth century that the Sanusiyya emerged as an undeniable political, social, and religious force in North Africa. Any central state authorities with an interest in securing the eastern Libyan district of Cyrenaica had to engage with the Sanusiyya. Sanusi elites developed patterns of engaging with centralized state authorities that would inform their reactions to the Italian occupation after 1911.
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Furtak, Rick Anthony. Feeling Apprehensive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492045.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Our bodily states can affect our susceptibility toward emotional arousal; empirical research suggests that discrete patterns of somatic upheaval can be identified, at least for some emotions. Such findings correspond with the observation that there is something it’s like to feel a particular emotion: that the experience of emotion has a distinct subjective character. Rather than bodily feelings that are nothing but physical disturbances devoid of intentionality, they can be feelings about our surroundings, which have intentionality and are therefore capable of conveying significant information. The somatic agitation we feel when we are trembling with fear is not a mere sensation but a felt apprehension of danger. When we are afraid, we are not convinced that the object of our fear is harmless—contrary to what others have argued. It would be false to claim that emotions are divorced from cognition, or to identify them simply with intellectual judgments.
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Popper, Nicholas. European Historiography in English Political Culture. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.14.
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Historical study flourished in early modern Europe, as scholars and counselors adapted venerable genres and modes of analysis and devised new methods and techniques. Their works intended to advance political ends by augmenting their readers’ strategic acumen, familiarizing them with recent events, or deciphering broad providential patterns at work. Early modern England witnessed the importation of every significant form of historical work produced in this period, and these methods came to occupy a central, if variegated, place in its political culture. Above all, the interpretive model of ‘politic history’ and the techniques of continental antiquarianism became powerful ways to intervene in English politics, and editions, translations, and adaptations were disseminated by those both endorsing and challenging royal policy. At the same time, other readers plumbed their histories for empirical information, hoping that their mastery of foreign lands would earn them advancement within the regime.