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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. "Africans Had No Business Fighting in Either the 1914–1918 War or the 1939–1945 War." Journal of Asian and African Studies 57, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096211054907.

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The wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 are without parallel in the expansive stretch of decades of the pan-European conquest and occupation of Africa in creating such profound opportunity to study the very entrenched desire by the European conqueror-states in Africa to perpetuate their control on the continent and its peoples indefinitely. The two principal protagonists in each conflict, Britain and Germany, were the lead powers of these conqueror-states that had formally occupied Africa since 1885. Against this cataclysmic background of history, Africans found themselves conscripted by both sides of the confrontation line in 1914–1918 to at once fight wars for and against their aggressors during which 1 million Africans were killed. Clearly, this was a case of double-jeopardy of conquered and occupied peoples fighting for their enemy-occupiers. In the follow-up 1939–1945 war, when Germany indeed no longer occupied any African land (having been defeated in the 1914–1918 encounter), Britain and allies France and Belgium (all continuing occupying powers in Africa) conscripted Africans, yet again, to fight for these powers in their new confrontation against Germany, and Japan, a country that was in no way an aggressor force in Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans were killed in this second war. In neither of these conflicts, as this study demonstrates, do the leaders of these warring countries who occupied (or hitherto occupied) Africa ever view their enforced presence in Africa as precisely the scenario or outcome they wished their own homeland was not subjected to by their enemies. On the contrary, just as it was their position in the aftermath of the 1914–1918 war, Britain, France, Belgium, Spain and Portugal in 1945 each envisaged the continuing occupation of the states and peoples of Africa they had seized by force prior to these conflicts. Winston Churchill, the British prime minster at the time, was adamant: ‘I had not become the king’s first minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire’. Charles de Gaulle, leader of the anti-German ‘free French forces’, was no less categorical on this score: ‘Self-government [in French-occupied Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, South America, the Pacific and elsewhere in the world] must be rejected – even in the more distant future’.

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2

Oakley, R. J. "Portugal 1914–1926. From the First World War to Military Dictatorship." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 84, no. 2 (March 2007): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753820701238017.

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3

Cann, John P. "Portugal 1914-1926: From the First World War to Military Dictatorship (review)." Journal of Military History 69, no. 3 (2005): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2005.0150.

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4

Porch, Douglas. "Book Review: Portugal, 1914-1926: From the First World War to Military Dictatorship." War in History 13, no. 3 (July 2006): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834450601300322.

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5

Goncharenko, A. V. "GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIAL CONTRADITIONS IN THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918 (BACKGROUND IS THE DOCUMENTS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 55 (2019): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2019.55.4.

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The article investigates Britain’s position in colonial contradictions during World War I, based on the use of documents from Russia’s foreign policy department. The causes, course and consequences of the intensification of British politics in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s foreign policy initiatives in the colonial issue during the study period is examined. There are analyzed the role of Great Britain in the intensification of the colonial struggle between the great states during the First World War (1914-1918) and its perception by diplomatic representatives of the Russian Empire. During the First World War of 1914-1918, a set of problems and approaches to them were crystallized, which had a serious impact on the colonial contradictions between the great states in general and the position of Great Britain in this problem in particular. There is a considerable contrast between the methods of politics and the aspirations of the leading countries of the world at that time - Japan and Russia - on the one hand, and the United Kingdom and France - on the other. France is increasingly convinced that close co-operation in these matters with London is the only guarantee of the success of its colonialism. In addition, during the First World War, the new industrial states (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to capture the colonies for the sake of confirming their new status in the world, and the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands) - to hold on to the rest for the sake of preservation of ephemeral international prestige, Russia - to expansion. The largest colonial empires - Great Britain and France were interested in maintaining the status quo. Whitehall’s policy on the colonial issue, at the time, can be traced to a very definite line, confirming the message of Russian diplomats linked to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not get involved in conflicts and expensive measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government has shown some flexibility and foresight - the relative weakening of the empire’s military and economic power about of the emergence of new, rapidly developing industrial powers and the achievement of colonies of certain selfsufficiency, made it necessary to revise traditional foreign policy. London was already unable to fully control the situation at sea, as well as to ensure the security of its vast possessions. Therefore, block cooperation with countries with close geopolitical interests comes to the fore, and policy in the colonies is gradually transformed from an expansionist one to a stabilization one aimed at reducing the costs of the metropolis and preventing potential conflicts in strategically important areas. In addition, Britain’s interests in the colonial issue largely coincide with the position of the United States, which also seeks to ensure “open doors” and “equal opportunities” instead of military-political contest. Key words: the Great Britain, First World War, international relationships, foreign policy, colonialism, colonial contradictions.

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6

Carneiro, Ana, and Teresa Mota. "The Geological Survey of Portugal (1857-1948): An Overview." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.1.3726r76104115517.

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The Geological Survey of Portugal (GSP) was created in 1857 as part of the Directorate of Geodesic, Chorographic, Hydrographical Works of the Kingdom established at the Ministry of Public Works, Trade and Industry, within a general policy of control over territory. Until its creation, Portugal lacked any sort of tradition in geological research.Despite changes in name and various restructurings, the GSP was able to produce consistent geological research that was up to international standards, releasing two editions of a geological map of Portugal in the scale 1:500,000, the first in 1876 and the second in 1899. In 1918, the Survey was once again reorganised, becoming part of the new General Directorate of Mines and Geological Survey. Portugal was then enduring a troubled period: the young Republican regime established in 1910 faced financial and political difficulties, and there was much social unrest as a result of World War I. These events deeply affected Survey activities. It is clear that between 1918 and 1948 geology and mapping were not among the Portuguese State's priorities, thus leading to a decline of geological research and mapping.

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7

Correia, Sílvia. "Celebrating victory on a day of defeat: commemorating the First World War in Portugal, 1918–1933." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 24, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2016.1191440.

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8

Correia, Sílvia Barbosa. "The veterans' movement and First World War memory in Portugal (1918–33): between the Republic and Dictatorship." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 531–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.697872.

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9

Denezhuk, Artem Naskidovich, and Andrey Sergeevich Mikaelian. "WORLD WAR I 1914-1918." News of scientific achievements, no. 6 (2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2618-7612-2019-6-18-20.

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10

Ivanova, Natalia. "Petrograd: First World War (19141918)." Cahiers Bruxellois Brusselse Cahiers XLVI, no. 1E (2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/brux.046e.0159.

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11

Nolan, Cathal J. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918." International History Review 34, no. 3 (September 2012): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.718125.

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12

Kahn, Marcel-Francis. "The World War I (1914–1918) and rheumatology." Joint Bone Spine 81, no. 5 (October 2014): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.04.015.

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13

Gregory, Dr Adrian. "Civilians in a world at war, 1914–1918." First World War Studies 4, no. 2 (October 2013): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2013.843885.

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14

M L, Revanna. "Problems of Industrialization Mysore -1914 -1918." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (February 6, 2021): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3962.

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During the First World War period, despite the best efforts by the Government of Mysore it was difficult to start and run many industries which required large -scale import of machineries. The First World War had broken the regular commercial traffic between Europe, the Mediterranean and India. On the one hand, the state escaped from the reckless floatation of companies that characterized the boom that followed the war, but some capital was invested in shares in outside companies. However as far as the investment in the new industries was concerned, capital was certainly shy in Mysore during the warperiod1. This situation continued even in the early twenties. Even during 1921-22, business conditions continued to be unfavorable throughout the year. Heavy losses were sustained by per-sons engaged in the business of piece-goods, timber, hides and skins and to a certain extent in food grains.

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15

Gregory, Adrian. "1914–1918: The History of the First World War." English Historical Review 120, no. 488 (September 1, 2005): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei347.

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16

Thorpe, Wayne. "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 10, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.

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This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.

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17

Vanhaesebrouck, Karel. "Theatre of War: Commemorating World War I in Belgium." TDR/The Drama Review 61, no. 4 (December 2017): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00691.

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Every town and village throughout Flanders is commemorating the gruesome events of 1914–1918 with a range of activities. Some of these propose intelligent and thoroughly researched perspectives on WWI, while others are just simple tourist entertainments. Flemish theatre artists enthusiastically contribute to this frenzy, although some choose to deconstruct the folkloric myths to comment on the economics of the commemoration industry or on present-day atrocities.

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18

Denyssov, V. N. "World war and international law. 100 years to the First world war 1914–1918." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava” 30 (2019): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2019-30-375-383.

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19

Honcar, B. "American diplomacy and the outbreak of 1914-1918 World War." Україна дипломатична, Вип. 15 (2014): 633.

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20

Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918." German History 7, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635548900700204.

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21

Farrar, L. L. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918." History: Reviews of New Books 26, no. 3 (April 1998): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528124.

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22

Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918." German History 7, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/7.2.226.

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23

Speransky, A. "Uralian arsenal of the First world war 1914–1918 years." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 16, no. 4 (2016): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh160417.

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24

Showalter, Dennis, and Holger H. Herwig. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 61, no. 4 (October 1997): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954103.

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25

Lyubovets, Nadiia. "The First World War 1914-1918 in a Memoir Representation." Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, no. 64 (October 14, 2022): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.64.196.

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26

Simonenko, E. S. "Naval Policy of Canada during First World War (1914—1918)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 8 (October 30, 2022): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-436-452.

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The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.

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27

Turda, Marius. "The Biology of War: Eugenics in Hungary, 1914–1918." Austrian History Yearbook 40 (April 2009): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000186.

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Much has been written concerning the impact of World War I on the development of eugenic thinking, especially in Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries. This has led historians to examine not only specific eugenic movements, but also the international nexus of institutional collaboration, personal affinities, and transfer of ideas. If before 1914, eugenicists from various countries were united in their quest to improve society by biological means—a form of internationalism culminating in the First International Congress on Eugenics organized in 1912 in London—during World War I, many of them engaged in national politics, devising eugenic methodologies to serve the ideological imperatives of their own countries rather than the proclaimed universalism of the prewar years.

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28

Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918." New England Quarterly 91, no. 2 (June 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.

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Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.

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29

Woodward, David R. "The Great War, 1914-1918, and: Who's Who in World War One (review)." Journal of Military History 67, no. 4 (2003): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0341.

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30

Канинская, Г. Н. ""War Culture" in German Postcards of 1914-1918." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.029.

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В статье рассматривается монография доктора исторических наук А.С. Медякова, изданная в 2021 г. В ней автор, на основе анализа солидного массива немецких открыток периода Первой мировой войны, показал, как формировалась «культура войны» в визуальной форме, как конструировался, поддерживался и эволюционировал в немецком обществе образ врага и союзника. Военный дискурс в книге представлен по многим срезам: социокультурному, историко-генетическому, идейно-пропаган-дистскому, сравнительному, лингвистическому. The article discusses the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander S. Medyakov, published in 2021. The author, who devoted a quarter of a century to collecting old postcards, for the first time in Russian historical science, showed based on the analysis of a solid array of German postcards from the period of the First World War, how the “culture of war” was formed » in visual form, how the image of the enemy and ally was designed, maintained and evolved in German society. The military discourse in the book is presented in many sections: socio-cultural, historical-genetic, ideological-propaganda, comparative, linguistic. The practice of distribution of printed materials is disclosed in detail, much attention is paid to the state and private press, competition in the postcard market, and censorship.

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31

Begum, Imrana. "The Muslims of India and the First World War 1914-1918." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research 5 (March 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2371-1655.2019.05.01.

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32

GELFAND, LAWRENCE E. "Through the Prism of Seven Decades: The World War, 1914?1918." Diplomatic History 14, no. 1 (January 1990): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00079.x.

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33

Siebrecht, Claudia. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918." European History Quarterly 42, no. 2 (April 2012): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412440082x.

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34

Fischer, Christopher. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914-1918 (review)." Journal of World History 23, no. 2 (2012): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0038.

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35

Monger, David. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918." Journal of Contemporary History 47, no. 3 (July 2012): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009412440542c.

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36

ERMACORA, MATTEO. "Assistance and Surveillance: War Refugees in Italy, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 16, no. 4 (November 2007): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004110.

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AbstractThis article deals with the forms of assistance given to refugees in Italy during the First World War. The entire subject has been neglected because of the dominant myth of a victorious nation. The Italian situation was peculiar because of the high level of migration and the multi-ethnic origin of people in the border areas. By pinpointing the pattern of relocation in Italy during the war this article seeks to explain the policies pursued by the state and by aid agencies, the rationale behind that aid and the continuities and discontinuities in the assistance given to the refugees. Significant political, juridical and social issues evolved around the image of the refugee, including the protection that the state owed to its citizens.

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37

Samson, Anne. "The End of the 1914–1918 War in Africa." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 27/3 (September 17, 2018): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.27.3.05.

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The end of the First World War in Africa occurred at different times across the continent as the German colonies capitulated and surrendered to the allied forces between 26 August 1914 and 25 November 1918. The experience of each territory was indicative of its colonial development and local conditions. As the war inched across the landscape so people moved between states of peace and conflict, all caught up in some aspect either directly or through the provision of food and other materials. This chapter explores different experiences across the continent and the legacy of the discussions at Versailles. ERRATUM Anne Samson and the editors of Anglica: An International Journal for English Studies wish to apologize to George Ndakwena Njung for the misspelling of his name in the in-text references and the references section (90, 92, 110).

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38

Clavin, Patricia. "The Economic Consequences of the War and the Peace." Current History 113, no. 766 (November 1, 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2014.113.766.324.

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39

Grdina, Igor. "Activism, Meditation and Contemplation: Music and the First World War." Musicological Annual 53, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.53.2.5-21.

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The paper discusses the turn from activism to contemplation in the works of many music creators during the First World War. It also discusses the reasons why the reception of music during the conflict of 1914–1918 was the most restricted so far, prohibiting the performance of works by creators from enemy countries.

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40

Shevchenko, V. "The Great War of 1914-1918 and Ukraine: Historical Memory and Commemoration." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-7.

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The First World War was a turning point in the development of civilization. Ukraine was at the center of this global conflict. Some of the largest and bloodiest offensive operations took place on itslands (East Halychyna, Bukovyna, Volyn), and the population was forced to fight on both sides of the front. Nevertheless, for many years the national public and professional researchers has beenoverlooked the War. In this paper, the Great War of 1914-1918 was been considered in the light of the historical memory of Ukrainian society and commemorative practices. In Eastern Halychyna, which was part of Poland after the War, there were intensive efforts to preserve the burials of war victims. In the Ukrainian state, the first steps to perpetuate the memory of the victims were made under the Hetman P. Skoropadskyi. Soviet authorities systematically «supplanted» the memory of the First World War from the mass consciousness, so that it was «forgotten».With changing approaches to the coverage of the historical past in independent Ukraine, interest towards the events of 1914-1918 has increased, and the process of perpetuating and commemoratingthem was intensified. Now, the restoration of the historical truth about the First World War and its preservation require the constructive interaction of the state, public organizations, specialists fromdifferent fields of knowledge.

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41

Ruszała, Kamil. "Fellow Citizens or Aliens? Galician Refugees during the First World War in Hungary." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 4 (December 2021): 795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.051.14027.

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The outbreak of the First World War (1914–1918) forced the countless civilians to leave their homes and to become war refugees. This topic has remained largely unexplored by the historians. The number of refugees from the multinational Galicia in the years 1914–1918 was large in many parts of the former Austria-Hungary, which finds its reflection in archival materials scattered over various archives and over an extensive territory. This paper presents the issue of the Galician war refugees who found themselves in the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. It also outlines the general problem of emigration as well as describes relations between the refugees and the local people. It was not only due to antagonisms but also due to the administrative decisions of the Hungarian authorities that the Galician refugees remained alien to the locals, despite the fact they all were citizens of the same Habsburg Monarchy.

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42

Pirnat, Jani. "Animals in the Years 1914–1918 as Part of War Propaganda." Instinct, Vol. 4, no. 1 (2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m6.071.art.

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The article focuses on examples of also using animals for war propaganda. Photography served to justify animal drafting, to keep up the military morale, and to show how cruel the enemy was. The animal ‘heroes’ of the newspapers– horses, dogs and pigeons – illustrate the attitude of humankind toward animalkind in the first industrial and technological war that showed the vulnerability and the nonsense of using animals on the fronts. Keywords: animals in war, First World War, photography, propaganda images of animals, representation of animals, surveillance

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43

Overto, John. "War and Economic Development: Settlers in Kenya, 1914–1918." Journal of African History 27, no. 1 (March 1986): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029212.

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The First World War is perhaps the least studied period in the historiography of European settlement in Kenya. This paper reverses the previously held view of settler economic decline and disarray. Despite apparent problems of shipping shortages, closure of markets and loss of white manpower, settler products were grown and exported in ever-increasing quantities during the war years. The grain and livestock industries were stimulated by new wartime markets whilst plantation crops, chiefly sisal and coffee, continued the impetus of pre-war activity and substantial new planting took place. Prosperity and development, not reversal and decline, were the keynotes of the settler wartime economy. With this new evidence and understanding, it is possible to re-interpret much of the early history of colonial Kenya. The fundamental vulnerability and stuttering growth of white settlement before 1914 gave way to the gradual assertion of the settler economy over the African, with state support, during and after the war. But this assertion and growth was founded upon abnormal economic circumstances: on cheap and available labour, insatiable markets and a pre-occupied colonial state. The post-war crises of labour and market contraction, and the pre-eminence of the settler sector after 1920, therefore must be traced to this accelerated and artificial growth in the settler economy in 1914–18.

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44

Marimuthu, Jayakumary. "KESAN PERANG DUNIA PERTAMA (1914-1918) TERHADAP NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU (NNMB)." SEJARAH 30, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no1.4.

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The outbreak of World War I in 1914 appears to have been dragged Malaya,particularly Federated Malays States (FMS) into the mire of the war itself. Various implications have emerged out of it and hence, influenced the development of the political, economic and social sectors of FMS. Therefore, this paper will be analyzing the changes that took place in FMS from 1914 to 1918. In addition, this paper also will be looking on how the British dealt with the issues and problems occurred during the World War I in FMS within the time frame. Based on historical theme, this research depends on qualitative method. This research uses materials and resources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, National Library of Malaysia, Main Library of University of Malaya (MU), Tun Sri Lanang Library of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Sultan Abdul Samad Library of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Hamzah Sendut Library of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The study revealed and found that indeed the First World War had a negative impact on the political, economic and social sectors in FMS duringthis war. In fact, it also showed that the British managed to address the issues and problems that occurred through the cooperation of all parties in the FMS.

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Slobodianiuk, Mykhailo. "Ukraine in Geopolitics of Leading States during World War I (1914—1918)." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(71) (July 23, 2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(71).2019.170672.

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Gillis, Stacy. "Women’s Poetry and the First World War (1914–1918) by Argha Banerjee." Modernism/modernity 22, no. 1 (2015): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2015.0014.

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Stapleton, Tim. "Views of the First World War in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 1914–1918." War & Society 20, no. 1 (May 2002): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924702791201953.

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Shalamov, V. A. "HEALTHCARE OF VERKHNEUDINSK (ULAN-UDE) DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914–1918)." Bulletin of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 1 (2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/2222-9175-2020-37-37-48.

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Carlson, A. R. "Book Review: The First World War. Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918." German History 16, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549801600327.

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Ovčina, Ismet, and Muamera Smajić. "Dani prikupljanja uspomena iz Prvog svjetskog rata u Bosni i Hercegovini = Europeana 194-1918 / Days of Collecting Memories From the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Bosniaca 21, no. 21 (December 2016): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37083/bosn.2016.21.50.

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Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka BiH pridružila se projektu Europeana 1914–1918 s ciljem obilježavanja stogodišnjice Prvog svjetskog rata. Projekat je podrazumijevao organizovanje Dana prikupljanja na koje su gra-đani BiH imali priliku donijeti priče, predmete, slike vezane za ove događaje i svojim uspomenama doprinijeti bogaćenju velikog panevropskog arhiva u svrhu očuvanja kulturno-historijskog naslijeđa. = National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the project Europeana 1914–1918 with the aim of celebration of the centenary from beginning of the World War I. The project implied the organization of Collection Days at which the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina had the opportunity to bring stories, objects, images related to World War I and with their memories contribute to enrichment of large pan-European archive for the preservation of cultural heritage.

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