Journal articles on the topic 'World War, 1939-1945 Libraries'
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1
Bruce, Lorne. "An Inspector Calls." Ontario History 106, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050722ar.
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Angus McGill Mowat was an inspirational voice for public library work during the Great Depression. In 1937, after he became Inspector of Public Libraries in the Ontario Department of Education, he helped revive spirits and raise service ambitions in smaller rural libraries. Building on the “modern library” concept popularized after the First World War, he re-energized trustees, librarians, and library workers with hundreds of visits to promote local efforts before 1939. His inspections encompassed the advisement of trustees on management and financial processes; the promotion of librarianship and staff training; the improvement of collections and services for adults and children; the reorganization of functional building space; the formation of county systems; and support for new public school curriculum reading reforms. Although warfare interrupted his work, Mowat’s wide-ranging inspection method brought renewed optimism and laid the groundwork for genuine progress in the provincial public library system after 1945.
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Bruce, Lorne D. "Postwar Canadian Academic Libraries, 1945–60." Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship 3 (January 11, 2018): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v3.28488.
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This article undertakes a historical survey of university and college library developments in Canada between 1945 and 1960. It examines contemporary accounts in relation to library architecture, the acquisition and organization of collections, administrative library structures and staffing, services for faculty and students, and efforts by librarians to realize professional standing. A national review of academic libraries and librarianship expands our knowledge beyond the typical themes applied to this era: "growth" and "progress." The architectural redefinition of libraries, the impetus to establish research collections, the maturation of academic librarianship, and the increasing complexity of library operations were prominent features in the postwar period. The gradual evolution of academic libraries towards more-uniform organizational purposes and structures on a national basis following World War II can be considered a period of “midcentury modernization” that preceded the more memorable and better documented decades of the 1960s and later.
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Jajčević, Jasmin. "Establishment of libraries in the north-east Bosnia after the Second world war, with focus on the work of National library in Tuzla between 1945 and 1953." Historijski pogledi 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2018.1.1.198.
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Cultural policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Second World War was aimed at strengthening the network of cultural, scientific and other institutions. Libraries had an important place within institutions. The new government helped build libraries and provided them with material resources. A large number of professional and special libraries of different rank and significance have been established. By establishing libraries after the Second World War, efforts were made to encourage the interest of the population in the book, and this was achieved by using various ways of agitating and popularizing libraries. Libraries began to be established in all places in northeastern Bosnia where conditions existed. Opening of city, town and local public libraries. Libraries and reading rooms were closely linked to the literacy of the population. As one of the more active forms of enlightenment, the advantage was that they were accessible to the broadest masses, they did not cost much and could easily be organized and maintained. The work on the opening and renovation of libraries and reading rooms was particularly intense in the aftermath of the Second World War. At that time, libraries were established in all major administrative centers, thus establishing a network of libraries in northeastern Bosnia. On the establishment of libraries in northeastern Bosnia after the Second World War, with the emphasis on the establishment and operation of the National Library in Tuzla, and with which problems and shortcomings they encountered, will be discussed in this paper.
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Sulženko, Marcela, and Luboš Kokeš. "Správní mechanismy přesunu knižních fondů v letech 1918–1954: odrazový můstek k výzkumu knižní provenience." 66-1-2 66, no. 1-2 (2021): 4–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/amnpsc.2021.002.
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The history of Czechoslovak private libraries reflected great historical events, specifically in the change of ownership between 1918 and 1945/1954. The biggest change came after the Second World War, when the highest state officials decided to punish war criminals. In general, all Germans were labelled as enemies of the republic and were to bear collective guilt for starting the war. Their punishment included, among other things, the loss of property, which also concerned their libraries. This study focuses on the state administration dealing with such property.
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Young, Jacklyn. "Allied forces: libraries and museums collaborating on World War II provenance research." Art Libraries Journal 29, no. 2 (2004): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200013596.
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In recent years museums and galleries have come under scrutiny following claims that artworks confiscated or looted during the Second World War, and still unaccounted for, have made their way into public collections. In response, many such institutions worldwide have been endeavouring to reaffirm the integrity of their collections. The Queensland Art Gallery has established a Provenance Research Team to complete its records for artworks of European origin which have missing provenance details during the period 1933-1945. This paper highlights the role the Gallery Library is taking in supporting the project.
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Puchalski, Jacek. "Przegląd badań nad historią bibliotek i bibliotekarstwa w Polsce z lat 1945–2015." Roczniki Biblioteczne 60 (June 8, 2017): 97–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.60.5.
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AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH INTO THE HISTORY OF LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP IN POLAND IN 1945–2015The author of the article discusses selected academic and popular publications concerning the history of libraries and librarianship in Poland which appeared in 1945–2015. In that period information about the most important historical resources of various Polish libraries and early book collections was made available; in addition, the period was marked by progress in the study of materials originating before the end of the 18th century. Scholars published a range of methodological studies as well as studies dealing with sources, contributing to the development of scholarship. On the other hand, there were too few editions of source materials.After 1989 scholars intensified their efforts to find sources in foreign collections, especially in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Germany. Polish collections kept abroad are yet to be fully researched and have their inventories and catalogues published.The vast body of literature is uneven when it comes to its focus on the various historical periods, regions, subregions and local centres. It comprises publications dealing with the history of libraries, their function and role in culture with regard to the history of the book, and publications focused on the types of libraries or individual libraries — of different traditions, sizes and stature. Scholars also explored the history of home book collections, reading rooms and libraries as well as biographies of librarians and collectors. The quality of the publications varies. There are gaps in, for example, the history of libraries in the former Polish Eastern Borderlands as well as “blank pages” in the historiography of Polish librarianship after the Second World War. There is a visible shortage of quantification of phenomena from the past of libraries, despite the fact that there are some possibilities in this respect. What is also needed is development in comparative studies, also in an international perspective, although this would require Polish historians to become more interested than before in the history of librarianship in other countries.
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Puchalski, Jacek. "Prace Józefa Grycza nad organizacją bibliotekarstwa publicznego w latach 1945-1949. Część I." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 5 (September 15, 2020): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2011.268.
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The post-war organization of public libraries attained utmost importance among the numerous initiatives undertaken by J. Grycz upon his employment (1 April 1945) by the Department of Libraries, within the Ministry of Education of the so-called Interim Government of the Republic of Poland. To this end he intended to introduce the solutions, which he worked out during the long years of the German occupation, and which were a development of his legislative initiatives brought forward already before the Second World War. The draft of the novel library law was ready as early as April 1945, but, as a result of consultations with representatives of the librarian milieu, inter-ministry co-ordinations, and numerous amendments introduced under pressures exerted by various governmental instytutions, the passing of the law was constantly postponed. Finally, the bill was passed as the ‘Library and Library Collections Decree’ by the Interim Government of National Unity on 31 January 1946. After further amendments, the Decree was confirmed by the State National Council in March 1946, and went into force on 17 April of the same year. The article analyzes the participation of J. Grycz in the legislative process, and brings out the various interests which influenced the final version of the act. It is chiefly based on Grycz’s predominantly unpublished private correspondence in the Grycz files, kept at the Manuscript Department of the Polish National Library in Warsaw. Part two of this article, dealing with the activities of J. Grycz as the head of the Central Directorate of Libraries with respect to the various aspects of functioning of the public libraries within the new legal framework, will be published in the next volume of this journal.
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Nowicki, Ryszard. "Legal regulations concerning the preservation and protection of library collections in Poland after World War II." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 15, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2021.687.
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The article presents the problem of the practical application of legal regulations related to the preservation and protection of written cultural heritage in Poland after World War II, within the borders of 1945. The first legislative initiatives were undertaken in 1944. The introduction of normative provisions was initiated on a patch of Polish territory free from the German occupant. The war events, changes in the shape of the country’s borders and the political system made it necessary to develop national documents in order to protect library collections, regardless of their origin. It was not an easy task to implement due to numerous difficulties and a complicated post-war reality. Based on few legislative provisions, over ten million volumes, mostly of post-German provenance, were saved until 1949. Valuable written materials were used to partially compensate for the World War II losses, rebuild libraries and Polish librarianship.
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NADRAHA, MARTA. "THE LIBRARY SPHERE IN THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC: LEGISLATIVE REGULATION (1923-1939)." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402//ukr.2019-32-45-54.
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This article analyzes the legislative provision for the libraries' functioning in the Second Polish Republic in the context of the socio-cultural processes of the interwar period of the 20th century. It is shown that the restoration of Poland (1918) led to a significant modification of cultural and educational processes in Western Ukraine, especially in Lviv, which became one of the centers of spiritual development of the Ukrainians and Poles. The authorities began to use pedagogical libraries, museums, and other educational institutions for national and cultural informing of the population, trying to turn them into an important segment in the complex educational component of educated members of society. This was reflected in the legislation. The author emphasizes that the legislative and regulatory acts of the central government and state administration were extremely important for the functioning of the library sphere. For the functioning of the library sphere, legislative and regulatory acts of the central authorities and government were extremely important. Transcripts of the plenary sessions of the Polish Sejm (Sprawozdania stenograficzne Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), reflecting the specifics of parliamentary debates in the country's supreme legislative body on education and science, are analyzed. The author concludes that the end of the First World War and the Polish-Ukrainian war started a new phase in the development of the library sphere in the Ukrainian ethnic lands of Galicia. During this period, the Polish authorities, due to the separation of the political elite and other domestic and foreign policy factors 1920-1930s, failed to formulate a coherent state concept of library development and focused on the selective tolerance of public libraries, ignoring national minority book collections. Keywords: The Second Polish Republic, library, law, Polish Sejm and Senate.
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Boldan, Kamil. "Karlštejn Castle as ‘Bergungsdepot’ for the Historical Collections of the Land and University Library in Prague at the End of the Second World War." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 64, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2019): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2019-0011.
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Abstract The article covers the history of the former Land and University Library in Prague (now the National Library) between 1939 and 1945. The activities of the library were to be supervised by a German commissioner appointed in 1940 – Josef Becker, First Director of the Prussian State Library. As his duties kept him primarily in Berlin, he appointed the younger Berlin bibliologist Carl Wehmer as his permanent deputy in Prague. Although their main task was clearly the Germanisation of the library, one cannot deny that they deserve some credit, for example for increasing the staff level of the institution. Yet their main merit lies in that many of the library collections seized by the Gestapo and other bodies were not shredded but taken to the Clementinum, the seat of the library. From 1943, they organised the evacuation of book collections to places outside of Prague, which was threatened by air raids. The transport was supervised by Emma Urbánková, the head of the department of manuscripts. Approximately 12,000 volumes of medieval manuscripts and printed Bohemica of the 16th–19th centuries were evacuated to Karlštejn Castle in wooden crates. They included the library’s most valuable manuscript – the Codex Vyssegradensis, a coronation evangeliary from the 11th century. At the castle, they were deposited in the Burgrave’s House as well as directly in the famous Chapel of the Holy Cross. The massive Zlatá Koruna (Golden Crown) monastery and the châteaux in Pohled and Horažďovice also served as depositaries for the book collections. By the beginning of 1945, a total of 582,000 volumes had been sent to these three premises. They included many historical book collections. The paper is accompanied by recently discovered photographs documenting the course of the book evacuation.
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Zimbroianu, Cristina. "The Reception of Olivia Manning’s The Great Fortune in Romania." Connections: A Journal of Language, Media and Culture 2, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/connections34.
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Manning’s (1908-1980) novel The Great Fortune (1960) is the first Second World War novel of a six-part novel series titled Fortunes of War. Set in Bucharest, Romania, the novel portrays the historical events of the first year of the war (1939-1940) and how these affect Romanian society and the English community. The novel was well-received in England, and in 1987 was adapted to a television serial issued by BBC. In Romania, the response of the critics after the communist regime was rather harsh, accusing Manning of misinterpreting Romanian reality. Moreover, considering that Manning portrays not only the wealth of high society but also the misery and the political conflicts of those times with the fascist Guard in the background, it could be stated that in 1960 when the novel was reviewed by the censorship board, it might not have been positively evaluated. Therefore, this article analyses the reception of The Great Fortune in Romania during and after the Communist regime from a historical perspective focusing on critics and censors’ responses to determine whether censorship influenced the reception of the novel in Romania. To undertake this study the censorship files located at the National Archives in Bucharest, as well as articles guarded in various libraries in Romania, were consulted. Keywords: Manning, Second World War, Romania, Bucharest, censorship, criticism, history, reception studies
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Kuzina, Natalia. "The Ukrainian emigrant press in Germany after Second World War (1945–1948) as a source for investigation of historical and cultural heritage of the Ukrainian diaspora." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 61 (2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.61.06.
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The collection of periodicals of camps for displaced persons and the Ukrainian emigrant press are considered as a study source for investigation of historical and cultural heritage of the Ukrainian Diaspora. It is highlighted that despite challenging conditions after the Second World War, the Ukrainian emigrants cared not only about material needs, but also preserved national cultural heritage. It is argued that the process mentioned above took place in constant struggle with the Soviet repressive system, which aspired to bring back as many displaced persons as possible. However, deliberate Ukrainian intellectuals had different political views but were united by the Ukrainian national idea and created significant historical and cultural heritage after the Second World War, particularly in Germany, part of the heritage was described on the pages of periodicals of the Ukrainian Diaspora. Number and social composition of the Ukrainian emigrants after the Second World War in Germany and Austria is analyzed on the basis of the periodicals, particularly «The Bulletin of Information Help Service». Establishment of educational institutions, archives and libraries in 1945–1948 in Germany is described. Considerable attention is paid to analysis of periodical the «UFAS Chronicle», and investigation of activities of the museum-archive, scientific library and «The Society for the Protection of Ukrainian Heritage Abroad» of the Ukrainian Free Academy of Science in Germany is based on these materials. Significant attention should be drawn to activities of the Scientific and Research Institute of the Ukrainian Martyrology of the Ukrainian Political Prisoners League. Study of the Ukrainian Diaspora periodicals enables to formulate source study vision for students to understand participation of Diaspora in preservation of the heritage and ways of utilization in tourist activities.
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Evdokimenkova, Yulia B., and Natalya O. Soboleva. "Formation of the Library Collections of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1940-ies." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 68, no. 3 (July 27, 2019): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2019-68-3-259-265.
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This study expands the understanding of rare books — witnesses of the events of the World War II.The initial stage of formation of the library collections of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOC RAS, Department of the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences) occurred in the 1940s. Acquisition sources of literature were very diverse, so the collections contain books from the libraries of various institutions of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Among foreign publications, there are monographs and periodicals from the displaced collections of libraries of the German industrial organizations and educational institutions, received after the Great Patriotic War. Monographs of the library of the German Chemical Society were returned to the GDR in 1956. Books of industrial companies “Vereinigte Stahlwerke”, “Deutsches Kalisyndikat Bucherei”, “Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik Arthur Krupp A.G.”, “I.G. Farbenindustrie” and other are hitherto stored in the library holdings of IOC RAS. I.G. Farbenindustrie was the largest German chemical concern; it had its own laboratories for carrying out scientific research. Many famous chemists, including four Nobel laureates, worked there. The concern collaborated with the Nazi regime, developing artificial fuel, synthetic rubber, toxic substances. It had its own factories (Werk Auschwitz) and concentration camp in Auschwitz. The laboratories conducted chemical studies, and prisoners were involved in it. Providing scientific work with literature was an important component, so the laboratories had their own libraries. After the end of the War, most of the books probably remained on the territory of the plant, which was given to Poland. On its basis, the scientific and technical library of the laboratory was formed there, which later became part of the Chemical Institute. Some of the books from the Werk Auschwitz library got to the USSR, and some of them were transferred to the library of IOC RAS.This article for the first time considers the collections of IOC RAS from the point of view of the field-specific literature published before 1945. Copies with marks of domestic and foreign organizations, personal signs and autographs of scientists are especially valuable. These books can be attributed to the book monuments of the World War II. Thus, one of the most important tasks of the library now is to preserve and study them.
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Nowicki, Ryszard. "Rola Józefa Grycza w powojennej ochronie zbiorów bibliotecznych." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 5 (September 15, 2020): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2011.269.
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During the Second World War Polish cultural heritage suffered severe losses. Among the persons who played an important role in the recovery of extant library collections was Józef Grycz. While the hostilities were still raging, Grycz was busy working out theoretical measures to be undertaken after the war. When peace finally came, Grycz immediately stepped in to implement his wartime ideas. During the period 1945–1949, he was active in book collection preservation on behalf of the Ministry of Enlightenment. It was on his initiative that the Central Directorate of Libraries was called into existence, as aministerial body responsible for library activities and the coordination of the all efforts in this respect undertaken by various institutions. He also published an instruction manual, which greatly facilitated works all over the country, and numerous official documents. His activities can be divided into two phases: the first one (to the end of 1946) consisted chiefly in physical protection of the recovered materials, while the second, which started with the launching of the Central Directorate at the beginning of 1947, concentrated on creating of a number of warehouses, where books were gathered, sorted, registered, and allocated with their future location in mind. Alodia Kawecka-Gryczowa, Józef Grycz’s wife, assisted him in those activities all along. The tasks undertaken by Grycz were extremely complicated and difficult. He was constantly hindered by all kinds of problems, which in the post-war Polish reality were inevitable. Nevertheless, under his guidance the salvage process covered more than ten million volumes. The significance of Grycz’s prominent personality in the preservation of Polish cultural heritage after World War II can hardly be overestimated.
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Bradley, P. J. "The Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose (1886–1947): its formation, rise and demise." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 134, no. 7 (July 2020): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215120001322.
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AbstractBackgroundThe Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose existed in Nottingham for over 60 years, but there is little knowledge or documentation regarding its existence.MethodsThe following resources were searched to find out more about the hospital: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries; and Nottingham Central Library. Information was also obtained from the founders’ relatives.ResultsThe hospital was founded in 1886, by Dr Donald Stewart, supported by political and clerical leaders. Initially, it treated out-patients only; in-patients were admitted for surgical treatment from 1905. Suitable accommodation was purchased in 1925, on Goldsmith Street, but required much building extension and alteration. Building restrictions during and following World War II prevented expansion. The National Hospital Survey conducted in 1945 considered the clinical work undertaken to be of a minor character, and recommended closure and amalgamation with the services provided by the Nottingham General Hospital. The hospital closed in 1947.ConclusionThe specialist hospital was deemed unfit and unsuitable to compete with the comprehensive service provided by the Nottingham General Hospital.
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Pedersen, Lars Schreiber. "Dansk arkæologi i hagekorsets skygge 1933-1945." Kuml 54, no. 54 (October 20, 2005): 145–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v54i54.97314.
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Danish archaeology in the shadow of the swastika, 1933-1945 With Hitler’s takeover in 1933 and the emergence of the National Socialist regime, Prehistoric archaeology in Germany was strengthened, both on the economical and the scholarly level. Prehistoric archaeologists entered into a Faustian bargain with the new government, and arguing the presence of Germanic peoples outside the borders of the Third Reich, they legitimated the Nazi “Drang nach Osten”. With the Fuhrer’s lack of interest in German prehistory, the fight for control of this field became a matter between two organisations, the Ahnenerbe, which was attached to Heinrich Himmler’s SS, and the competing Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte under NSDAP’s chief ideologist, Alfred Rosenberg’s “Amt Rosenberg” (Figs. 1-2). When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Ahnenerbe appeared as winner of the fight over the German prehistory. However, the archaeological power struggles continued in the conquered territories until the end of the war.Immediately after the Nazi takeover in 1933, leading staff members of the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen, such as Mouritz Mackeprang, Poul Nørlund, and Johannes Brøndsted (Figs. 3-4) dissociated themselves from the political development south of the border. However, in the course of time, and in conformity with the official Danish accommodation policy towards Germany in the 1930s, the opposition changed their attitude into a more neutral policy of cultural adjustment towards Nazified German colleagues.The Danish government’s surrender on the 9th of April 1940 meant a continuing German recognition of Denmark as a sovereign state. From the German side, the communication with the Danish government was handled by the German ministry of foreign affairs in Berlin, and by the German legation in Copenhagen. Denmark was the sole occupied country under the domain of the ministry of foreign affairs, and from the beginning of the occupation it became a regular element in the policy of the ministry to prevent other political organs within the Nazi polycracy to gain influence in Denmark. Not until the appointment of SS-Gruppenfuhrer Werner Best (Fig. 5) as the German Reich Plenipotentiary in Denmark in November 1942, the SS and the Ahnenerbe got an opportunity to secure their influence in Denmark. However, due to the chilly attitude in the Danish population towards the German culture propaganda, practiced mainly through the German Scientific Institute in Copenhagen, and the gradual worsening of the political conditions following the resignation of the Danish government on the 29th of August 1943, the Ahnenerbe, led by Wolfram Sievers (Fig. 6), was never firmly established in Denmark. The one result of Ahnenerbe’s influence in Denmark worth mentioning was the effort by the Kiel Archaeologist Karl Kersten (Fig. 7) to prevent German destruction of prehistoric Danish (Germanic) relics. Kersten began his work in 1940 and was met from the start with aversion from the National Museum in Copenhagen, which regarded the activities of the Ahnenerbe-archaeologist as German interference with Danish conditions. Yet, in time the work of the Kiel archaeologist was accepted and recognised by the muse- um, and he was officially recognized by the Danish state when in 1957, Kersten was made Knight of Dannebrog.Less successful than the Ahnenerbe rival was the prominent Nazi archaeologist Hans Reinerth (Fig. 8) and the efforts by Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte to gain influence on the Danish scene of culture politics. One of Reinerth’s few successes in occupied Denmark was a short contact with two Danish archaeologists, Gudmund Hatt and Mogens B. Mackeprang (Figs. 9-10). However, the connections with the RfDV-leader do not seem to have been maintained, once the Danish government had ceased to function from the 29th of August 1943.During the occupation, around 300 listed burial mounds and an unknown number of prehistoric relics below ground level were destroyed or damaged due to construction projects carried out by the German occupants (Figs. 11-12). The complaints about the damage put forward by the National Museum were generally met by understanding in the German administration and in the Bauleitung (construction department), whereas the Wehrmacht had a more indifferent approach to the complaints. As opposed to this, the Danish museums managed to get through the war with no damage or German confiscations worth mentioning, thus avoiding the fate of museums, collections, and libraries in countries such as France, Poland, and the Soviet Union.Lars Schreiber PedersenÅrhusTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle
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Hohokhiia, Nani. "Politicization and militarization of children’s leisure in Soviet Ukraine in 1929–1939." NaUKMA Research Papers. History 4 (December 1, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-3417.2021.4.29-38.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the process of politicization and militarization of children’s leisure in Soviet Ukraine in 1929–1939. The content of the transformation of traditional and creation of new forms of children’s leisure is revealed. The key concepts of ideological substantiation of the need to maximally fill the child’s free time with political and educational practices are identified. The evolution of the new tradition of club leisure and its filling with political content is analyzed. Forms of political and educational work with children in their free time have been reconstructed. The methods of involving children in the political campaigns of the Soviet government by filling the discourse of children’s leisure with the political and militaristic rhetoric are described. The mechanisms of introduction of the state control over such kinds of children’s leisure as reading, thanks to the formation of new children’s literature and creation of the system of propaganda of new work are investigated. It shows how a network of libraries was built into this system, which was tasked with organizing the work of forming a new mass reader. The process of involving children in the culture of the new Bolshevik holidays and its connection with the main tasks of the government in the field of education of conscious and loyal citizens is demonstrated. During the second half of the 1930s, at the initiative of the Ukrainian Soviet leadership, the Christmas tree was restored and transformed, which was filled with new ideological content and used to promote Bolshevik’s achievements and demon- strate the Communist Party’s concern for young citizens. The influence of the political situation on the development of the game sphere of children’s leisure is highlighted, and the power of the process of its militarization on the eve of the Second World War is emphasized. This applied to both mobile children’s games and board games, which were made according to the party’s tasks with an ideological load and included political games and military-themed games. Children’s toys were also modernized, including Christmas tree decorations and toys related to military equipment, military and political events, collective farm construction, and Soviet symbols were added to the traditional toy theme.
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Nowak, Krzysztof. "Polsko-rumuńskie konferencje w Suczawie." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 24 (February 20, 2018): 171–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2017.24.11.
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From 1999 Polish and Romanian humanists face each other on conferences in Suceava (Romanian Bucovina) which are part of “Polish Days” in Romania organized by the Association of Poles in Romania. Polish and Romanian historians, ethnographers, sociologists, politologists and linguists deliver lectures and discuss Polish-Romanian contacts and relations in the past and present. from the Polish part many historical lectures concern the interwar period and the problem of Polish refugees in Romania during the World War II. In the period between1918–1945 the relations between Poles and Romanians were rather friendly and now these topics are discussed most frequently. Among the Romanian historians there are more specialists on the relations between Moldova and the Polish Kingdom till the end of 18th century. Many historians focus on the Polish-Romanian relations in the years 1945–1989. Most of the lectures concerning the political present were delivered by the Poles. Cultural sections of the conference concentrate on mutual language influences, Polish–Romanian literature contacts, translations of Polish literature into Romania and Romanian literature into Poland, the analyses of literary works, Polish studies in Romania and Romanian studies in Poland, the perception of Romanian culture among the Poles and vice versa, the problems of religions, education, libraries, music and tourism. Polish etnographers concentrate on the problems of Polish Bucovinians but the most discussed subject is not the history of Polish Bucovinians but their local dialect. Most of the conference lectures were printed. “Polish Days” in Suceava are the most important event organized by the very active Association of Poles in Romania and they help breaking the stereotypes and enhance the integration between the Poles and Romanians.. In general the conferences in Suceava do not have their equivalent in the contacts between humanists of other countries.
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Rohwer, Jürgen. "The Wireless World at War, 1939–1945." International History Review 16, no. 3 (September 1994): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1994.9640687.
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Levitus, S., G. Matishov, I. Smolyar, O. K. Baranova, M. M. Zweng, T. Tielking, N. Mikhailov, et al. "World War II (1939-1945) Oceanographic Observations." Data Science Journal 12 (2013): 102–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.13-030.
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Kumor-Gomułka, Bożena. "Od sporu do księgozbioru, czyli o posekularyzacyjnej genezie i rozwoju idei gromadzenia literatury fachowej w dawnym Archiwum Państwowym we Wrocławiu Staatsarchiv Breslau do 1945 roku." Roczniki Biblioteczne 61 (June 4, 2018): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.61.7.
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OD SPORU DO KSIĘGOZBIORU, CZYLI O POSEKULARYZACYJNEJ GENEZIE I ROZWOJU IDEI GROMADZENIA LITERATURY FACHOWEJ W DAWNYM ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWYM WE WROCŁAWIU STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU DO 1945 ROKUTrudności w utworzeniu biblioteki archiwalnej w pierwszych latach istnienia Archiwum na skutek sporów między archiwistą J.G.G. Büschingiem a dyrektorem Centralnej Biblioteki Śląskiej J.G. Schneiderem. Pierwsze nabytki biblioteczne. Działalność Wilhelma Wattenbacha. Nabytki, organizacja i pomieszczenia biblioteki archiwalnej do 1945 roku.FROM A DISPUTE TO A BOOK COLLECTION, I.E. ON THE POST-SECULARISATION ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF COLLECTING THE SPECIALIST LITERATURE IN THE FORMER STATE ARCHIVES IN WROCŁAW STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU UNTIL 1945Specialist literature collected from the first few decades of the existence of the State Archives in Wrocław was a form of specialist aid, with time becoming a collection complementing archive materials. The idea to compile the first independent collection emerged from a conflict between the first archivist, Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching and the director, from 1812, of the Central Silesian Library, located in the same building on the Sand Island, Johann Gottlob Schneider, an advocate of abolishing the existing privilege of free access of archivists to the library. The process of amassing archive literature was developed on a broader scale after Schneider’s death in 1822. Among the first publications acquired by the director of the then Royal Silesian Provincial Archives later State Archives, Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, were Johann Sinapius’ Schlesische Curiositäten and Friedrich Vater’s Repertorium der preussischen schlesischen Verfassung. Another source for obtaining specialist literature was regular donations from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Considerablesupport for the creation of a typical archive library came from the director, from 1852, of thePrussian State Archives, Karl Wilhelm von Lancizolle, author of the first guidelines on collecting archive specialist literature. Soon another director of the Wrocław institution, Wilhelm Wattenbach, compiled a separate catalogue of acquisitions for the library collection. Eventually, the book collection of the former Staatsarchiv Breslau grew to about 30,000 volumes and contained all the most significant Silesian-themed works from the past. This made the Wrocław archive library ranked sixth among the forty libraries functioning in German state archives. However, the collection was lost when the Archives building in Tiergartenstrasse 13 was destroyed in 1945. Efforts to organise again specialist, Polish State Archives in Wrocław from scratch were undertaken already in the first few years after the second world war and have continued to this day.
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Seymour-Ure, Colin. "The world war 1939–1945: the cartoonists' vision." International Affairs 68, no. 2 (April 1992): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623278.
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Axworthy, M. W. A., and Dinu C. Giurescu. "Romania in the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 65, no. 1 (January 2001): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677481.
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Willis, Ian. "Camden at War: Second World War, 1939-1945: A Brief Overview." AQ: Australian Quarterly 78, no. 1 (2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20638375.
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Reid, Brian Holden. "War at any price: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945." History of European Ideas 10, no. 6 (January 1989): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90106-x.
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Hilton, Claire. "Mill Hill Emergency Hospital: 1939–1945." Psychiatric Bulletin 30, no. 3 (March 2006): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.30.3.106.
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Have you ever wondered why the well-known Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale was named after a suburb of North London? Little known to most psychiatrists or to local people in Mill Hill, a major part of the Maudsley Hospital was evacuated there from central London during the Second World War. Mill Hill School had been evacuateden masseto St Bees in Cumberland. The vacant buildings were requisitioned by the Emergency Medical Service for the Maudsley Hospital. Much innovative psychiatric treatment and research took place there throughout the war with a star-studded cast, including some outstanding clinicians and researchers. This brief review of historical sources aims to give a flavour of the clinical work of the Mill Hill Maudsley.
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Casdorph, Paul D., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 2000): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568882.
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Brooks, Jennifer E., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070140.
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Burds, Jeffrey. "Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939—1945." Politics & Society 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601108329751.
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Fairclough, Adam, and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652307.
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Hrynovets, V. "Lviv University Dental School during World War II." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2020, no. 2b (December 2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.065.
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The article demonstrates the development of Lviv University Dental School during World War II. The peculiarity is that during World War II 1939—1945 Lviv University School, despite significant losses, continued to function fully at the Lviv State Medical Institute.
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Klynina, Tetiana. "Information war. The USA and Great Britain during World War II (1939 - 1945)." Skhid, no. 2(142) (June 3, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2016.2(142).70479.
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BRODIE, THOMAS. "German Society at War, 1939–45." Contemporary European History 27, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000255.
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The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.
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Scheck, Raffael, and Tim Ripley. "The Wehrmacht. The German Army in World War II 1939-1945." German Studies Review 27, no. 3 (October 2004): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141020.
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Hajkowski, Thomas. "The BBC, the Empire, and the Second World War, 1939-1945." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439680220133765.
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Tikhomirov, Sergey. "1939-1945: Environmental Aspects of the War in Europe." Review of Central and East European Law 31, no. 1 (2006): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598806x111622.
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AbstractWorld War II made it clear that the realization of the potential of existing military technology and methods for using it—along with the extraction of natural resources during the prosecution of the war—constitute a man-made burden for the environment threatening the sustainability of the ecosystems of the combatant countries. The discovery of this danger to the environment was made possible by the implementation of the doctrine of "total destruction" that was conducted under Hitler's direction.The subsequent sixty years have shown, however, that progress in society has been too slow with respect to the subordination of military expediency to environmental sensibility and the adoption of measures toward the ecologization of armed combat. An important strategic resource for resolving the environmental problem of armed conflicts—time—is being lost much more quickly than states are taking steps aimed at the elimination of the threat that was revealed by World War II and that has increased multifold in the six intervening decades.Using historical hindsight, the author proposes his own view of the problem from the perspective of international law.
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Hillman, John. "Bolivia and British Tin Policy, 1939–1945." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015467.
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During the Second World War, Bolivia became the single most important source of tin for the Allies. As with other Latin American countries who were placed in the position of supplying essential raw materials,1 Bolivia confronted a situation where the operation of normal market forces was suspended. Access to Axis markets was denied, and prices were set through government intervention, often at widely divergent levels in different markets. As a result, the impression was created that the poor producers were prevented from enjoying a wartime bonanza by exploitative collusion on the part of the rich consumers.
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OLLERENSHAW, PHILIP. "War, Industrial Mobilisation and Society in Northern Ireland, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307003773.
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AbstractArchive-based regional studies can contribute much that is new to the economic, political and social history of the Second World War. This paper considers the process of industrial mobilisation in Northern Ireland, a politically divided region which was part of the United Kingdom but which had its own government. It examines the changing administrative framework of war production, the debate on military and industrial conscription, the role of women and the economic implications of geographical remoteness from London. The paper adds to our limited knowledge of regional mobilisation and contributes to a neglected aspect of the history of Northern Ireland.
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Krome, Frederic, and Clive Coultass. "Images for Battle: British Film and the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 56, no. 3 (July 1992): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986000.
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Pun, Sirjana. "How Radar Technology Changed the Course of the World after World War II - Science and Technology." Unity Journal 2 (August 11, 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38847.
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After the independent invention of radar in the early 1930s, the development of radar went rapidly during World War II (1939-1945) when both Axis and Allied forces relied on the system to get an edge over the other. Ever since the war, radar technology has substantially increased in its innovation and capability throughout the years. This paper examines the progress of radar technology following World War II (1939-1945) with an aim to provide a landscape of the prevalent radar system during the war which was mono-pulse tracking radar systems and moving-target indication (MTI) system. After a thorough background study of the past radar system, the paper highlights application of the newer developed Phased Array Radar System which was formulated out through the implementation of the improved capabilities of both prevalent systems. Moreover, the paper provides a brief overview of the modular system and formulates a time frame relating to the development of radar research. Thus, the paper, later on, foresees the prominent future where phased array systems could be expanded to civilian and non-civilian technological research by providing thorough research and comparative analysis. Phased array systems are found to a prominent possible cheaper alternative for the civilian and non-civilian system. It shows prominence to be an effective useful tool for radar systems.
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Tupchienko-Kadyrova, L. G. "“One hundred days before the Great Victory. Belarus newspapers in 1945” – Belarus National Library's virtual project: The concept and implementation." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 4 (June 28, 2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-4-37-52.
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The virtual project by Belarus National Library “One hundred days before the Great Victory. Belarus newspapers in 1945” reconstructs the daily chronicle of facts and events of winter-spring 1945 (war efforts, industry and agriculture rehabilitation in Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, experiences of libraries, research and educational organizations). The project is to demonstrate the information potential of the Library’s newspaper collection. The goals are described; statistical data are provided. The content and formal structure of selected news, structure of newspapers and books as a source, the project stages and implementation, the concept, production of newspapers digital copies, project promotion are discussed. The experience may be useful in other virtual projects. The full texts of the newspapers used in the project are accessible online and will be of interest to historians and everyone who would like to learn more about the heroic period and people who led to the Great Victory both in the front and behind the lines.
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Samasuwo, Nhamo. "Food Production and War Supplies: Rhodesia's Beef Industry during the Second World War, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern African Studies 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070306206.
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Ławniczak, Sonia. "Diary Writing during the Second World War in Sweden. Astrid Lindgren’s War Diaries 1939-1945." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 98, no. 3 (2020): 733–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2020.9433.
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Prozorova, I., G. Arutyunyan, V. Adamov, and S. Buryachenko. "Diplomacy of the Polish Republic before and during the Second World War." Diplomatic Service, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2002-03.
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The Article is devoted to the activities of the foreign policy system of the Polish Republic before and during the Second world war. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Polish government in exile (1939–1945) and its participation in the preparation of the Warsaw uprising.
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Jones, Edgar, Ian Palmer, and Simon Wessely. "War pensions (1900–1945): changing models of psychological understanding." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 4 (April 2002): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.4.374.
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BackgroundWar pensions are used to examine different models of psychological understanding. The First World War is said to have been the first conflict for which pensions were widely granted for psychological disorders as distinct from functional, somatic syndromes. In 1939 official attitudes hardened and it is commonly stated that few pensions were awarded for post-combat syndromes.AimsTo re-evaluate the recognition of psychiatric disorders by the war pension authorities.MethodOfficial statistics were compared with samples of war pension files from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars.ResultsOfficial reports tended to overestimate the number of awards. Although government figures suggested that the proportion of neurological and psychiatric pensions was higher after the Second World War, our analysis suggests that the rates may not have been significantly different.ConclusionsThe acceptance of psychological disorders was a response to cultural shifts, advances in psychiatric knowledge and the exigencies of war. Changing explanations were both a consequence of these forces and themselves agents of change.
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Ajayi, Abiodun. "Contribution to Britain’s War Efforts in Osun Division of Western Nigeria, 1939–1945." Journal of African Military History 4, no. 1-2 (October 26, 2020): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-bja10005.
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Abstract Although no real battle was fought in Nigeria during the Second World War (1939–1945), the burden of the war was much felt by Nigerians. They made significant contributions to the war effort; a method through which the British shifted the burden of the war onto their colonial subjects. This strategy had caught the attentions of many scholars, and various discussions have centered on its origin, purpose and operation at provincial and Nigeria wide level. Thus, contributions at the Districts and Division levels have always been subsumed into colony-wide studies, and by that fact remained unresearched. This paper focuses the effects of the imperial coping strategy on the Yoruba society with Osun Division as a case study. The study adopts historical approach, which depends on written, oral, and archival sources. However, it is hoped that, with due attention being given to the efforts of the people at a local level, the impact of the Second World War on African social order will be better understood.
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R, SAFEED. "Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore." GIS Business 14, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4672.
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In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.
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Ebu Abdullah, Cahdan. "WORLD WAR II PERIOD OF 1939-1945 EVENTS, MILITARY, POLITICAL AND ACCELERATED DEV." Route Educational and Social Science Journal 4, no. 16 (January 1, 2017): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.707.
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Manjola Sulaj et al.,, Manjola Sulaj et al ,. "The Ethnic Greek Minority Newspapers in Albania during World War II (1939-1945)." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 2049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020192.
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Morton, Desmond, and J. L. Granatstein. "The Last Good War: An Illustrated History of Canada in the Second World War, 1939-1945." International Journal 60, no. 4 (2005): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204104.
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