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Journal articles on the topic 'World War, 1939-1945 – Poetry'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Subanti, Gregorius. "The War, Postwar and Postmodern British Poets: Themes and Styles." Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS) 4, no. 1 (October 29, 2018): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v4i1.1633.

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British literature, especially poetry has experienced different phases and showed the unique faces from the early periods to what called modernity era. The multi-facetted poetry is inflected by the dynamic atmospheres faced by Britain as results of the responses of poetic artists to the ups and downs of British history, especially the industrial changes and the brutality of World War I and II. Poets responded the political, social and cultural waves with their own unique styles and moods. The traumatic Wars and their casualties were not the sole themes during the war or post war era poetry, some poets reacted the issues of their own ways. This paper will discuss the reaction of some British poets to the wars. The discussion sections will be parted into the general responses, and also the analysis of two post war poets namely Adrian Henry and James Berry to represent their era of 1960 and 1980. This study reveals some findings that the poets experienced WWI and WWII responded the wars in such dramatic and gloomy ways as they are closely affected by the effects of 1915-1945 wars. Adrian Henry lived in the era post-modern, 1960s, the effect should have recovered. His poetic style speaks itself. James Berry, a Black immigrant poet, voices his root, past experiences and hope for a new life. Despite the style and theme, they all flourish British poetry with their own uniqueness.Keywords: British poetry, postwar, postmodern, Adrian Henri, James Berry

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2

Buckridge, Patrick. "Colin Bingham, the Telegraph and poetic modernism in Brisbane between the wars." Queensland Review 23, no. 2 (December 2016): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2016.26.

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AbstractBrisbane has sometimes been represented as a bulwark of literary traditionalism against the advances of poetic modernism in the southern capitals during the first half of the twentieth century. But as William Hatherell showed in The Third Metropolis, modernism had a brief but intense flourishing in the northern city during and immediately after World War II. This article traces the reception and practice of poetic modernism in Brisbane even earlier than that, in the period between the wars, both in the form of a vigorous critical debate over ‘modernistic poetry’ in the Courier-Mail and elsewhere, and also in the composition and publication of a significant quantity of self-consciously modernist poetry in Brisbane's evening daily, the Telegraph, with the active encouragement of the paper's literary editor, Colin Bingham, from 1930 to 1939.

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3

Shoham, Reuven. "Kovner vs. Kovner: “A Parting from the South” vs. “Combat Page”." AJS Review 22, no. 2 (November 1997): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400009600.

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The poet Abba Kovner was a partisan and freedom fighter during World War II (1942–1945), made aliyah in 1945, and published his first long poem, ‘Ad lo ’or (“Until There Was No Light”), in 1947. At the outbreak of the Israeli War of Independence he fought on the Egyptian front (1947–48), serving as a cultural officer, or politruk in the Giv'ati Brigade. Preda me-ha-darom (“A Parting from the South”), his second long poem and one of the pivotal works by a modern Hebrew poet, was written against the background of the War of Independence. However, critics have not yet been able to find a fitting place for it in the canon of Hebrew poetry and culture, although several serious attempts have been made. The present study does not refer to every aspect of this complex poem but focuses on one particular point. I contend that “A Parting from the South” implies an attempt by the visionary speaker of the poem to compel the young country, soon after the war, to part from the world of death, from cultic memories of the dead and guilt feelings toward them (the dead in the 1948 war in Israel and the dead in the ghettos of Nazi Europe in World War II). Abba Kovner tries to detach himself, and his readers, from death, to liberate them from the old perspectives.

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4

Finkin, Jordan, and Nokhum Minkoff. "On the Edge." Hebrew Union College Annual 92 (December 1, 2021): 225–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15650/hebruniocollannu.92.6.

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Nokhum Borukh Minkov (1893–1958) was born to a modern-thinking family in Warsaw. Though his mother was much more comfortable in Yiddish, his Russified father forbade Yiddish in the home. Minkov came to the U.S. just before the outbreak of World War I, first to San Francisco, where he wanted to study medicine, and then to New York, where he ended up at NYU Law School. There he befriended Yankev Glatshteyn, also a law student, and fell in with the Yiddish literary crowd. In those early days he could often be seen in the cafes doggedly studying Yiddish, pestering his soon-to-be-fellow poets about vocabulary and points of grammar. Though he would ultimately author five books of poetry, he is today noted and remembered primarily for his later works of literary critical scholarship, including studies of Elye Bokher and Glikl Hamel, as well as Classic Yiddish Poets (1939), Six Yiddish Critics (1954), and his three-volume masterwork Pioneers of Yiddish Poetry in America (1956)

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5

Subiotto, Namita, and Biserka Bobnar. "MUTUAL TRANSLATION OF SLOVENIAN AND MACEDONIAN CHILDREN'S POETRY." Philological Studies 19, no. 1 (2021): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2021-19-1-128-143.

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The paper presents the mutual translation of Slovenian and Macedonian children’s poetry from the end of the Second World War to the present day. The first part of the paper presents data on book translations of Slovenian children’s poetry into Macedonian and Macedonian children’s poetry into Slovene in two stages: the first one shows translations in the period between 1945 and 1990, when Slovenia and Macedonia were part of the common state of Yugoslavia, and the second one shows translations publishedafter independence, i.e., between 1991 and 2020. The proportion of mutual translations of Slovenian and Macedonian children’spoetry comparedto translations of children’sprose and drama is also shown. In the second part, the rare book translations of Slovenian children'spoetry into Macedonian and Macedonian into Slovenian published after 2000 are analysed using a functional approach. The analysis seeks to show whether the translated text matches the illustrations, whether the form and sound of the poems are preserved, and what the transfer of the vocabulary is like. The conclusion suggests possibilities for more active interculturalmediationin this field.

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6

Sokolov, Oleg A. "Unsheathing Poet’s Sword Again: The Crusades in Arabic Anticolonial Poetry before 1948." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.211.

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Both Arab and Western scholars agree that, starting in the mid-20th century, the correlation of Western Europeans with the Crusaders and the extrapolation of the term “Crusade” to modern military conflicts have become an integral part of modern Arab political discourse, and are also widely reflected in Arab culture. The existence of works examining references to the theme of the Crusades in Arab social thought, politics, and culture of the second half of the 20th century contrasts with the almost complete absence of specialized studies devoted to the analysis of references to this historical era in Arab culture in the 19th century and first half of the 20th. An analysis of references to the era of the Crusades in the work of Arab poets before 1948 shows that, already in the period of the Arab Revival, this topic occupied an important place in the imagery of anti-colonial poetry, and not only in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, historically attacked by the Crusaders, but also in other regions of the Arab world. If, before World War I, Arab poets only praised the commanders of the past who defeated the Crusaders, then afterwards the theme of the Crusades was also used to liken the European colonialists to the “medieval Franks”. The authors of the poems containing images from the era of the Crusades were, among others, the participants of the Arab Uprising of 1936–1939 and the Arab-Israeli War of 1947–1949, who set their goal with the help of poetry to mobilize the masses for the struggle.

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7

Pawłowska, Aneta Joanna. "Visual text or "words-in-freedom" from Futurism through concrete poetry to electronic literature." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 1 (2019): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2019.1.06.

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The aim of the article is to present the changes which the literary text with visual values is subjected to. As the starting point of our intellectual considerations we chose the turning-point between 19th and 20th century, when as a result of artistic actions of such avant-garde artists as Guillaume Apollinaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, dramatic changes in the perception of the semantic meaning of poety occurred, which brought about the situation in which the visual structure of the text became quite essential. In the beginning of the 20th century the need for the necessary changes within the scope of literature and visual arts, were noticed by such diverse artists connected with Futurism, as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who advocated in his „one-day” publications and manifestoes the slogans which were spelled out in various different languages parole in libertá – with „words-in- freedom”. In Poland a similar role was played by such artists as Brunon Jasieński (1901-1938), Stanisław Młodożeniec (1895-1959), Alexander Watt (1900-1967), Anatol Stern (1899-1968) and Tytus Czyżewski (1880-1945), who presented a multi-sensual reality, in the poetry with „mechanical instinct”. The aim of the article is to present the changes which the literary text with visual values is subjected to. As the starting point of our intellectual considerations we chose the turning-point between 19th and 20th century, when as a result of artistic actions of such avant-garde artists as Guillaume Apollinaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, dramatic changes in the perception of the semantic meaning of poety occurred, which brought about the situation in which the visual structure of the text became quite essential. In the beginning of the 20th century the need for the necessary changes within the scope of literature and visual arts, were noticed by such diverse artists connected with Futurism, as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who advocated in his „one-day” publications and manifestoes the slogans which were spelled out in various different languages parole in libertá – with „words-in- freedom”. In Poland a similar role was played by such artists as Brunon Jasieński (1901-1938), Stanisław Młodożeniec (1895-1959), Alexander Watt (1900-1967), Anatol Stern (1899-1968) and Tytus Czyżewski (1880-1945), who presented a multi-sensual reality, in the poetry with „mechanical instinct”. A vivid interest concerning the modern typography in the period which took place immediately after the end of the First World War and during the interwar period of the Great Avant-Garde, was shown by various artists who were closely related to Dadaism and the Polish art group called „a.r”. Here a special mention is desrved by the pioneer accomplishments in the range of lettering craft and the so-called „functional printing” of the famous artist Władysław Strzemiński (1893-1952). The next essential moment in the development of the new approach to the synesthesia of the printed text and fine arts is the period of the 1960s of the 20th century and the period of „concrete poetry” (Eugen Gomringer, brothers Augusto and Haroldo de Campos from Brazil, Öyvind Fahlström). In Poland, the undisputed leader of this movement was the artist Stanisław Dróżdż (1939-2009), the originator of the so-called „conceptual-shapes”. In the 21st century, the emanation of actions which endevour to join and link closely poetry with visual arts is the electronic literature, referred to as digital or html. Artists associated with this formation, usually produce their works only by means of a laptop or personal computer and with the intention that the computer the main carrier / medium of their work. Among the creators of such works of art, it is possibile to mention such authors of the young generation as Robert Szczerbiowski, Radosław Nowakowski, Sławomir Shuty.

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8

Doiar, Larуsa. "Ukrainian book prints 1945—1946: reflections on the events of the military disaster." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2021.4(297).41-50.

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The presented article raises the problem of the Second World War in the context of the events that took place on its main direction — the Eastern Front, where, without exaggeration, the fate of all mankind was decided. The racial doctrine of Hitler's Nazism left no chance for the physical existence of most peoples, who were treated by it as inferior and those who could only be in slavery. Thus, on May 9, 1945, perpetuated not only the victory of one military bloc over another, but also the right of the human community to its diversity and life in conditions of racial and national equality, tolerance, and humanism. This article is devoted to the problem of covering the events of the war in book prints published in the Ukrainian SSR shortly after its end. The purpose of the presented research was to conduct a content analysis of previously unused and now forgotten books of 1945—1946 editions published in the USSR and devoted to the war of 1941—1945. The study involved literature of various genres, publishing volumes and purpose, namely: official documents (state and party), scientific works, memoirs (memoirs, memoirs), epistolary, fiction and poetry. Realizing this goal, the author worked on book prints published in several publishers of the Ukrainian SSR at that time, in particular, the Ukrainian State Publishing House (State Publishing House of Ukraine), the Ukrainian Publishing House of Political Literature (Political Publishing House of Ukraine), the State Publishing House of Fiction (Lithuania), the publishing house of Odessa State University named after I. Mechnikov, the publishing house of the Dnipropetrovsk regional committee of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine. Based on this work, the author came to the conclusion that the printing press of the first postwar years laid a solid foundation of a huge literary community, which for many decades determined the public attitude to the events of the Great Patriotic War.

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9

Mulligan, Joseph. "Mediating Andean Modernity: The Literary Oracular in Muerte por el tacto by Jaime Saenz." Bolivian Studies Journal 26 (December 10, 2021): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2021.252.

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Upon his return from Berlin in 1939, Jaime Saenz started working in La Paz for intelligence agencies and public relations offices of Bolivia and the United States, which led to correspondent positions with Reuters and McGraw-Hill World News. His trajectory into Cold War Bolivian state nobility seemed all but guaranteed. However, on the brink of this breakout moment, he renounced his job —and professionalism altogether— committing himself to a life of literature and alcoholism as his marriage unraveled. In response to repeated interventions, he justified his every loss with a further indictment of the precautious, which was an outgrowth of his belief in the existence of a higher truth that was both accessible and impervious to analytical reason. In this article, I ask how Saenz’s poetry from the 1950s metabolized the rhetoric of indictment which it had inherited from the Tellurism of the Chaco generation. How might Muerte por el tacto (1957) be symptomatic of a broader aim of restoring to modern poetry its oracular legitimacy? On what grounds did Saenz indict precautious defenders of historical culture? And how did such an indictment mediate “national energy” (Tamayo) as it came into language through the nativist discourse of the land? Paying focal attention to regimes of revelation in Saenz’s early poetry and the historical conditions of its production, this article updates a discussion among Transatlanticists about the legitimization of irrationalism in 20th-century poetics and politics by assessing the socio-symbolic value of the oracular in the regionalist discourse of modernism.

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10

L’vova, Irina V. "The Image of Russia in Beat Culture." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 16 (2021): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/16/13.

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The article deals with one of the most important unofficial imperial symbols of Russia - the Russian bayonet. For quite a long historical period, 1790-1945, the bayonet remained a metaphor for military, state, and national power. In the historical perspective, it had three main meanings: 1) the glory of the Russian Army, and then the Red Army; 2) the greatness and strength of the Russian Empire; 3) courage, determination, and the Russian man’s contempt for death. The cult of Suvorov and the myth of the Russian bayonet were formed in Russian poetry at the same time - at the end of the XVIII century, and they supported each other. Suvorov’s bayonet charge training remained relevant in the tactics and military theory of the Russian Army until the end of the 19th century. The idea of the mythical Suvorov’s “bogatyr”, a Russian soldier, was poeticized by the commander himself in The Science of Victory (1795) and was continued primarily in the patriotic poetry of the 1830s. The mythologization of the Russian bayonet in Russian poetry and battle prose reached its apotheosis in the early 1830s, at the time of Russia’s confrontation with Europe over the Polish Uprising. The literary myth of the bayonet is presented in its most complete form in Pyotr Yershov’s poem “The Russian Bayonet”. Patriotic lyrics with their collective lyrical subject and nationwide sublime pathos and the battle prose of the 1830s both played a decisive role in the creation of the myth. The hyperbolization of the Russian hero wielding the bayonet in the prose of the 1830s is usually linked with the motif of national superiority. The ideological imperial myth of the invincible and all-powerful Russian bayonet was used primarily within Russia itself. During the Crimean War, the poetical hope that the bayonet would help to win the war with the most well-armed armies in Europe was in vain. In addition, the destruction of the myth was influenced by the spread of the personal point of view in the psychological prose of Leo Tolstoy and Vsevolod Garshin. In Tolstoy’s battle prose, the war rhetoric and the valorization of war are devalued, this “demythologization” also includes an unusual description of the Russian bayonet charge. This trend continues in the prose of Garshin, who gained the experience of an ordinary volunteer soldier in the Russian-Turkish War. In the last third of the 19th century and before the beginning of the First World War, the bayonet in Russian unofficial literature became a metaphor for the repressive state apparatus. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the war, the suppressed national semantics of the bayonet was actualized again. The same thing happened at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War when the very existence of Russians as an ethnic group was called into question. Soviet poets once again turned to the myth of the all-conquering Suvorov’s Russian bayonet.

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11

Maroshi, Valerij V. "“The Russian Bayonet” in the Russian Literature of the 18th-20th Centuries: The Magic Weapon of the Empire." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 16 (2021): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/16/14.

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The article deals with one of the most important unofficial imperial symbols of Russia - the Russian bayonet. For quite a long historical period, 1790-1945, the bayonet remained a metaphor for military, state, and national power. In the historical perspective, it had three main meanings: 1) the glory of the Russian Army, and then the Red Army; 2) the greatness and strength of the Russian Empire; 3) courage, determination, and the Russian man’s contempt for death. The cult of Suvorov and the myth of the Russian bayonet were formed in Russian poetry at the same time - at the end of the XVIII century, and they supported each other. Suvorov’s bayonet charge training remained relevant in the tactics and military theory of the Russian Army until the end of the 19th century. The idea of the mythical Suvorov’s “bogatyr”, a Russian soldier, was poeticized by the commander himself in The Science of Victory (1795) and was continued primarily in the patriotic poetry of the 1830s. The mythologization of the Russian bayonet in Russian poetry and battle prose reached its apotheosis in the early 1830s, at the time of Russia’s confrontation with Europe over the Polish Uprising. The literary myth of the bayonet is presented in its most complete form in Pyotr Yershov’s poem “The Russian Bayonet”. Patriotic lyrics with their collective lyrical subject and nationwide sublime pathos and the battle prose of the 1830s both played a decisive role in the creation of the myth. The hyperbolization of the Russian hero wielding the bayonet in the prose of the 1830s is usually linked with the motif of national superiority. The ideological imperial myth of the invincible and all-powerful Russian bayonet was used primarily within Russia itself. During the Crimean War, the poetical hope that the bayonet would help to win the war with the most well-armed armies in Europe was in vain. In addition, the destruction of the myth was influenced by the spread of the personal point of view in the psychological prose of Leo Tolstoy and Vsevolod Garshin. In Tolstoy’s battle prose, the war rhetoric and the valorization of war are devalued, this “demythologization” also includes an unusual description of the Russian bayonet charge. This trend continues in the prose of Garshin, who gained the experience of an ordinary volunteer soldier in the Russian-Turkish War. In the last third of the 19th century and before the beginning of the First World War, the bayonet in Russian unofficial literature became a metaphor for the repressive state apparatus. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the war, the suppressed national semantics of the bayonet was actualized again. The same thing happened at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War when the very existence of Russians as an ethnic group was called into question. Soviet poets once again turned to the myth of the all-conquering Suvorov’s Russian bayonet.

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12

Rohwer, Jürgen. "The Wireless World at War, 1939–1945." International History Review 16, no. 3 (September 1994): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1994.9640687.

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13

Levitus, S., G. Matishov, I. Smolyar, O. K. Baranova, M. M. Zweng, T. Tielking, N. Mikhailov, et al. "World War II (1939-1945) Oceanographic Observations." Data Science Journal 12 (2013): 102–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.13-030.

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14

Rodden, John. "“The Rope That Connects Me Directly with You”: John Wain and the Movement Writers' Orwell." Albion 20, no. 1 (1988): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049798.

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No British writer has had a greater impact on the Anglo-American generation which came of age in the decade following World War II than George Orwell. His influence has been, and continues to be, deeply felt by intellectuals of all political stripes, including the Marxist Left (Raymond Williams, E. P. Thompson), the anarchist Left (George Woodcock, Nicolas Walter), the American liberal-Left (Irving Howe), American neoconservatives (Norman Podhoretz), and the Anglo-American Catholic Right (Christopher Hollis, Russell Kirk).Perhaps Orwell's broadest imprint, however, was stamped upon the only literary group which has ever regarded him as a model: the Movement writers of the 1950s. Unlike the above-mentioned groups, which have consisted almost entirely of political intellectuals rather than writers—and whose members have responded to him as a political critic first and a writer second—some of the Movement writers saw Orwell not just as a political intellectual but also as the man of letters and/or literary stylist whom they aspired to be.The Movement writers were primarily an alliance of poet-critics. The “official” members numbered nine poets and novelists; a few other writers and critics loomed on the periphery. Their acknowledged genius, if not leading publicist, was Philip Larkin, who later became Britain's poet laureate. Orwell's plain voice influenced the tone and attitude of Larkin's poetry and that of several other Movement poets, especially Robert Conquest and D. J. Enright. But Orwell shone as an even brighter presence among the poet-novelists, particularly John Wain and Kingsley Amis, whose early fictional anti-heroes were direct descendants of Gordon Comstock in Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) and George Bowling in Coming Up for Air (1939).

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15

Seymour-Ure, Colin. "The world war 1939–1945: the cartoonists' vision." International Affairs 68, no. 2 (April 1992): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623278.

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16

Axworthy, M. W. A., and Dinu C. Giurescu. "Romania in the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 65, no. 1 (January 2001): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677481.

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17

Willis, Ian. "Camden at War: Second World War, 1939-1945: A Brief Overview." AQ: Australian Quarterly 78, no. 1 (2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20638375.

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18

Reid, Brian Holden. "War at any price: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945." History of European Ideas 10, no. 6 (January 1989): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90106-x.

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19

Hilton, Claire. "Mill Hill Emergency Hospital: 1939–1945." Psychiatric Bulletin 30, no. 3 (March 2006): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.30.3.106.

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Have you ever wondered why the well-known Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale was named after a suburb of North London? Little known to most psychiatrists or to local people in Mill Hill, a major part of the Maudsley Hospital was evacuated there from central London during the Second World War. Mill Hill School had been evacuateden masseto St Bees in Cumberland. The vacant buildings were requisitioned by the Emergency Medical Service for the Maudsley Hospital. Much innovative psychiatric treatment and research took place there throughout the war with a star-studded cast, including some outstanding clinicians and researchers. This brief review of historical sources aims to give a flavour of the clinical work of the Mill Hill Maudsley.

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20

Casdorph, Paul D., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 2000): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568882.

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21

Brooks, Jennifer E., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070140.

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22

Burds, Jeffrey. "Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939—1945." Politics & Society 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601108329751.

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23

Fairclough, Adam, and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652307.

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24

Hrynovets, V. "Lviv University Dental School during World War II." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2020, no. 2b (December 2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.065.

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The article demonstrates the development of Lviv University Dental School during World War II. The peculiarity is that during World War II 1939—1945 Lviv University School, despite significant losses, continued to function fully at the Lviv State Medical Institute.

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25

Klynina, Tetiana. "Information war. The USA and Great Britain during World War II (1939 - 1945)." Skhid, no. 2(142) (June 3, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2016.2(142).70479.

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26

Singer, Donald. "1 Osler and the fellowship of postgraduate medicine." Postgraduate Medical Journal 95, no. 1130 (November 21, 2019): 685.1–685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-fpm.1.

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Sir William Osler’s legacy lives on through the Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine (FPM). Osler was in 1911 founding President both of the Postgraduate Medical Association and on 1981 of the Inter-allied Fellowship of Medicine. These societies merged later in 1919, with Osler as President until his death at the end of that year. This joint organization was initially called the Fellowship of Medicine and Post-Graduate Medical Association and continues to this day as the Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine. In the 1880s, in his role as medical leader in North America, Osler pioneered hospital residency programmes for junior trainee doctors. As Regius Professor of medicine in Oxford from 1905, Osler wished early postgraduate teaching in the UK, and in London in particular, to include access to ‘the wealth of material at all the hospitals’. He also saw medical societies as important for providing reliable continuous medical develop for senior doctors.Under Osler’s leadership, the Fellowship of Medicine responded to demand for postgraduate civilian medical training after the First World War, supported by a general committee of 73 senior medical figures, with representatives from the British Army Medical Service, Medical Services of the Dominions of the United Kingdom, of America and of the British Colleges and major medical Schools. Some fifty general and specialist hospitals were initially affiliated with the Fellowship, which provided sustained support of postgraduate training well into the 1920s, including publication of a weekly bulletin of clinics, ward rounds, special lectures and organized training courses for men and women of all nationalities. In 1925, in response to expanding interest in postgraduate education, the Fellowship developed the bulletin into the Postgraduate Medical Journal, which continues as a monthly international publication. Stimulated by discussions at meetings of the FPM, through its Fellows, the FPM was influential in encouraging London and regional teaching hospitals to develop and maintain postgraduate training courses. The FPM and its Fellows also were important in supporting the creation of a purely postgraduate medical school, which was eventually founded at the Hammersmith Hospital in West London as the British, then Royal Postgraduate Medical School.At the end of the Second World War, there was a major development in provision of postgraduate medical education with the founding in 1945 of the British Postgraduate Medical Federation, which was supported by government, the University Grants Committee and the universities. There was also a marked post-war increase in general provision of postgraduate training at individual hospitals and within the medical Royal Colleges. Postgraduate Centres were established at many hospitals.Nonetheless the FPM continued some involvement in postgraduate courses until 1975. Since then the FPM has maintained a national and international role in postgraduate education through its journals, the Postgraduate Medical Journal and Health Policy and Technology (founded in 2012) and by affiliations with other organisations and institutes.Osler was an avid supporter of engagement between medicine and the humanities, chiding humanists for ignorance of modern science and fellow scientists for neglecting the humanities. The FPM has over much of the past decade supported this theme of Osler by being a major patron of the Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine, which has achieved significant international interest, with over 10,000 entries from over 70 countries.

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BRODIE, THOMAS. "German Society at War, 1939–45." Contemporary European History 27, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000255.

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The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.

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Scheck, Raffael, and Tim Ripley. "The Wehrmacht. The German Army in World War II 1939-1945." German Studies Review 27, no. 3 (October 2004): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141020.

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Hajkowski, Thomas. "The BBC, the Empire, and the Second World War, 1939-1945." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439680220133765.

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Hillman, John. "Bolivia and British Tin Policy, 1939–1945." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015467.

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During the Second World War, Bolivia became the single most important source of tin for the Allies. As with other Latin American countries who were placed in the position of supplying essential raw materials,1 Bolivia confronted a situation where the operation of normal market forces was suspended. Access to Axis markets was denied, and prices were set through government intervention, often at widely divergent levels in different markets. As a result, the impression was created that the poor producers were prevented from enjoying a wartime bonanza by exploitative collusion on the part of the rich consumers.

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Tikhomirov, Sergey. "1939-1945: Environmental Aspects of the War in Europe." Review of Central and East European Law 31, no. 1 (2006): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598806x111622.

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AbstractWorld War II made it clear that the realization of the potential of existing military technology and methods for using it—along with the extraction of natural resources during the prosecution of the war—constitute a man-made burden for the environment threatening the sustainability of the ecosystems of the combatant countries. The discovery of this danger to the environment was made possible by the implementation of the doctrine of "total destruction" that was conducted under Hitler's direction.The subsequent sixty years have shown, however, that progress in society has been too slow with respect to the subordination of military expediency to environmental sensibility and the adoption of measures toward the ecologization of armed combat. An important strategic resource for resolving the environmental problem of armed conflicts—time—is being lost much more quickly than states are taking steps aimed at the elimination of the threat that was revealed by World War II and that has increased multifold in the six intervening decades.Using historical hindsight, the author proposes his own view of the problem from the perspective of international law.

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Lobejón Santos, Sergio. "Translations of English-language poetry in post-war Spain (1939-1983)." Translation Matters 2, no. 2 (2020): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21844585/tm2_2a7.

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In the years immediately following the Spanish Civil War, the domestic poetry market underwent a lengthy and traumatic transformation stemming directly from the conflict and the Francoist regime’s implementation of systematic censorship. The death and exile of many of the preeminent poets from previous generations, along with the closure and relocation to Latin America of many publishing houses, left a considerable cultural void which would be partly filled with translated texts, most of them from authors writing in English. This article outlines some of the main results of a comprehensive study into the impact of censorship on the Spanish translations of English-language poetry between 1939 and 1983. Although the quantitative data point to a high authorisation rate for translated poetry, the regime used several mechanisms to curb the public’s exposure to ideas deemed harmful which profoundly impacted the translation and reception of those texts.

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OLLERENSHAW, PHILIP. "War, Industrial Mobilisation and Society in Northern Ireland, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307003773.

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AbstractArchive-based regional studies can contribute much that is new to the economic, political and social history of the Second World War. This paper considers the process of industrial mobilisation in Northern Ireland, a politically divided region which was part of the United Kingdom but which had its own government. It examines the changing administrative framework of war production, the debate on military and industrial conscription, the role of women and the economic implications of geographical remoteness from London. The paper adds to our limited knowledge of regional mobilisation and contributes to a neglected aspect of the history of Northern Ireland.

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Pun, Sirjana. "How Radar Technology Changed the Course of the World after World War II - Science and Technology." Unity Journal 2 (August 11, 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38847.

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After the independent invention of radar in the early 1930s, the development of radar went rapidly during World War II (1939-1945) when both Axis and Allied forces relied on the system to get an edge over the other. Ever since the war, radar technology has substantially increased in its innovation and capability throughout the years. This paper examines the progress of radar technology following World War II (1939-1945) with an aim to provide a landscape of the prevalent radar system during the war which was mono-pulse tracking radar systems and moving-target indication (MTI) system. After a thorough background study of the past radar system, the paper highlights application of the newer developed Phased Array Radar System which was formulated out through the implementation of the improved capabilities of both prevalent systems. Moreover, the paper provides a brief overview of the modular system and formulates a time frame relating to the development of radar research. Thus, the paper, later on, foresees the prominent future where phased array systems could be expanded to civilian and non-civilian technological research by providing thorough research and comparative analysis. Phased array systems are found to a prominent possible cheaper alternative for the civilian and non-civilian system. It shows prominence to be an effective useful tool for radar systems.

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Krome, Frederic, and Clive Coultass. "Images for Battle: British Film and the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 56, no. 3 (July 1992): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986000.

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Hammad Mahmoud, Fawaz. "Iraq in the American strategy during World War II 1939-1945 AD." Al-Anbar University Journal For Humanities 2021, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 2840–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37653/juah.2021.171431.

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37

Samasuwo, Nhamo. "Food Production and War Supplies: Rhodesia's Beef Industry during the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern African Studies 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070306206.

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Ławniczak, Sonia. "Diary Writing during the Second World War in Sweden. Astrid Lindgren’s War Diaries 1939-1945." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 98, no. 3 (2020): 733–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2020.9433.

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Prozorova, I., G. Arutyunyan, V. Adamov, and S. Buryachenko. "Diplomacy of the Polish Republic before and during the Second World War." Diplomatic Service, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2002-03.

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The Article is devoted to the activities of the foreign policy system of the Polish Republic before and during the Second world war. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Polish government in exile (1939–1945) and its participation in the preparation of the Warsaw uprising.

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40

Jones, Edgar, Ian Palmer, and Simon Wessely. "War pensions (1900–1945): changing models of psychological understanding." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 4 (April 2002): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.4.374.

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BackgroundWar pensions are used to examine different models of psychological understanding. The First World War is said to have been the first conflict for which pensions were widely granted for psychological disorders as distinct from functional, somatic syndromes. In 1939 official attitudes hardened and it is commonly stated that few pensions were awarded for post-combat syndromes.AimsTo re-evaluate the recognition of psychiatric disorders by the war pension authorities.MethodOfficial statistics were compared with samples of war pension files from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars.ResultsOfficial reports tended to overestimate the number of awards. Although government figures suggested that the proportion of neurological and psychiatric pensions was higher after the Second World War, our analysis suggests that the rates may not have been significantly different.ConclusionsThe acceptance of psychological disorders was a response to cultural shifts, advances in psychiatric knowledge and the exigencies of war. Changing explanations were both a consequence of these forces and themselves agents of change.

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R, SAFEED. "Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore." GIS Business 14, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4672.

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In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.

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Ajayi, Abiodun. "Contribution to Britain’s War Efforts in Osun Division of Western Nigeria, 1939–1945." Journal of African Military History 4, no. 1-2 (October 26, 2020): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-bja10005.

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Abstract Although no real battle was fought in Nigeria during the Second World War (1939–1945), the burden of the war was much felt by Nigerians. They made significant contributions to the war effort; a method through which the British shifted the burden of the war onto their colonial subjects. This strategy had caught the attentions of many scholars, and various discussions have centered on its origin, purpose and operation at provincial and Nigeria wide level. Thus, contributions at the Districts and Division levels have always been subsumed into colony-wide studies, and by that fact remained unresearched. This paper focuses the effects of the imperial coping strategy on the Yoruba society with Osun Division as a case study. The study adopts historical approach, which depends on written, oral, and archival sources. However, it is hoped that, with due attention being given to the efforts of the people at a local level, the impact of the Second World War on African social order will be better understood.

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KANDRATSENKA, A. "SLOVAK HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE PROBLEM OF THE STATE OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences 66, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2023-66-1-91-95.

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The article gives an assessment of the Slovak historiography on the problem of the state of national minorities in the Slovak Republic in 1939–1945. Modern historians focus on previously unexplored topics, such as the Slovak-Hungarian borderlands, the expulsion of Czechs, the evacuation of the Carpathian Germans, the deprivation of property of the Jewish community, etc. The most studied and controversial aspects of the socio-political and economic life of the national minorities of Slovakia in the period 1939–1945 are noted.

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Ebu Abdullah, Cahdan. "WORLD WAR II PERIOD OF 1939-1945 EVENTS, MILITARY, POLITICAL AND ACCELERATED DEV." Route Educational and Social Science Journal 4, no. 16 (January 1, 2017): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.707.

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Manjola Sulaj et al.,, Manjola Sulaj et al ,. "The Ethnic Greek Minority Newspapers in Albania during World War II (1939-1945)." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 2049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020192.

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46

Kendal, Brian. "A Brief Description of the Major Second World War Navigational Aids." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 1 (January 1992): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010481.

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During the 1939–1945 conflict, the development of navigational aids, particularly for the purpose of bombing the opposing nation, took place at an unprecedented rate. The life of any system was only the period of time it took scientists of the opposing nation to determine the nature of the aid and devise an appropriate countermeasure. So much so that in several cases, the time from conception to operational service could be measured in months.

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Morton, Desmond, and J. L. Granatstein. "The Last Good War: An Illustrated History of Canada in the Second World War, 1939-1945." International Journal 60, no. 4 (2005): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204104.

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48

Mitzner, Piotr. "The Return of the „Red Donkey Jacket”." Tekstualia 1, no. 48 (July 20, 2017): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3096.

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The article is devoted to Polish wartime poetry (1939–1945) and its later reception. The term „the third avant-guard” has been used to indicate a singular tendency. Its representatives, who disapproved of banality and stereotypes, themselves wrote texts based on stereotypes. These texts became subject to manipulation in the post-war period so as to serve ideological purposes. The article also examines the category of the patriotic song and a connection between text and music in this form.

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49

Holbrook, Wendell P. "British Propaganda and the Mobilization of the Gold Coast War Effort, 1939–1945." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028784.

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This article examines the nature and impact of the most extensive propaganda campaign mounted in a British West African colony during the Second World War. An avalanche of war information and appeals to the people of the Gold Coast was channelled through a new communications network which included radio broadcasting, information bureaux, and mobile cinema presentations. The innovative wartime publicity scheme was not enough to produce a completely voluntary war effort; however, the campaign was responsible for irreversibly changing mass communications techniques in the territory. The propaganda drive used in the war mobilization provided a pool of experienced propagandists and a successful structural model which proved valuable both to post-war governments charged with pre-independence political education, community development and public services, and, somewhat ironically, to anti-colonialist post-war party politics.

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ROBERTS, GEOFFREY. "Ideology, calculation, and improvisation: spheres of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939–1945." Review of International Studies 25, no. 4 (October 1999): 655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599006555.

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This article examines Soviet foreign policy during the Second World War in the light of new evidence from the Russian archives. It highlights the theme of spheres of influence and the relationship between the pursuit of this goal by the USSR and the outbreak of the Cold War. It argues that the Cold War was the result of an attempt by Moscow to harmonise spheres of influence and postwar cooperation with Britain and the United States with the ideological project of a people’s democratic Europe.

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