Academic literature on the topic 'World War, 1939-1945 – Economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "World War, 1939-1945 – Economic aspects"
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KANDRATSENKA, A. "SLOVAK HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE PROBLEM OF THE STATE OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences 66, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2023-66-1-91-95.
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The article gives an assessment of the Slovak historiography on the problem of the state of national minorities in the Slovak Republic in 1939–1945. Modern historians focus on previously unexplored topics, such as the Slovak-Hungarian borderlands, the expulsion of Czechs, the evacuation of the Carpathian Germans, the deprivation of property of the Jewish community, etc. The most studied and controversial aspects of the socio-political and economic life of the national minorities of Slovakia in the period 1939–1945 are noted.
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Astramowicz-Leyk, Teresa. "Program direction of „Gazeta Grudziądzka” 1894–1939 – selected aspects." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 292, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-135018.
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This article presents the principle programming assumptions of the „Gazeta Grudziądzka” (1894–1939), written and published by one of the leaders of the popular movement in Western Prussia, Wiktor Kulerski. The rectified information refers to the date of the publication of the first issue of the magazine and the address of the printing house. Polish literature from Grudziądz had a popular, nationalist and Catholic character. The founder and owner of the paper and his colleagues focused on these three values. The „Gazeta” reached its largest circulation before the First World War. Later, due to the territorial changes in Greater Poland, uprisings and the attitudes of the publisher during the First World War, it was not easy to attract readers. With the accession of Kulerski to the Polish People’s Party „Piast”, the paper became a press instrument of the popular movement. Moreover, after the founder’s death his son, Witold, took over the publishing company. The enduring feature of the „Gazeta Grudziądzka” program was economic anti-Semitism. Nationalism was strongly emphasized until the First World War, but it was presented as a defence against the Germanization of Polish society under Prussian occupation.
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Ľudovít, Hallon. "Vzťah koncernu Baťa k režimu Slovenskej republiky 1939–1945 na stránkach časopisu Budovateľ." Česko-slovenská historická ročenka 23, no. 2 (2021): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cshr.2021.23.2.2.
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The Slovak branch of the international Bata Corporation gradually came into existence in the 1930s, with the process culminating during the existence of the Slovak Republic between 1939 and 1945. In January 1939, the branch also started a magazine, named Budovateľ and targeted at the Slovak factories of the corporation. The magazine, whose content would be created by its editors, provided information about life in the factories, but also presented the official attitude of the Slovak branch’s top management towards the government and the political system of Slovakia at that time. The study maps and evaluates the attitudes (or certain aspects thereof) expressed in Budovateľ in the period 1939 to 1941, when the government of the independent Slovak Republic was on the rise and could boast some economic and social achievements and when the idea of national unity resonated in the broader populace. The study analyses these attitudes up to June 1941, specifically until the attack on the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany. In the months and years that followed, the views of the management and rank-and-file employees at Bata’s plants in Slovakia gradually began to change under the influence of domestic and international developments in the context of the world war.
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Dudkin, Pavlo, Olena Dudkina, and Viktor Palianytsia. "Business relocation: infrastructure and logistics aspects." Galician economic journal 86, no. 1 (2024): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.01.126.
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The conditions of russia's full-scale war against Ukraine, Ukrainian citizens and business entities have faced an extremely acute problem related to the need to preserve their physical existence. Millions of citizens and thousands of businesses are under the potential threat of entering the area of hostilities and occupation. They faced a dilemma: to survive physically, to lose their assets, to leave their homes, or to relocate to safer places within Ukraine or abroad. Aspects that reflect the essence of the problem, certain elements of similarity with the Second World War, which took place on the territory of Ukraine in 1939–1945 are considered in this paper. Current trends that significantly affect the actions of business entities under martial law are analyzed. The «bottlenecks» of the business relocation process are identified, the threats and certain aspects of avoiding possible risks with emphasis on infrastructural and logistical mechanisms are considered. Special attention is paid to the need of careful planning and preparation of the relocation process, taking into account not only economic and social factors, but also security and geopolitical factors. Components of successful business relocation in terms of optimizing material, financial and information flows involved in the production of goods/provision of services are highlighted in this paper. The need to focus more attention on the financial component of relocation, possible sources of financing for its successful implementation is updated. The author’s attention is focused on the lack of clear legislative regulation of the use of personal income tax funds during the full-scale war. Statistical information concerning relocated enterprises for 2022–2023 has been analyzed. Attention is focused on potential relocation opportunities in different regions of Ukraine. The main stages of relocation are considered, the key points, including relocation of certain types of business outside Ukraine, are highlighted. It is emphasized that enterprises planning relocation should carefully consider all aspects of this process, first of all, from the point of view of impact on business not only in real time, but also in the future.
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Zharkynbayeva, R. S., and K. Ye Abdrassilova. "Some aspects of economic crime during the war (1941-1945) (on the example of the Kazakh SSR)." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2021-137-4-26-45.
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At present, scientists focus on the problems of social history, and psychology of the population as they create a holistic view of the social life of society, the system of labor organization, labor relations of workers as well as material and domestic conditions during the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, such aspects of social life as economic crime during the war received little or no attention in the sphere of special scientific research for a long time. The aim of this article is a comprehensive analysis of economic crime in the USSR by the example of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War. Authors attempted to study economic crime during the war, features of labor motivation, collective psychology, and the inner world of ordinary Soviet citizens through the analysis of historical sources, which allows considering complex social roots of economic crime. The article identifies factors that influenced the growth of crime during the war years, such as the forced evacuation of the population; mobilization in the army; shortage of industrial and food essentials; introduction of card system; difficult working and living conditions of workers, improper work of internal bodies of the Soviet state. The most widespread types of law violations and the ways of their perpetration are revealed in the example of specific enterprises of the Kazakh SSR. The article presents the role of Soviet legislation and state bodies in solving this problem. This article is based on a new set of historical sources extracted from archives («Special Folders» of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, documents of the Party Control Commission, letters and complaints to the authorities, business correspondence, etc.).
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Macdonald, Lee T. "Proposals to Move the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1836–1944." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 3 (August 2020): 272–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620936625.
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In 1939, the British Admiralty agreed to move the Royal Observatory from Greenwich to a better site away from London. The removal was postponed due to the Second World War, and the observatory’s re-establishment at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex in the 1940s and 1950s was further delayed by post-war economic difficulties. This paper examines several proposals to remove the observatory that were put forward over a period spanning slightly more than a century before 1939 and asks why none of these were taken up. I argue that the lateness of the move was due partly to astronomers’ fears that the observatory would lose its prestige if moved away from the famous Greenwich meridian and also to certain cultural aspects of professional astronomy in early twentieth-century Britain.
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Ikponmwosa, Frank, and Collins Osayuki Edigin. "British Colonial Post- War Fiscal Policies in Benin, Nigeria." Thinker 97, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v97i4.2862.
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This paper focuses on post-war fiscal and economic policies in colonial Benin between 1945 and 1960. It was the period of British economic reconstruction occasioned by the effect of the Second World War. The paper therefore examines the impact of the post-war fiscal reforms on tax and expenditure patterns of the British authorities in Benin. It gives a robust analysis, as a background, of the goal and effect of the British economic reforms in her colonies. The study argues that the main objective of the British was to promotefiscal policies in order to revamp the metropolitan economy battered by the Second World War. Thus, at the Benin protectorate or division, the tax assessment rate was relatively high compared to the level of income paid by the colonial authorities, in order to create surplus for expenditure. This created discontents and petitions from different local communities against the assessment rate. Thepaper shows that the expenditure level, especially on social services, was low compared to the tax revenue generated. It adopts the historical method of research which utilised data obtained from both primary and secondary sources for interpretation and analysis. It’s on aspects of the Benin Division in Benin Province, created in 1914, as one of the administrative divisions, by the British which comprises of the Benin speaking people of southern Nigeria. It subsequently became part of the Western Region in 1945 following theconstitution of regional government in Nigeria.
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ROMANOVA, Elena A., and Sergey I. ZOTOV. "Landscape in the Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Settlement Systems in Kaliningrad Region." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 7, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v7.4(16).18.
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The article describes the environmental factors that influence the formation of the settlement systems at the territory, and the degree of changes of this impact over time. Kaliningrad region is chosen as the study area, the settlement system is which evolved over many centuries. Over the past hundred years the settlement system, including the urban settlement, of the area reconstructed three times – as a result of the First World War, the German expansion to the east in 1939, and in the post-war period, while the overall pattern of settlements network maintained. A feature of the region is a complete change of population in the region since the end of World War II, accession of the former East Prussia to the Soviet Union, as part of the Russian Federation, which resulted in a fundamental change of economic system, determined features of the new building of settlements and areas of infrastructure development. Currently the regional settlement system shows, on the one hand, the similarities with the systems of settlement of other subjects of the Russian Federation, of the non-black soil zone of the Russian Plain, and on the other hand, is inherited from the system of settling the northern part of East Prussia. The degree of the landscape affects on the local systems of settlement is heterogeneous both spatially and temporally.
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Wang, Ziming. "Exploring the Impact of Government Policies on Japanese Economy from 1945 to 1960." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 21 (February 15, 2023): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3518.
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Japan was known as one of the largest economies in the world and its economy once created developing miracles back to the 1960s-1980s. However, Japan went through a very difficult time after the World War II, its capital and investments declined so much during the war that the whole country lost almost all its advantages comparing with the United States and many other developed countries, and yet, Japan still found a way out of the trouble and started to build its new path to success on economy. The question about how this country recovered so fast has bothered people for a long time. The core of Japan’s success comes from its changes after the failure of the war, and most of its economic and political structure changes were led by the Japanese government and SCAP which played important roles during this complex and difficult period. Policies established by the Japanese government and SCAP almost influenced this country’s many aspects, especially in agriculture and industry areas, and the reform of these domains finally led the whole country’s economy to develop. This article is going to research on how these policies influenced the country and why these changes are important by researching details of some most important policies the Japan government had established during this period and analyzing their historic contents and statistics. The research result and process would provide a new perspective of economic development to the public.
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Zorin, A. V. "The problem of American Loans and Credits for Czechoslovakia in 1945–1948." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-56-81.
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The article is devoted to one of the aspects of the US European policy after World War II: the issue of loans and credits to affected countries. Using the example of Czechoslovakia, the author tries to answer a number of important questions: did Washington have a sound financial and economic policy towards this country, what goals did it pursue, what were its results? The study is based on the US Department of State archive documents and papers of the American ambassador to Czechoslovakia L.A. Steinhardt. The US financial policy towards Czechoslovakia in the early post-war years was the subject of intense debate in the United States. The author reveals evidence of serious disagreement between economic and political divisions of the State Department about providing of financial assistance to Prague, its size and terms of lending. Particular attention is paid to Steingardt’s position and his attempts to determine American loans and credits to Prague by upholding the property interests of American citizens. These disagreements hindered the development of a single thoughtful course regarding the Czechoslovak Republic and complicated diplomatic relations with Prague; negotiations on the allocation of large loans for the economic recovery of the Czechoslovak Republic dragged on. A fundamental role in the establishment of a new US political course had Secretary of State James Byrnes’ decision, made in the fall of 1946, on the inadmissibility of providing assistance to countries that have taken anti-American positions. This approach was finally entrenched after the Communists coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, when the country entered the Soviet sphere of influence. The article concludes that the post-war US policy was not distinguished by integrity and thoughtfulness.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "World War, 1939-1945 – Economic aspects"
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Rogers, Sean. "Depression and war : three essays on the Canadian economy 1930-45." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37724.
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Two main points histories of the Second World War in Canada traditionally emphasize are (1) the role of war-related fiscal policy in finally ending the Great Depression and (2) the success of government control over the economy. Potential output estimates show a large output gap still in existence in 1939, with it quickly closing by 1941. The Dominion government's war-related fiscal policy emerges as the factor explaining this rapid recovery. But Dominion fiscal policy was also important to recovery before the war. Canada's participation in bi-lateral trade negotiations, which lowered tariffs, the chief instrument of contemporary Dominion government fiscal policy, in reciprocation for similar concessions, stimulated exports, the chief source of recovery before the war.The matter of success rests largely on how well the Department of Munitions and Supply achieved the Dominion government's strategic aims during the war. Two strategic aims identified in this thesis are the government's desire to minimize the costs associated with war production and to avoid over-expansion in the iron and steel industry. Examining the production records of the Dominion Steel and Coal Company (Dosco), a primary iron and steel firm, and the Trenton Steel Works, a secondary manufacturing firm, shows how the government allocated production in a least cost manner among Canadian producers, consistent with the first of these two aims. Through its Crown Corporations, the Department also strove to minimize the costs associated with establishing war plant. Concerning the second aim, the government avoided rehabilitating Dosco's steel plate mill until sufficient domestic demand warranted it. With its capacity extraneous to the Canadian industry, the government closed the mill after the war. In contrast to the importance previous research placed on political factors in explaining the government's conduct of the war effort, this thesis argues that considerations production costs and input prices were a vital part of the government's decision making process.
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Crombois, Jean-François. "Camille Gutt et le gouvernement de Londres: aspects politiques, économiques et financiers de la participation belge à la Seconde Guerre mondiale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211995.
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Fahey, John. "Britain 1939-1945 the economic cost of strategic bombing /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/664.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.Title from title screen (viewed 6 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Fahey, John T. "Britain 1939-1945: The economic cost of strategic bombing." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/664.
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The strategic air offensive against Germany during World War II formed a major part of Britain's wartime military effort and it has subsequently attracted the attention of historians. Despite the attention, historians have paid little attention to the impact of the strategic air offensive on Britain. This thesis attempts to redress this situation by providing an examination of the economic impact on Britain of the offensive. The work puts the economic cost of the offensive into its historical context by describing the strategic air offensive and its intellectual underpinnings. Following this preliminary step, the economic costs are described and quantified across a range of activities using accrual accounting methods. The areas of activity examined include the expansion of the aircraft industry, the cost of individual aircraft types, the cost of constructing airfields, the manufacture and delivery of armaments, petrol and oil, and the recruitment, training and maintenance of the necessary manpower. The findings are that the strategic air offensive cost Britain £2.78 billion, equating to an average cost of £2,911.00 for every operational sortie flown by Bomber Command or £5,914.00 for every Germany civilian killed by aerial bombing. The conclusion reached is the damage inflicted upon Germany by the strategic air offensive imposed a very heavy financial burden on Britain that she could not afford and this burden was a major contributor to Britain's post-war impoverishment.
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Fahey, John T. "Britain 1939-1945: The economic cost of strategic bombing." University of Sydney. History, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/664.
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The strategic air offensive against Germany during World War II formed a major part of Britain�s wartime military effort and it has subsequently attracted the attention of historians. Despite the attention, historians have paid little attention to the impact of the strategic air offensive on Britain. This thesis attempts to redress this situation by providing an examination of the economic impact on Britain of the offensive. The work puts the economic cost of the offensive into its historical context by describing the strategic air offensive and its intellectual underpinnings. Following this preliminary step, the economic costs are described and quantified across a range of activities using accrual accounting methods. The areas of activity examined include the expansion of the aircraft industry, the cost of individual aircraft types, the cost of constructing airfields, the manufacture and delivery of armaments, petrol and oil, and the recruitment, training and maintenance of the necessary manpower. The findings are that the strategic air offensive cost Britain �2.78 billion, equating to an average cost of �2,911.00 for every operational sortie flown by Bomber Command or �5,914.00 for every Germany civilian killed by aerial bombing. The conclusion reached is the damage inflicted upon Germany by the strategic air offensive imposed a very heavy financial burden on Britain that she could not afford and this burden was a major contributor to Britain�s post-war impoverishment.
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Parker, Stephen George. "Faith on the home front : aspects of church life and popular religion in Birmingham, 1939-1945." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288418.
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Kahn, Martin. "Measuring Stalin's strength during total war : U.S. and British intelligence on the economic and military potential of the Soviet Union during the Second World War, 1939-1945 /." Göteborg : Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, Goteborgs universitet, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39917694w.
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Bauer, Raimund. "A 'New Order' : National Socialist notions of Europe and their implementation during the Second World War." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21828.
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The term Europe was omnipresent in the Third Reich during the Second World War. An abundance of primary sources attests to the German interest in a new European order. Nevertheless, historiography is in disagreement on the Europeanness of this New Order and on its actual relevance for National Socialist policies. This study argues that these differing appraisals are the result of a mistaken understanding of the National Socialist New Order. National Socialist Germany did not pursue a single, stable, and clear-cut notion of Europe-to-be, but constantly kept negotiating its war aims and the future of Europe under the heading New Order. By means of a discourse-analytical approach, this thesis reconstructs this New Order and shows that its defining dimensions were long-standing and well-established knowledge and belief systems: the idea of European economic cooperation and völkisch beliefs. Depending on the military situation and the scope of the German sphere of influence, the discursive weight of these interpretive frames varied during the war. Nevertheless, they produced temporarily stable visions of Europe-to-be. Contrasted with this development, an analysis of German policies clearly demonstrates that the New Order discourse did matter. A hermeneutical approach which draws on discourse-analytical concepts of power relations makes clear that the New Order discourse was powerful. It defined the permissible ways of thinking and speaking about the future of Europe and it endowed the activities of German occupation authorities and private companies with meaning. Thus, this study and its innovative perspective shed new light on the New Order and broaden our understanding of National Socialist wartime policies. Its findings suggest that the National Socialist Europe must not be dismissed as anti-European. National Socialist Germany discursively constructed and realised its own ideals of Europe-to-be. This völkisch and economic reorganisation not only guided the policies of German occupation policies and informed the actions of private businesses, but it also fits well into the German tradition of European thinking.
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Cobden, Lynsey Shaw. "Neuropsychiatry and the management of aerial warfare : the Royal Air Force Neuropsychiatric Division in the Second World War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2dd79d33-bf1f-4351-b3f4-cebcac9b7fad.
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This work is a critical assessment of the role of neuropsychiatry in the management of aerial warfare. Focussing almost exclusively on the Second World War (1939-45), the thesis demonstrates how the Royal Air Force (RAF) mobilised specialist medical knowledge to improve wastage and combat efficiency in flying personnel. Neurological and psychiatric expertise was enlisted to improve service performance and reduce the burden of neuropsychiatric disorders. To meet these key objectives, the RAF neuropsychiatric division undertook important administrative and therapeutic duties in the areas of personnel selection, service discipline, neuropsychiatric research, and the treatment of mental disorders. The work therefore assesses how the division responded to these challenges and contributed to the management of aerial warfare. The thesis assesses the factors that shaped the practice of neuropsychiatry in the service. Historically, the training and personal interests of specialists and the context of therapeutic practice guided the development of mental health specialties. To gain a fuller appreciation of the administrative and therapeutic duties of the division, this work explores the medical, social, military, and professional factors that shaped neuropsychiatric thought and practice. Secondly, the work engages with the 'human element' of aerial combat. The physical and mental health of aircrew was fundamental to the conduct of the air war and underpinned the administrative decisions of the air force. It was the primary objective of the neuropsychiatric division to preserve and develop these vital human resources. Neuropsychiatric disorders represented a challenge to efficiency, for they could affect the performance and motivation of a flyer. The thesis will examine how the neuropsychiatric division attempted to sustain aircrew by preventing and treating the disorders that compromised their efficiency.
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Greenbank, Kevin, and Kevin Greenbank. ""You chaps mustn't worry when you come back" : Cape Town soldiers and aspects of the experience of war and demobilisation 1939-1953." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23220.
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Very little scholarly work has been written about Cape Town during the Second World War. Indeed, very little has been written about South African society at all during this period. This study is an attempt to contribute towards scholarly discussion of the effects of war on South African society, and to try to understand the largely neglected effects of the War on those who took part in it. Much of this study focuses on the experiences of white Englishspeaking veterans. This is because the majority of soldiers fighting in the Second World War were from this particular population group, and also because it was this group that was about to lose commanding political influence upon its return to South Africa. A central theme of this study is the government's neglect of the returning soldiers, and their failure to live up to their promises. The change of government in 1948 was to ensure that the needs of the ex-volunteers were never fully addressed, and that the veterans would never occupy the central position in society which they thought was their right, having fought in a war which many members of the new government had opposed. The focus on Cape Town also ensures that this study remains separate from the many papers which have been written detailing the rise of Nationalism from the late 1930s until the 1948 election. Looking at the other side of the political spectrum - at the eventual losers - has important and interesting political and historical implications, and adds a new dimension to the political history of the period. The methodology used for this study is mainly oral - interviews were conducted with a small representative sample of veterans and have provided a basis for all secondary research. Using the testimony of veterans has proved a useful and original tool for examining the period in question. One further aim of the thesis is to provide an opportunity for the voices of the veterans to be recognised as an authoritative resource about the history of Cape Town during the War and in the immediate post-War period. The thesis is split into two parts to reflect the different nature of Cape Town society during and after the War. The early part deals with Cape Town during the War and the changes which were taking place there as a result of South African participation in the conflict. This section also examines the wartime experiences of the soldiers and assesses how these experiences helped to forge new identities and behaviour after the War. Part Two looks at the post-War period and the demobilisation process, examining how it treated and prejudiced the soldiers who were involved.
Books on the topic "World War, 1939-1945 – Economic aspects"
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Milward, Alan S. War, economy and society, 1939-1945. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987.
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Gross, Nachum. Palestine in World War II: Some economic aspects : draft. Jerusalem: Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, 1987.
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Eichholtz, Dietrich. Geschichte der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft, 1939-1945. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1985.
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Ránki, György. The economics of the Second World War. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 1993.
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T, Mills Geofrey, and Rockoff Hugh, eds. The Sinews of war: Essays on the economic history of World War II. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993.
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Hermann, Kaienburg, ed. Konzentrationslager und deutsche Wirtschaft 1939-1945. Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 1996.
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Niblo, Stephen R. The impact of war: Mexico and World War II. Melbourne [Australia]: La Trobe University Institute of Latin American Studies, 1988.
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Nash, Gerald D. The American West transformed: The impact of the Second World War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
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Rockoff, Hugh. Keep on scrapping: The salvage drives of World War II. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "World War, 1939-1945 – Economic aspects"
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Higgs, Robert. "Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s." In Depression, War, and Cold War, 61–80. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195182927.003.0003.
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Abstract Ever since World War II, historians and economists, almost without exception, have misinterpreted the performance of the U.S. economy in the 1940s. The reigning view has two aspects: one pertaining to the conceptualization and measurement of the economy’s performance, the other pertaining to the explanation of that performance in macroeconomic theory. The two are encapsulated in the title of a chapter in a leading textbook: “War Prosperity: The Keynesian Message Illustrated” (Hughes, 1990, p. 493). I shall challenge the consensus view. The accepted profile of the economy’s performance during the 1940s, peak prosperity from 1943 to 1945, followed by much worse performance from 1946 to 1949, is indefensible as a description of economic well-being. Further, the most widely accepted explanation of the events of the war years cannot withstand critical scrutiny. The prevailing misinterpretations of economic performance during the 1940s have arisen because historians and economists have failed to appreciate that the wartime economy, a command economy, cannot be readily compared with either the prewar or the postwar economy.
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Wheeler, Michael. "‘The secret power of England’." In The Athenaeum, 243–69. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300246773.003.0011.
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This chapter, which considers the Second World War and its aftermath, reveals how the clubhouse provided a meeting place for those members whose contribution to the war effort kept them in London in 1939, as it had in 1914, and for those engaged in new debates on economic and moral reconstruction which arose before war broke out, continued throughout hostilities, and shaped the national agenda in 1945. In the case of Arthur Bryant's and Sir Charles Waldstein's own club, the 'secret power of England' was to be found in the lives and work not only of its leading politicians and serving officers who ran the war and became household names, but also its moralists, theologians, and economists who applied their minds to the demands of a future peace. Crucial to the war effort were those less well-known civil servants and intelligence officers, scientists, and engineers who used the clubhouse. While valiant efforts were made to maintain the usual services during the war, many aspects of club life were adversely affected. In its domestic economy, the Athenæum's responses to the exigencies of war were often reminiscent of those recorded in 1914–1918; shortages led to all kinds of restrictions.
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Polonsky, Antony. "War and Genocide 1939–1945." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 308–79. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0010.
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This chapter explores how the outbreak of the Second World War initiated a new and tragic period in the history of the Jews of north-eastern Europe. The Polish defeat by Nazi Germany in the unequal campaign that began in September of 1939 led to a new partition of the country by Germany and the Soviet Union. Though Hitler had been relatively slow to put the more extreme aspects of Nazi antisemitism into practice, by the time the war broke out, the Nazi regime was set in its deep-seated hatred of the Jews. Following the brutal violence of Kristallnacht on November 9–10, 1938, when up to a hundred Jews were murdered in Germany and Austria and over 400 synagogues burnt down, Hitler, disconcerted by the domestic and foreign unease which this provoked, decided to entrust policy on the Jews to the ideologues of the SS. They were determined at this stage to enforce a ‘total separation’ between Jews and Germans, but wanted to do so in an ‘orderly and disciplined’ manner, perhaps by compelling most Jews to emigrate. The Nazis did not act immediately on the genocidal threat of ‘the annihilation of the Jews as a race in Europe’, but during the first months of the war, a dual process took place: the barbarization of Nazi policy generally and a hardening of policy towards Jews.
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Martin, Campbell-Kelly. "An interlude: the Second World War, 1939-1945." In ICL, 103–25. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198539186.003.0006.
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Abstract On 3 September 1939 Britain declared war on Germany, and in December 1941 war was declared upon Japan. Victory in Europe came on 8 May 1945, and Victory over Japan the following August. The six years of war were a hiatus in the economic development of Britain, for in that period everything was sacrificed to the national war effort: ‘Foreign investments were sold, women conscripted, capital was run down and not replaced, civilian consumption was drastically reduced, exports were cut back.’ British industry was in the van of the contribution to the national war effort, and its control over its own destiny was almost completely curtailed.
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Tomlinson, Jim. "1939-1945: Planning and Production." In Government and the Enterprise Since 1900, 137–60. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198287490.003.0007.
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Abstract The Second World War entailed a radical shift in the relations between government and industry as ‘total war ‘ required a mobilization of economic resources on a wholly new scale under the direction of a vastly expanded state apparatus. This led to a government interest in expanding production and economic and industrial efficiency of unprecedented force. Industry was scrutinized in exceptional detail, and its shortcomings exposed to the public gaze. Remedial steps were taken directly to aid the war effort. But in addition the exposure of weaknesses was linked to plans for the post-war world, and for the industrial reconstruction which was widely assumed to be a necessary part of that post-war rebuilding.
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Clegg, Hugh Armstrong. "Collective Bargaining 1934-1939." In A History Of British Trade Unions Since 1889, 1–93. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204060.003.0001.
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Abstract THE two previous volumes of this history, covering 1889 to 1910 and I 9I I to I 933, opened with chapters outlining the state of British trade unions prior to the beginning of their periods. The years 1889 and 19r r brought departures in British trade-unionism, with the ‘new unionism’ of 1889 and the series of ‘strikes on a scale not previously experienced’1 from 1911, and therefore it was necessary to outline what had gone before to put them into context. However, there is no need for a similar introduction to this volume because there was no sharp tum in the development of British trade-unionism in 1934. For several years previously the main influence on the unions had been the world-wide economic depression which began in 1929. Whether the trough of this depression was located in 1931 or 1932, a slow recovery was certainly in progress by the end of 1933. Unemployment was falling, with the consequence that trade union membership began to increase again in 1934, after several years of continuous decline. But this change, while most welcome to the unions, did not bring any rapid alterations in other aspects of their behaviour, and the concluding chapter of volume ii, ‘Trade Unions in 1933’, would need few amendments of any substance to apply to the unions in 1934. There were events in Germany in 1934 that were to have profound consequences for British trade unions, as for the British people and for the world, but they had still to unfold.
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Campbell, Randolph. "World War II and the Rise of Modern Texas, 1941–1971." In Gone To Texas, 396–437. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138429.003.0015.
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Abstract World War II brought economic recovery to the United States and left the nation in 1945 a productive giant possessing military power on an unprecedented scale. Obviously, the war unsettled virtually every aspect of life across the United States, but nowhere was its effect more dramatic than in Texas. The state’s economy recovered and never looked back as diversification increasingly became the rule. Population growth, slowed notably by the Great Depression, resumed, and a gain of more than 1.2 million residents during the war decade brought the total to 7,711,194 by 1950. This increase came in spite of the fact that a good many black Texans left the state for work in California and northern cities during the 1940s. By 1950 the state’s 977,458 African Americans represented only 13 percent of all Texans. Departing blacks were replaced, however, by a rising Mexican American population that reached ap- proximately one million in 1950. More and more Texans moved into towns and cities, and the urban population rose from 45 to 60 percent, the largest increase during any decade in the state’s history. Essentially, then, Texas entered World War II a largely impoverished, rural, agricultural state and emerged from the war decade thriving and far more urbanized and alized than ever before. The foundation for these changes was in place prior to 1941, of course, but the war provided the impetus for spectacular growth.
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Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. "Administration." In Austerity in Britain, 9–59. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204534.003.0002.
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Abstract During the Second World War civilian consumption of food, clothing, and miscellaneous goods was reduced drastically as economic resources were directed towards the war effort. In order to economize on raw materials, labour, and shipping space a comprehensive system of controls was introduced which regulated imports, production, and distribution, as well as demand. During this period of scarcity the price mechanism ceased to function and ‘allocation was a mixture of price controls, rationing … and uncontrolled black market prices. The extent to which any of these three methods prevailed determined the social experience of the war for most people’. Controls were necessary to reduce personal consumption as well as to achieve a balanced redistribution of resources between military and civilian requirements which ensured that civilian efficiency was maintained. Rationing and controls were retained after the war in order to achieve anti-inflationary and dollar economy policy objectives and as part of Labour’s wider commitment to economic planning and fair shares. After 1945 only the negative aspect of controls, that is the deliberate suppression of civilian consumption, remained and since ‘government needs no longer took automatic precedence over those of the private sector’ the policy became increasingly controversial. The process of decontrol began under Labour in the late 1940s but decontrol proceeded steadily only from the early 1950s onwards, that is after the Conservative government—committed to a speedy ending of wartime controls—had been elected.
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Evans, Bryce. "Food, the Emergency and the lower-class Irish body, c.1939–45." In Medicine, Health and Irish Experiences of Conflict, 1914-45. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719097850.003.0004.
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The ending of the Anglo-Irish Economic War (1932-8) is often represented as a watershed in British-Irish relations. However, it was soon followed by renewed trade hostility. Between 1940 and 1945, Winston Churchill subjected Ireland to an economic squeeze: the price of Irish neutrality in the Second World War. While the length of this trade war has generally been overlooked by historians, the effect of this ‘long’ Economic War on Irish public health has been similarly disregarded. This contribution argues that the Anglo-Irish economic war resulted in the mass slaughter of Irish herds due to the removal of the British export market. Market disruption had a significant knock-on effect on Irish public health, particularly in the countryside. Similarly, the British economic squeeze of the Second World War ensured that Ireland’s agricultural economy was denied fertilisers, feed, chemicals and tractors; modern productive aids that are essential to food production. The Irish government infamously introduced the ‘black loaf’ as wheat production wheat stalled, causing fears of a second Famine. Aggravated by a belatedly introduced rationing system, public health suffered.
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Rudnytska, Liudmyla. "ROKYTNE GLASS FACTORY. SOVIET RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNIZATION (1939–1945)." In Integration of traditional and innovation processes of development of modern science. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-021-6-12.
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The article has been explored the features of the reconstruction and technical modernization of Rokytne glass factory during 1939-1945. The historiographical and source base made it possible to carry out a comprehensive scientific study on the issue. The economic transformations at the Rokytne glass factory can roughly be divided into three periods, namely Soviet nationalization, occupation, the beginning of reconstruction, during which both reconstruction and modernization of the enterprise were implemented. The Second World War led to colossal coup, the former Polish territories underwent changes; Rokytne village became a typical Soviet settlement of district importance. The first arrival of Soviet power in 1939 led to administrative and territorial transformations, especially the loss of urban status Rokytne town, and the wave of nationalization: glassworks, banks, transport, land, forced expropriation of property; repression and deportation were considered the core of a sharp decreasing of living standards and their social and cultural degradation. The glass factory nationalization after Rokytnе joined and considered as a part of the USSR in 1939 had the main objective to unify all production processes according to Soviet standards and introduce (implement) traditional methods of administration at the enterprise entities. The ownership underwent the noticeable transformations. The majority of the engineers, retreating army moved to Poland, taking with them the equipment and technical documentation as well in order to set up Kama-Vitrum, a new glass plant. With the beginning of the Soviet-German confrontation, the occupation enterprise policy provided primarily for the production of glass products, especially sheet glass, in order to satisfy war needs with minimal material and technical restoration to provide primitive conditions for conveyor production process. After the liberation in 1944, the Soviet economy suffered from the crisis at the initial stage of reconstruction due to the lack of financial, material and human resources in order to implement modernization, reconstruction and reconstruction processes at industrial facilities of local and national importance. Notwithstanding the contradictions and complexity of the processes, the Rokytne glass factory, due to local funds involvement, resources, personnel and their ingenuity and dedicated work, resumed production of glass products in terms of difficult conditions a month after liberation.
Conference papers on the topic "World War, 1939-1945 – Economic aspects"
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Isupov, V. "Birth Rate and Marriage in Wartime Conditions (Rear Population of the RSFSR), 1939-1945." In XIII Ural Demographic Forum. GLOBAL CHALLENGES TO DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2022-1-10.
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Historical demography in Russia as a scientific field is experiencing rapid growth. Since the late 1980s, numerous works have been published on various issues of demographic history. Considerable attention is now being paid to the demographic aspects of the World War II. While the issue of human losses in the USSR is of great interest, much less attention is drawn to the problem of population reproduction in 1939-1945. Simultaneously, reproduction processes underwent such a significant distortion during the war years that they should be taken into account when determining the scale of the demographic catastrophe that shook Russia. The main purpose of this article is to identify the leading trends and features of marriage and birth rate of the Russian population during the World War II.