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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'World War, 1914-1918 – Portugal'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Antle, Michael Lee. "Progressivism/Prohibition and War: Texas, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935651/.

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This thesis focuses upon the impact of war upon the progressive movement in Texas during 1914-1918. Chapter I defines progressivism in Texas and presents an overview of the political situation in the state as relating to the period. Chapter II discusses the negative impact that the first two years of World War I had upon the reform movement. Chapter III examines the revival of the Anti-Saloon League and the 1916 Democratic state convention. Chapter IV covers the war between James E. Ferguson and the University of Texas. Chapter V tells how the European war became a catalyst for the reform movement in Texas following America's entry, and its subsequent influence upon the election of 1918. Chapter VI concludes that James E. Ferguson's war with the University of Texas as well as World War I were responsible for the prohibitionist victory in the election of 1918.

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2

Brown, Alison M. "Army chaplains in the First World War." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2771.

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In 1914, Church leaders assumed that fighting men would require the ministrations of ordained clergymen close to the front line. The War Office Chaplains' Department had few plans for the deployment of chaplains beyond a general expectation that the Churches would be willing to release men for service as required. Army Officers seemed to have little warning about the arrival of chaplains to accompany their units and very few ideas about the role chaplains could be expected to fulfil once they had arrived. The chaplains themselves embarked on overseas service with no special training and very little guidance about the nature of the task ahead of them. They received very little support from the Chaplains' Department or their home church in the first months of the war. Left to carve out a role for themselves, they were exposed to an environment churchmen at home could not begin to comprehend. Many chaplains left diaries and letters, the majority of which have never been published. They provide a unique insight into life with the troops, seen through the eyes of men who owed their first allegiance to their Church rather than to the Army whose uniform they wore. Post-war criticism of chaplains has obscured the valuable contribution many clergymen made to the well-being of the troops and to the reform movement within the Church of England after the war. The files of the Archbishop of Canterbury also provide important information about the troubled relationships between chaplains and their Department and with Church leaders at home. In seeking to determine the nature of the chaplains' duties and responsibilities, this study attempts to discover why clergymen faced so much criticism and why even their own churches were sometimes alarmed by the views aired by serving chaplains.

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3

Cranstoun, James G. M. "The impact of the Great War on a local community : the case of East Lothian." n.p, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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4

Russell, Bruce. "International law at sea, economic warfare, and Britain's response to the German U-boat campaign during the First World War." Thesis, n.p, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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5

Janke, Linda Sharon. "Prisoners of war sexuality, venereal disease, and womens' incarceration during World War I /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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6

Lawson, Kenneth Gregory. "War at the grassroots : the great war and the nationalization of civic life /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10723.

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7

Novick, Ben. "Conceiving revolution : Irish nationalist propaganda during the First World War /." Dublin : Four Courts press, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389565466.

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8

Jones, A. Philip. "Britain's search for Chinese cooperation in the First World War." New York : Garland, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13703311.html.

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9

Reyburn, Karen Ann. "Blurring the boundaries, images of women in Canadian propaganda of World War I." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35925.pdf.

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10

Díaz-Cristóbal, Marina B. "Modernism and the generation of 1914 in Spain, 1914-1918 /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2003.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2003.
Adviser: Jose Alvarez-Junco. Submitted to the Dept. of History. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

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11

Tranter, Samuel J. "Fighting the last war : Britain, the lost generation and the Second World War." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15606.

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Concerted efforts to debunk popular myths about the Great War have resulted in cant attention being paid to the purpose and value of the lost generation myth within British society, particularly during times of further conflict such as the Second World War. This thesis reveals the benefits of reflecting on the previous conflict in ways connected with the concept of a lost generation during the years 1939-45. These benefits boiled down to the fact that myths exist for their utility as means of comprehending both past and present. This applied to the myth in its strictest sense as an explanatory narrative used to interpret demographic issues as well as psychological, spiritual and material ones. Notions of a missing generation and visions of the living lost are therefore used to demonstrate how the concept of a lost generation was used to make sense of the world. Also examined are the myth's wider discursive effects. Other handy devices used to understand the past and to approach the present were powerful symbols and commemorative narratives closely connected to visions of a lost generation. Analysis of the myth-making power of major poets demonstrates how engagement with the iconic status and visions of Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sasoon was used to outline contemporary concerns. A detailed examination of the language surrounding the British Legion's Poppy Appeal and the observance of Armistice Day also shows how these rituals were used not only to frame loss but also to understand and explain the renewal of international conflict. By exposing the utility of these related discourses and practices, as well as of the myth in its own right, this thesis ultimately illuminates a crucial phase in the myth's endurance as a popular definition of what happened between 1914 and 1918.

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12

Pavils, J. G. "ANZAC culture : a South Australian case study of Australian identity and commemoration of war dead /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php3382.pdf.

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13

Rennie, David Alan. ""Varying offensives" : American writers' representations of World War I." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233979.

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Over the past thirty years the dominant trend in studies of American World War I literature has been to recognise the plurality of experience represented in American writing connected with the First World War, beyond that registered in the canonical works of white male modernists. Scholars have identified literary representations of the various gendered, political, intellectual, and racial subgroups that were affected by World War I in America. This growing interest in the experiences of diverse socio-political constituencies has, unfortunately, often reductively classified authors as belonging to a particular category of identity. Accordingly, the present work challenges this trend in three distinct ways. I argue, firstly, that individual authors held and represented complex and nuanced responses to the war. I propose, secondly, that writers expressed these views not just in the key works for which they are remembered, but across multiple literary media, including novels, magazine fiction, film scripts, book reviews, history works, prefaces, and autobiographies. Finally, I maintain a focus throughout on the provisionality of authors' responses to the war, arguing that these changed over time as a consequence of authors' intellectual and professional developments.

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14

Jensdóttir, Sólrún B. "Anglo-Icelandic relations during the First World War." New York : Garland Pub, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13823571.html.

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15

McCaffery, Susanne Leigh. "They will not be the same : themes of modernity in Britain during World War I /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063627/.

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16

Gallagher, Niamh Aislinn. "Irish civil society and the Great War, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283970.

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17

Weise, Niels. "Der "lustige" Krieg Propaganda in deutschen Witzblättern 1914-1918 /." Rahden/Westf. : VML, Leidorf, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/226970616.html.

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18

Geinitz, Christian. "Kriegsfurcht und Kampfbereitschaft das Augusterlebnis in Freiburg : eine Studie zum Kriegsbeginn 1914 /." Essen : Klartext, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjiAAAAMAAJ.

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19

Collins, Laurence Joseph. "The function of theatre entertainment in the First World War, 1914-1918." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539464.

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20

Gower, Stephen John Lawford. "The civilian experience of World War I : aspects of Wolverhampton, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412552.

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21

Fox, James. "Business unusual : art in Britain during the First World War, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252170.

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The cultural consequences of the First World War have been debated for decades but a fully satisfactory account of its effect on British art is still wanting. Art historians’ privileging of modern over traditional, front line over home front and dissenting truth over prevailing opinion has resulted in bombastic, unrepresentative and inadequately historicised interpretations of the subject. This thesis supplements and challenges this prevailing picture by focusing on the home front rather than the front line; on a wide cross-section of artists, collectors, dealers, critics and institutions rather than a handful of progressive war painters; and on the social and cultural changes brought by war rather than the stylistic shifts that still dominate scholarship. Its first two sections constitute a social history of British art in the period. Section I, Identities, describes war’s adverse effects on societal perceptions of art (Chapter 1), and the debilitating social and psychological obstacles to artists’ continued production of it (Chapter 2); Section II, Institutions, expands its scope to show that these problems were no less damaging for exhibiting societies (Chapter 3), and the art market (Chapter 4). Section III, Functions, adopts a cultural history approach, and explores how popular war art shaped civilian attitudes to the conflict (Chapter 5), but how, conversely, some artistic output enabled them to escape and overcome it (Chapter 6). The resulting dissertation illuminates a neglected sector of an important period in British art, but also contributes to the social history of the home front and the cultural history of the Great War. The thesis concludes that the material disruptions of war represented its most profound cultural consequences, and offers a new materialist reading of the famous rappel à l’ordre. However, it generally argues that war was more of a temporary artistic hiatus than the cultural watershed it is often taken to be. Nevertheless, it does maintain that war did – if temporarily – transform the relationship between British art and British society.

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22

Kempshall, Chris. "Unwilling allies? : Tommy-Poilu relations on the Western Front 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45092/.

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This thesis examines the relationships and interactions between British and French soldiers on the Western Front of the First World War. To date the historical approaches to inter-allied relations has been predominantly focused on those interactions taking place at governmental or command levels. Whilst previous studies have touched on the relations between common soldiers, this has often been within specific case studies. I have drawn particularly on the contemporary diaries, letters and written records of British soldiers within the Imperial War Museum and also the postal censorship records of the French army at the Archives de l'armee de terre in order to trace the nature and evolution of these relations across the war. My study covers the time-period of 1914-1918 and focuses on periods of sustained contact in 1914, 1916 and 1918. This focus shows that the arrival of Kitchener's New Armies in 1915-16 was a crucial development in forming strong relations between British and French soldiers. British military command took little interest and made no substantial plans for ensuring friendly relations between soldiers of the two armies and, as a result, these early interactions were largely self-directed by the soldiers. They were also driven by the apparent insecurities of the British volunteer soldiers who viewed themselves as being less accomplished than their French fellows, who were largely well-disposed to welcoming and teaching the new British arrivals in order to achieve swift victory. I argue that, although serendipitous in nature, this uneven starting point allowed relations between British and French armies to evolve positively whilst allowing both sides to maintain a sense of their own national identity without having to overly sacrifice their own ideals. However, the French desire for a decisive victory and a professional response in the trenches led to a rupture in Tommy-Poilu relations following the British failures in 1918. This changed the dynamic between the two nations in the build up to, and aftermath of, the armistice and provided a prelude to the difficult inter-war relationships at governmental levels.

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23

Hughes, Jackson. "The monstrous anger of the guns : the development of British artillery tactics, 1914-1918 /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh893.pdf.

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24

Mulcrone, Michael Patrick. "The World War I censorship of the Irish-American press /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6156.

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25

McCulloch, Ian M. "The Fighting Seventh, the evolution & devolution of tactical command and control in a Canadian infantry brigade of the Great War." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22774.pdf.

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26

Frenette, Margaret Elizabeth. "The Great War's defeats, doing your bit on Thunder Bay's home front, 1914-1919." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ33375.pdf.

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27

Jenkins, Danny R. "Winning trench warfare battlefield intelligence in the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918 /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ57601.pdf.

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28

Mepham, Leslie P. "Making their mark, Canadian snipers and the Great War, 1914-1918." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ30969.pdf.

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29

Chow, Kin-moh, and 周建武. "A study of China's participation in the First World War, 1914-1917 = Beijing zheng fu can jia Ou zhan wen ti zhi tan tao (1914-1917)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192955.

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The republican government in China joined the Allies and declared war on Germany on 14 August1917. Many previous researches have focused mainly on what sort of assistance the Chinese government provided during the Great War, but few involved the process of how the leadership in China reached to the decision of joining the Allies. The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate the reasons why the Chinese republican government would be willing to engage in a war involving various great powers in the world. In order to analyze the issue from both the perspectives of the republican government and the Allies, this research paper relies not only on Chinese official documents, but also on diplomatic correspondence from British and the U.S government. In addition, Chinese local newspapers, personal letters and memoirs of Chinese politicians and intellectuals are also examined so that local opinions in China would also be mentioned. In general, this research finds national interest of the republican government may not be the only explanation to China’s participation in the war, other factors such as the urgent need for China to expel German interest, invitation from the U.S government and Japan’s consent also played a vital role. The decision to declare war on Germany was not a move the Chinese republican government could make without consulting the western powers since the issue was highly sensitive and might easily inflict damage on the interest of both sides. The key to China’s participation in the war thus lies in the diplomatic negotiation and compromise between China and the Allied powers.
published_or_final_version
Chinese Historical Studies
Master
Master of Arts

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30

Hughes, S. Gavin. "Northern Irish regiments in the Great War : culture, mythology, politics and national identity." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683166.

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31

Nibbe, Kevin Louis. "The greatest opportunity : American artists and the great war, 1917-1920 /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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32

Patterson, Celia Ann. "On the edge of the war zone American women's fiction and World War I /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1990. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9022958.

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33

Jones, Jerry W. 1964. "U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I, 1917-1918." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278002/.

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This dissertation is an examination of the operations of U.S. battleships in World War I. The study examines tactical cooperation between units of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet and the British Grand Fleet and relations between the two navies; the efficiency of U.S. battleships in terms of both personnel and material; and the strategic ideas of U.S. naval leaders governing the use of capital ships. The manuscript is based primarily on records of the Department of the Navy in the National Archives and Admiralty records at the Public Record Office. Also important are the private papers of principal naval leaders, located at the Library of Congress and the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, U.K. The published memoirs of several of the participants are also utilized. The first chapter examines Anglo-American naval relations and traces diplomatic events leading to the U.S. Navy Department's decision to dispatch dreadnought battleships to European waters. The following two chapters discuss the amalgamation of Battleship Division Nine into the British Grand Fleet. Chapter IV examines the gunnery efficiency of U.S. battleships serving with the Grand Fleet. Chapter V reviews Anglo-American planning for a possible German battle cruiser raid against the Atlantic convoys. Chapter VI deals with the movement of Battleship Division Six to Berehaven, Ireland. Chapter VII discusses the use of pre-dreadnought battleships as training ships, convoy escorts, and troop transports. The study concludes that U.S. battleships made a subsidiary, but important contribution toward victory at sea. The addition of U.S. battleships allowed the Allies to protect Scandinavian commerce and the supply lines from the United States from German surface raiders while also maintaining superiority in the North Sea.

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34

Hallifax, Stuart. "Citizens at war : the experience of the Great War in Essex, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:73fe34ce-e418-414c-8939-819b14a1f81f.

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This thesis examines the experiences and attitudes of civilians in Essex during the First World War, 1914-1918. Through these it explores the reasons for people’s continued support for the war and how public discourse shaped conceptions of the war’s purpose and course and what sacrifices were needed and acceptable in pursuit of victory. This combination kept the war comprehensible and enabled people to continue to support it. Vital to getting a picture of how the war was understood is an account of the role of the local elites that sought to shape popular knowledge and attitudes about the war. The narratives of the war, the discourse of sacrifice, and elites’ roles evolved with events at home and at the front. Chapter 1 deals with the initial reactions to the war and growing acceptance of the major war narratives. The second and third chapters address two of their major features: attitudes towards the enemy and volunteering for the armed forces. The fourth chapter addresses the changes to the war's narratives and ideas of sacrifice as casualties and hardships increased from 1916, while Chapter 5 provides an in-depth case study of local military service tribunals. The final chapter deals with the crises of 1917-18, which covered both the expected course of the war and the image of equal sacrifice, and how local and national elites overcame these problems. The successful depiction of the Great War as necessary, just, winnable, and fought against an evil enemy allowed civilians to accept sacrifices in order to win. An evolving discourse of sacrifice framed what was expected of and acceptable to civilians. Local elites played an essential role: advocating sacrifice and endurance for the national cause while also working to ensure that sacrifices were minimised and borne equally. This combination of framing the war and mitigating its effects was vital in maintaining civilian support for the war effort.

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35

Schneider, Eric F. "What Britons were told about the war in the trenches 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390385.

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36

Sieg, Ulrich. "Jüdische Intellektuelle im Ersten Weltkrieg : Kriegserfahrungen, weltanschauliche Debatten und kulturelle Neuentwürfe /." Berlin : Akademie Verl, 2008. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3088614&prov=M&dok%5Fvar=1&dok%5Fext=htm.

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37

Carden, Ron M. "German policy toward neutral Spain, 1914-1918." New York : Garland, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35698574t.

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38

Townsley, Amanda Rae. "Ireland and the difficulties of World War I memory." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/a_townsley_060210.pdf.

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39

Robbins, Simon Nicholas. "British generalship on the Western Front in the First World War, 1914-1918." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/british-generalship-on-the-western-front-in-the-first-world-war-19141918(0a036537-cf52-4df2-8085-8b35c6958d80).html.

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40

Stibbe, Matthew Paul. "Vampire of the continent : German anglophobia during the First World War, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388700.

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41

Lambrecht, Jeroen. "Belgian soldiers' perceptions of the enemy during the First World War, 1914 - 1918." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1993.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009.
Title from screen (viewed on November 5, 2009). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Kevin Cramer, William H. Schneider, Monroe H. Little. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-126).

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42

BEURIER, Joëlle. "Images, violence et masculinités : les presses illustrées française et allemande en Grande Guerre." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/25494.

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Defence date: 10 December 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Regina Schulte, EUI (Supervisor) ; Prof. Annette Becker, Université de Paris X-Nanterre (External Supervisor) ; Prof. Christian Delporte, Université de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ; Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, EUI.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses

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43

Fong, Wing-sum Francis, and 方榮深. "China's intellectual response to the European war." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31949903.

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44

O'Gorman, Aoife Siobhán. "Wissenschaft at war : British and German academic propaganda and the Great War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0fd95e59-568d-48e4-8b72-302757436f84.

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This thesis explores academic propaganda in the first two years of the First World War, examining the activity of the university men in Britain and Germany who were left behind when their students went to the Front. Using pamphlets and manifestoes, it seeks to highlight the way the War split the international academic community and the creation of a debate which examined not only the causes of the War, but the reasons for which the nations were fighting. By exploring the propaganda organisations of both countries, as well as the academic milieu in which the subjects of this thesis worked, it hopes to provide the context within which this propaganda was created, before turning to an examination of the content of the propaganda - an aspect which has often been overlooked in propaganda studies. The investigation of the content looks first at the outbreak of war and the reaction of the academic community to a shock which shook their community. It then turns to the arguments expounded on culpability for the War, and the ideals for which each side felt they were fighting, illustrating the shift in emphasis from a political war to an ideological conflict between two opposing world views. Finally, the thesis considers perceptions of the War in the early years of the conflict, and the way in which it was seen both as a panacea to overcome social divisions and a catharsis which would lead the way to a new world - ideas which would provide the foundation for later war aims. In taking this comparative approach, the aim is to provide new insights into a fascinating and relatively little-known aspect of the history of the First World War.

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45

Melrose, Craig. ""A praise that never ages" : the Australian War Memorial and the "national" interpretation of the First World War, 1922-35 /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18466.pdf.

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46

Herron, Stefanie. "Willa Cather's argument with modernism unearthing faith amid the ruins of war /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 228 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1650498641&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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47

Hynes, Greg. "Propaganda, Perspective, and the British World: New Zealand’s First World War Propaganda and British Interactions, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Humanities and Creative Arts, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9126.

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Despite the ubiquity of the First World War as a key moment in the development of New Zealand’s national identity in scholarship and public memory, key aspects remain under explored. This thesis addresses a particularly noticeable gap – the operation and contents of New Zealand’s official First World War propaganda campaign. Through this focus, this thesis particularly explores how such propaganda reflected New Zealand’s place within, and engagement with, the concept of the ‘British world’. Propaganda is an ideal window into the workings of the British world during the war, illustrating both the operation of the practical connections, and the ideological reflections of national, imperial, and ‘British’ identities in the British world. Therefore, New Zealand and Britain’s First World War propaganda demonstrates the nature of the British world, particularly through exploration of the ways that New Zealand’s official campaign connected to and interacted with Britain’s official wartime propaganda campaign. Specifically, the thesis argues that a gap existed between the rhetorical ‘British world’, as constructed in the content of New Zealand’s wartime propaganda, and the practical realities of how the British world operated and interacted during the war. While New Zealand was comfortable rhetorically identifying itself as ‘British’ and part of the British world, practical limitations of communication and interaction with Britain often inhibited this theoretical community. The concept of ‘Dominion perspective’ is crucial to this interpretation. New Zealand’s Dominion status was central to the operation of propaganda in and between New Zealand and Britain during the war, and to New Zealand’s identification of itself within its propaganda. This interpretation reflects a wider view of New Zealand’s experience of the British world. Though concepts of Dominion status and the British world were centrally important to New Zealand during the war, they were not unproblematic. These concepts were frequently reshaped both theoretically and practically. The First World War was crucial to this development, as the closer interaction and cooperation within the British world it demanded, laid bare both the practical shortcomings of the British world, and the contested nature of concepts of Dominion status and the British world itself. The operation of official wartime propaganda in the British world reflects this wider process, and its significance to New Zealand.

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48

Searle, Kimberley Jayne. "British Society at War 1914-1918: Myth, Rumour and the Search for Meaning." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3266.

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The myths and rumours that circulated during the First World War originated with soldiers and the general public, excepting atrocity stories. The British population used these myths and rumours to construct a discourse to explain its involvement in the First World War. This discourse reconciled the experience and understanding of civilians with the new era of Total War, offering hope and consolation in a time of crisis. It also acted as a form of mass, popularly produced propaganda which promulgated pro-war views that supported the British and Allied causes, while demonising the Germans and their methods of warfare. Belief in myths and rumours was equated with patriotism, and criticism decried as pro-German and un-British. The myths were widely disseminated and widely believed by important sections of the population. They drew on concepts palatable to British civilians: ideas of ‘just’ war and a moral cause; the nobility of their sacrifices; the bestiality of the enemy; and the necessity for the subordination of all else to the war effort. Myths about atrocities, spies and the paranormal helped the British public to survive a war that surpassed previous human and disquietude, but also experience. They also hinted at vulnerability, while expressing the unequivocal support which the majority offered the British war effort.

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49

Hammond, John Arthur. "British Great War rememberance : the influence of Christian text, teaching and iconography." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683028.

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50

Blazek, William. "The Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps and American literature of World War I." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228965.

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The Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps numbered among its members some of the most important American writers of World War I, Including E. E. Cummings and John Dos Passos. What is less well-known is that the ambulance corps had strong tIes to a pre-war generation of American expatriates, whose participation first created the elite aura of the unit known as the "gentlemen volunteers." Henry James served as chairman until his final illness, and the family of the late Charles Eliot Norton operated the organization in France and America. This study, making use of unpublished archival material, outlines the history of the Norton-Harjes during the war, from its beginnings in Paris and London, to its activities on the Western Front, and its dissolution in late 1917. Around this historical context, the foundations of the unit are traced to Harvard University and an ideal of humanitarian service and social duty drawing from the late nineteenth-century concept of the gentleman. The war writings of the Norton-Harjes authors are examined in view of this historical and cultural evidence. Affirmation of the artist's role in society and criticism of American industrial-commercialism feature in the work of the authors connected with the unit, themes which gained new impetus from the war. A discussion of Charles Eliot Norton's moral aestheticism, expatriation, teaching at Harvard, and attitudes towards war, along with an outline of the Harvard careers of Norton's sons Eliot and Richard and of the future Norton-Harjes writers Cummings, Dos Passos, and Robert Hillyer, make up the chapter following the Introduction, which establishes the background of early American involvement in the war. Henry James' work for the ambulance corps and his move from intense observer to direct participant in war-time is explored in the third chapter. The fourth chapter presents the bulk of the historical information about the unit's war activities while examining the career and writings of Richard Norton, founder and leader of the corps. The succeeding three chapters are devoted to the ambulance volunteers who studied together at Harvard. E. E. Cummings' The Enormous Room is interpreted in light of the author's whole experience with the Norton-Harjes, emphasizing his use of primitivism in support of aesthetic individualism. Robert Hillyer's traditionalism stands opposed to Cummings' Modernist experimentation, but the Harvard professor-poet was equally critical of American industrialism. John Dos Passos' war novels attack the commercial basis of American culture and present as alternatives the rural culture of Spain and the ideal of the gentlemen volunteers as represented by Richard Norton. A brief Epilogue describes the last stage of Norton's war career and the post-war attempts to organize former volunteers into an association and to produce a history of the ambulance service.

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