Journal articles on the topic 'World War 1914-1918 - Military nursing'
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1
Watkins, PeterJ, and Valerie J. Watkins. "Alice Welford (1887–1918), a nurse in World War I: The impact of kindness and compassion." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015575881.
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The contribution of nurses to the morale of wounded and dying young men during World War 1 was immense. Alice Welford came from the small North Yorkshire village of Crathorne, joined the Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing Service in 1915 and spent the following two and one half years in nursing casualties from some of the fiercest battles of the war including Gallipoli and Salonika. She kept an autograph book inscribed by wounded and dying soldiers, with poignant verses and humorous drawings showing love, wit and tragedy. Despite the dreadful conditions, kindness and compassion brought them comfort and raised their morale – a critical message for today, and Alice’s gift to us from World War I.
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Likhvar, V. V. "International legal regulation of the use of reprisals as a form of political responsibility of states." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.01.124.
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The article attempts to determine the principles of international legal regulation of the use of reprisals as a form of political responsibility in international law, since reprisals are illegal actions committed in response to previous illegal actions of the state, proportional to the initial offense. International law has changed the application of the doctrine of retaliation to avoid an upward spiral of violence where one side retaliates against the illegal actions of another, causing ever more violent bloodshed, while the laws of war are meant to regulate and limit such harm. Theoretical provisions regarding the international legal regulation of the use of reprisals as one of the forms of political responsibility according to international law are analyzed. In order for reprisals against permitted categories of persons and objects not to be illegal, five conditions must be met. Most of these conditions are laid down in military instructions and confirmed by official statements. The following conditions: the purpose of reprisal (can be used only in response to a previous serious violation of international law and only to induce the adversary to comply with the law); last resort (can only be used as a last resort when there are no other legal measures), proportionality (measures must be proportionate to the violation it aims to stop), decision at the highest level of government (the decision must be taken at the highest level of government), termination (must be terminated as soon as the adversary begins to enforce the law). The occurrence of reprisals in real cases is analyzed - Naulilaa Incident (When Portugal was neutral, in October 1914, a German group entered the Portuguese-African territories from German SouthWest Africa) and «Israel against Palestine» (After the Second World War the Jews wanted their own country. They were given a large part of Palestine, which they considered their traditional home, but the Arabs did not accept the new country. In 1948, both sides went to war); the use of reprisals in today's world is analyzed.
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Simonenko, E. S. "Naval Policy of Canada during First World War (1914—1918)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 8 (October 30, 2022): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-436-452.
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The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.
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Janev, Vladimir. "The residence of the foreign medical experts in Macedonia during the World War I (1914-1918)." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.5.
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During the World War I, several different armies were waging war at the territory of Macedonia. Throughout their stay, besides the conduct of military operations, they also had a military medical services as a part of their armies. It is interesting to note that professional military notes were written by military doctors, which were published in their countries after the World War I. Among the foreign medical experts was Isabel Galloway Emslie Hutton. She was a Scottish medical doctor who specialized in mental health and social work.
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Pirnat, Jani. "Animals in the Years 1914–1918 as Part of War Propaganda." Instinct, Vol. 4, no. 1 (2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m6.071.art.
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The article focuses on examples of also using animals for war propaganda. Photography served to justify animal drafting, to keep up the military morale, and to show how cruel the enemy was. The animal ‘heroes’ of the newspapers– horses, dogs and pigeons – illustrate the attitude of humankind toward animalkind in the first industrial and technological war that showed the vulnerability and the nonsense of using animals on the fronts. Keywords: animals in war, First World War, photography, propaganda images of animals, representation of animals, surveillance
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König, Ralf Martin. "Zwischen Ausbeutung, Förderung und Reglementierung: Textile Kriegsheimarbeit in Deutschland 1914 bis 1918." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 58, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 537–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2017-0020.
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Abstract This essay intends to provide an introduction into an interesting aspect of the German war economy of the First World War not previously examined in detail: home-based outwork for the production of military supplies. In particular, this type of home-based outwork enjoyed great popularity amongst women with no previous experience of this form of work, such as soldiers’ wives and war widows. They were supported by various charitable welfare societies and women’s organizations which campaigned for public welfare during the war. Their efforts included the establishment of sewing rooms in which military home-based outwork was provided as emergency work. Orders were supplied by the military procurement bodies of the German Reich. Although many potential workers were thus withheld from the armaments industry, the development was not seen as a problem by the military administration. However, it did react critically to the many cases in which particularly female home workers were duped by firms when picking up their work. Especially in the area around Berlin, the military authorities intervened vigorously to enforce standard wages for the home workers sewing military uniforms. Nevertheless, the year 1916 marks a turning point: This benevolent stance on home-based outwork changed under the pressure of new employment priorities. New contract regulations made military home-based outwork difficult for unskilled male and female workers to access. These were in theory then available to work in the armaments industry and in agriculture, areas both struggling to meet labour demands. Moreover, the changes led to an organizational separation between sandbag sewing and other home-based outwork involved in producing textiles for the military. In the case of sandbag sewing, a separate war committee was responsible for the planned distribution of sandbag orders throughout the whole Reich.
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Канинская, Г. Н. ""War Culture" in German Postcards of 1914-1918." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.029.
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В статье рассматривается монография доктора исторических наук А.С. Медякова, изданная в 2021 г. В ней автор, на основе анализа солидного массива немецких открыток периода Первой мировой войны, показал, как формировалась «культура войны» в визуальной форме, как конструировался, поддерживался и эволюционировал в немецком обществе образ врага и союзника. Военный дискурс в книге представлен по многим срезам: социокультурному, историко-генетическому, идейно-пропаган-дистскому, сравнительному, лингвистическому. The article discusses the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander S. Medyakov, published in 2021. The author, who devoted a quarter of a century to collecting old postcards, for the first time in Russian historical science, showed based on the analysis of a solid array of German postcards from the period of the First World War, how the “culture of war” was formed » in visual form, how the image of the enemy and ally was designed, maintained and evolved in German society. The military discourse in the book is presented in many sections: socio-cultural, historical-genetic, ideological-propaganda, comparative, linguistic. The practice of distribution of printed materials is disclosed in detail, much attention is paid to the state and private press, competition in the postcard market, and censorship.
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Moraru, Liliana, Viorel Ștefan Perieanu, Mihai Burlibașa, Claudia-Camelia Burcea, Mădălina Violeta Perieanu, Mădălina Adriana Malița, Irina-Adriana Beuran, et al. "REPUTED DENTISTS AND / OR SPECIALISTS IN THE ORO-MAXILLO-FACIAL FIELD WHO WORKED IN FRENCH CIVIL AND MILITARY HOSPITALS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)." Romanian Medical Journal 68, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.2.30.
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The First World War was and is considered the most terrible conflagration of all time. Thus, over 65,000,000 soldiers made up the corps of land armies, naval and air forces, combat armies that participated in the conduct of military operations during the First World War. About 8,500,000 people died and more than 21,000,000 were injured. France was one of the countries most affected by this war, its medical services, including dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery, being completely obsolete. Thus, in this material, we tried to describe some important figures of French oral and maxillofacial dentistry and surgery, which were active in French civil and military hospitals during the First World War (1914-1918).
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Sabancı, Zeynep, and Somer Alp Şimşeker. "A NEW TYPE OF WARFARE: Chemical Filling Facilities in Istanbul, 1914–1918." Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 28, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/icon.2023.2.03.
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In the total war era, states committed their scientific research to rapidly changing warfare conditions, making the management of war the primary goal of contemporary states. The weakness of primary weapons in neutralising the enemy (or enemies) was obvious from the beginning of the First World War. Constantly changing war strategies, integration of civilians into warfare, and the growing sense of impotence as the war proceeded longer than expected, prompted a return to the components of violence. Although research into the use of different chemicals, gases, and suffocating substances in weapons was not something new, its successful employment climaxed during the First World War. This study provides an analysis of the employment of chemical weapons during the First World War and revisits the scarce arguments on whether the Ottomans had taken part in producing chemical weapons. The primary focus here is the gasfilling facilities established in Istanbul under the supervision of German efforts for military purposes. Additionally, the unanticipated extraordinary effects of the use of chemical weapons, the strategies employed to cause attrition in trenches, and its effects on the Ottoman army are within the scope of this article.
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Zhvanko, Liubov. "Refugees and Emigrants in Europe: Retrospective View of the Problem (1914 – 2015)." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.7.
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The proposed article summarizes the vision of the problem of displaced persons and refugees on the European continent in last century. Their appearance was caused by military conflicts of different origins: from two world wars to a series of local armed confrontations. The historiographical story mainly presents the key works of Western European researchers, directly relevant to the topic outlined in the article, the leading researchers of the study of refugee issues. The study presents the original concept of the author – the periodization of the appearance and stay of refugees in Europe. The author assumes that during the XX – XXI centuries. there were nine waves of escape. Their appearance – military conflicts of different nature. There are two peaks of refuge, caused by the classic cause – the world wars with the epicenter on the European continent. Among the waves she named: the first – during the First World War (1914 – 1918); the second – the inter-war upheavals (1919 – 1939); third – the Second World War and the first years after its end (1939 – 1956); the fourth – refugees from Hungary (1956) and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1968); fifth – decolonization processes in the African continent (1960s); sixth – the breakup of Yugoslavia (1992-1997); the seventh – the collapse of the USSR (the beginning of the 1990s); eighth – Ukraine and the hybrid war (from 2014); ninth – the ‘European migration crisis’ (2015). The realities of the continent are still complex: the Russian Federation’s unleashed hybrid war against a sovereign state of Ukraine has provoked another wave of displaced persons. Within a year, the European Union’s authorities faced a new challenge – the “migration crisis”. A historical retrospective of the phenomenon shows that the problem is global and difficult to solve. The author singled out the period of the I World War (1914–1918) because it initiated the first mass appearance of refugees on different sides of the fronts, and therefore caused the first mass displacement of civilians on the continent. All subsequent waves of refugees can be considered as indirect consequences of this military conflict.
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Kartaguzov, S. V. "The Officer’s Staff of the Urals Cossak Troops During the First World War 1914–1918." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 11, no. 2(1) (2011): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2011-11-2-1-35-45.
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The article focused on the research of the officer’s staff of the Ural Cossack’s infantry during the 1st World War. It is the first attempt to examine of some aspects of training of the officers in the Cossack military embodiment, their educational and professional growth. The reader could find some interesting facts of the losses, decorations and faith of some officers after the end of the First World War.
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Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. "Pacyfizm i antymilitaryzm w Europie Zachodniej w latach 1918–1939." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 3 (2021): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.036.14012.
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Pacifism and anti-militarism in Western Europe, 1918–1939 As the consequence of the events of 1914–1918, the pacifism was on the rise in Western Europe. Societies of England, France and Germany as well as other Western European countries, set themselves the goal of preventing another war from breaking out. International congresses and conventions were organized. They were attended by peace advocates representing various social and political views, which made cooperation difficult. These meetings did not prevent the Spanish Civil War, the aggression against Abyssinia and the outbreak of World War II. In addition to moderate pacifists, Western Europe was also home to radical anti-militarists who believed that way to the world peace led through the abolition of military service. The pacifists in Britain and France were satisfied with their politicians’ submissiveness and indecision toward Hitler during the 1930s. Pacifism and radical anti-militarism also fitted perfectly into the plans of the Comintern. With its help, the USSR weakened the military potential of Western Europe.
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Stychynskyi, Ivan. "IRREGULAR ELEMENTS OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MILITARY UNIFORM DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR(1914–1918)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 59 (2019): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2019.59.13.
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The article is devoted to the irregular components of the Austro-Hungarian military uniform in the First World War. At that time, the set of such elements was a certain peculiarity of the uniformed soldiers of the Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The main demonstrations of this phenomenon, the origins and the development of relevant uniform practices are considered in the article. The importance of military uniformology studies in militaristic anthropology is emphasized.
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Astashov, A. B. "MOBILIZATION AND SANITATION AT THE RUSSIAN ARMY HOME FRONT IN 1914–1918: SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2(53) (2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-27-37.
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Written on the basis of archival sources drawn for the first time, the article is devoted to the problem of changing the sanitary and ecological conditions of the theatre of military operations at the Russian front during the First World War. The aim of the article is to analyze the sanitary and hygienic state of the theatre of military operations on the western outskirts of Russia during the First World War and the factors of its deterioration; to evaluate the effectiveness of combating the negative aspects of the sanitary state of the front-line territory; to identify the actual environmental practices of the front-line territory and their interrelation with the social aspects of the struggle for the improvement of the territory in conditions of total war. The focus is on the pre-war sanitary situation in the western region of Russia, reflecting its cultural and socio-political peculiarities, its exacerbation during the war and mobilization, as well as sanitary and hygienic measures taken both in eliminating epidemics of contagious diseases and in "sanitating" the front-line territory. The issue is considered in the light of total war, which formed a unified, front and rear, landscape of sanitary hazards. Attention is paid to the activities of society, bureaucracy and military commanders, who generally succeeded in transforming the belligerent landscape and localizing the spread of disease. The technical activities of the engineering and sanitary services of the front and rear are described in detail. The author concludes that the Great War was an important impulse and frontier in solving the problem of improving the ecological condition of Russia's western outskirts. During the war, the belligerent landscape was transformed into an anthropogenic landscape, becoming the basis for the area's future infrastructure in terms of sanitation and hygiene
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Olszar, Henryk. "Duchowni katoliccy ze Śląska w pierwszej wojnie światowej." Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 9 (July 14, 2016): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8273.
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The First World War was analyzed and described in their diaries mainly by politicians, various rank soldiers, medical officers and male nurses, writers, news correspondents, civilians who were watching closely the war theatre, as well as theology students and military chaplains. We are however interested in testimonies of clergymen who became priests of the Katowice diocese after the end of 1914–1918 war campaign. They succeeded to live „in memory” because of tracks of their presence in the war in archive records or remaining press publications. The following individuals in this circle deserve special attention: Teofil Aleksander Bromboszcz, Józef Feliks Gawlina and Karol Milik. There were 85 military chaplains involved in the First World War on the Prussian side from the area of the Wrocław diocese and 24 military chaplains from area of the General Wicarage in Cieszyn. In total there were 63 future priests of the Katowice diocese among them. Among soldiers chaplains could feel at home. Soldiers appreciated their high moral values and good manners.
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Man’kov, S. A. "The experience of the museum commemoration of the Great War of the UK in the 1920–1930s." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 4 (45) (December 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2020-4-45-50.
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The article examines the experience of creating military-historical expositions and museums dedicated to the Great War of 1914-1918 in UK. The process of forming a military history museum, which began during the First World War, received support from government and military circles as a center for rallying the nation around the ideas of a «just» war, the representation of hostilities and with the aim of counterpropagating pacifist sentiments. Conceived as the National War Museum, it was opened in 1920 with Imperial status to counter regional public discontent in the British dominions and colonies. Although the Imperial War Museum was initially popular as a national memorial, interest in it began to wane noticeably over time. A separate place in the article is given to the consideration of several unrealized projects of museum commemoration of the events of the Great War
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McEwan, Dorothea. "Karikatur als Kriegsdienst: Aby Warburgs »neuer Stil zwischen Wort und Bild«, 1914–1918." Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 84, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkg-2021-1004.
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Abstract This article attempts to throw a light on Warburg’s little-known engagement in political caricature during World War I. Though deemed unfit for military service, Warburg was eager to contribute to the German war effort. Perceiving Allied war propaganda as anti-German lies, he recorded what he considered its half-truths and falsehoods in his Kriegskartothek, or war archive. But Warburg, as indicated by his involvement with the short-lived La Guerra del 1914: Rivista illustrata in the early stages of the war, kept looking for a more active role in influencing public opinion: From privately commenting on the output of the Allied press, he went on to offering his own ideas for political caricatures to leading artists like Olaf Gulbransson and Max Slevogt, and to well-established satirical journals such as Simplicissimus and Kladderadatsch.
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Šorn, Mojca. "Spremembe v medčloveških odnosih v obdobju pomanjkanja in lakote (Ljubljana: 1914–1918)." Studia Historica Slovenica 20 (2020), no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32874/shs.2020-20.
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The following contribution, which focuses on Ljubljana and its inhabitants during World War I, shows how everyday life was influenced by the military and political as well as economic and social aspects. It underlines the food shortage, which did not only result in an increased incidence of diseases and deaths but also adjusted nutrition as well as modified daily rhythms and mental and psychological processes. The present contribution, which focuses on the interpersonal relationship changes in the extraordinary wartime circumstances or during the period of shortage and hunger, reveals that the code of behaviour as well as the established societal and social norms of the pre-war period often became a thing of the past.
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Igoshina, Olga Yuryevna. "Human losses of the Samara Region during the World War I (1914–1918)." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021103208.
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The paper considers the problem of human losses of the Samara province during the World War I for the first time. The author uses the documents posted on the electronic portal Memory of the Heroes of the Great War of 19141918, a unique information resource that is the first official bank of original documents of the state and departmental archives of Russia about the participants and events of the World War I. Special attention in this work is paid to irretrievable human losses, as the most severe and irreparable. It is established that the archival materials contain 258,686 records of various types of losses among conscripts from the Samara province, 49,015 of them speak of the dead, those who died of wounds and missing. They accounted for 13% of the total losses of the region. It is revealed that the data bank makes it possible to detail the human damage by cities, counties, volosts of the province, the cause, date and place of death, military rank and participation in strategic operations. The author has concluded that a number of the obtained parameters are related to the specifics of accounting for human losses during the studied period, but the knowledge obtained makes it possible to assess the scale of the demographic catastrophe that shook the country and the province during the World War I.
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Novikova, Irina. "“Scandinavian Transit” in Russian-English Relations (1914—1918)." ISTORIYA 14, no. 8 (130) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027713-3.
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This article is dedicated to one of the insufficiently studied issues of the First World War as a role of the Allied transit trade through Scandinavia. It deals with the organization of the Based on the materials of the archives — the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA VMF), as well as the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), the article examines such issues as the organization of transit supplies through neutral Sweden, the activities of the Russian-English joint stock company “Transito”, identifies factors that hindered the development of Allied transit trade in Northern Europe. The author comes to the conclusion that neutral Sweden received the greatest dividends from the transit trade of the Entente countries through Scandinavia, while for Russia the supplies of allied goods through Sweden did not justify themselves, as well as the Russian government’s orientation on foreign military orders did not justify itself in general.
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Krasteva, Mila. "Alexander Bozhinov's Creative Works as War Correspondent and Contributor to Otechestvo Magazine." Cultural and Historical Heritage: Preservation, Presentation, Digitalization 9, no. 2 (December 8, 2023): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/kinj.2023.090209.
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World War I (1914-1918) is the third war fought from the beginning of the XXth century in which Bulgarian people participate in order to achieve their national unification. The Ministry of War of the Tsardom of Bulgaria takes good care of a better coverage of the military operations by using the advances in technique and technology at the time. As the war photographers are not always able to reach the front line and cover the key moments in the operations of the Bulgarian army, war painters are also mobilized. Among them is the father of the Bulgarian caricature Alexander Bozhinov who is also sent to the front. The present article represents his war works published in Otechestvo magazine during World War I.
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BESPALOV, Aleksander V., and Nikolai A. KOPYLOV. "Photo from the exhibition. Life and fate of the hero of the First World War (1914–1918)." Culture and Safety 2 (2022): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/kb.2022.2.96-102.
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The article based on the analysis of previously published works by Russian and Czechoslovak researchers, as well as photographs of the knights of the Order of Saint George tells us the story of the hero of the First World War (1914–1918) Karel Vashatko. This article is addressed to researchers, teachers, post-graduates, officers and students of humanitarian educational institutions studying the course of disciplines: "General History", "Military History", "History of International Relations".
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KOVALENKO, Tetiana. "Memory of the First World War in the monumental art of Poland." Problems of slavonic studies 70 (2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3735.
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Background. The article deals with the reflection of the First World War of 1914–1918 in the monumental art of Poland. Therefore, memorial buildings and monuments are not only the realization of the creative plan of artists, i.e. their authors, but also a re-flection of a political course of the state, the experience gained, hopes, expectations, losses of people. That is why they allow us to understand the memory of the First World War in Poland. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study how the events of the First World War are reflected in the monumental art of Poland, and on this basis to consider the for-mation of historical memory, past and present practices of commemoration of the tragic events of 1914–1918. Results. The heroes and the memory of the victims of the First World War are re-spected in Poland, which in particular can be observed in the improvement of memorial complexes, memorials and other similar constructions. At the same time, the memory of the global military conflict is identified primarily with the restoration of independence. For most Poles, November 11, 1918 is associated not so much with the end of the Great War of 1914–1918 as with the birth of the Second Polish Republic of 1918–1939. Thus, the heroes of the military conflict are seen as the fighters for independence. On the other hand, the monumental buildings reflect the difficult path to independence, i.e. the division of Polish lands on the eve of the First World War and the difficulties in the establishing borders after its end. The First World War of 1914–1918 remains an important period in history. Commemorative practices, in general, coincide with those conducted in Western European countries, and, at the same time, they are mostly visible in the above position. Key words: the First World War, monumental art, Poland, memory, places of memory, commemoration. 1915: War, Province, Man: Ukrainian-Polish Accents, 2016. Materials of the Interna-tional Scientific Symposium, Kharkiv, 17 kvitnya 2015 r. (Polish Almanac, iss. 8). Kharkiv: Majdan. (In Ukrainian) 90 Years Ago, the Remains of an Unnamed Defender of Lviv were Buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 2016 [online] Available at: https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/90-lat-temu-w-grobie-nieznanego-zolnierza-zlozono-szczatki-bezimiennego-obroncy-lwowa [Ac-cessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Baczkowski, M. i Ruszała, K., red., 2016. The Military Experiences of the Great War. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński. (In Polish) Collingwood, R. G., 1996. The Idea of History. Kyyiv, Osnovy. Available at: http://litopys.org.ua/colin/colin.htm [Accessed 01 August 2021] (In Ukrainian) Girzyński, Z. i Kłaczkow, J., red., 2018. Legions and their Influence on the Polish Cause in the Years 1914–1918. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. (In Polish) Hrycak, Ya., 2011. Passions for Nationalism. Old Story in a New Way. Kyyiv: Krytyka. Available at: https://uamoderna.com/images/biblioteka/Hrytsak_Strasti.PDF [Accessed 02 August 2021] (In Ukrainian) Jamrozek-Sowa, A., Ożóg, Z. i Wal, A., red., 2016. World War I in Literature and other Cultural Texts: Reinterpretations and Additions. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. (In Polish) Kamionowska, J., 2019. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw – what is its History? [online] J. Kamionowska. Available at: https://histmag.org/Grob-Nieznanego-Zolnierza-w-Warszawie-jaka-jest-jego-historia-12135 [Accessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Kowalski, W., 2016. 86 Years Ago, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was Established [online] W. Kowalski. Available at: https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/86-lat-temu-powstal-grob-nieznanego-zolnierza [Accessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Kyrydon, A., 2011. “Memory masks” in the Conditions of Public Breaks. Kyyivs"ka starovyna, 2, pp. 161–170. (In Ukrainian) Lwówek Śląski. Monument to the Victims of World War I, 2021 [online]. Available at: http://www.polskaniezwykla.pl/web/place/26278,lwowek-slaski-pomnik-ofiar-i-wojny-swiatowej.html [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to “Peowiak”, Małachowski Square, 2021. Fundacja “Warszawa1939.pl” [online]. Fundacja “Warszawa1939.pl”. Available at: http://www.warszawa1939.pl/ obiekt/pomnik-peowiaka [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to Peowiak, 2021. „e-kartka z Warszawy” [online]. “e-kartka z War-szawy”. Available at: http://ekartkazwarszawy.pl/kartka/pomnik-peowiaka/ [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to the Legions, 2021. Retropedia Radomia [online] Retropedia Radomia. Available at: http://www.retropedia.radom.pl/pomnik-czynu-legionow/ [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to the Victims of World War I in Wrocław, 2021 [online]. Available at: https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/g11lglg1_4d [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Nahorna, L., 2012. Historical Memory: Theories, Discourses, Reflections. Kyyiv: IPiEND im. I. F. Kurasa NAN Ukrayiny. (In Ukrainian) Nora, P., 1989. Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. Representa-tions. Special Issue: Memory and Counter-Memory, 25. Available at: https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ARCH230/PierreNora.pdf [Accessed 01 August 2021] Nora, P., 2005. Universal Triumph of Memory. Neprikosnovennyj zapas, 2. Available at: https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/vsemirnoe-torzhestvo-pamyati.html [Ac-cessed 01 August 2021] (In Russian) Obelisk on Kaim Hill, 2009 [online]. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193129/http://www.cmentarze.jasonek.pl/cmentarz.php?id=500 [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Osiej, D., 2019. Unveiling of the Monument to the Legionnaire in Radom – August 1930 [online]. Available at: https://www.cozadzien.pl/radom/odsloniecie-pomnika-legionisty-w-radomiu-sierpien-1930/60609 [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Piskun, V. M., 2011. Historical Memory and Commemoration as a Way to Unite the Community: Ukrainian Realities in the Past and Today. National and historical memory, 1. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ntip_2011_1_9 [Accessed 02 August 2021]. (In Ukrainian) Polovynchak, Yu. M., 2018. Commemorative Practices in Modern Information Space. Library Science. Documentation. Informology. 2. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/bdi_2018_2_15 [Accessed 02 August 2021] (In Ukrainian) Roman Kosmala. Artist’s Website, 2021 [online]. Available at: http://romankosmala.com/roman-kosmala/biografia/ [Accessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Seniów, J., 2004. On the Way to Independence: the Krakow Press against the Polish Legions during World War I (1914–1918). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. (In Polish) Snopko, J., 2008. The Finale of the Epic of the Polish Legions 1916–1918. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2008. (In Polish) Szlanta, P., 2016. The Great Polish-Polish War. Poles in the Ranks of the Partitioning Armies during World War I. Outline of the Problem. W: Baczkowski, M. i Ruszała, K., red. Doświadczenia żołnierskie Wielkiej Wojny. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ss.51–76. (In Polish) The First World War and the Problems of State Formation in Central and Eastern Eu-rope (to the 90th anniversary of the end of the First World War), 2009. Materials of the In-ternational Scientific Conference, Chernivci, 29–30 zhovtnya 2008 r.). Chernivci: Cher-nivec"kyj nacional"nyj universytet im. Yuriya Fed"kovycha. (In Ukrainian) The Peoples of the World and the Great War of 1914–1918, 2015. Materials of All-Ukrainian Scientific Conference, Vinnycya, 3–4 kvit. 2015 r. Vinnycya: Nilan. (In Ukraini-an) Wrocław: Consecration of the Monument to the Victims of World War I, 2007 [online]. Available at: https://www.ekai.pl/wroclaw-poswiecenie-pomnika-ofiar-i-wojny-swiatowej/ [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish)
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Tishkina, K. A. "Activities of Tomsk Mining Circle in Siberia during First World War (1914—1918)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 9 (December 2, 2022): 472–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-9-472-488.
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The article deals with the activities of the Tomsk Mining Circle during the First World War (1914—1918). The main attention is paid to the process of formation of the organization, activities to provide assistance to the front, Russian prisoners of war, as well as to promote the work of the Fourth Siberian Tomsk Medical and Nutritional Detachment. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the topic of charity during the First World War. A detailed examination of the functioning of a particular social organization of a social orientation allows us to identify common and special features inherent in this phenomenon in this period. Thanks to the involvement of a wide range of sources, it was possible to establish a chronological sequence in the actions of the Tomsk Mining Circle in collecting and sending goods with things and products to the front; identify the military formations that were assisted; find out with which public organizations, mining and industrial enterprises the circle communicated, etc. It is concluded that the Tomsk Mining Circle, as an example of an institution formed on a professional basis, occupied one of the prominent places in the system of charitable organizations in Siberia.
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Senjavskaja, E. S. "Historical Memory of the First World War: Notes on its Shaping in Russia and in the West." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(5) (April 28, 2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2009-2-5-31-36.
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The article deals with the reasons, why the First World War didn’t leave stable heroic symbols in the historical memory of the Russians and occupied only marginal place. The influence of ideological and political background on the interpretation of the past, the role of the power elite in shaping the aims of the retrospective propaganda. The picture of the military events of 1914 – 1918 in Russian and foreign fiction literature has been given on the comparative basis.
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Djordjevic, Dimitrije. "The Austro-Hungarian occupation regime in Serbia and its break-down in 1918." Balcanica, no. 46 (2015): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1546107d.
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This paper discusses the occupation of Serbia during the First World War by Austro-Hungarian forces. The first partial occupation was short-lived as the Serbian army repelled the aggressors after the Battle of Kolubara in late 1914, but the second one lasted from fall 1915 until the end of the Great War. The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone in Serbia covered the largest share of Serbia?s territory and it was organised in the shape of the Military Governorate on the pattern of Austro-Hungarian occupation of part of Poland. The invaders did not reach a clear decision as to what to do with Serbian territory in post-war period and that gave rise to considerable frictions between Austro-Hungarian and German interests in the Balkans, then between Austrian and Hungarian interests and, finally, between military and civilian authorities within Military Governorate. Throughout the occupation Serbia was exposed to ruthless economic exploitation and her population suffered much both from devastation and from large-scale repression (including deportations, internments and denationalisation) on the part of the occupation regime.
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Goudaillier, Jean-Pierre. "14-18: Wounded bodies - argotic names of death machines and the injuries they caused." Linguistica 58, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.58.1.33-50.
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This study is part of a series of research studies relating to the terms and expressions that French soldiers used at the front during the period 1914-1918. In World War I, the first large-scale mechanised war, intensive use of previously known as well as new weapons took place. To these weapons, as well as to other death machines of the time, correspond both old designations and neologisms used by the soldeirs. In this article, the names of military devices are presented along with the trems referring to injuries caused by them.
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Sadivnychyi, Volodymyr. "Medical press of the First World War period: Construction of social reality." Obraz 42, no. 2 (2023): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/obraz.2023.2(42)-69-76.
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Introduction. The First World War is a forgotten and completely unhonored page in the history of Ukraine. Instead, events and facts related to it are actively investigated in many European countries. In journalism and journalism studies, the topic of activity of specialized newspaper and magazine editions of medical topics was not investigated in that period, therefore, a picture of the emergence, formation, and development of such a press was not created, and its systematization was not carried out. Relevance and goal. The goal of the research is to analyze the problem-thematic components of specialized medical periodicals and continuing publications of the First World War period (1914–1918), to find out the peculiarities of their emergence and activity, and to introduce the specified press into scientific circulation. The relevance is formed by the lack of a comprehensive study of the activities of the specialized newspaper and magazine medical press of the specified period, its systematization, and problem-thematic priorities. Methodology. Descriptive methods are used as a basis during the research, which allows us to penetrate the causes of this or that phenomenon, find out the main stages of its development, the influence of a specific situation on the nature of events and phenomena; and compare local phenomena with general historical processes. Based on the periodization of the history of the development of the Ukrainian press proposed by the Research Institute of Press Studies, the study focuses on the fifth period – Ukrainian periodicals of the First World War 1914–1917. Results. The beginning of the First World War led to the closure of many publications. This was caused by increased censorship and financial problems of publishers. However, new periodicals also appeared during this period. In particular, 6 editions of military-medical topics were published: «Voenno-sanitarnii obzor» (1917), «Vrachebno-sanitarnie izvestiya Upravleniya Glavnoupolnomochennogo Krasnogo Kresta Yugo-Zapadnogo fronta» (1916–1918), «Izvestiya Kievskoi rentgenovskoi komissii» (1915–1917), «Nash zhurnal» (1917), «Nashe slovo» (1917), «Pomoshch ranenim» (1914). The thematically mentioned editions focused primarily on essential problems that arose in society with the development of military operations. The authors focused on the treatment of injuries from new ballistic weapons, rapid-fire machine guns, gas gangrene, damage by mustard gas and chlorine, the spread of epidemic diseases on the fronts, etc. Conclusions. The research gives reasons to state that during this period, 6 editions were published, which, based on typological characteristics, we include in the military-medical press. Their pages were dominated by messages related to the struggle for the lives of the wounded and the organization of military medical aid. These publications played one of the leading roles in the representation of military reality.
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Chubarov, Aleksei I., and Pavel P. Shcherbinin. "Social charity of children during the First World War." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 188 (2020): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-195-202.
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We examine the activities of state, public and charitable organizations aimed at providing assistance to children of lower ranks, called for mobilization and underage refugees. We conduct a brief analysis of the evolution of assistance to children in the Russian Empire from the moment of the adoption of the Charter on Universal Military Service in 1874 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, during which, along with institutions that had established themselves earlier, organizations that owe their the appearance of military events began to provide assistance to children. The main directions of assistance to minors during the studied period are considered: the issuance of permanent benefits and lump sum payments, the creation of permanent shelters and seasonal nurseries, the organization of primary and labor education. We provide data on social support for orphans during the First World War of 1914–1918 both at the all-Russian and at the governorate level, which makes it possible to assess the options and possibilities of rendering as-sistance to such troubled children. The results of the study of the stated scientific problem made it possible to identify and evaluate not only the possibilities of a welfare state in the Russian Empire of early 20th century, but also bright pages of zemstvo support, charitable initiatives of provincial patrons, social service of various representatives of urban and rural societies. Military everyday life, like a litmus test, outlined the most typical manifestations of social support for orphans in im-perial Russia of early 20th century, as well as elements of civil initiative and social self-organization of various representatives of the country’s population. The ethno-confessional possi-bilities of social support for soldiers’ children are clarified, as well as the organization of the work of agricultural shelters, nurseries and other social organizations and structures.
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Reyent, O. "The World War First and its Consequences for Ukraine." Problems of World History, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-4.
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In the article, the World War First it examined from the perspective of a global cataclysm that essentially determined the further development of human civilization not only in the twentieth, but also in the early twenty-first century. It is indicated that the tragedy of war especially manifested in the total character, which it has acquired, and the rapid fall in the value of human life. In its universal scope and demographic losses, this war greatly surpassed everything that happened thereto during the largest international military conflicts in human history. The influence of the global confrontation 1914-1918 on the Ukrainian ethnic land is shown. Being divided between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary they have been the object of geopolitical encroachments of the warring parties and for four years became the theater of fierce fighting, and their population found itself on opposite sides of the front line. Considerable attention is paid to elucidating the main «Ukrainian aspects» of the war in the political, ideological, military, economic and social planes. It is shown both negative and positive consequences of the World War First for the formation of modern nation and the establishment of statehood.
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Roberts, SAG. "100 Years of British military neurosurgery: on the shoulders of giants." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 101, no. 1 (June 2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-101-20.
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AbstractDeath from head injuries has been a feature of conflicts throughout the world for centuries. The burden of mortality has been variously affected by the evolution in weaponry from war-hammers to explosive ordnance, the influence of armour on survivability and the changing likelihood of infection as a complicating factor. Surgery evolved from haphazard trephination to valiant, yet disjointed, neurosurgery by a variety of great historical surgeons until the Crimean War of 1853-1856. However, it was events initiated by the Great War of 1914-1918 that not only marked the development of modern neurosurgical techniques, but our approach to military surgery as a whole. Here the author describes how 100 years of conflict and the input and intertwining relationships between the 20th century’s great neurosurgeons established neurosurgery in the United Kingdom and beyond.
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Pantyukhina, T. V. "Great Britain in the conflict over Iran oil: the First World War period." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 9, no. 4 (2022): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2022.4.7.
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The article highlights the activities of Great Britain in the competition for control over oil fields and the oil industry in Iran (Persia) and the South Caucasus in 1914-1918, which was not the subject of special research in Russian historiography. On the eve of the war, Great Britain actually controlled the production and refining of oil in Persia through the AngloPersian Oil Company. With the outbreak of the war, British interests in the region were put under threat by Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which sought to challenge the British monopoly on Persian oil. Despite the fact that the territory of Persia remained far from the major battles of World War I, the country was a strategically important war theater for Great Britain. The British troops stationed in Persia controlled the territory of southern Persia, while the north of the country was controlled by Russian troops. After Russia’s withdrawal from the war at the end of 1917, there was a threat of strengthening the positions of Turkish troops and their allies in Persia and their advance to the Caucasus, to the oil fields of Baku. To counter this threat, a special taskforce was formed, called «Dunsterforce». During its 8-month stay in Persia, Dunsterforce strengthened the British position in the country, successfully suppressing anti-British forces with weapons, diplomacy and the pound sterling. Dunsterforce failed to protect Baku from capture by the Turks in September 1918. However, in November 1918, British troops managed to take over Baku. As a result, by the end of the war the western, eastern and southern shores of the Caspian Sea were under the full control of the British military. under the full control of the British military.
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Popenko, Yaroslav, and Ihor Sribnyak. "At the intersections of European diplomacy: Romania between the Central Bloc and the Entente (1914–1918)." Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne 7, no. 1 (October 6, 2021): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2021.7.1.143-162.
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The main tendencies of the development of the Kingdom of Romania during the First World War were analysed in this article. The stages of the diplomatic negotiations of the Romanian government with the countries of the Central Bloc and the Entente during 1914–1918 years are considered. Bucharest managed to take advantage of its own diplomatic balancing during the war, which was squeezed between the two military-political blocs. Thanks to its foreign policy strategy, the Romanian government had retained its sovereign right to the development and the acceptance of the most important decisions, and those which were touched of the upholding of the national interests of the state. Moreover, Romania managed to significantly expand its borders, which was possible due to the crisis and the destruction that was passed through Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire during 1917-1918 years. In the context of the foreign policy strategy of the kingdom during the World War, the «Bessarabian question» is partially covered and which role it played in the realization of the project of the creation of «Great Romania» by Bucharest. In addition, the certain reasons of the signing, the content and the consequences of the Bucharest peace treaty of 1918 year for the alignment of the forces in the Central European region at the final stage of the war were characterized. Ultimately, the authors state that the diplomatic balancing of the Romanian political leadership during the World War gave it the opportunity to gradually but steadily realize the project of the expansion of the state borders at the expense of the contiguous territories.
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MAHMOOD, TAHIR. "Collaboration and British Military Recruitment: Fresh perspectives from colonial Punjab, 1914–1918." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 5 (January 19, 2015): 1474–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000516.
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AbstractThis article examines the ways in which rural elite collaborators mobilized recruits for the British Army during the First World War. It thus not only increases knowledge of Punjab's military history, but adds to the understanding of collaboration as a process involving competitive groups in which elites manipulated the process for their own ends. The case study material drawn from the Shahpur district of the colonial Punjab argues that while there may have been a degree of indoctrination into the colonial state's values, it was mainly the desire to use its patronage to bolster family influence or to transform local hierarchies that was the key factor in securing willing collaborators. The competition for local power and influence provided a local dynamic to the collaborative process. The state could of course take advantage of this competition to serve its interests, just as the Punjabi tribal chiefs could utilize state patronage to beat off rivals to their power. Collaboration was thus a dynamic two-way process, rather than, as it is often portrayed, a top-down, one-way relationship.
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Crim, Brian E. "“Our Most Serious Enemy”: The Specter of Judeo-Bolshevism in the German Military Community, 1914–1923." Central European History 44, no. 4 (December 2011): 624–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938911000665.
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That the Wehrmacht participated fully in a racial war of extermination on behalf of the National Socialist regime is indisputable. Officers and enlisted men alike accepted the logic that the elimination of the Soviet Union was necessary for Germany's survival. The Wehrmacht's atrocities on the Eastern Front are a testament to the success of National Socialist propaganda and ideological training, but the construct of “Judeo-bolshevism” originated during World War I and its immediate aftermath. Between 1918 and 1923, central Europe witnessed a surge in right-wing paramilitary violence and anti-Semitic activity resulting from fears of bolshevism and a widely held belief that Jews were largely responsible for spreading revolution. Jews suffered the consequences of revolution and resurgent nationalism in the borderlands between Germany and Russia after World War I, but it was inside Germany that the construct of Judeo-bolshevism evolved into a powerful rhetorical tool for the growing völkisch movement and eventually a justification for genocide.
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Rozhenetskij, A. N., N. F. Plavunov, and V. A. Kadyshev. "Alexander Sergeevich Puchkov’s activities as a member of the Russian Red Cross Society during the First World War." Medical alphabet, no. 3 (May 6, 2024): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2024-3-29-35.
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The article is devoted to the activities of Alexander Sergeevich Puchkov as part of the Russian Red Cross Society, which during the First World War was one of the largest public organizations that provided assistance to wounded soldiers and officers in the theater of military operations and in the rear. The Red Cross appointed those responsible for all military sanitary, medical evacuation and organizational measures in this area of military operations: a special officer, a chief officer. The events of the period 1914–1918, which formed the professional qualities of the organizing physician A.S., are described. Puchkova, approaches and principles to providing medical care to the wounded in case of mass injuries and injuries in the performance of official duties of the special representative of the Russian Red Cross Society under the 2nd Army of the Western Front.
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ROY, KAUSHIK. "Race and Recruitment in the Indian Army: 1880–1918." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 4 (February 8, 2013): 1310–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000431.
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AbstractIn 1914, the Indian Army was deployed against the enemies of the British Empire. This paper analyses the administrative mechanism as well as the imperial assumptions and attitudes which shaped the recruitment policy of the Indian Army during the First World War. From the late nineteenth century, the Martial Race theory (a bundle of contradictory ideas) shaped the recruitment policy. With certain modifications, this theory remained operational to the first decade of the twentieth century. The construction of the ‘martial races’ enabled the British to play-off different communities against each other to prevent the emergence of a unified anti-British sentiment among the colonized. During the Great War, faced with the rising demands of manpower, the army was forced to modify the Martial Race theory. However, a conscript army did not emerge in British-India. This was due to imperial policies, the inherent social divisions of Indian society, and because the demands for military manpower remained relatively low in comparison to India's demographic resources. Due to innovations in the theory and praxis of recruitment, the volume of recruitment showed a linear increase from 1914 to 1918, with maximum intensification of recruitment occurring during 1917 and 1918. But as the war ended in November 1918, despite the entry of several new communities, the bulk of the Indian Army still came from the traditional martial races.
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Evans, Raymond. "The lowest common denominator: loyalism and school children in war-torn Australia 1914 – 1918." Queensland Review 3, no. 2 (July 1996): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600006474.
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It is the march of the troops through the children's playground which makes the recruits of ten years afterwards.R.E.N.Twopeny (1883)I made up my mind I was going to the war … I had no idea whatever what war implied, but I did know what it was to march to military music …– ex-AIF member (World War I)Most Australian school children, whether public or private, primary or secondary, had been finely tuned for warfare long before the Great War of 1914–18 had actually begun. School papers and reading books, history, geography and civics lessons, the personal persuasiveness of teachers trained to accept unequivocally “the power for good in teaching patriotism” to captive and captivated young audiences, the “rhythmic harmony” of loyalist singing, marching and versifying, the Imperial pageantry of Empire Day and the militaristic inculcations of highly disciplinary cadet training schemes all combined, in the closed educational environment of the schools, to produce young Australians well primed for unquestioning obedience to the State and martial sacrifice to the Empire. Children at a Sydney primary school were ordered to chant, in 1907, “I give my mind to my country to think for it; I give my heart because I love it; I give my hands to my country to work for it”; — “[and] to fight for it”, all the boy pupils were then expected to intone. Such orchestrated love of country was subordinated, in tum, to love of Britain's Empire — “our peace-bearing, peerless, guardian Empire” as one educator described it - which was presented as not only the largest but the worthiest empire in world history. The “cement of Empire”, it was said, contained such essential ingredients as social conformity, duty and sacrifice, which non-Catholic private schools and state schools applied with a heavily-laden trowel to impressionable young minds both preceding and during World War One.
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Danielyan, Taron, Hermine Baburyan, and Svetlana Barseghyan. "ARMENIAN CHILDREN’S FICTION IN “HASKER” AND “AGHBYUR” MAGAZINES DURING WORLD WAR I." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 24 (2023): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2023-2-24-149-167.
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The given article is the first study of the Armenian children’s literature on the military theme, presented in the Armenian children’s and youth periodicals of Tiflis in 1914–1918. The similarities and differences between the children’s literature on these topics and the artistic reflection of the war in the magazines “Aghbyur” (“Source”) and “Hasker” (“Spikes”) are revealed. In the course of the analysis it has been disclosed that during World War I, military topics did not become dominant from a quantitative point of view, but materials of different genres and formats on the military topic were published in each issue of the magazines. Of the 258 pieces of fiction published in the Armenian children’s magazines “Aghbyur” and “Hasker”, 78 pieces (29.4 %) were on the topic of war. Along with this, we analyzed three chronotopic positions associated with the continuum of the surrounding reality: the Armenian environment, the environment of the Russian Empire and the foreign environment. The content and ideological emphases of the published works on the military theme were aimed at developing patriotic and humanistic feelings in children. However, the genocide of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire has left a mark on the nature of the perception of patriotism: the preservation of the historical homeland of the Armenian people in the memory of the new generation and the hope of returning back to their native lands.
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Pudłocki, Tomasz. "Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa „Intellectuals and the First World War: Central European Perspective”." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 16 (December 18, 2017): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.17.018.7719.
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“Intellectuals and the First World War: Central European Perspective”, a conference organized on October 20–22, 2016 in Kraków, was a perfect opportunity to discuss the phenomenon of the 1914–1918 conflict and its impact on the lives of intellectuals and the creators of culture. Many important scientific studies or cultural activities were interrupted by the war as a result of the conscription of the intellectuals and their death either on the WW1 fronts or as civilian victims. On the other hand, the war was also an opportunity for many to redirect professional careers in new directions e.g. in the service of military propaganda. The conference was organized by the Institute of History of the Jagiellonian University with the financial support of the Kraków City Council – City of Kraków. The conference brought together nearly 30 speakers from the European Union and the United States of America.
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Bać, Dorota, and Janusz Cwanek. "Adam Gruca – “Military Medic” in the Years 1914-1920." Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0766.
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Adam Gruca was born on 3 December 1893 in MajdanSieniawski. In 1902 he began his education in a 4-year primary school. Thanks to the support of his teacher, Helena Ostrowska, in 1906 he became a student in a Gymnasium in Jarosław. On 16 June 1913 Adam Gruca passed his secondary school leaving exam and in autumn he started his studies at the Faculty of Medicine at John Casimir University in Lviv. His studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. On 1 July 1914, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. After sixweeks’ training he was assigned to a hospital at the Merciful Brothers Monastery in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska. Subsequently, he worked for two years at the Field Hospital No. 2 in Andrychów, where he first started learning surgery. On 1 May 1916,Gruca was promoted to second lieutenant and was granted a three-month leave, during which he completed the 2nd year of his studies. In July 1917, he was transferred to the Italian front. Adam Gruca served in the Austrian army until 31 October 1918. On 6 November 1918 he volunteered to join the new Polish Armed Forces and was incorporated into the 2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment. After one year of service in the Polish Armed Forces, he was transferred to Lviv, where he completed his 3rd year of studies. On 30 August 1920, he was assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment. In 1921 he was promoted to captain and moved to the reserve. During the 5-year army service,the young student was able to gain practical knowledge and medical experience. On 24 June 1922, after nine years, he obtained a diploma in Medicine.
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Fondren, Elisabeth. "Fighting an Armed Doctrine: The Struggle to Modernize German Propaganda During World War I (1914–1918)." Journalism & Communication Monographs 23, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 256–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15226379211050684.
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During the First World War (1914–1918), all belligerent governments realized that propaganda proficiency was critical to selling their causes and stirring up support for the war. Yet German propagandists in particular struggled to master mass media, manage their messages, and build audience trust during the Great War in their goal to control domestic and foreign public opinion. Although previous scholarship has agreed that the German propaganda machine failed, little has been said about how Germany recognized these failures early on and sought to remedy them through increasingly modern propaganda strategies—even if those strategies were ultimately no match for the public’s growing distrust of official information. This monograph examines how it was that more institutions, more manpower, new publicity initiatives, copying tactics from enemies, crowdsourcing ideas, and eventually focusing on visuals and film did little to boost morale at home or improve Germany’s reputation abroad. The findings rest on a historical analysis of military dispatches, federal policy documents, letters, news stories, propaganda materials, and memoirs located in German and U.S. archives. Although many of the methods and tactics these early propagandists used would fail, others would become part of the universal toolbox governments still rely on to influence people’s views and spread information.
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Chapman, Jane, and Ross Wilson. "Illustrating war-time: Cartoons and the British and Dominion soldier experience during the Great War, 1914–1918." War in History 26, no. 3 (February 12, 2018): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344517711206.
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This article assesses how time was depicted within illustrated narratives published in trench newspapers and regimental journals by British and Dominion soldiers as a means of adapting to and enduring the experience of the First World War. Through an extensive archival study of these sources, soldiers’ ‘comic strips’ have been used to demonstrate that time is illustrated as a personal and social experience that enables individuals to comprehend their role within the army. Previous assessments of the experience of time on the battlefields have been dominated by the perception that mechanized warfare induced a fractured and disorientating sense of time. This has traditionally been heralded by scholars as indicating the arrival of a new ‘modern era’. However, research findings demonstrate the way in which soldiers illustrated time, the passing of time, the use of order, experience and progress are evident. Far from reflecting the alienating effect of modern warfare, soldiers illustrate ‘war-time’ as a means by which they inculcate themselves into a military culture and continue their role in the war.
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WATSON, ALEXANDER. "Managing an ‘Army of Peoples’: Identity, Command and Performance in the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000059.
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AbstractThis article examines the officers who led the Habsburg Army during the First World War. It highlights the complexity of their identities, demonstrating that this went well beyond the a-national – nationalist dichotomy in much historiography. It also argues that these officers' identities had a profound impact on how their army functioned in the field. The article first studies the senior command in 1914–16, showing how its wartime learning processes were shaped by transnational attitudes. These officers had belonged in peace to an international military professional network. When disaster befell their army at the outset of the First World War, it was natural for them to seek lessons from foreign armies, at first from their major enemies, the Russians, and later their German allies. The second half of the article explores the changing loyalties of the reserve officers tasked with frontline command in the later war years. It contends that the officer corps' focus on maintaining social and educational standards resulted in an influx of middle-class junior leaders whose conditional commitment to the Empire and limited language skills greatly influenced the Habsburg Army's record of longevity but mediocre combat performance.
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Bakhturina, Alexandra Yu. "Obtaining Russian citizenship by subjects of enemy countries during World War I, 1914-1918: ethnicity or loyalty." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2024): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2024-1-205-218.
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The article examines the conditions and features of the naturalization process in Russia of "enemy aliens" during the First World War. In Russian and foreign historiography since the 1990s, this issue has not been closely considered. The authors mainly pay attention to the mass expulsions of enemy subjects to remote provinces from front-line areas, accusations of the latter of espionage in favor of the enemy, restrictions on rights. The researchers conclude that the dominance of ethnic and religious criteria for admission to citizenship of the Russian Empire: the presence of Slavic origin or belonging to the Christian faith for citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Such conclusions are mainly based on an analysis of the laws and orders of the military and civilian authorities of the first months of the war. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the process of granting citizenship not only on the basis of an analysis of the normative acts of the beginning of the war, but also documents of the subsequent period, which reflected the change in the positions of the ruling elite on the issue of Russian citizenship. The article uses petitions from "enemy foreigners", documents of the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Internal Affairs to assess the course of discussion of petitions and the reasons for making positive or negative decisions. These are documents of the Russian State Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Central State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg. The analysis of the documents of the Fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (RGIA) based on the results of consideration of the petitions of enemy subjects allowed us to conclude about the number of positive decisions and provide new statistical data on the number of enemy subjects who received Russian citizenship in 1914-1915. The mass transfer of interned foreigners to remote Russian provinces created a huge number of problems for state bodies in the center and on the ground. Naturalization of "enemy foreigners" in the empire allowed tokeep valuable specialists at their jobs, to prevent the closure of enterprises owned by "hostile foreigners". The granting of Russian citizenship during the war increasingly depended on subjective factors: the personal support of officials. With the development of military operations, the granting of citizenship increasingly depends not on nationality, but on the loyalty of the Russian Empire confirmed by recommendations.
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Rohringer, Thomas. "Trust and National Belonging: Welfare for Disabled Veterans in Bohemia (1914–1918)." Administory 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2018-0034.
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Abstract This contribution examines the role of trust in disabled veteran welfare in Bohemia during the First World War. It places this concern for disabled veterans’ trust in a wider political context as trust emerged as a specific concern in Cisleithanian political discourses on administrative reform around 1900. In the context of welfare for disabled veterans in Cisleithania, trust gained novel importance. Medical and occupational experts deemed it imperative to gain disabled veterans’ trust to maintain their role as experts and developed specific strategies of emotionally engaging with disabled soldiers to gain their trust. Karl Eger, a military official, emerged as an influential actor in Bohemian welfare for disabled veterans. He propagated a welfare administration based on local welfare boards, which would supposedly possess disabled veterans’ trust. His idea of trust was, however, based on concepts of national communities and he implemented it to re-organize disabled veteran welfare based on nationality.
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Klok, Vasyl. "Polish National Movement in Galicia During World War I." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 40 (June 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-43-50.
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The aim of the article is to study the development of the Polish national movement in Galicia during World War I. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, problem-chronological, historical-systemic. Scientific novelty: for the first time in the national historiography the genesis of the Galicia Polish national idea in 1914-1918 and the activity of local Polish politicians for its realization were comprehensively researched. Conclusions: Due to the liberal political regime of Austria-Hungary, the Polish national movement of Galicia achieved significant results in the end of nineteenth - beginning of twentieth century. Therefore, the Polish political elite saw at the beginning of World War I a chance to liberate Polish lands from the Russian Empire and restore its national state. According to most members of the Polish national movement, the achievement of this aim should have been based on support and close union with the Habsburg monarchy. As a result, all Polish parties in Galicia and their representatives of the Vienna Parliament solemnly sided with Austria and the Fourth Union in the world conflict. During the first stage of World War, the Polish society of the region supported Austria-Hungary enthusiastically and helped to form national subdivision within the Austrian army - the Polish Legions. The situation sustained a radical change after the signed an agreement of the Fourth Union with the Ukrainian National's Republic. A covert addition to this document provided for the division of Galicia on national feature. This undermined the trust of Polish politicum and society to Vienna. However, American president Wilson in his "14 theses" guaranteed the restoration of the Polish state with access to the sea in January 1918. Besides, with the entry of the United States into the war on the side of the Entente, the Fourth Union practically lost its chances of military victory. Therefore, in the end of 1918, the Galicia’s Polish political elite realized the necessity of unification to rebuild the Polish state within the borders of 1772 without the Fourth Union’s support.
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Logacheva, Natalia V. "The Newspaper Russkaia Muzykal'naia Gazeta’s Publishing Activities during World War I." RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-2-263-274.
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Through their work, the author conducts a content analysis of the materials of the “Russkaia muzykal'naia gazeta” between 1914-1918, a newspaper which served as the mouthpiece of Russian cultural figures in the early 20th century, and a periodical which reflected the events of World War I both in military territories on the frontline and in the rear. The article shows from various points the development of musical culture during the First World War, not only in the two capitals - St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also in the provinces. The attitude of the Russian musical intelligentsia to the war is analyzed in the text. Specific examples provided by the author show the high level of patriotism of Russian musicians and the attitude of Western European musicians to the events of the period. In addition, there is emphasis on the influence of patriotic sentiments on the work of Russian musicians including their awareness of the role of musical culture in uniting the people and providing spiritual support to the Russian army.
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SINGH, GAJENDRA. "Throwing Snowballs in France: Muslimsipahisof the Indian Army and Sheikh Ahmad's dream, 1915–1918." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 4 (February 13, 2014): 1024–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000188.
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AbstractThe arrival of Indiansipahis(or ‘sepoys’) to fight alongside soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force in France in October 1914 was both a victory and a source of concern for the British Raj. It proved to be the zenith of martial race fantasies that had been carefully codified from the 1890s, and birthed fears about the effects that Europe and the rapidly intensifying conflict on the Western Front would have upon the ‘best black troops in the world’. The situation resulted in the appointment of a special military censor to examine the letters sent to and from Indiansipahisand compile a fortnightly summary of Indian letters from France for the duration of the First World War. This paper investigates a portion of the letters contained in these reports. More particularly, it investigates the life of a single chain letter and the effect its chiliastic message had upon Muslim troops of the Indian Army during the First World War. As the letter was read, rewritten, and passed on, it served as a rejoinder to missionary efforts by theAhmadiyyaMovement, reinterpreted as a call for soldiers to purify their own bodies and oppose interracial sexual relationships, before, finally, being used as a critique of the British war effort against the Ottoman empire.
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Latyshev, Dmitrii M. "Military Priest’s Mission on the Battlefield and Orthodox Ethics during the Patriotic War (1812) and the First World War (1914-1918)." Religiovedenie, no. 1 (2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/20728662_2022_1_15.
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