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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Fondren, Elisabeth. "Fighting an Armed Doctrine: The Struggle to Modernize German Propaganda During World War I (1914–1918)." Journalism & Communication Monographs 23, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 256–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15226379211050684.

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During the First World War (1914–1918), all belligerent governments realized that propaganda proficiency was critical to selling their causes and stirring up support for the war. Yet German propagandists in particular struggled to master mass media, manage their messages, and build audience trust during the Great War in their goal to control domestic and foreign public opinion. Although previous scholarship has agreed that the German propaganda machine failed, little has been said about how Germany recognized these failures early on and sought to remedy them through increasingly modern propaganda strategies—even if those strategies were ultimately no match for the public’s growing distrust of official information. This monograph examines how it was that more institutions, more manpower, new publicity initiatives, copying tactics from enemies, crowdsourcing ideas, and eventually focusing on visuals and film did little to boost morale at home or improve Germany’s reputation abroad. The findings rest on a historical analysis of military dispatches, federal policy documents, letters, news stories, propaganda materials, and memoirs located in German and U.S. archives. Although many of the methods and tactics these early propagandists used would fail, others would become part of the universal toolbox governments still rely on to influence people’s views and spread information.

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García Cabrera, Marta. "El control de la opinión pública canaria durante la Gran Guerra (1914-1918): propaganda y diplomacia extranjera." Vegueta. Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia 22, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51349/veg.2022.1.10.

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La posición estratégica de Canarias convirtió al archipiélago en un enclave destacado de la Primera Guerra Mundial. La guerra trastocó el panorama comunicativo insular y movilizó un amplio debate sociocultural en el que también participaron los organismos diplomáticos y propagandísticos internacionales, las compañías navieras y las colonias extranjeras. Este artículo analiza los esfuerzos desplegados por las potencias extranjeras para dirigir a la opinión pública canaria entre 1914 y 1918, describiendo las maquinarias propagandísticas de Francia, Alemania y Gran Bretaña, así como los instrumentos empleados para difundir sus mensajes en las islas. The strategic position of the Canary Islands made the archipelago a prominent enclave of the First World War. The war disrupted the island’s communication, sparking a broad sociocultural debate that also took in international diplomatic and propaganda organizations, shipping companies and foreign colonies. This article analyses the efforts made by foreign powers to direct Canarian public opinion between 1914 and 1918, describing the messages and propaganda apparatus of France, Germany, and Great Britain, as well as the instruments of dissemination employed on the islands.

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Matsiuk, H. P. "SOCIOLINGUISTIC «READING» OF THE WORLD OF EVERYDAYNESS: LANGUAGE PRACTICES OF THE UKRAINIANS OF KHOLMSHCHINA AND SOUTHERN PІDLASHSHIA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914–1918)." Movoznavstvo 319, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-319-2021-4-002.

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he article is devoted to one of the little-known periods of the language situation in which autochthonous Ukrainians from the far western ethnic Ukrainian lands lived. The relevance of the topic is stipulated by the need to develop a theory of historical sociolinguistics on language, power and identity. The revealed relations of language practices (microhistorical standard of living of an individual) to the geopolitics (as macrohistory) allow us to state that the linguistic dimension of the communicative everyday life of the Ukrainian speech community appears through a set of features realized before and during the war of 1914. Before the war, the colloquial form of the Ukrainian language as a means of interpersonal communication had a dialectal nature, which was layered with Polonization and Russification influences, and oral and written forms of the Russian language were a means of official communication. During the war of 1914–1918, there were changes in the language use of Ukrainians: the Russian language in the territories of Kholmshchyna and Pidlaschia curtailed its functions after the withdrawal of the tsarist troops together with the forcibly deported Ukrainians; Ukrainian-language practices in the Kholm region did not have a chance to develop due to the support of the Austrian occupation authorities for the functions of the German and Polish languages; in Polonized Pidlaschia, occupied by the German authorities, owing to the activities of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine and later representatives of the Ukrainian authorities, Ukrainian forces managed to partially develop the functions of the Ukrainian language in administration, primary education and periodicals. Ukrainian literary language began to slowly realize its communicative, informational and unifying social functions.

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Rasskazov, L. P., and А. А. Makukhin. "REGULATION OF WATER TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES IN FINLAND IN 1914-1915." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 3 (1) (2022): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-3(1)-41-53.

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The article states that since the beginning of the 1st World War, in addition to general concerns about the defense and preservation of law and order in Finland, special attention was paid to ensuring the regulation of commercial and commercial shipping, maintaining water communications between various regions of the country and the outside world, the safety of communication routes and all interested parties. The main regulation was carried out by resolutions and announcements of the Governor-General of Finland, local governors, commandants of fortresses, the commander of the Baltic Sea fleet, the Maritime Ministry through the directorate of the pilot and lighthouse department in Finland, general imperial laws adopted before 1914 and relating to various aspects of the country’s life during the war period, including the activities of various types of transport.

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Weir, Gary. "Fashioning a Professional Dialogue in Oceanography: The U.S. Navy and the Ocean Science Community, 1924-1960." Earth Sciences History 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.19.1.530q631484852t01.

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Since the Great War of 1914-1918 the relationship between naval officers and ocean scientists in the United States has illustrated well the unpredictable effect of cultural barriers on constructive professional dialogues. The customs and practices attending an academic or industrial laboratory differ dramatically from those absorbed by midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy or officers on board combat ships. Each group lives in a nearly discreet, culturally constructed world. During the course of this century the communication and understanding necessary for these communities to work together toward a common goal required social and political insight as well as extensive entrepreneurship and careful cultural translation. Confronting a poverty of resources after World War One the Navy and the civilian oceanographic community formed a common practice to pool both resources and skill in an effort to perform meaningful ocean research. When the possibility of another war loomed large in the 1930s, they turned to determined cultural translators. The latter, drawn from both communities, converted the primitive common practice and considerable cultural obstacles of the interwar period into a fluid wartime professional dialogue. Fortified by success in World War II, key translators brought the dialogue to maturity after 1945.

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PATER, Ivan. "KHOLM SKETCHES (STUDIES) IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF IVAN KRYPIAKEVYCH OF 1914–1918." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 36 (2022): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2022-36-133-148.

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The paper considers the scientific work of the academician in the study of various areas of the history of the Kholm land. His interest in that region was not accidental, because he had Kholm and Pidlashshia roots. The influence of Prof. M. Hrushevskyi on the formation of I. Krypiakevich as a historian, his first papers on religious and cultural life in the Kholm region in the XIX century in Memoirs of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, and scientific work in society are emphasized. An extremely serious study of the Kholm region was conducted during World War I, especially after the successful Austro-German occupation of the Kholm region, parts of Volhynia, Pidlashshia, and Polissia in the summer of 1915. It is noted that in the reports "On Ukrainian Affairs in the Kholm Region", "On Church Relations in Northwestern Ukrainian Lands", "On Church Affairs in the Kholm Region", "On the Need for Ukrainian Schooling in the Occupied Ukrainian Lands", the historian stated the importance of the Kholm Region for Ukraine. The need to carry out Ukrainization of the region was emphasized, for which it was recommended: to gain real power locally; to form the Ukrainian Church - to restore the GCC, to de-Russify the Orthodox Church; to create a Ukrainian school by training personnel from the local population; establish examplar educational institutions in larger cities and villages as soon as possible; publish school textbooks; to restore the activities of educational and economic organizations. Much attention is given to the historian's work in the Bureau of Cultural Assistance for ensuring the development of national and cultural life, primarily, schooling, in the Ukrainian lands occupied by the Central Powers. The resistance to the aspirations of the Ukrainians by some part of the Poles and the Austrian military and governance factors have been revealed. The destruction of Ukrainian lands in 1915 by the retreating Russian troops and the displacement of almost the entire Ukrainian population of the Kholm region deep into Russia are shown. It is pointed out that the scholar recreated the fate of public, scientific, and religious figures of the Kholm region, who put up a persistent resistance to Russification and Polonization of the region, first of all, Greek Catholic bishops Metodii Terletskyi, Yakiv Susha, and Maksymilian Ryll. The professional assistance of I. Krypiakevich and other figures of Halychyna to the Ukrainian delegation at the Brest Peace Conference, regarding Ukraine's western borders, was emphasized, which gave a positive result for Ukrainians in the negotiations between the People's Republic of Ukraine and the Quadruple Alliance. It is mentioned that a large manuscript part of the academician's on a Kholm subject still needs scientific research.

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Gusev, N. S. "The Fate of General Radko Dimitriev and His Memory in Context of Russian-Bulgarian Relations of the Late 19th – Early 20th centuries." MGIMO Review of International Relations 12, no. 6 (January 1, 2020): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-6-69-7-27.

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This article examines the biography of the Bulgarian-born General Radko Dimitriev (1859–1918), who was convinced that the good of his homeland was inextricably linked with Russia and depended on good relations with it. For this good, he went to the overthrow of the monarch, but a decade later due to changes in the vector of Bulgarian policy was able to return home and become a hero. In 1913–1914, R. Dimitriev served as Bulgaria's envoy to Russia and tried to change the negative image of his country. With the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Russian army, and a year later in Bulgaria he was declared a deserter and a traitor. In 1918 he was executed by the Bolsheviks in Pyatigorsk, and in a few decades he became practically a symbol of friendship between the Bulgarian and Russian peoples, which led to retouching the circumstances of his death. The article traces the actions of the General and his motivation. Despite his Bulgarian origin, in 1914 he became nearly the main hero of the war in the Russian public space. The reasons for its popularity were not only in the im-portance of his victories, but also in the fact that R. Dimitriev was called the incarnation of A. V. Suvorov and M. D. Skobelev. The article shows what values, embodiments of which were these popular warlords, were characteristic this Bulgarian general. This is a personal part in the fighting, the care of soldiers, democracy in communication. Modern Russian military also has moved to a new paradigm of command, which, however, worked against their popularity among the soldiers. And at the same time, values of the commander of Suvorov's or Skobelev's types were insolvent in the conditions of revolutionary commotion, and R. Dimitriev lost control of the parts entrusted to it. Because of their gener-osity and love for Russia, he refused to take part in the Civil war that decided his death.The author declares absence of conflict of interest.

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Alasuutari, Pertti. "Alcohol and Communications Policies as Cultural Protectionism." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 13, no. 5-6 (October 1996): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072596013005-601.

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The article compares alcohol policy to electronic media policy as forms of cultural protectionism. This protectionism has coincided with an era of economic protectionism, which in Finland started after World War I and the Finnish Civil War in 1918, and which is now ending as a result of the GATT agreement and Finland's membership of the European Union. During that era, the Finnish nation has not only been protected against imports of foreign agricultural products. The Finnish common people have also been constructed as a populace in need of civilization, and that is why the borders have been closed to bad influences, such as cheap liquor and mass culture. The article discusses the way in which this ‘bio-policy’ (Foucault) affecting peoples' living conditions has formed the Finnish culture, and its notions about art, mass communication and alcoholic drinking. As to notions of alcohol, it is predicted that the meanings of protest aroused by state control policy are gradually fading, and will give way to notions of drinking problems as evidence of a disease.

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Saparov, D. D. "Engineer of a communications A.N. Kulakov as outstanding experts in the field of construction and restoration of railways." Belgorod State University Scientific bulletin. Series: History. Political science 46, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2075-4458-2019-46-4-682-696.

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The article is devoted to one of the most interesting personalities in the history of Russian railways – railway engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Kulakov (1875–1928), a prominent specialist in the field of construction and rehabilitation of railways. From 1898 to 1918, he worked on the Nikolaev, Chinese-Eastern, Ryazan-Ural, Warsaw-Vienna, Podolsk, South-Western railways, having gained vast experience in the field of restructuring, construction, restoration of the road and artificial structures in the Russian-Japanese, World War I and the Civil War. The personality of the railway engineer Kulakov is an example of courage and loyalty to his profession in Yugoslavia, where he was forced to emigrate after the end of the Civil War in Russia. The author analyzes the surviving documents of the personal fund transferred to the Central Museum of Railway Transport of Russia and archival materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, on the basis of which the biographical article was prepared.

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Олександр Вікторович Мосієнко. "PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN AT THE SOUTH-WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR: ANALYSIS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.11184.

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Modernity alongside with new technologies development, fundamental changes in the printing industry and informatization of society presented the mankind with such an invention as propaganda. It became an integral part of authoritarian and totalitarian political regimes of the XXth century. However, as a tool of consciousness manipulation, it was actively used by the empires during the "long" XIXth century. In the conditions of the First World War propaganda played a significant role in the mobilization processes and in the formation of the enemy's image. The article attempts to assess the effectiveness of the propaganda during the First World War. The article examines the researches that analyze the events of the war from the point of view of Soviet, modern Ukrainian and foreign historiography and contain descriptions of the propaganda campaign on the front line and in the rear. The state of modern historical research is highlighted and the prospects of further research are indicated. The study of the experience of the First World War and the information component of the fighting can be useful, given the fact that the Russian Federation today uses ideological stamps of that period.The analysis of existing studies on the issues of the First World War in general and its propaganda component in particular proves an increasing interest in the investigation of information warfare topic. Since 2014, the number of studies devoted to the First World War has increased in domestic and foreign research. The Ukrainian regions were a part of Austria-Hungary and Russia, so the usage of the Ukrainian national question in the propaganda of those states was significant. However, the issue of the propaganda war between the two empires is not covered comprehensively.The first study on this subject was of general practical character. The first foreign scholars who examined propaganda were mass communication specialists. For Soviet historical science, the priority task was to study the revolutionary events of 1917 and the period of the civil war. The events of 1914-1918 were interpreted only as an imperialist war, their study was conducted tendentiously. Modern historiography on the First World War reflects the main directions of the European historical school at the beginning of the XXIst century with a focus on social and socio-cultural history. Foreign historiography is represented by Russian, European and American authors. In their research considerable attention is paid to the topic of military psychology and cultural-anthropological aspects of war. The analysis of the extent of the given problem research in the studies of foreign historians suggests a sufficient level of its investigation. Modern historians pay much attention to the ideological aspect, the analysis of visual propaganda. The interest in considering the mechanisms for the formation of images of the enemy, its state and allies increased. A promising object of historical research is the study of the verbal and nonverbal aspects of the propaganda production of both empires.

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Bogomolov, Igor K. "A “sick man” on a sinking ship: The image of Turkey in the Russian press during the First World War." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 18 (2022): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/18/16.

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The article examines the development of the image of Turkey in the Russian press in 1914-1918. Perceiving the Ottoman Empire as a minor power with a weak army, Russian newspapers and magazines took into account the great strategic and political significance of the new Russian-Turkish war in solving Russia’s “historical tasks” in the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Periodicals of different orientations assessed the significance of the new Russian-Turkish war in different ways. For the conservative press, this was primarily the return of the “cross to St. Sophia”, the return of the Orthodox tsar to Constantinople. The liberal press paid more attention to the economic opportunities from the capture of the Straits. However, for both of them, the victory in the war was perceived as a natural result of the Russian-Turkish confrontation and symbolized the final “expulsion” of Turkey from Europe. In a broader sense, this meant the expulsion of Aziatchina [Asianism] from the “civilization” area. This reasoning was facilitated by major victories on the Caucasian Front (as opposed to the main front in Europe) and regular reports from official sources (Petrograd Telegraph Agency, General Staff) about the socio-economic and political crisis in the Ottoman Empire. The condescending attitude, the underestimation of the combat capability of the Turkish army and Turkey’s resistance to a protracted war prevailed. In many ways, therefore, the Caucasian Front remained secondary, although victory in this theater made it possible to open the Straits and receive large consignments of weapons and ammunition from the Western allies. In 1917, the “dream of Tsargrad,” tacitly proclaimed as the main goal of Russia in the world war, became one of the key factors in the political crisis. In the socialist press, Constantinople and the Straits became the personification of Russian imperialism and the cause of the deaths of millions of soldiers, the impoverishment of the people, and the depletion of the economy. Against this background, the image of Turkey underwent tangible changes. The conservative press developed the image of Turkey as an “Eastern despotism,” a historically doomed autocracy. In fact, it became a new ideological frame for the old military goals of Russia in the world war. The social democratic press turned more to the suffering of ordinary Turks, who were forced to shed blood for goals they did not know. The commonality of the fate of the Turkish and Russian peoples in their long and difficult struggle with the autocracy for the establishment of democracy was emphasized. The economic and political crisis in Russia actually led the second point of view to victory, which influenced the general course of the Russian Revolution. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

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Jones, Geoffrey, and Christina Lubinski. "Managing Political Risk in Global Business: Beiersdorf 1914–1990." Enterprise & Society 13, no. 1 (March 2012): 85–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700010946.

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This article is concerned with business strategies of political risk management during the twentieth century. It focuses especially on Beiersdorf, a pharmaceutical and skin care company in Germany. During World War I, the expropriation of its brands and trademarks revealed its vulnerability to political risk. Following the advent of the Nazi regime in 1933, the largely Jewish owned and managed company faced a uniquely challenging combination of home and host country political risk. This article reviews the company's responses to these adverse circumstances, challenging the prevailing literature that interprets so-called “cloaking” activities as one element of businesses' cooperation with the Nazis. We also depart from the previous literature in assessing the outcomes of the company's strategies after 1945 and examine the challenges and costs faced by the company in recovering the ownership of its brands. While the management of distance became much easier over the course of the twentieth century because of communications improvements, this article shows that the management of governments and political risk grew sharply.

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Gondos, Andrea. "Isaiah Tishby, Új Kelet (New East), and the Cultural Mediation of Zionism in Transylvania (1920–1930)." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 6, no. 3-4 (September 2019): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798919872831.

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This article investigates the spread of Zionism in the Jewish communities of Transylvania devoting special attention to the cultural mediation of the Jewish newspaper, Új Kelet ( New East). Considering representative issues of the Jewish daily, Új Kelet, within 10 years of its inception (from the 1920s), will allow me to describe its key role as the foremost communications outlet for the promotion of Zionist ideas and activities in Transylvania. I will further trace the impact of this newspaper on the life and writings of Isaiah Tishby (1908–1992), one of the preeminent scholars of Kabbalah in the twentieth century, who was exposed to the Jewish daily in his youth and became indelibly transformed by it after its precipitous launch in 1918 on the heels of World War I.

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TURNER, DAVID A. "“Delectable North Wales” and Stakeholders: The London & North Western Railway’s Marketing of North Wales, c.1904–1914." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 864–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.70.

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This article discusses the London & North Western Railway’s (LNWR) marketing activities before 1914. It extends our understanding of British railway marketing by examining how the company forged links with stakeholders in North Wales, particularly the resort authorities, in support of its development of the tourist trade there. While the company remained the dominant force in promoting the region, cooperative working facilitated the sharing of market intelligence, exchange of best practice, coordination of advertising efforts, coordination of services, and the harmonizing of a promotional message that appealed to middle-class discretionary travelers that North Wales was a place for health and pleasure. The article also shows how the LNWR deployed a system of integrated marketing communications, providing one of the earliest known examples within British business of such practice. The sum result was positive impacts on the development of the North Welsh tourist trade in the years before the World War I.

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Denezhuk, Artem Naskidovich, and Andrey Sergeevich Mikaelian. "WORLD WAR I 1914-1918." News of scientific achievements, no. 6 (2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2618-7612-2019-6-18-20.

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Bogomolov, Igor K. "Book review: Tatsumi, Y. & Tsurumi, T. (eds) (2020) Publishing in Tsarist Russia: A history of print media from Enlightenment to Revolution. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 280 р." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie 29 (2022): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/29/10.

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The monograph is dedicated to the broad topic of the development of printing and publishing in Russia in the 18th - early 20th centuries. The study is not generalizing: this task is too complex and multifaceted. The authors touched upon different and at the same time interrelated subjects, some of which were practically not previously investigated. The reviewer notes that the project is based on Japanese historians and literary critics, which once again shows the productive work of Japanese historiography of late imperial Russia. Nine chapters of the monograph are divided into three parts according to the key periods: XVIII-XIX, XIX-XX centuries. and the eve of the 1917 Revolution. At the same time, thematic blocks are visible in each part. The first focuses on the Russian language and literature during the period of their transformation into a part of world culture. Y. Toriyama highlights the activities of the Society Striving for the Translation of Foreign Books created by Catherine II. A.I. Reitblat draws attention to the formation of the very concept of Russian classical literature. H. Kaizawa makes an attempt to rethink the “reactionary” 1880s, noting the importance of this period for the development of Russian literature, recognition of its importance and influence in Russia and around the world. The second part focuses on the development of the press of the peoples of the empire and the role of foreigners. The importance of the latter is noted by Y. Tatsumi, who speaks about several immigrants from Poland and Germany who managed to create large publishing firms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. T. Inoue analyzes in detail the influence of the Russian press on the national identity and representation of the Kalmyks. D. Ross tells about the development of newspapers and magazines in the Tatar language, and A. Sakurama about the publishing activities of the baptized Tatars. Finally, the third part focuses on the impact of the 1905 Revolution and World War I on print and publishing. M. Stockdale examines in detail the period of 1914-1918, noting the importance of the press in the interest of Russian society in the events on the fronts of the war. T. Tsurumi briefly describes the situation and development of the Zionist press in Siberia and Chinese Harbin on the eve and during the Revolution and the Russian Civil War. On the whole, the monograph leaves the impression of a thorough work, in which important and interesting plots, though often poorly covered in historiography, are raised. Perhaps, there is a lack of a more detailed analysis of the development of the press during the revolutionary period, but this does not reduce the merits of the book, a rare example in modern historiography of late imperial Russia. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

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Marsenić, Miloš, and Saša Stanojević. "Digital resources in history teaching with reference to the European project Europeana." Зборник радова Филозофског факултета у Приштини 50, no. 4 (2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp50-28944.

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The development of new technologies and the information society has accelerated changes in everyday life and modern teaching. Information and communication technologies (ICT) better motivate students to learn. In order to better preserve historical sources, they are digitized and thus protected, hence researchers can access the source faster and at a less cost. The possibilities of using the Internet in teaching are vast. It is necessary for schools to have computers, as well as for teachers and students to be motivated to use new electronic sources. Many websites have original historical material, from written and printed sources to audio-visual ones. We can call all this material digital resources (materials, sources, electronic historical sources). Teachers need to create engaging and imaginative teaching materials. However, a critical approach and caution in working with materials from the internet is essential. It is the teacher's responsibility to recommend verified sites and documents. Much of the material on the Internet has been posted with the conscious intention of spreading inaccurate data. The possibilities of ICT are great in history studies, as well. It is possible to modernize teaching at all levels of studies, but the financial capabilities of schools do not allow the possibility of keeping up with those innovations. One of the web portals that can be used for teaching purposes with its digitized content is Europeana. It is a database of the cultural and historical heritage of Europe, through which it is possible to search the digitized material of institutions. The Europeana portal is a broad project that provides free access to tens of millions of digital units. One of the most important collections within this portal is dedicated to the First World War and is called Europeana 1914-1918.

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Ivanova, Natalia. "Petrograd: First World War (19141918)." Cahiers Bruxellois Brusselse Cahiers XLVI, no. 1E (2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/brux.046e.0159.

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Nolan, Cathal J. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918." International History Review 34, no. 3 (September 2012): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.718125.

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Kahn, Marcel-Francis. "The World War I (1914–1918) and rheumatology." Joint Bone Spine 81, no. 5 (October 2014): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.04.015.

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Gregory, Dr Adrian. "Civilians in a world at war, 1914–1918." First World War Studies 4, no. 2 (October 2013): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2013.843885.

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M L, Revanna. "Problems of Industrialization Mysore -1914 -1918." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (February 6, 2021): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3962.

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During the First World War period, despite the best efforts by the Government of Mysore it was difficult to start and run many industries which required large -scale import of machineries. The First World War had broken the regular commercial traffic between Europe, the Mediterranean and India. On the one hand, the state escaped from the reckless floatation of companies that characterized the boom that followed the war, but some capital was invested in shares in outside companies. However as far as the investment in the new industries was concerned, capital was certainly shy in Mysore during the warperiod1. This situation continued even in the early twenties. Even during 1921-22, business conditions continued to be unfavorable throughout the year. Heavy losses were sustained by per-sons engaged in the business of piece-goods, timber, hides and skins and to a certain extent in food grains.

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23

Gregory, Adrian. "1914–1918: The History of the First World War." English Historical Review 120, no. 488 (September 1, 2005): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei347.

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Kovalskyi, Stanislav. "The stages of the US Mediterranean policy`s development in the 19th century: geopolitical outlines and economic interests." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 10 (2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.5.

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The Mediterranean Sea is an important geopolitical region which defines the economic and strategic interests of the world powers, including the USA. The author`s vision of the US Mediterranean policy and its periodization was presented in the article. Research objective: the paper is devoted to the problem of the US Mediterranean policy in the 19th century. The purpose of the presented study is to research origin and development of the US Mediterranean policy taking into account the context of the European and world historical processes. Scientific novelty: the innovative nature of the article lies in the revision of the approach to the US Mediterranean policy`s timeline. The author`s periodization of the US Mediterranean policy was presented in the research. A special attention was focused on the US economic and geopolitical interests` transformations at each stage. Research methods. The history and genetic method was used in the article. It helps to research the origins of the US Mediterranean policy and to separate this policy into self-contained stages. Author`s periodization of the US Mediterranean policy became practical results of the mentioned method. The author demonstrated connections between all stages as holistic process of the American foreign policy`s evolution. An accent is done on research of geopolitical and economic interests of the USA in the field of the system analysis. That allows to consider connection between American foreign policy and European and world historical processes. The influence of the Concert of Europe and the Doctrine of Monroe on the US Mediterranean policy was taken into account also. Conclusions. In contradiction with widespread vision of the US Mediterranean policy in the 19th century as an unseparated historical period, it is possible to defined three stages. The first period (1776–1823) represented the early vision of the American state`s economic interests. The US Mediterranean policy until 1823 was characterized by intensive commercial, political and military activity in the region. The first military conflict in the history of the USA as an independent state was connected with the trade routes and security of navigation in the Mediterranean Sea. The second period (1823–1898) was characterized by principles of the Monroe Doctrine. During the period of isolationism, the USA maintained diplomatic and economic ties with the Mediterranean countries. A main aspect of the US Mediterranean policy at the mention period consisted of the humanitarian and commercial efforts in the Northern Africa and The Middle East. The third period (1898–1914) showed a gradually revision of the Monroe Doctrine. The transformation of the American political course was observed after the Spanish war and in the eve of the First World War. It was concluded that the Mediterranean policy of the USA in 19th century had an evolutional character and corresponded with inclusive European and American policy. Each of the mentioned stages represented an important period of history of the American diplomacy and foreign policy, that is why a research has a prospect for a future survey.

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Thorpe, Wayne. "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 10, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.

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This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.

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Vanhaesebrouck, Karel. "Theatre of War: Commemorating World War I in Belgium." TDR/The Drama Review 61, no. 4 (December 2017): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00691.

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Every town and village throughout Flanders is commemorating the gruesome events of 1914–1918 with a range of activities. Some of these propose intelligent and thoroughly researched perspectives on WWI, while others are just simple tourist entertainments. Flemish theatre artists enthusiastically contribute to this frenzy, although some choose to deconstruct the folkloric myths to comment on the economics of the commemoration industry or on present-day atrocities.

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Denyssov, V. N. "World war and international law. 100 years to the First world war 1914–1918." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava” 30 (2019): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2019-30-375-383.

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Bingham, Adrian. "Writing the First World War after 1918." Journalism Studies 17, no. 4 (March 2016): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2016.1153344.

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Honcar, B. "American diplomacy and the outbreak of 1914-1918 World War." Україна дипломатична, Вип. 15 (2014): 633.

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Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918." German History 7, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635548900700204.

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Farrar, L. L. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918." History: Reviews of New Books 26, no. 3 (April 1998): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528124.

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Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918." German History 7, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/7.2.226.

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Speransky, A. "Uralian arsenal of the First world war 1914–1918 years." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 16, no. 4 (2016): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh160417.

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Showalter, Dennis, and Holger H. Herwig. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 61, no. 4 (October 1997): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954103.

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Lyubovets, Nadiia. "The First World War 1914-1918 in a Memoir Representation." Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, no. 64 (October 14, 2022): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.64.196.

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Simonenko, E. S. "Naval Policy of Canada during First World War (1914—1918)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 8 (October 30, 2022): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-436-452.

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The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.

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Turda, Marius. "The Biology of War: Eugenics in Hungary, 1914–1918." Austrian History Yearbook 40 (April 2009): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000186.

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Much has been written concerning the impact of World War I on the development of eugenic thinking, especially in Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries. This has led historians to examine not only specific eugenic movements, but also the international nexus of institutional collaboration, personal affinities, and transfer of ideas. If before 1914, eugenicists from various countries were united in their quest to improve society by biological means—a form of internationalism culminating in the First International Congress on Eugenics organized in 1912 in London—during World War I, many of them engaged in national politics, devising eugenic methodologies to serve the ideological imperatives of their own countries rather than the proclaimed universalism of the prewar years.

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Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918." New England Quarterly 91, no. 2 (June 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.

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Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.

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Woodward, David R. "The Great War, 1914-1918, and: Who's Who in World War One (review)." Journal of Military History 67, no. 4 (2003): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0341.

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Канинская, Г. Н. ""War Culture" in German Postcards of 1914-1918." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.029.

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В статье рассматривается монография доктора исторических наук А.С. Медякова, изданная в 2021 г. В ней автор, на основе анализа солидного массива немецких открыток периода Первой мировой войны, показал, как формировалась «культура войны» в визуальной форме, как конструировался, поддерживался и эволюционировал в немецком обществе образ врага и союзника. Военный дискурс в книге представлен по многим срезам: социокультурному, историко-генетическому, идейно-пропаган-дистскому, сравнительному, лингвистическому. The article discusses the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander S. Medyakov, published in 2021. The author, who devoted a quarter of a century to collecting old postcards, for the first time in Russian historical science, showed based on the analysis of a solid array of German postcards from the period of the First World War, how the “culture of war” was formed » in visual form, how the image of the enemy and ally was designed, maintained and evolved in German society. The military discourse in the book is presented in many sections: socio-cultural, historical-genetic, ideological-propaganda, comparative, linguistic. The practice of distribution of printed materials is disclosed in detail, much attention is paid to the state and private press, competition in the postcard market, and censorship.

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Begum, Imrana. "The Muslims of India and the First World War 1914-1918." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research 5 (March 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2371-1655.2019.05.01.

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GELFAND, LAWRENCE E. "Through the Prism of Seven Decades: The World War, 1914?1918." Diplomatic History 14, no. 1 (January 1990): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00079.x.

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Siebrecht, Claudia. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918." European History Quarterly 42, no. 2 (April 2012): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412440082x.

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Fischer, Christopher. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914-1918 (review)." Journal of World History 23, no. 2 (2012): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0038.

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Monger, David. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918." Journal of Contemporary History 47, no. 3 (July 2012): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009412440542c.

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ERMACORA, MATTEO. "Assistance and Surveillance: War Refugees in Italy, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 16, no. 4 (November 2007): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004110.

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AbstractThis article deals with the forms of assistance given to refugees in Italy during the First World War. The entire subject has been neglected because of the dominant myth of a victorious nation. The Italian situation was peculiar because of the high level of migration and the multi-ethnic origin of people in the border areas. By pinpointing the pattern of relocation in Italy during the war this article seeks to explain the policies pursued by the state and by aid agencies, the rationale behind that aid and the continuities and discontinuities in the assistance given to the refugees. Significant political, juridical and social issues evolved around the image of the refugee, including the protection that the state owed to its citizens.

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Samson, Anne. "The End of the 1914–1918 War in Africa." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 27/3 (September 17, 2018): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.27.3.05.

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The end of the First World War in Africa occurred at different times across the continent as the German colonies capitulated and surrendered to the allied forces between 26 August 1914 and 25 November 1918. The experience of each territory was indicative of its colonial development and local conditions. As the war inched across the landscape so people moved between states of peace and conflict, all caught up in some aspect either directly or through the provision of food and other materials. This chapter explores different experiences across the continent and the legacy of the discussions at Versailles. ERRATUM Anne Samson and the editors of Anglica: An International Journal for English Studies wish to apologize to George Ndakwena Njung for the misspelling of his name in the in-text references and the references section (90, 92, 110).

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Clavin, Patricia. "The Economic Consequences of the War and the Peace." Current History 113, no. 766 (November 1, 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2014.113.766.324.

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Grdina, Igor. "Activism, Meditation and Contemplation: Music and the First World War." Musicological Annual 53, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.53.2.5-21.

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The paper discusses the turn from activism to contemplation in the works of many music creators during the First World War. It also discusses the reasons why the reception of music during the conflict of 1914–1918 was the most restricted so far, prohibiting the performance of works by creators from enemy countries.

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Shevchenko, V. "The Great War of 1914-1918 and Ukraine: Historical Memory and Commemoration." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-7.

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The First World War was a turning point in the development of civilization. Ukraine was at the center of this global conflict. Some of the largest and bloodiest offensive operations took place on itslands (East Halychyna, Bukovyna, Volyn), and the population was forced to fight on both sides of the front. Nevertheless, for many years the national public and professional researchers has beenoverlooked the War. In this paper, the Great War of 1914-1918 was been considered in the light of the historical memory of Ukrainian society and commemorative practices. In Eastern Halychyna, which was part of Poland after the War, there were intensive efforts to preserve the burials of war victims. In the Ukrainian state, the first steps to perpetuate the memory of the victims were made under the Hetman P. Skoropadskyi. Soviet authorities systematically «supplanted» the memory of the First World War from the mass consciousness, so that it was «forgotten».With changing approaches to the coverage of the historical past in independent Ukraine, interest towards the events of 1914-1918 has increased, and the process of perpetuating and commemoratingthem was intensified. Now, the restoration of the historical truth about the First World War and its preservation require the constructive interaction of the state, public organizations, specialists fromdifferent fields of knowledge.

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