Journal articles: 'World trade web'

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Li, Xiang, Yu Ying Jin, and Guanrong Chen. "Complexity and synchronization of the World trade Web." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 328, no. 1-2 (October 2003): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(03)00567-3.

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Maratea, Antonio, Alfredo Petrosino, and Mario Manzo. "Triadic Motifs in the Partitioned World Trade Web." Procedia Computer Science 98 (2016): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.079.

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Ding, Cangfeng, and Kan Li. "Estimating multilateral trade behaviors on the world trade web with limited information." Neurocomputing 210 (October 2016): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2015.11.127.

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Skowron, P., M. Karpiarz, A. Fronczak, and P. Fronczak. "Spanning Trees of the World Trade Web: Real-World Data and the Gravity Model of Trade." Acta Physica Polonica A 127, no. 3a (March 2015): A—123—A—128. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.127.a-123.

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Erola, Pau, Albert Díaz-Guilera, Sergio Gómez, and Alex Arenas. "Modeling international crisis synchronization in the world trade web." Networks and Heterogeneous Media 7, no. 3 (October 2012): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/nhm.2012.7.385.

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Tzekina, I., K. Danthi, and D. N. Rockmore. "Evolution of community structure in the world trade web." European Physical Journal B 63, no. 4 (May 8, 2008): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2008-00181-2.

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Serrano, M. Ángeles, Marián Boguñá, and Alessandro Vespignani. "Patterns of dominant flows in the world trade web." Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 2, no. 2 (October 5, 2007): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-007-0026-y.

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Arnott, David H. "THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE: GATT, NAFTA, AND THE WEB." Competitiveness Review 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046346.

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Garlaschelli, D., T. Di Matteo, T. Aste, G. Caldarelli, and M. I. Loffredo. "Interplay between topology and dynamics in the World Trade Web." European Physical Journal B 57, no. 2 (May 2007): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2007-00131-6.

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Foti, Nicholas J., Scott Pauls, and Daniel N. Rockmore. "Stability of the World Trade Web over time – An extinction analysis." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 1889–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2013.04.009.

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Fagiolo, Giorgio, Javier Reyes, and Stefano Schiavo. "The evolution of the world trade web: a weighted-network analysis." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 20, no. 4 (July 25, 2009): 479–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-009-0160-x.

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Fan, Tianlong, Hao Li, Xiao-Long Ren, Shuqi Xu, Youzhao Gou, and Linyuan Lü. "The rise and fall of countries on world trade web: A network perspective." International Journal of Modern Physics C 32, no. 08 (May 11, 2021): 2150121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183121501217.

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World Trade Web is the backbone of the global economy system. Identifying influential countries and regions in such a network and revealing their importance evolution over time are helpful for understanding global economic development. Here, we collect the worldwide trade data in commodities of 232 countries and regions from 1996 to 2015 from the UN Comtrade Database, based on which a series of weighted world trade networks are constructed. Since the networks are almost fully connected, most of the existing methods may fail in identifying the important nodes. To tackle this issue, we apply the generalized Degree, [Formula: see text]-index and Coreness (DHC) theorem to the constructed networks and use weighted degree and coreness to quantify nodes’ importance, since they can make full use of the weight information to accurately evaluate nodes’ significance. Then, we analyze the rankings of countries and regions measured by various indicators, whose differences and advantages are also compared. We further present the evolution of countries’ significance over time, two typical groups of countries. The results show that the influence of a country or region has a strong correlation with its economic scale, but a relatively weak correlation with the diversity of its trade structure. Finally, based on the findings, we put forward corresponding strategies to enhance the trade influence for different types of countries.

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Schrader, Wayne L., Ronald E. Voss, and Kent J. Bradford. "World Wide Web Access to Multimedia Resources." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 588d—588. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.588d.

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Agricultural producers in the United States require timely and accurate information on critical issues, environmental crises, and best management practices to make effective production decisions and to remain competitive in a global economy. Sources of information (university departments, extension, industry, consultants, scientific and trade publications) often take a single discipline approach that makes it difficult for growers to process and utilize information effectively. The high cost of printed publications make frequent updates impractical, while rapidly changing technologies and issues demand continual publication changes and updates. The rapid development and peer review of multi-discipline, research based information is possible through computer information transfer technology. The Univ. of California's Vegetable Crops Research and Information Center (VRIC) has developed a new World Wide Web site to disseminate peer-reviewed fact sheets, research results, updated publications, and multi-media educational resources relating to critical issues, best management practices, postharvest handling, and marketing of vegetable crops. The website disseminates multi-discipline information originating from the Univ. of California, the USDA, and cooperating agencies and universities. The VRIC website proactively sends peer-reviewed critical issue fact sheets to selected news media, government, industry, and academic contacts. These fact sheets help personnel frequently contacted by the media during crises to answer questions effectively. The website directs visitors to additional agricultural information resources and contains information on careers and educational opportunities available in the field of vegetable crops.

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Zell, Hans M. "African Publishers, Booksellers, and Book Trade Organizations on the World Wide Web." African Book Publishing Record 26, no. 3 (January 2000): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abpr.2000.26.3.189.

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Chiarucci, Riccardo, Franco Ruzzenenti, and Maria I. Loffredo. "Detecting spatial homogeneity in the World Trade Web with Detrended Fluctuation Analysis." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 401 (May 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.01.019.

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Fagiolo, Giorgio, Tiziano Squartini, and Diego Garlaschelli. "Null models of economic networks: the case of the world trade web." Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 8, no. 1 (September 22, 2012): 75–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-012-0104-7.

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Li, Meng-Hao, Abu Bakkar Siddique, Brian Wilson, Amit Patel, Hadi El-Amine, and Naoru Koizumi. "Identifying kidney trade networks using web scraping data." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 9 (September 2022): e009803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009803.

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Kidney trade has been on the rise despite the domestic and international law enforcement aiming to protect the vulnerable population from potential exploitation. Regional hubs are emerging in several parts of the world including South Asia, Central America, the Middle East and East Asia. Kidney trade networks reported in these hot spots are often complex systems involving several players such as buyers, sellers and surgery countries operating across international borders so that they can bypass domestic laws in sellers and buyers’ countries. The exact patterns of the country networks are, however, largely unknown due to the lack of a systematic approach to collect the data. Most of the kidney trade information is currently available in the form of case studies, court materials and news articles or reports, and no comprehensive database exists at this time. The present study thus explored online newspaper scraping to systematically collect 10 419 news articles from 24 major English newspapers in South Asia (January 2016 to May 2019) and build transnational kidney trade networks at the country level. Additionally, this study applied text mining techniques to extract words from each news article and developed machine learning algorithms to identify kidney trade and non-kidney trade news articles. Our findings suggest that online newspaper scraping coupled with the machine learning method is a promising approach to compile such data, especially in the dire shortage of empirical data.

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Callo-Concha, Daniel, Hannah Jaenicke, Christine B. Schmitt, and Manfred Denich. "Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards a Regional Bioeconomy." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052013.

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The bioeconomy concept has the aim of adding sustainability to the production, transformation and trade of biological goods. Though taken up throughout the world, the development of national bioeconomies is uneven, especially in the global South, where major challenges exist in Sub-Saharan Africa with respect to implementation. The BiomassWeb project aims to underpin the bioeconomy concept by applying the ‘value web’ approach, which seeks to uncover complex interlinked value webs instead of linear value chains. The project also aimed to develop intervention options to strengthen and optimize the synergies and trade-offs among different value chains. The special issue “Advances in Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: Towards a Basis for a Regional Bioeconomy" compiles 22 articles produced in this framework. The articles are grouped in four sections: the value web approach; the production side; processing, transformation and trade; and global views. The synthesis presented in this paper introduces the challenges of the African bioeconomy and the value web approach, and outlines the contributing articles.

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Maggi, Giovanni. "The Role of Multilateral Institutions in International Trade Cooperation." American Economic Review 89, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.1.190.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) lacks the power to directly enforce agreements. It is therefore important to understand what role the WTO can play to facilitate international cooperation, and whether a multilateral institution can offer distinct advantages over a web of bilateral agreements. This paper examines two potential benefits of a multilateral trade institution: first, verifying violations of the agreements and informing third parties, thus facilitating multilateral reputation mechanisms; second, promoting multilateral trade negotiations rather than a web of bilateral negotiations. The model suggests that a multilateral approach is particularly important when there are strong imbalances in bilateral trading relationships. (JEL F13)

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Fagiolo, Giorgio, Javier Reyes, and Stefano Schiavo. "On the topological properties of the world trade web: A weighted network analysis." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 387, no. 15 (June 2008): 3868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2008.01.050.

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SHI, YUE, and HAIZHONG SHI. "ON THE TRADE WEB OF CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES: A NETWORK ANALYSIS." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 05, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830913500328.

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In recent years, World Trade Web (WTW), also known as international trade network (ITN) was expressed by different models, including binary undirected network (BUN), weighted undirected network (WUN), binary directed network (BDN) and weighted directed network (WDN), etc. Making use of the models, scholars have analyzed topological properties (e.g., node's degree and strength), clustering (e.g., clustering coefficient) and dynamics, etc. In this paper, we express the strength of trade relations of China and the United States (or other bilateral or multilateral trade) by number or weight of subgraphs or subdigraphs in WTW instead of node's degree and strength, we also propose patterns of subgraphs or subdigraphs including only 3 nodes C (China), A (the United States) and i (a 3rd country or district) in BUN, WUN, BDN and WDN. These indexes not only overcome the limitation of node's degree or strength in WTW, but also express bilateral or multilateral trade status. In WDN, we particularly propose 16 patterns of subdigraphs in place of the traditional patterns (e.g., export, import, import and export) of trade status of a country or district, which gives a better description of trade status of China and the United States.

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Loebbecke, Claudia, Philip Powell, and Carl Gallagher. "Buy the Book: Electronic Commerce in the Book Trade." Journal of Information Technology 14, no. 3 (September 1999): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629901400309.

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Exploitation of the World Wide Web (WWW) is a pipedream for many businesses, as they do not or cannot analyse their motives for having a web site. Many do not understand that there is more to a successful web site than having a corporate logo on a home page. They do not foresee the effort that goes into maintaining a web site, the increased competition from exposure to a ‘global market’ via the Internet and the impact a web site will have on the existing business. This case study allows analysis of the opportunities and risks of launching electronic commerce (EC) services in the case of the Co-op Bookshop, Australia's largest academic bookseller. The case describes Co-op's difficult progression to a profitable WWW presence and investigates potential developments due to growing competition from ‘global players’ and increasing amalgamation between bookselling over the WWW and electronic publishing. The case outlines the four possibilities by which a firm can profit from its Internet activities and transfers these general benefits to Internet service provision by bookstores. In particular, it directs attention to thinking of the core goals of the business, how a WWW presence helps to meet these goals and whether the introduction of a web site changes the direction of the business. This leads to a consideration of the nature of the web site. The case study allows exploration of the current customers and markets and why the firm focuses on these. Further, there are the issues of the resources required to set up and maintain a web site, how the site may be integrated into the existing business and its growth path. These issues are explored and modelled in the teaching notes and further background detail is given.

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Randle, Quint, Lucinda D. Davenport, and Howard Bossen. "Newspapers Slow to Use Web Sites for 9/11 Coverage." Newspaper Research Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2003): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953290302400107.

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This analysis of 89 U.S. daily newspaper Web sites on Sept. 11, 2001, shows that 65 percent of the home pages in the late morning and 38 percent in the late afternoon said nothing about the World Trade Center bombings. By late afternoon only 43 percent of the home pages had at least one photo or video of the 9/11 attacks.

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Giannakoulopoulos, Andreas, Minas Pergantis, Laida Limniati, and Alexandros Kouretsis. "Investigating the Country of Origin and the Role of the .eu TLD in External Trade of European Union Member States." Future Internet 14, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14060174.

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The Internet, and specifically the World Wide Web, has always been a useful tool in the effort to achieve more outward-looking economies. The launch of the .eu TLD (top-level domain) in December of 2005 introduced the concept of a pan-European Internet identity that aimed to enhance the status of European citizens and businesses on the global Web. In this study, the countries of origin of websites that choose to use the .eu TLD are investigated and the reasoning behind that choice, as well as its relation to each country’s economy and external trade are discussed. Using the Web as a tool, information regarding a vast number of existing .eu websites was collected, through means of Web data extraction, and this information was analyzed and processed by a detailed algorithm that produced results concerning each website’s most probable country of origin based on a multitude of factors. This acquired knowledge was then used to investigate relations with each member-state’s presence in its local ccTLD, its GDP and its external trade revenue. The study establishes a correlation between presence in the .eu TLD and external trade that is both independent of a country’s GDP and stronger than the relation between its local ccTLD presence and external trade.

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Mueller, Milton, and Karl Grindal. "Data flows and the digital economy: information as a mobile factor of production." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2018-0044.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the direction and balance of transnational information flows and look at how nonpriced digital information exchanges related to international trade in goods and services. Design/methodology/approach The authors obtained quantitative data about Web-related data flows between countries and regions using Telegeography data on “Server Location as a Percentage of Top Websites.” They then explore how those flows are correlated to trade in goods. Findings Web traffic is highly transnational. More than half of the top 100 websites in 9 of the world’s 13 sub-regions are hosted in the USA. More than 15 per cent of the top 100 websites in 9 of the 13 subregions are hosted in Western Europe. East Asia has the largest negative balance in the relationship between incoming and outgoing Web requests. The authors found a very strong negative correlation (−0.878) between Web traffic balances and the balance of trade in goods across all subregions. A similarly strong positive correlation was found with services trade; however, the incompleteness of the data does not allow for strong conclusions yet. Research limitations/implications Further research is needed to correlate Web traffic flows with capital flows. The authors also do not have a well-developed theory to explain the strong negative correlation between information flows and goods trade. Practical implications The data and analysis have useful implications for digital economy policy. It indicates that digital protectionism of the sort practice by China may succeed in increasing domestic producers’ share of Web requests, but does not make them globally competitive. The strong negative correlation between the balance of unpriced Web information and the balance of trade in goods indicates interdependence rather than domination, challenging narratives that information flow imbalances are caused by market power of the big platforms. Social implications The paper demonstrates the degree to which unpriced digital exchanges are transnational and how various countries are more or less globally competitive in the supply of information that the rest of the world finds attractive. Originality/value No other published papers have used the data on website traffic data, and previous research has not explored empirically the correlation between information flows and goods trade.

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Dai, Meifeng, Danping Zhang, and Lei Li. "Topology properties of a weighted multi-local-world evolving network." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 3 (March 2015): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0112.

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Many real-world networks, ranging from the world trade web to the Internet network, have been described by multi-local-worlds. It is obvious that the nodes within a local world are much more connected to each other than to the others outside the local world. A multi-local-world model can capture and describe these real-world networks’ topological properties. Based on the local-world model, a weighted multi-local-world evolving network model is presented. This model combines selected nodes with preferential attachment and three kinds of local changes of weights. Using a rate equation and the mean-field method, we study the network’s properties: the weight distribution and the strength distribution. We theoretically prove that the weight distribution and the strength distribution follow a power-law distribution in some conditions. Numerical simulations are in agreement with the theoretical results.

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Khaleel Ibrahim, Asaad. "Evolution of the Web: from Web 1.0 to 4.0." Qubahan Academic Journal 1, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v1n3a75.

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The internet has become a vital component of the twenty-first century as technology has advanced. The number of new technologies emerging in tandem with the qualities supplied by the Internet is rapidly increasing. The World Wide Web (WWW), which is commonly referred to as the world's largest information environment, is a vital virtual environment in which internet users may trade, read, and publish information using a Web browser. Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 technologies have all been seen and are still being observed in this review paper. However, there is no clear definition for Web 4.0, which is a 4th generation web technology, in the literature. Web 4.0 has multiple dimensions, as seen by the first examples that have appeared. Big data, augmented reality, machine-to-machine communication (M2M), cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, as well as smart agents, will be able to integrate in the future years. Web 4.0 is a web technology revolution that includes a new internet of things (IoT) that interacts with a variety of models. The goal of this study is to clarify the notion of Web 4.0, which is viewed as an intelligent and symbiotic (human-machine interaction) network with massive interfaces and linkages, as well as to contribute to the literature by studying its many dimensions and investigating its links with new generation technologies.

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Surmont, Tim, Helgi Valur Daníelsson, Brendan Hughes, and Roumen Sedefov. "The “Spice” Trade." International Criminal Justice Review 28, no. 3 (December 12, 2017): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717745345.

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There are currently over 170 synthetic cannabinoids monitored by the European Union Early Warning System, making it the single largest group of new psychoactive substances, often marketed as “legal” replacements to cannabis. The Internet, coupled with cheap and efficient shipping, has allowed countries like China and India to become the chemical and pharmaceutical wholesalers and retailers to the world. These companies ship synthetic cannabinoids to Europe, where they are processed and packaged into a range of products, smokable herbal mixtures being the most common one. The herbal mixtures, often referred to as “Spice,” are then sold via online shops on the surface web, using sophisticated marketing techniques, potentially generating high profits. We decided to use available data on the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PINACA to estimate those profits. After making an inventory of the required materials and the typical retail price, we made a lower and upper bound profit estimation. We found that the return on costs varies between 3.3 and 24.4 after the first production and rises to a range between 5.5 and 42.5. By applying a basic economic model, our estimations show that profits in this type of business are substantial.

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Klein-Bernard, Pablo. "The Cushioned Negotiation: The Case of WTOs Industrial Tariff Liberalization." Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 4 (August 1, 2012): 847–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012026.

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This article is about the World Trade Organization's Doha Round negotiation on industrial tariffs - i.e., WTO law making process. We make a number of observations on the most recent negotiating text, the December 2008 modalities, based on simulations of its implementation for different types of WTO members. The imports of developed countries and advanced developing countries, which represent one third of the WTO membership but 95% of world trade, are liberalized to a small degree. The other two thirds of the WTO membership are covered under a complex web of special categories and exceptions that calls into question their future participation in the international trading system. Moreover, the tariff reductions are to be achieved in a highly differentiated manner across WTO members. All the different cases and carve outs in the text are like cushions that members use to avoid undertaking a more significant trade liberalization, but in doing so they also defeat the Doha mandate in terms of the degree of ambition required.

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Chesney, Thomas, Swee-Hoon Chuah, Angela R. Dobele, and Robert Hoffmann. "Information richness and trust in v-commerce: implications for services marketing." Journal of Services Marketing 31, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-02-2015-0099.

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Purpose The potential for e-commerce is limited by a trust deficit when traders do not interact in a physical, bricks-and-mortar context. The theory of information richness posits that equivocal interactions, such as ones requiring trust, can be facilitated through communication media that transmit multiple cues interactively. This study aims to examine the potential of information-rich virtual worlds to reduce this trust deficit compared with more traditional Web-based e-tailing environments. Design/methodology/approach Rather than focusing on stated intentions, the authors adopt an experimental approach to measure behaviour. Participants receive performance-related financial incentives to perform trust games in different information-rich treatments that represent three retail environments: a physical environment representing bricks-and-mortar trade, an electronic environment representing Web-based online retailing and a virtual environment representing virtual world retail. Findings The authors find that the two dimensions of trust significantly differ between the treatments. In particular, as hypothesised, both trustingness and trustworthiness are higher in the virtual than in the electronic environment. However, contrary to the hypotheses, physical trade is not associated with greater trust than virtual trade. Research limitations/implications The authors extend previous research by demonstrating how the information richness of the virtual world interface can promote e-commerce by deepening trust between trading partners. This research also complements existing work that approaches product and service interfaces through the lens of servicescapes. Practical implications The findings also contribute towards the development of services marketing practice and the design of e-commerce environments. Originality/value Much of the work in this space considers purchase intentions and attitudes around trust, whereas this study looks at actual trust behaviour in the virtual space.

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Seil, MPH, Kacie, Shengchao Yu, PhD, MA, Robert Brackbill, PhD, MPH, and Lennon Turner, MPH. "Web and paper survey mode patterns and preferences, Health & Employment Survey, World Trade Center Health Registry." Survey Practice 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29115/sp-2021-0006.

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Rovetta, Davide, Davide Rovetta, and Davide Rovetta. "WTO Dispute Settlement with Respect to Customs Matters." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 4 (April 1, 2009): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009013.

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Finding Belgian chocolates in Papua New Guinea is perhaps the perfect example of globalization and trade liberalization, but the whole web of trade issues behind the curtains is what puts to test the trading order established under the World Trade Organization(WTO). The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs 1994 (hereinafter ‘GATT 1994’) inherited the detailed framework for trade in goods based on the tripod of bound tariffs and the non–discriminatory application of tariff protection by way of the most favoured nation (MFN) principle and national treatment obligations. The only GATT–permissible protection is customs duties although there are other ‘business’, ‘non–business’, and ‘institutional’ exceptions to GATT.2 The complicated schematics of the application of customs duties have been the source of several disputes between the WTO members. This article examines certain customs issues and related disputes as also the tariff classification disputes that have arisen before the WTO dispute settlement body.

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Kannan, R. Rajesh, and S. Vasantha. "COVID 19 Outbreaks on the Growth of Self Servicing Technology Using Digital Payments." Webology 18, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18i2/web18305.

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In comparison to any other International crisis, Covid19 was sudden and did not leave much time for individuals or Governments to prepare in terms of the impact it had on healthcare infrastructure or trade-in various sectors. The modern world is highly connected and stopping the inter-country movement of people is very difficult. Given the rapid increase of cases, Covid19 was declared as a pandemic and for lack of any other viable option, most Governments chose the way of locking down the economy. There was little information on how Covid19 spreads mortality rate or recovery rate, etc. Impetus on social distancing forced people to get wary of any contact including the exchange of cash which in turn resulted in the rapid adoption of alternate measures such as digital payments. Supply chain management was badly hit and demand for essential products and services increased significantly. Although overall volumes of digital payments went down due to adverse impact on several sectors, its usage as a replacement of cash increased significantly. This sudden increase and adoption by people who are not technology-savvy gave rise to frauds and cyber-attacks. Thus there arose a need for stringent regulations, the evolution of technology, and enhanced user education. There has been a significant push by the Government for achieving a cashless economy and digital payments surely will provide robust support for this objective. RBI has also proposed a self-regulatory body for digital payment and has taken initiatives like making NEFT available 24*7 and removing applicable charges. There are rising impetus and applications of digital payment technologies in day-to-day and business-related trade transactions.

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MacRae, Rod. "Do trade agreements substantially limit development of local / sustainable food systems in Canada?" Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2014): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v1i1.25.

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A common view in policy and business circles is that certain elements of trade agreements (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade rules, the World Trade Organization Agreement on Agriculture, and the North American Free Trade Agreement) and the Canadian Agreement on Internal Trade significantly limit the policy and program instruments available to support the development of local/sustainable food systems. This exploratory textual analysis of select trade articles, filtered through a local/sustainable lens, suggests that Canadian governments can put in place more substantial policy and program drivers without triggering trade disputes. Of particular note is that local/sustainable foods may not be considered equivalent to imported conventional ones, and therefore many provisions of the trade agreements may not be applicable. Equally important, the rules do permit certain kinds of support, there are numerous exemptions and thresholds for application of measures, and many current actors in local/sustainable implementation may not be subject to the agreements. Based on this textual analysis, pertinent instrument design features are proposed that would allow governments and other parties to support local/sustainable food systems without triggering trade disputes. You are invited to respond to this article by sending an email to <a href="mailto:editor@canadianfoodstudies.ca">editor@canadianfoodstudies.ca</a>. Find this article and a continuously updated dialogue of responses by visiting the article’s dedicated <a title="Food Systems Transistion Stream v1i1.25" href="/index.php/cfs/pages/view/v1i1.25">web page</a>.

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Marchenko, Tetyana, and Andrii Tymchuk. "Cross-industry analysis of Ukraine’s competitiveness in the world high-tech goods market." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 1-2 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.1-2.8.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is to study of Ukraine's trade competitiveness in high-tech goods based on data on the value of Ukrainian exports by separate product groups. Methodology of research. The study was based on Ukraine’s international trade data, obtained through queries in the World Integrated Trade Solution web portal, which is a World Bank database. The classification method is used to identify high-tech industries that are relevant to the analysis. The statistical method is used to calculate the relative values of the structure and dynamics of Ukraine's exports. The method of comparative advantages is used to assess the level of competitiveness in different industries. Graphic and tabular methods are used to present the results of the study. Findings. Ukraine's specialization in the production of chemical products, in particular inorganic chemicals, is revealed. Several product groups in the industry of mechanical engineering also possess an advantage, while the results of other, more knowledge-intensive sectors of Ukraine are very far from world standards. The need for state support of knowledge-intensive industries that have the greatest prospects for expanding demand for their products in the future, such as the production of computer equipment and medical instruments and the pharmaceutical industry, is justified. Originality. A quantitative assessment of the level of competitiveness of each industry of Ukraine’s high-tech exports is given. It is demonstrated that among the domestic industries only the production of inorganic chemicals has comparative advantages in the international commodity market, and the degree of lag of all other industries from the world average indicators is calculated. Practical value. The methodology of the analysis, conducted within the framework of this article, can be used by public authorities to monitor the state of competitiveness of Ukrainian industries. Based on the obtained results, operational changes to the state policy of stimulating high-tech industries can be made. Key words: high technologies, high-tech industries, export competitiveness, international trade, comparative advantages, trade in high-tech goods.

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Green, Kristen. "Marketing Health Care Products on the Internet: A Proposal for Updated Federal Regulations." American Journal of Law & Medicine 24, no. 2-3 (1998): 365–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800010467.

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The Internet offers pharmaceutical companies and medical device manufacturers a dynamic new medium for promoting their products—a medium that might actually be better suited for health care product promotion than print or television. On the Internet's World Wide Web (Web) pages, drug and device makers can produce interactive marketing and advertising material that more easily complies with current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) disclosure requirements. Navigation buttons and hypertext links can facilitate compliance with such information disclosure requirements by allowing drug and device makers to “hide” the brief summaries or labels until interested viewers “click” on them.Despite the appropriateness of the medium, however, a Web search today will turn up less drug and medical device promotion than one might expect. In fact, the Web, which represented $7 billion in commerce in 1997 and is expected to account for $20 billion in 1998, is strangely quiet on this front.

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Kien, Le Trung, and Nguyen Huy Binh. "Crime in Era of Digital Technology: What Can Change with Cryptocurrency Status Clarification for Development of Information Environment of Vietnam?" Webology 18, Special Issue 04 (September 30, 2021): 466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si04/web18141.

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The present paper analyses the aspects of investigations of crime involving cryptocurrencies as a payment instrument. Ever since their emergence, cryptocurrencies have come to be actively used by criminals in all types of illegal activities, such as drug trafficking, money laundering, illegal arms trade, payments for criminal services and many other crimes. The paper aims to establish the methods of crime investigation to track data on cryptocurrency transactions and identify and show up the participants of illegal operations. The author shows that the development of computer and digital information technologies and the Internet has brought about the ever-increasing prevalence of cryptocurrencies in all social domains, including the shadow sector, i. e., the criminal world. Figures are provided illustrating the overall circulation of cryptocurrencies in the world and its illegal segment. Explaining the attractiveness of cryptocurrencies for criminal structures, the author points at its anonymity and inadequate regulation of various aspects in laws. An analysis is provided of the practice of countries where cryptocurrency circulation is not only permitted but regulated to a maximum possible extent. The impact of such regulation for the state of the shadow cryptocurrency market is shown. The research further concerns the potential for bringing international expertise to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Potential methods of crime investigation concerning shadow cryptocurrency transactions are outlined, helping to identify and show up the participants involved. Forecasts are provided as to the development of modern forensics and the emergence of new forensic methods helping to uncover cryptocurrency-related crime; proposals are drawn for amending criminal and criminal procedure laws to facilitate investigations in the new context.

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Thomaz, Felipe. "The Digital and Physical Footprint of Dark Net Markets." Journal of International Marketing 28, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x19898678.

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Over the past decade, the world has been contending with a growing set of challenges related to illicit traffic as advancements in technology, communications, and global integration facilitate the operation of black markets and greater organization of criminal activity. In this study, the dark web and associated dark net markets are introduced as an important context for scholars interested in international marketing. Furthermore, the scale, scope, and structure of the real-world drug trade is empirically analyzed as an example of the work possible within this dark world. The study concludes by highlighting key themes from the literature in international marketing scholarship and focuses on how they might be co-opted to contribute toward the understanding and countermarketing of illicit systems of exchange.

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Sobehart, Radek, Frantisek Stellner, Stanislav Bilek, and Lenka Dienesova. "Global market opportunities: analysis of the foreign language websites in the Czech economy in the context of the number of it professionals." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207403011.

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This paper analyses the use and management of web portals of the Czech industries. This paper investigates which industries have the highest shares of foreign language portals. This share is compared to the number of hired IT professionals. This paper is based on the thesis that competing in global markets requires skilled labour force in the form of IT specialist. The analysis will be split into two parts because the management of web portals can be done in-house or outsourced. The statistical evaluation will be based on the contingency table analysis and detailed summary statistics. Foreign language web portals are essential to world market opportunities. Czech labour market provides only a limited number of IT specialist to hire. Results suggest that there are differences between industries (services, trade, manufacturing) in the management of web portals (in-house vs. outsourcing) and the number of IT specialist depends on the use of foreign language web portals. The outsourcing of international management of web portals or joining the global value chains is starting to be a more affordable and interesting option because the labour costs of IT specialist are raising in the Czech labour market.

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Satyanarayana, Vemula, Rahul Kumar Behera, and Gaurav Kumar. "Online Price Comparator and Reselling Website." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (March 18, 2018): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10873.

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World on online shopping is a present appraise in the beck of E-Business and is absolutely traveling to be the assured afterlife of shopping on the planet. Most of the associations are active their online passages to action their things/benefits online. Regardless of the way that web arcade is to a abundant amount accustomed alfresco India, its improvement in Indian Market, which is an immense and indispensable client feature, is still not as per the overall market. As there are numerous internet business sites accessible it ends up plainly troublesome for clients to pick best arrangement for wanted item among these sites. Examination of E-trade items utilizing web mining empowers clients to investigate costs and get wanted item at least cost.

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Almeida, Paul, and Mark Lichbach. "To The Internet, From The Internet: Comparative Media Coverage Of Transnational Protests." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2003): 249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.8.3.9044l650652801xl.

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We compare activist-based internet data with four other media sources—Lexis Nexis Academic Universe, The Seattle Times, Global Newsbank, and The New York Times—on their coverage of the local, national, and international protests that accompanied the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle, Washington in late 1999. Using the Media Sensitivity-Protest Intensity Model of event reporting, we find that activist-based web sites report a greater number of transnational protest events at the local, national, and international level. We also find that activist-based websites are less positively influenced by the intensity properties of protest events. In the age of globalization, research on transnational movements should therefore combine conventional media sources and activist-based web sources.

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Silva, Ana Lúcia Migowski da. "Onde você estava em 11/09/2001? Traços da memória coletiva na Web." Resgate: Revista Interdisciplinar de Cultura 20, no. 1 (November 6, 2012): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/resgate.v20i23.8645736.

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O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão a respeito do modo como a memória coletiva vem sendo construída a partir da comunicação mediada por computador. A análise tomará como pontos de partida produtos midiáticos criados para a rememoração dos atentados ao World Trade Center, em Nova Iorque, que completaram uma década em 2011. Esse evento adquiriu grande repercussão em todo mundo, gerando mobilizações sociais em diversos âmbitos. Verse-á como as possibilidades de interação, dos meios digitais de comunicação, potencializam o compartilhamento de experiências de indivíduos direta ou indiretamente marcados pelo evento em questão. Além disso, serão identificados movimentos emergentes e coletivamente organizados em sites de redes sociais que também objetivam a recuperação de testemunhos daqueles que viveram de algum modo o acontecimento.

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Langohr, Vickie. "Introducing Students to Middle East Political Activists Through the World Wide Web: One Political Scientist’s Approach." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 33, no. 1 (1999): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400038323.

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Particularly Since the publication of Edward Said’s Orientalism, the issue of representation has loomed large in the consciousness of many Middle East scholars as we ply our trade. While this issue is undeniably important in our research, it may be even more crucial in our teaching. Encountering students whose only exposure to the Middle East has come through the evening news places a heavy burden on a teacher to respond to prevalent stereotypes about the region and replace them with a more complex, contextualized picture. One way to do this is to supplement the use of standard scholarly works on the region with primary documents in which a wide range of Middle Easterners “speak for themselves.” As scholars have pointed out in the Bulletin, the World Wide Web (www) provides many opportunities to do this in new ways. As a political scientist I chose to provide students in my Government and Politics of the Middle East course with these types of primary sources by designing a project in which students studied the strategies and goals of political activists of many stripes, and the responses of governments to them, by consulting the websites of political movements and newspapers.

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Abate, D., M. Paolanti, R. Pierdicca, A. Lampropoulos, K. Toumbas, A. Agapiou, S. Vergis, et al. "SIGNIFICANCE. STOP ILLICIT HERITAGE TRAFFICKING WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-729-2022.

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Abstract. The inability to prevent or eliminate illicit trafficking of cultural goods is not limited to failed-state environments or any specific part of the globe. While the antiquities market denies that this illicit trade is a widespread phenomenon, the international community and Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) overwhelmingly recognize the problem indicating that organized crime is involved at all stages. Nowadays, web platforms play host to groups dedicated to illegal archaeological excavations and Illicit trade of cultural goods. Looters have the freedom to connect online with potential buyers around the world. At the same time, social media platform monitoring in search of criminal activities conducted by LEAs is poor due to the lack of expertise, efficient tools to scan the massive amounts of data, and funds. The COVID-19 crisis has compounded the problem by driving more and more dealers and buyers online – where they are discovering that by joining certain unmonitored groups, they can enter the illegal market with ease. The EU funded SIGNIFICANCE project (Stop Illicit heritaGe traffickiNg wIth artiFICiAl iNtelligenCE) has been designed to boost LEAs investigation capabilities in monitoring online illegal activities on social media platforms, the web and the dark web for the identification of cultural property crimes, exploiting Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning algorithms for guaranteeing the successful prosecution of perpetrators unveiling criminal networks.

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GRYNBERG, ROMAN. "Towards Doha-lite." World Trade Review 3, no. 3 (November 2004): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745604002022.

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The works of Winters and Martins (W&M) and Mattoo and Subramanian (M&S) are two serious and innovative papers that begin to analyse not only what the WTO means for small states but now, just as significantly, what the numerical preponderance of small states might mean for the WTO. This latter issue is especially significant as members grapple with increasingly complex web of interests that need to be accommodated in order to arrive at a consensus in the Doha round. While neither papers represents the position of the World Bank and IMF, what they both have in common is that they approach the current round from the possibility that some WTO members, the smallest, poorest and most trade preference dependent – for example, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana and Jamaica – may only benefit from Doha round trade liberalisation in geological time! The research, while not representing official Bretton Woods views, constitutes a dramatic shift in thinking inside the beltway from that which existed at the end of the Uruguay round when the dominant position was that ‘all members would benefit’.

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K., Dr Binith Muthukrishnan, Dr Melanie Elizabeth Lourens, Dr Ramesh Kumar V., Dr Mohd Naved, Sonal Devesh, and Shashikant V. Athawale. "Growth Prospects of Franchising Under Current Business Scenario." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 4006–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19264.

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The article aims to objectively examine the history of Franchising in Europe by focusing on ties between franchisors and franchisees. We also carried out a comprehensive study, interacted with numerous prospective European franchisors and franchisees, and have been in service since 2003. Our results suggest that Europe has a very difficult negotiating franchise agreement. Franchising, which promotes strengthening of mutual links between countries at this point in the history of world economic relations, penetrates virtually every field of economic activities, is thus one of the powerful instruments for the transition to the creative development of the States, thereby ensuring their sustainable development, franchising supports improving trade ties between countries at this point of their growth since, nowadays, this is one of the most efficient and democratic forms of transcending national economies, affecting almost all fields of economic operation. Because of this, it is essential for the research. Comprehensive research of the contradictions in perceptions and real commitments on all sides of the franchising arrangement helps one resolve misunderstandings and remove automated performance ambitions. This article aims to have real consequences for the growth of Franchising in Europe, which will boost the performance and reputation of franchise enterprises by offering a comparative review to a preliminary screening of subjective hypotheses about the advantages of franchising and to suggest incorporating additions and clarity to the partners.

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Daaji, Marwa, Ali Ouni, Mohamed Mohsen Gammoudi, Salah Bouktif, and Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer. "Multi-criteria Web Services Selection: Balancing the Quality of Design and Quality of Service." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446388.

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Web service composition allows developers to create applications via reusing available services that are interoperable to each other. The process of selecting relevant Web services for a composite service satisfying the developer requirements is commonly acknowledged to be hard and challenging, especially with the exponentially increasing number of available Web services on the Internet. The majority of existing approaches on Web Services Selection are merely based on the Quality of Service (QoS) as a basic criterion to guide the selection process. However, existing approaches tend to ignore the service design quality, which plays a crucial role in discovering, understanding, and reusing service functionalities. Indeed, poorly designed Web service interfaces result in service anti-patterns, which are symptoms of bad design and implementation practices. The existence of anti-pattern instances in Web service interfaces typically complicates their reuse in real-world service-based systems and may lead to several maintenance and evolution problems. To address this issue, we introduce a new approach based on the Multi-Objective and Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis method (MOORA) as a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method to select Web services based on a combination of their (1) QoS attributes and (2) QoS design. The proposed approach aims to help developers to maintain the soundness and quality of their service composite development processes. We conduct a quantitative and qualitative empirical study to evaluate our approach on a Quality of Web Service dataset. We compare our MOORA-based approach against four commonly used MCDM methods as well as a recent state-of-the-art Web service selection approach. The obtained results show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by significantly improving the service selection quality of top- k selected services while providing the best trade-off between both service design quality and desired QoS values. Furthermore, we conducted a qualitative evaluation with developers. The obtained results provide evidence that our approach generates a good trade-off for what developers need regarding both QoS and quality of design. Our selection approach was evaluated as “relevant” from developers point of view, in improving the service selection task with an average score of 3.93, compared to an average of 2.62 for the traditional QoS-based approach.

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Colahan, Ellwood. "Guitar Music in Collections: A New Web-based Index Is Launched." Soundboard Scholar 3, no. 1 (2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/sbs.2017.3.6.

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Is there any really good way to locate specific pieces of guitar music within published collections and anthologies? Might there be already a best way? Anyone who has taught or studied classical guitar is familiar with collections like Das Gitarrespiel or the Noad anthologies. But it is hard to remember with accuracy which pieces are in which of these editions or in dozens of others like them. Library and trade catalogs are not of much help. What is needed for this problem is in-depth indexing rather than traditional cataloging. These print indexes of song anthologies and collections have more recently been supplemented by a number of Web-based resources that are designed to satisfy the same need. The online format has the obvious advantage that it can be updated as often as its creators may wish, and if properly maintained, it will never go out of date. Indeed, we may have already come to the end of the era of print indexes to the ever-expanding world of music scores in collections.

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Gliksman, Louis, and Margaret Rylett. "The World Health Organization's Global Alcohol Database: Opportunities for Research and Support for Policy." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600314.

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Since its inception in 1997, the Global Alcohol Database (GAD) has undergone several iterations and brings together information on a number of topics across countries: alcohol and health situations; consequences of alcohol consumption; trends in alcohol use and related mortality; alcohol production; trade; health effects; and national alcohol control measures and policies. Efforts have been made to make this database compatible with the World Health Organization (WHO) International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm. A set of indicators was chosen that assesses the most important aspects of the alcohol situation in WHO Member States as they relate to public health. The indicators are grouped into seven broad categories: alcohol production and availability; levels of consumption; patterns of consumption; harms and consequences; economic aspects; alcohol control policies; and prevention, treatment and drinking guidelines. Contents of the GAD are available on the WHO's Global Information on Alcohol and Health Web site.

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Shaunik, Nayantara. "Conceptions of Security in The Regional Economic Cooperation Paradigm :." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v4i1.76.

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In the complex globalised world that we live in today, more than ever before in the history of international relations, what immediately and most particularly strikes research in the field of international politics is how economic relations highlight as well as underscore the relationship between and amongst nations. Economic ties have strung together the far reaches of the globe into an intricate web of interdependence via trade, investment, infrastructure, technology, and intellectual property transfers. In contemporary times, this multilateral and nuanced connect has become imperative to understanding how global systems work and fail – both at the theoretical and pragmatic levels.

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Journal articles on the topic 'World trade web'

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