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Ojiambo, Colbert. "EU-ACP economic agreements and WTO/GATT compatibility : options for ACP countries under Cotonou Agreement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28400.
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The member states of European Union (EU) and a group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states are currently negotiating for new trading agreements compatible with World Trade Organization‘s (WTO) rules. Whereas both the EU and the ACP states are in agreement that the new trading arrangements must be WTO compatible, there is no consensus on the format of the new trading agreements. The EU has insisted that the new trading arrangements should be in the form of free trade agreements, established under Article XXIV of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Unlike the previous EU – ACP trade agreements which were non – reciprocal, Article XXIV requires that the new trading agreements should be reciprocal. Consequently the EU has gone ahead to negotiate for reciprocal Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with some of the ACP states. Some ACP countries which are opposed to reciprocity have proposed that the new trading arrangements should be established under the provisions of Enabling Clause. Others have suggested that EU should attempt to apply for a WTO waiver. The Cotonou Agreement, under which the new trading agreements are being negotiated, provides that in case of those countries which are not ready to negotiate for EPAs, the EU should examine alternative possibilities, in order to provide these countries with a new framework for trade which is equivalent to their existing situation and in conformity with WTO rules. So far no alternative trading arrangements have been proposed. Although some ACP countries have agreed to negotiate for Economic Partnership Agreements under article XXIV of GAAT, there is no consensus on the interpretation of key provisions of Article XXIV. Under Article XXIV, the parties are required to remove substantially all trade barriers between themselves within reasonable time. The meaning of the phrases 'substantially all' and 'reasonable time‘ has remained controversial with each party giving an interpretation that favours its interests. Lack of consensus on the meaning of these phrases has hindered the conclusion of negotiations for EPAs. In a nutshell, the question of WTO compatibility presents the biggest hurdle to the conclusion of the new trading arrangements between the EU and the ACP group. This paper is an evaluation of the options available to the ACP countries to conclude WTO compatible trading arrangements with the EU. Chapter one of this paper is an introductory chapter which offers an overview of the entire paper. Chapter two sets out in details the historical background of the economic relationship between the EU and the ACP states. This chapter illustrates the historical background from which the new trading agreements have evolved to help the reader understand certain key features of the current economic partnership agreements. Chapter three looks at the GATT/WTO provisions relevant to the establishment of WTO compatible trading arrangements between EU and ACP countries. Particular emphasis is placed on Article XXIV, the Enabling Clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter four is the main chapter in which the paper explores the possibilities of concluding WTO compatible trading agreements under Article XXIV, Enabling clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter five draws the conclusions of this paper.<br>Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>unrestricted
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Macheru, Maryanne Wambui. "East African community-European Union economic partnership agreement, to be or not to be? Will conomic partnership agreement undermine or accelerate trade development within the East African community." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4327_1363780584.
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Totkovičová, Lucia. "Špecifiká ekonomík Karibiku v kontexte Ekonomických partnerských dohôd a vzťahy s EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162212.
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Diploma thesis deals with the relations between the European Union and the Caribbean, principally with agreements forming their legal and institutional framework. It is theoretically based on the official rules of international trade agreed by the members of the World Trade Organization and on the Articles GATT and GATS. The first part gives information about the Caribbean region, its position in the world economy and about regional intergration, which is the corner-stone of Caribbean's external relations. The second chapter comprises analysis of the specifics of Caribbean countries that form their interests in the international field. Relations with the European Union, agreements that deal with them and specific treatment of developing countries are the subjects of chapter three. The thesis focuses on the Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and CARIFORUM. Emphasis is on the basic provisions of this agreement on trade, compliance with WTO rules, impact on the Caribbean economies as well as the criticism and evaluation of its benefits. Attention is given to the development aspect of EPA. Last but not least, the thesis refers to the future cooperation under the provisions of this regional agreement.
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Lautard-Mattioli, Clémence. "La politique préférentielle de l'Union européenne en faveur des pays en développement au regard du droit de l'OMC : chronique d'une mise en conformité difficile." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010296/document.
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La politique préférentielle de l’Union européenne (UE) comprend tous les instruments visant à accorder à un partenaire commercial un droit d’entrée facilité sur le marché intérieur. Utilisée vis-à-vis des pays en développement (PED), elle les aide à accroitre leur capacité d’exportation et permet donc d’enclencher un cercle vertueux de croissance et de développement. Depuis deux décennies, elle connait une profonde mutation, tant quant à ses principes qu’à ses bénéficiaires. L’analyse de cette réforme suppose de faire un bilan de la réception du droit de l’organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) au sein des instruments préférentiels européens. L’objectif poursuivi est en effet d’assurer le respect effectif des disciplines multilatérales, qui était jusque là contestable. L’UE et l’OMC entretiennent des rapports étroits, mais complexes. L’instrument utilisé afin de parvenir à une réelle soumission est la mise en conformité. Il découle de l’obligation fondamentale posée par l’accord OMC et acceptée par l’UE. Elle recouvre néanmoins des réalités différentes en fonction des dispositions considérées. La spécificité de celles qui sont applicables à la politique préférentielle et la complexité des rapports entretenus par ces deux systèmes sont à l’origine d’une mise en conformité nuancée. Des progrès incontestables ont été enregistrés, mais des problèmes demeurent. La réforme de la politique préférentielle est en effet susceptible de remettre en cause l’originalité du modèle européenne d’assistance aux PED. Elle interroge également sur les liens entre régionalisme et multilatéralisme<br>The European Union (EU) Preferential Treatment aims at granting an easier access to the common market. For the Developing Countries, the interest of such a policy is to enhance their exportation ability, and consequently, to secure growth and development since two decades, this policy is constantly and thoroughly changing. To analyze this mutation we have to consider the way the World Trade Organization (WTO) Law is integrated by and within the European instruments, as the EU is due to abide by it. In practice, this obligation was often breached. The EU and the WTO are related in a strong but complex way. Compliance is the instrument used in order to ensure the observance of WTO law: li has been imposed by the WTO framework and translated within the EU law. Nevertheless, compliance has different meanings depending on which provision is analyzed. The specificity of the European instruments legal basis, as well as the complex relationships between the two legal systems, led to a complex process of compliance. If progress is real, various issues remain unresolved. To some extent, the reform of the EU preferential treatment is a threat for the originality of European instruments toward Developing Countries. This process raises also questions about the relationship between bilateralism and multilateralism
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Girardo, Benjamin. "La conditionnalité politique dans le système de préférences généralisées (SPG) de l’Union européenne : contribution à une identité de l'Union pour le développement." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAD008.
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Le Système de préférences généralisées (SPG) correspond à des réductions de droits de douane offertes par des sujets de droit international pubic « développés » aux pays en développement (PED). De manière générale, la conditionnalité est, quant à elle, un mécanisme qui permet de lier l’établissement, l’approfondissement, ou le maintien d’une situation juridique à la réalisation de conditions par un ou des bénéficiaire(s). Lorsque ce mécanisme est qualifié de « politique », ses conditions ont trait à la manière de gouverner et/ou à l’orientation des affaires publiques d’un sujet de droit international public. Le SPG de l’Union européenne (UE) contient plusieurs formes de conditionnalités qui agissent dans différents domaines des politiques publiques des PED bénéficiant de cette réduction douanière. L’intérêt de cette étude est d’aborder le SPG conditionné de l’UE dans le cadre de la construction de cette organisation internationale sui generis et comme révélateur d’une conception qui lui est particulière des relations internationales pour le développement. Par un effet miroir propre à chaque acte juridique, dans quelle mesure cet acte autonome reflète-t-il certaines caractéristiques de l’Union, une certaine identité de l’Union ? Le SPG conditionné de l’UE est tout d’abord un vecteur certain d’une identité européenne du développement en raison du caractère unilatéral de sa définition et de la relative uniformité de sa mise en œuvre. Cependant, celui-ci constitue un vecteur limité et ambivalent. Limité, tout d’abord, car le SPG est un acte secondaire au sein de la politique commerciale et car sa conditionnalité politique n’est pas reproduite dans d’autres actes des relations extérieures de l’Union. Ambivalent, ensuite, car cet acte autonome peut paraître illicite dans les relations commerciales internationales, tout en renouvelant le concept de développement par le commerce au sein de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)<br>A Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a reduction in custom fees on exports from « developing » subjects of public international law to « developed » countries. As a general rule, conditionality is a tool used to establish, deepen or maintain a legal situation conditioned by specific behavior from it’s beneficiary(ies). This tool is qualified as « political » when it conditions governing tools and/or the public policy of a subject of public international law. The European Union’s GSP has several forms of conditionality which deal with the public of policy of the developing countries benefiting from reduced custom fees. This work aims to study the EU’s conditioned GSP in the context of this sui generis international organization’s construction and as evidence of a EU-specific conception of international relations for development. As each legal tool reflects it’s creator, how does this act reveal certain characteristics of the EU or even aspects of the EU’s identity ? The EU’s conditioned GSP is an expression of European identity as it is defined unilaterally and applied with relative uniformity. However, this expression is limited and ambivalent. First of all, limited, because the GSP is a secondary act within EU commercial policy and it’s political conditionality is not found in other elements of the EU’s foreign relations. Secondly, ambivalent, because this GSP can seem illegal in the context of international commercial relations, all the while renewing the concept of development-through-trade within the World Trade Organization (WTO)
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Jahnel, Carsten H. "Transatlantic relations : are alliances a funcion [i.e. function] of an external threat? /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FJahnel.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Hans-Eberhardt Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-98). Also available online.
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Poulet, Julie. "Direct effect of the law of the GATT in the European Union, the United States and the consequences for the WTO." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78227.
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This aim of this thesis will be to first address the issue of the direct applicability of the GATT within the national framework, mainly through the use of an analysis of the considerations that such a denial of the direct effect of the GATT is based upon, to understand if there are real obstacles to its implementation, before examining the harmful effects this of denial. The analysis will focus on the situation in both the European Union and the United States, these two countries being two of the most important trade partners in the WTO, before suggesting various solutions that could be adopted to implement the direct effect of the GATT in order to benefit both individuals and the WTO members.<br>However, since WTO members are still highly opposed to the recognition of the direct effect of the GATT, the unlikelihood of its implementation, at least in a short term perspective, will lead to an analysis of the situation directly at the WTO level. This will permit us to further conclude, whether it would be possible to find solutions to palliate the problems arising out of the denial of the direct effect of the GATT at a national level. Indeed, in the last part of the analysis undertaken in this work, various ways to remedy the deficit of democracy will be explored, examining alternatively the best vectors that could be used: individuals or NGOs, in order to enhance the legitimacy of the WTO which is principally under attack.
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Huang, He. "At the Crossroad of Free Trade and Trade Protectionism: Analyzing EU’s External Trade Policy under the Impetus of Global Trade Liberalization." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9367.
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<p>Departing from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?</p><p>Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.</p><p>The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.</p>
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Keawchaum, Chirat. "Judicial interactions of the WTO's rulings by the CJEU." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=234055.
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This research comprehensively analyses how the CJEU and the WTO Tribunals interact with each other. The CJEU has refused to grant direct effect to the WTO's rulings based on unconvincing reasoning, but this has been deemed acceptable because it is necessary to preserve the scope of manoeuvre of the EU's political institutions, and the application of the consistent interpretation principle to the WTO's rulings could balance out the absence of direct effect. So far, the CJEU has cautiously applied the consistent interpretation principle to the WTO's rulings. While the CJEU has construed EU legislation in conformity with the DSB's reports, it did so without referring to such reports. In the future, the CJEU should regularly and explicitly interpret EU law in a manner that is consistent with the WTO's rulings. Moreover, the CJEU's case law reveals that the Nakajima exception's application has been limited, and transformed into a method of the consistent interpretation doctrine. Thus, the CJEU should apply the Nakajima exception in cases where the EU has amended its legislation to implement the WTO's rulings, and interpret the amended legislation consistently with the WTO's rulings. The absence of direct effect for WTO's rulings produces an excessive burden on the EU Member States and their citizens. Therefore, when the reasonable period of time has passed and the EU has not taken any action, or when the compliance panel announces that the amended legislation still infringes on WTO law, the CJEU should grant direct effect to the WTO's rulings. Moreover, WTO tribunals rarely refer to related CJEU judgments to support their decisions. Therefore, when WTO tribunals have to rule on a matter that the CJEU has already decided on and they agree with the decision, they should apply the consistent interpretation principle to the CJEU's decision.
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Weber, Olaf. "WTO-Streitbeilegung und EuGH im Vergleich : zur gerichtsförmigen Konfliktlösung in Handelspräferenzzonen /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016138038&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Notaro, Nicola. "Judicial approaches to trade and environment : the EC and the WTO /." London : Cameron May, 2003. http://lib.hku.hk/hkspc/wto/index.html.
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Masuku, Gabriel Mthokozisi Sifiso. "Harmonization of SACU Trade Policies in the Tourism & Hospitality Service Sectors." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1740_1280359750.
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<p>The general objective of the proposed research is to do a needs analysis for the tourism and hospitality industries of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. This will be followed by an alignment of these industries with the provisions of the General Agreement of Trade in Services, commonly known as GATS, so that a Tourism and Hospitality Services Charter may be moulded that may be used uniformly throughout SACU. The specific objectives of the research are: To analyze impact assessment reports and studies conducted on the Tourism and Hospitality Industries for all five SACU member states with the aim of harmonizing standards, costs and border procedures. To ecognize SACU member states&rsquo<br>schedule of GATS Commitments, especially in the service sectors being investigated, by improving market access, and to recommend minimal infrastructural development levels to be attained for such sectors&rsquo<br>support. To make recommendations to harness the challenges faced by the said industries into a working document. To calibrate a uniformity of trade standards in these sectors that shall be used by the SACU membership. To ensure that the template is flexible enough for SACU to easily adopt and use in ongoing bilateral negotiations, for example.</p>
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El, Moukahal Daria. "Litiges de l'Union européenne devant l'Organe de règlement des différends." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAD001.
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Le but de la recherche est d'identifier la stratégie de l'Union européenne dans le cadre du règlement des différends à l'OMC et de déterminer le rôle que jouent les différends commerciaux internationaux au niveau interne communautaire. La spécificité de la participation de l'UE par rapport aux autres Etats membres de l'OMC et les raisons de sa participation sont étudiées plus particulièrement dans le cadre d'une réflexion sur la manière dont les litiges internationaux s'inscrivent dans sa politique externe. Nous analysons en outre l'apport des litiges de l'Union européenne dans le développement du droit international. Le travail est articulé autour de deux axes qui contribuent à l'étude de la cohérence de la stratégie de l'UE au sein de l'ORD.Les politiques de l'Union européenne sont fréquemment mises en cause devant l'Organe de règlement des différends de l'OMC. L'UE utilise les litiges commerciaux internationaux comme un instrument de sa politique commercial, notamment dans le but de promouvoir à l'international ses valeurs non-commerciales et les intérêts primordiaux, ainsi que pour défendre son acquis historique selon les lignes directrices de ses politiques. Ces ambitions de l'Union expliquent la particularité de ses litiges commerciaux internationaux. La première partie analyse la nature spécifique des litiges commerciaux internationaux de l'UE et vise à répondre à la question de savoir par quels moyens l'UE essaye d'imposer son expérience de libéralisation des échanges au niveau international (Partie I).Dans la seconde partie nous procédons à l'analyse du choix des modalités de règlement de différends par l'Union en fonction de différents critères. Ainsi, le mode de règlement d'un différend dépend des parties impliquées dans le conflit et des enjeux en cause. En outre, nous examinons si les conditions institutionnelles de sa participation au règlement des différends commerciaux et les mécanismes spéciaux de la PCC existant au sein de l'UE sont compatibles avec les exigences du droit de l'OMC, et s'ils sont par conséquent « rentables » pour la défense efficace des intérêts de l'UE tant commerciaux que non commerciaux (Partie II)<br>The main purpose of the research is to identify the European Union's strategy in the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO and to determine the role that international trade disputes play on the European level. Particularly, the EU participation specificity, compared to other Members of the WTO and the reasons for its involvement, are examined in the frame of an analysis on the manner in which international disputes inscribe into its external policy. We also analyze the EU disputes contribution to the development of international law. The research articulates around two main parts which contribute to the study of coherence of the EU strategy in the DSB.EU policies are frequently attacked in front of the DSB. The EU uses recourse to international trade disputes as an instrument to promote to the international level its non trade values and essential interests and to defend its historical acquis according to main directions of its policies. These EU ambitions explain the specificity of its international trade disputes. The first part of the research analyses the particular nature of international trade disputes of the EU and intends to answer the question to know by what means the EU tries to impose its own experience of trade liberalization onto international level (Part I).In the second part we are analyzing the EU choice of modes of dispute settlement depending on different criteria. So, the dispute settlement means depends on the parties to the conflict and the stakes of the dispute. We also examine if institutional conditions for its participation to settlement of international trade disputes and special mechanisms of Common Commercial Policy existing in the EU are compliant with WTO law requirements, and if they are consequently profitable for efficient defense of the EU trade and non trade interests (Part II)
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Rolo, Ana Rita Veiga Freire dos Santos. "A competitividade da China na União Europeia a 15: o desempenho após a adesão à OMC." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/790.
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Mestrado em Economia e Estudos Europeus<br>No decurso dos últimos 20 anos do século passado, a China foi alcançando, gradualmente, uma posição proeminente nas trocas comerciais internacionais e, actualmente, essa trajectória em direcção a uma maior proeminência parece acentuar-se. As históricas relações económicas entre a China e a União Europeia deparam-se hoje com o início de uma nova era. Um dos eventos que esteve no centro desta mudança foi o acesso da China à Organização Mundial do Comércio, em Dezembro de 2001. Como consequência, numerosas barreiras ao comércio e ao investimento encontram-se em processo de supressão e, como resultado, assiste-se à criação de novas oportunidades comerciais e de investimento.
No presente trabalho, é efectuada uma análise quantitativa da competitividade da China na UE15 entre 1999 e 2004, pelo estudo de fluxos de comércio e pela interpretação de indicadores de competitividade. É ainda analisado, nas exportações da China para a UE15, o "efeito competitividade" determinado pela metodologia das Quotas de Mercado Constantes (Constant Market Shares Analysis). São também identificados riscos e oportunidades para alguns sectores de actividade considerados relevantes na indústria europeia face ao crescente peso da economia chinesa na economia mundial, relativamente aos quais é, também, efectuada uma análise das tendências e dos desenvolvimentos da indústria chinesa. Adicionalmente, sugerem-se orientações a adoptar por parte da indústria europeia, a fim desta manter ou, mesmo, ganhar vantagens nos sectores abordados.<br>In the past 20 years, China has, gradually, achieved an outstanding part in international trade and, today, that position is being emphasized. The economic relations between China and the European Union are now on the edge of a new era. One of the events at the core of this change was China's accession to the World Trade Organization, in December, 2001. As a result, barriers to commerce and investment are been suppressed and, consequently, new opportunities in those two areas are emerging. This dissertation analyses the competitiveness of the Chinese economy in EU15 between 1999 and 2004, based on trade patterns and on competitiveness indexes. The exports of China to EU15 are also analysed using the Constant Market Shares Analysis, with special interest on the "competitiveness effect". Opportunities and threats are identified for some European industries; as well as the impact the Chinese economy might have in them, considering trends and developments concerning to those industries. Additionally, some guidelines are suggested for those European industries to maintain or, even, to obtain advantages.
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Adje, Couzahon. "L’accord de partenariat de Cotonou : vers une nouvelle forme de coopération entre l'Union Européenne et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0088/document.
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L'objectif principal de l'Accord de partenariat économique (APE) est la mise en conformité des arrangements commerciaux entre les États ou groupes d'États avec les dispositions de l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC)notamment l'introduction de la réciprocité dans les relations commerciales entre l'Union européenne (UE) et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP).La signature de l'Accord de partenariat économique par certains pays ACP, suscite encore à l'heure actuelle des critiques sur les effets de la suppression des préférences commerciales dont dépendent de nombreux pays ACP<br>The main purpose of te economic partnership agreement (EPA) is to make the commercial settlements between states or groupe of states cumply with the clauses of the World Trade Organization (WTO) namely the introduction of the principle of the reciprocity in the commercial relations between the European Union (EU)and the African, Caribbean and Pacifique states (ACP).The signing of the economic partnership agreement by some ACP countries,still currently sparks of critisims upon the consequences deriving from the revocation of trade preferences, of wich numerous countries are dependent on
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Faye, Ibra. "L'union européenne et les obtacles non tarifaires : analyse de la pratique conventionnelle européenne à l'aune du droit de l'OMC." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD014.
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La baisse généralisée des tarifs douaniers, combinée au développement fulgurant du mouvement delibéralisation à l’échelle mondiale, a entraîné un foisonnement extraordinaire des obstacles nontarifaires. Cette tendance s’explique par la volonté des Etats souverains de limiter l’emprise du libreéchangesur leurs politiques publiques. Ils pratiquent, par le truchement des obstacles non tarifaires, unprotectionnisme qui, au demeurant, est doublement appréhendé. Dans un sens, ce protectionnisme estéconomique. Il vise à protéger les opérateurs économiques nationaux de la concurrence étrangère, leurassurant ainsi des parts de marché au détriment d’autres opérateurs internationaux. Il est dès lors illicite.Dans un autre, le protectionnisme se veut licite dans la mesure où les obstacles non tarifaires sont érigésafin de parer à la négation d’objectifs non économiques légitimes. En dépit du fait qu’elle soitpromotrice du libéralisme, l’Union européenne, conformément à ses traités constitutifs, se veutprotectrice d’un certain nombre de valeurs non marchandes dont elle a du mal à imposer le respect dansle cadre multilatéral de l’OMC. L’atteinte de ce double objectif est recherchée au travers de la pratiqueconventionnelle européenne. Celle-ci est marquée par la conclusion d’accords bilatéraux avecdifférentes régions du monde, dans le cadre d’une entreprise de « maîtrise de la mondialisation ». Sur leplan strictement juridique, trois ordres s’interpénètrent dans l’explication de la pratique conventionnelleeuropéenne des obstacles non tarifaires : l’ordre constitué par les « accords externes », celui del’ « Union européenne » et enfin l’ « ordre multilatéral »<br>The generalized decline of tariffs, combined to the dazzling development of liberalism around theworld, led to an extraordinary expansion of non-tariff barriers. This trend is explained by the desire ofsovereign States to restrict the hold of free trade on their internal policies. By using non-tariff barriers,they implement protectionism which is of two kinds. On the one hand, this protectionism is economic. Itaims to protect national economic operators from foreign competition, assuring them market shares atthe expense of other international operators. This protectionism is unlawful. In another hand, theprotectionism must be licit because non-tariff barriers are erected in order to avoid the negation oflegitimate non-economic objectives. Despite the fact that it promotes liberalism, the European Union, inaccordance with constituent treaties, protects non-market values which are hardly defended in WTO.Achieving this double objective is sought through european conventional practice. The latter isdominated by the conclusion of bilateral agreements with different regions through the world. The coreobjective is to « manage globalization ». In this context, three legal orders interact in the explanation ofthe european conventional practice of non-tariff barriers : the « order of bilateral agreements », the oneof « European Union » and the last of « WTO »
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Belebema, Michael Nguatem. "The incorporation of competition policy in the New Economic Partnership Agreement and its impact on regional integration in the Central African sub-region (CEMAC)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9186_1307086015.
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<p>The Central African Monetary and Economic Community, known by its French acronym CEMAC (Communauté<br>Economique et Moné<br>taire de l&rsquo<br>Afrique Centrale), is one of the oldest regional economic blocs in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of states. Its membership comprises of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It has a population of over 32 million inhabitants in a three million (3 million) square kilometre expanse of land. The changes in the world economy, and especially between the ACP countries, on the one hand, and the European Economic Community-EEC (hereinafter referred to as European Union (EU)), on the other hand, did not leave the CEMAC region unaffected. CEMAC region, like any other regional economic blocs in Africa was faced with the need to readjust in the face of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The region which had benefited from preferential access to the EU market including financial assistance through the European Development Fund (EDF) had to comply with the rules laid down in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This eventually led to a shift in the EU trade policy, in order to ensure that its trade preferences to developing countries were compatible to the rules and obligations of the WTO.</p>
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Benhama, Abderrahmane. "Le régime d'investissements étrangers en Algérie : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D031.
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L’investissement national et étranger, privé et public, représente indubitablement l’un des axes les plus importants dans les politiques économiques des États développés et ceux en voie de développement. Le régime juridique de l’investissement étranger en Algérie n’a cessé d’être au centre des débats. D’essence économique, c’est pourquoi le législateur algérien a légiféré en masse sur le sujet notamment, à partir des années 1990, à l’occasion de l’adoption de la loi n° 90-10 du 14 avril 1990 relative à la monnaie et au crédit. Cette dernière était en effet le début d’un long processus de transition et d’orientation économique vers l’économie de marché. Actuellement le régime juridique de l’investissement étranger en Algérie est régi principalement par la loi 16-09 relative à la promotion de l’investissement, accompagné d’un ensemble de décrets d’application. Cette récente réforme du droit des investissements est une avancée importante dans la gestion, l’accueil et le traitement des investissements étrangers en Algérie, et ce au regard de tous les avantages qui sont consentis au profit des investisseurs, ainsi que l’assouplissement des procédures d’installations d’entreprises étrangères sur le territoire national<br>Domestic and foreign investment, private and public, is undoubtedly one of the most important axis in the economic policies of developed and developing countries. The legal regime for foreign investment in Algeria has continued to be the focus of debate. Mainly economic, this is why the Algerian legislator has legislated on the subject, especially from the 1990s, on the occasion of the adoption of Law No. 90-10 of 14 April 1990 on currency and credit. The latter was indeed the beginning of a long process of transition and economic orientation towards the adoption of the market economy. Currently the legal regime of foreign investment in Algeria is governed mainly by the law 16-09 on the promotion of investment, accompanied by a set of implementing decrees. This recent reform of investment law is an important step forward for the management, reception and processing of foreign investment in Algeria, with regard to all the advantages that are granted to investors' profits, as well as the relaxation of foreign companies installation procedures on Algerian soil
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BIANCHESSI, ANDREA. "COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE PER LO SVILUPPO: IL RUOLO DELLA SOCIETA' CIVILE NELLE POLITICHE DELLA BANCA MONDIALE E DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/307.
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La presente tesi di dottorato valuta i rapporti tra le organizzazioni della società civile e le istituzioni internazionali nel sistema della cooperazione per lo sviluppo, attraverso l'analisi delle politiche della Banca Mondiale e dell'Unione Europea, che risultano gli attori multilaterali più rilevanti nell'allocazione e gestione dei finanziamenti dell'Aiuto Pubblico allo Sviluppo (APS).
Nel quadro di relazioni cooperative-dialettiche, si verificano le funzioni degli interlocutori della società civile nel rapporto con le due organizzazioni internazionali e i livelli di partnership. Si analizzano alcuni nodi problematici come la valutazione della performance dei progetti delle organizzazioni della società civile (OSC), per verificarne il valore aggiunto; la dicotomia tra un approccio top-down e bottom-up nella pianificazione di processi di sviluppo locale; la rappresentatività e l'efficacia del contributo delle OSC alla global governance per lo sviluppo.
Si presentano anche due casi empirici di progetti realizzati da una stessa OSC, finanziati dalle due istituzioni considerate, al fine di favorire, attraverso l'analisi “micro”, la comprensione di eventuali diversità rispetto al quadro teorico, alle procedure sul “ciclo di progetto” e ai rilevamenti quantitativi presentati. Complessivamente, emerge che la cooperazione tra OSC e le istituzioni internazionali ha maggiori benefici che costi e conduce ad una partnership win-win per entrambi.<br>The present PhD thesis considers the relationships between the organisations of civil society and the international institutions in development cooperation's system through the analysis of the World Bank's and the European Union's policies.
In the frame of cooperative and dialectic relationships will be verified the functions of the interlocutors of the civil society in relationship with the two international organisations and levels of partnership. Some problematic knots will be analysed such as the evaluation of projects' performance of the organisations of the social society (OSC) in order to verify the added value; the dichotomy between a top-down and bottom-up approach in the process planning of the local development; the representation and effectiveness of the OSC's contribution to the global governance for development.
Two empirical cases of projects realised by an OCE will be showed. These are financed by the two above considered institutions in order to favour, through a “micro” analysis, the comprehension of possible differences regard to the theoretical picture, to the procedures of the project cycle and to the quantitative showed survey.
Altogether it appears that the cooperation between the OSC and the international institutions has more benefits than costs and leads to a win-win partnership.
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BIANCHESSI, ANDREA. "COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE PER LO SVILUPPO: IL RUOLO DELLA SOCIETA' CIVILE NELLE POLITICHE DELLA BANCA MONDIALE E DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/307.
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La presente tesi di dottorato valuta i rapporti tra le organizzazioni della società civile e le istituzioni internazionali nel sistema della cooperazione per lo sviluppo, attraverso l'analisi delle politiche della Banca Mondiale e dell'Unione Europea, che risultano gli attori multilaterali più rilevanti nell'allocazione e gestione dei finanziamenti dell'Aiuto Pubblico allo Sviluppo (APS).
Nel quadro di relazioni cooperative-dialettiche, si verificano le funzioni degli interlocutori della società civile nel rapporto con le due organizzazioni internazionali e i livelli di partnership. Si analizzano alcuni nodi problematici come la valutazione della performance dei progetti delle organizzazioni della società civile (OSC), per verificarne il valore aggiunto; la dicotomia tra un approccio top-down e bottom-up nella pianificazione di processi di sviluppo locale; la rappresentatività e l'efficacia del contributo delle OSC alla global governance per lo sviluppo.
Si presentano anche due casi empirici di progetti realizzati da una stessa OSC, finanziati dalle due istituzioni considerate, al fine di favorire, attraverso l'analisi “micro”, la comprensione di eventuali diversità rispetto al quadro teorico, alle procedure sul “ciclo di progetto” e ai rilevamenti quantitativi presentati. Complessivamente, emerge che la cooperazione tra OSC e le istituzioni internazionali ha maggiori benefici che costi e conduce ad una partnership win-win per entrambi.<br>The present PhD thesis considers the relationships between the organisations of civil society and the international institutions in development cooperation's system through the analysis of the World Bank's and the European Union's policies.
In the frame of cooperative and dialectic relationships will be verified the functions of the interlocutors of the civil society in relationship with the two international organisations and levels of partnership. Some problematic knots will be analysed such as the evaluation of projects' performance of the organisations of the social society (OSC) in order to verify the added value; the dichotomy between a top-down and bottom-up approach in the process planning of the local development; the representation and effectiveness of the OSC's contribution to the global governance for development.
Two empirical cases of projects realised by an OCE will be showed. These are financed by the two above considered institutions in order to favour, through a “micro” analysis, the comprehension of possible differences regard to the theoretical picture, to the procedures of the project cycle and to the quantitative showed survey.
Altogether it appears that the cooperation between the OSC and the international institutions has more benefits than costs and leads to a win-win partnership.
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Marechal, Romain. "La bioéthique et les contradictions normatives du droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1058/document.
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Le droit international de la bioéthique, construction récente affiliée au système des droits de l'homme, s'élabore au carrefour de plusieurs ordres normatifs et sollicite, du point de vue de sa mise en œuvre, l'intervention d'une multitude de systèmes de régulation et de systèmes juridiques. Dans le contexte d'une crise de la régulation et compte tenu de la complexification et de la fragmentation du droit international, cette thèse propose de reconstruire une ontologie unitaire de l'ordre juridique international à partir d'une critique de l'épistémologie positiviste et de la conception de la mécanique normative qu'elle suppose. La bioéthique qui se conçoit comme une discipline de questionnement critique des principes qui fondent l'action humaine, opère tel un révélateur des contradictions normatives qui agissent au cœur de la structure des systèmes et des ordres juridiques. Ainsi, à partir de l'étude des conflits de valeurs, des conflits de normes, des conflits de droits, des conflits de systèmes juridiques et compte tenu de l'analyse des méthodes de neutralisation et de résolution mise en œuvre, au sein des différents systèmes juridiques, pour les traiter, cette thèse démontre la nécessité de concevoir le droit international comme un système dynamique, composé de normes et d'institutions entretenant entre eux des rapports de légitimité et d'effectivité, dont l'évolution générale est caractérisée par la non-linéarité. Dans cette perspective, cette thèse invite à concevoir la constitutionnalisation du droit international comme un processus dialectique impliquant une multitude de systèmes juridiques et institutionnels<br>Bioethics in the field of human rights is a recent corpus of the international law. Biolaw instruments' had been elaborated at the crossroads of several normative orders.Their implementation requires the mobilization of a multitude of regulation systems. In the context of a crisis of legal regulation and considering the complexity and fragmentation of international law, this thesis suggests reconstructing a unified ontology of international law based on a critical appreciation of positivist epistemology. Bioethics, conceived as a critical discipline used to question principles which orient and justify human actions, reveals normative contradictions embedded in the structure of legal systems. Based on the study of conflicts between ethical values or between fundamental rights, norms conflict, conflict between legal systems and after having analyzed the methods used by international institutions to neutralize or resolve such contradictions, this thesis demonstrate the necessity to conceive international legal order as a dynamic system composed with heterogeneous norms and institutions linked by legitimacy and effectivity relationships. The evolution of international law can be characterized by non linearity and constitutionalization of international legal order appears as a dialectical process which requires the intervention of multiple international institutions and legal sub-systems
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Smola, Filip. "Vybrané aspekty hospodářských vztahů Evropské unie a Čínské lidové republiky na prahu 21. století a jejich reálný dopad na světovou ekonomiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205068.
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The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze selected economic activities and economic relations occurring between the European Union and China. This dissertation is divided into four main chapters to ensure coherence and continuity throughout the research. The first chapter deals with the historical development of mutual cooperation between Europe and China. This chapter emphasizes recent events. The most extensive part of this work, the second section, addresses key areas of cooperation between the EU and China. Most of the research focus is devoted to trade economic relations and investment relations. Further, the second chapter addresses controversial areas within the mutual EU-China relations. In contrast with the second chapter, which looks at the mutual relations from the perspective of the whole EU, the third chapter distinguishes bilateral relations between two EU countries and China. The purpose of the third chapter is therefore to highlight the different approach of individual EU member countries. In the last chapter, I try to assess the growing influence of both the EU and China within the global economy. Finally, I outline the possible future development of the research topic.
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Ruzek, Vincent. "Communautarisation et mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G009.
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L’internationalisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, initiée à la fin du XIXe siècle, a pris depuis la fin du XXe siècle une toute nouvelle tournure avec son inclusion dans le champ des disciplines commerciales multilatérales. La signature de l’accord ADPIC marque en effet l’émergence d’une véritable gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle : l’ambition affichée par l’OMC est d’encadrer, substantiellement parlant, la marge de manœuvre des membres dans la mise en place de leurs politiques de protection. Bien qu’initié plus tardivement, la communautarisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle revêt désormais une portée considérable : outre une conciliation effective des régimes nationaux de protection avec les principes cardinaux du traité, d’importantes directives d’harmonisation ont été édictées, et des titres européens de protection ont même été créés dans certains secteurs. Notre étude a pour vocation de montrer comment la communautarisation, au-delà de son rôle traditionnel de source du droit, officie comme un indispensable vecteur de structuration de la position européenne vis-à-vis de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant ascendant tout d’abord – du local au global –, le vecteur communautarisation joue un rôle de mutualisation des objectifs à promouvoir sur la scène internationale. L’enjeu n’est autre que celui de façonner une gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle qui corresponde au système d’intérêts et de valeurs de l’Union, conformément aux objectifs ambitieux assignés par le Traité. Ce processus de mutualisation n’a toutefois rien d’automatique : d’importantes contraintes institutionnelles – malgré plusieurs révisions du Traité et la progression graduelle de l’harmonisation en interne – contrarient l’émergence d’une véritable politique européenne extérieure intégrée. Mais c’est précisément à l’aune de ces contraintes qu’il convient d’apprécier la portée des accomplissements de l’UE, qui a su s’imposer comme un acteur central de la gouvernance mondiale du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant descendant ensuite – du global au local –, le vecteur communautarisation s’accompagne d’une montée en puissance du juge de Luxembourg dans l’arbitrage des situations d’interactions normatives fréquentes et complexes entre le droit de l’Union et le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude systématique de la résolution par la Cour de ces interactions normatives montre combien celle-ci s’attache à préserver l’autonomie de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, en ménageant une marge d’appréciation significative dans la mise en œuvre des obligations découlant de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Cette marge d’appréciation est mise à profit pour assurer la défense d’un modèle européen original en construction, tirant parti des flexibilités du cadre normatif mondial<br>The internationalization of IP Law, initiated at the end of the 19th century, has taken since the end of the 20th century a brand new twist with its inclusion in the field of multilateral trade disciplines. The signing of the TRIPS agreement marks the emergence of a global IP governance. Indeed, the ambition displayed by the WTO is to supervise the margin of maneuver of its Members in implementing their policies. Although Communitization of IP law started much later, it now has a considerable scope: national protection regimes have been conciliated with the cardinal principles of the Treaty, some important harmonization directives have been enacted, and various European titles of protection have even been created. Our study is designed to show how Communitization, beyond its traditional role of source of law, officiates as a necessary and efficient vector for structuring the European position towards the Globalization of IP Law. In its ascendant side first -- from Local to Global, the Communitization vector plays a role of merging the objectives to be promoted on the international scene. The issue at stake is to shape an IP global framework that corresponds to the system of interests and values of the EU, in accordance with the far-reaching objectives assigned by the Treaty. This merging process is, however, not automatic. In spite of several amendments to the Treaty and of the progress of internal harmonization, various institutional constraints thwart the emergence of a fully integrated external European policy in the field of IP. But it is precisely in light of these constraints that the scope of the achievements of the EU, which in now recognized as a central actor in the global IP governance, must be appreciated. In its down side then -- from Global to Local, the Communitization vector is accompanied by a rise of the European Court of Justice in arbitrating complex normative interactions between national, EU and International IP Laws. A systematic analysis of the resolution by the ECJ of these normative interactions reveals its determination to safeguard the autonomy of the EU legal order, by arranging for significant discretion in implementing international commitments. This margin of appreciation is used to defend an original European model under construction, taking advantage of the flexibilities of the global normative framework
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Leroy, Antonia. "Les transformations du droit des pêches face à l'émergence d'un problème juridique : la pêche illicite, non rapportée, non réglementée : Aspects de droit international, européen et national." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0043.
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Le droit des pêches maritimes puise ses fondements dans le droit de la mer. La Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982 pense les questions de pêche à travers les espaces maritimes qu’elle établit. La lutte contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN), s’est insinuée à l’intérieur du droit des pêches en transformation, sur lequel on s’interroge ici, et notamment sur la capacité de ce dernier à éradiquer ces activités INN. La pêche INN renvoie à différentes formes d’activités, de méthodes de pêche, ou de conditions d’exercice de la pêche, qu’il importe de clarifier. Les causes de la pêche INN et le traitement à y appliquer intéressent le droit public au moment où celui-ci recherche des parades. Le contenu et la portée des principes du droit international en matière de lutte contre la pêche INN, n'ont pas été pleinement efficaces puisque ce type de pêche persiste. La principale responsabilité de lutter contre la pêche INN incombe aux États, responsables au minimum d’éviter la pêche INN dans leurs mer territoriale et zones sous juridiction (État côtier) et en haute mer par des navires battant leur pavillon (État du pavillon). L’implication des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches (ORGP) ou d’autres États ou le focus sur certains rôles de l’État comme celui de l’"État du port" et l’"État du marché", qui facilitent ou contrent le commerce des produits halieutiques provenant d’activités INN, ont fait émerger des mesures juridiques internationales ou internes plus contraignantes. Dans ce mouvement, la politique commune européenne des pêches et son droit autant dans son volet interne qu’externe ont joué un rôle déterminant<br>Fisheries Law is taking its foundation within the Law of the sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea addresses fisheries issues through the maritime spaces it establishes. The fight against "illegal, unreported and unregulated" IUU fishing has crept into the Fisheries Law in transformation, which we are considering here, and in particular the latter's ability to eradicate these IUU activities. IUU fishing refers to different forms of fishing activities or methods, or fishing conditions, that need to be clarified. The causes of IUU fishing and the treatment to be applied to it are of full interest to public Law, particularly when it is looking for loopholes. The content and scope of the principles of international Law to combat IUU fishing have not been fully effective since this type of fishing persists. The main responsibility for combating IUU fishing lies with States, which are responsible at a minimum for avoiding IUU fishing in their territorial sea and areas under their jurisdiction (coastal State) and on the high seas by vessels flying their flag (flag State). The involvement of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) or other States or the focus on certain State roles such as the "port State" and the "market State", which facilitate or counter trade in fishery products from IUU activities. This has nevertheless led to the emergence of more restrictive international or national legal measures. In this movement, the European common fisheries policy and its law, both internally and externally, have played a decisive role
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DE, BIEVRE Dirk. "The WTO and Domestic Coalitions: The effects of negotiations and enforcement in the European Union." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5163.
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Defence date: 27 May 2002<br>Examining Board:
Daniel Verdier (Supervisor; European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole)
Adrienne Héritier (Co-supervisor; Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Bonn)
Petros Mavroidis (Université de Neuchâtel)
Patrick Messerlin (Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Paris)<br>First made available online in June 2012.<br>In this PhD dissertation I explain how different forms of international trade institutions affect domestic coalition patterns. Negotiated trade policy instruments create incentives for sector-wide interest representation, while administrative instruments elicit interest aggregation on a more product-specific, intra-sectoral level. I provide a rationale why reciprocal trade negotiations foster sector-wide associations, whereas trade rule enforcement elicits intra-sectoral coalitions. In contrast to existing explanations, these propositions can account for coalition patterns during both the GATT 1947, which consisted of a series of trade negotiation rounds, and the WTO (1995-), which combines negotiations with binding administrative enforcement in the form of international dispute settlement. Comprehensive evidence from EU trade policy lobbying confirms the explanatory force of the hypotheses. Sectoral peak associations co-ordinate interest representation during the GATT and WTO Rounds, whereas private interests predominantly organise on an intra-sectoral level when filing petitions for enforcement instruments administered by the European Commission. Exhaustive databases provide evidence about the predominantly intra-sectoral trade associations that lodge complaints with administrative instruments such as Anti-Dumping, market access investigations and WTO dispute settlement, while other sources reveal how sector-wide peak associations organise during negotiation Rounds. I provide supportive evidence from existing research on interest representation in American trade policy, and control for other factors such as industry concentration and non-trade regulation. The shift from negotiations-only to enforcement is further significant for interest representation in four selected sectors of European industry: chemicals, pharmaceuticals, steel and textiles. Although each of these industries has a long history of sector coherence, they all reorganised their membership and representation structure to accommodate for the increased importance of enforcement instruments. The adoption of direct company membership and/or the inclusion of product-specific trade associations accompany the decrease in importance of the sectorwide peak association in a world where the provision of detailed information for judicial enforcement is starting to weigh more than the political clout of sector-wide peak associations during negotiations.
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BAETEN, Niels. "No place for the WTO in the EU legal order? : EU individuals as the victims of multilevel trade governance." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/26216.
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Award date: 12 December 2011<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>Supervisor: Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann<br>This thesis examines how the EU legal order has adapted to the presence of the World Trade Organization. More specifically, it asks how the European Court of Justice has adapted its case-law on the application of international law within the EU legal order to the particular nature of the WTO system at the intersection of international law and international trade policy. Central to this question is the extent to which the Court has granted direct or indirect effect to provisions of the WTO Agreements and to decisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. Despite almost 40 years of case-law, the effect of WTO law within the EU legal order remains highly relevant. This thesis argues that the ECJ‟s stance vis-à-vis WTO law increasingly inspires the ECJ‟s standard approach to deal with international law, that WTO law provides for a laboratory of more implicit techniques of dialogue between courts and that the EU‟s central focus on respect for the rule of law and fundamental rights urgently calls for a viable solution so as to reconcile the political interests of the EU in the global trading arena with the fundamental rights of private market players. Therefore, the thesis proposes four pathways in order to overcome the identified shortcomings. Particular attention is thereby devoted to the potential of certain developments introduced by the Lisbon Treaty to shed new light on sometimes completely frozen chapters in this long-standing debate.
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Wambui, Macheru Maryanne. "East African community-European union economic partnership agreement, to be or not to be? will economic partnership agreement undermine or accelerate trade development within the East African community?" Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3566.
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DE, ANDRADE CORRÊA Fabiano. "The implementation of sustainable development in regional trade agreements : a case study on the European Union and MERCOSUR." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28034.
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Defence date: 5 June 2013<br>Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Ernst Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute Professor Markus Gehring, University of Cambridge, England Professor Adriana Dreyzin de Klor, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.<br>First made available online 12 June 2019<br>This thesis addresses the implementation of sustainable development in the legal frameworks of regional integration agreements (RIAs). Sustainable development is reaffirmed as one of the main priorities of the international community, while poverty eradication and the integration of socio-environmental concerns into all governance levels remain the most pressing challenges to its implementation. Furthermore, the role of law is considered fundamental for sustainable development, but there remains a lack of analysis of how legal frameworks are effectively advancing this objective. In this regard, the thesis focuses on the laws and policies of two of the most important RIAs in force, the European Union and MERCOSUR, with a twofold objective: 1) to analyze how RIAs can provide enabling legal frameworks for the promotion of sustainable development, going beyond trade liberalization and serving as a building block between multilateral goals and their implementation at the national level; 2) to provide case studies of norms and policies developed at the regional level addressing a) poverty eradication and social justice within their internal spheres; b) trade policies and instruments that more effectively integrate socioenvironmental objectives. The research undertaken has also a comparative element that enables the consideration of whether the EU, a more developed regional organization, can provide lessons to MERCOSUR in advancing these specific issues. The conclusions show that RIAs' legal frameworks can facilitate effective translation of sustainable development goals into concrete norms and policies, bridging the divide between a multilateral system of standard setting with low implementation power, and national states with weakened capacity to deal independently with these issues. The RIAs studied have been developing procedural innovations such as 'impact assessment' instruments, and substantive innovations, such as regional development funds aimed at promoting social cohesion internally, and trade instruments that integrate development concerns in their external relations, such as preferential trade systems (GSP) linked to socio-environmental issues and trade agreements that include 'trade and sustainable development' chapters. It also provides evidence that, despite their institutional differences, the development of sustainable development laws and policies within the EU has followed a path that can provide valuable insights for MERCOSUR. Finally, the thesis argues that, despite the tensions that might arise between the implementation of these regional measures and the multilateral trade system rules, regional action might be a way to cope with the difficulty of reaching a global agreement while also reflecting more adequately local concerns. The challenge is to assure coherence and consistency with the international goals, but given the importance of promoting a more sustainable development process, this a task worth pursuing.
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Chang, Liang-yin, and 張良印. "A Study on the way of Trading Dispute Settlement and a analysis of Legal Coherence between European Union & World Trade Organization." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g7bkh3.
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碩士<br>南華大學<br>歐洲研究所<br>95<br>It did not have an international trade organization or law to be formed a norm before, since the end of 18th century the mercantilism has became much prevails. And a pre-market at early era where economies relied on using barters or exchanges by shells for transaction. And it was taken place in mankind’s early civilization of international trading history.
For making a contribution on the international trade liberalization prevalently, it is necessary to set up a criterion of agreement among the international trade activities. And it starting until to the end of 20th century has established the world trade organization since GATT had established.
The first point on this thesis is The WTO agreement has lots of members on the world trade organization on present, and whether its legal relationship with European Union law has coherent or not ? which is thus one of main point on my study, because she is not only the most powerful regional economics organization on the world to date but it also the world trade activities developed rapidly now.
Secondly, how to solve the trade dispute settlement when the trade conflict has happened, it will be studied above issues continually.
Finally, will be proved the Appellate Body /Panel body on WTO had been used what kind of quantitative economics analysis which helped solving some case law during the trade dispute settlement between complaining member and defendant member, otherwise, will be studied how the quantitative economics analysis can take a good effect to help the arbitrator on WTO?
Consequently, on this study I have found：
1. The attachments of WTO or others agreements had been necessarily examined by European commission in which WTO agreement would be applied by indirection, but for the preamble on WTO. In general to EU, it is necessary be examined by EU whenever what kinds of International Treaties in which applied in member states. This is so-called indirect application in the International law.
2.In addition to “Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, DSU” was applied in WTO agreement, also there has three sorts of agreement helps to solve trade dispute that is “the
Anti-Dumping agreement, AD ”、“The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, SCM”、“the Safeguards Agreement, SA”.
3. Using quantitative economic analysis the particular measure such as “Armington elasticity ”、“cross-price elasticity”、“Regression analysis”、“ financial analysis”、“causation and non-causation analysis”, it could be a instrumental in fair adjudication on WTO dispute settlement process.
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Nasková, Dominika. "Mezinárodně obchodní aspekty vztahu Světové obchodní organizace a Evropské unie." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322189.
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World Trade Organization and European Union - the International Trade Aspects of their Relationship The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overall and comparative insight into the relation of the World Trade Organization and the European Union, both being the most influential entities in scope of international trade. The relationship of these two organizations is complex and needs to be assessed with regard to various circumstances - primarily, there is a questionable relationship between the legal systems of those entities, complicated by the attitude of the European Union towards the law (or agreements) of the World Trade Organization. Secondly, both the European Union and the World Trade Organization represent individual and separate entities acting in the area of international trade and thirdly, the European Union is a Member of the World Trade Organization. All these dimensions play a key role when defining the relationship between those entities. The thesis commences (first chapter) with the overview of the development of international trade and organizations with the purpose of regulating this area. Second and third chapter deal with basic terms relating to the World Trade Organization and the European Union - their development, instruments, aims and forecasts. World Trade Organization...
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ALKEMA, Ynze. "Regionalism in a multilateral framework :the EEC, the United States and the GATT confronting trade policies, 1957-1962." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5819.
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Defence date: 7 March 1997<br>Examining board: Prof. Richard T. Griffiths, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden (supervisor) ; Prof. Alan S. Milward, EUI ; Prof. Jaime Reis, EUI ; Prof. Federico Romero, Università di Bologna ; Prof. Klaus Schwabe, RWTH Aachen<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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KUILWIJK, Kees Jan. "The European Court of Justice and the GATT dilemma : public interest versus individual rights?" Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4682.
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Martinec, Tomáš. "Řešení sporů v rámci WTO." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352303.
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This thesis, entitled WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism focuses on the issue of direct effect of WTO law with respect to the possibility of private persons to claim damages in case they are affected by the retaliatory measures adopted by the injured WTO-member in response to the violation of WTO rules perpetrated by their government. In connection with the aforesaid, the thesis compares the approach of the United States of America with the one of the European Union. Given the fact that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice regarding the issue of direct effect of WTO law has undergone substantial development, the thesis also analyses the jurisprudence and its outcomes. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one introduces the dispute settlement procedure before the Dispute settlement body under the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. The thesis focuses on particular stages of the procedure before the DSB and introduces the particular actors of the dispute settlement mechanism. The first part consists of three chapters, first of which deals with particular actors, second defining particular stages of the procedure and third focusing on the stage of implementation of DSB decisions. The second part that is also divided into three chapters...
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El, Moukahal Daria. "Litiges de l'Union européenne devant l'Organe de règlement des différends." Thesis, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GREND011.
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Le but de la recherche est d'identifier la stratégie de l'Union européenne dans le cadre du règlement des différends à l'OMC et de déterminer le rôle que jouent les différends commerciaux internationaux au niveau interne communautaire. La spécificité de la participation de l'UE par rapport aux autres Etats membres de l'OMC et les raisons de sa participation sont étudiées plus particulièrement dans le cadre d'une réflexion sur la manière dont les litiges internationaux s'inscrivent dans sa politique externe. Nous analysons en outre l'apport des litiges de l'Union européenne dans le développement du droit international. Le travail est articulé autour de deux axes qui contribuent à l'étude de la cohérence de la stratégie de l'UE au sein de l'ORD. Les politiques de l'Union européenne sont fréquemment mises en cause devant l'Organe de règlement des différends de l'OMC. L'UE utilise les litiges commerciaux internationaux comme un instrument de sa politique commercial, notamment dans le but de promouvoir à l'international ses valeurs non-commerciales et les intérêts primordiaux, ainsi que pour défendre son acquis historique selon les lignes directrices de ses politiques. Ces ambitions de l'Union expliquent la particularité de ses litiges commerciaux internationaux. La première partie analyse la nature spécifique des litiges commerciaux internationaux de l'UE et vise à répondre à la question de savoir par quels moyens l'UE essaye d'imposer son expérience de libéralisation des échanges au niveau international (Partie I). Dans la seconde partie nous procédons à l'analyse du choix des modalités de règlement de différends par l'Union en fonction de différents critères. Ainsi, le mode de règlement d'un différend dépend des parties impliquées dans le conflit et des enjeux en cause. En outre, nous examinons si les conditions institutionnelles de sa participation au règlement des différends commerciaux et les mécanismes spéciaux de la PCC existant au sein de l'UE sont compatibles avec les exigences du droit de l'OMC, et s'ils sont par conséquent « rentables » pour la défense efficace des intérêts de l'UE tant commerciaux que non commerciaux (Partie II)<br>The main purpose of the research is to identify the European Union's strategy in the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO and to determine the role that international trade disputes play on the European level. Particularly, the EU participation specificity, compared to other Members of the WTO and the reasons for its involvement, are examined in the frame of an analysis on the manner in which international disputes inscribe into its external policy. We also analyze the EU disputes contribution to the development of international law. The research articulates around two main parts which contribute to the study of coherence of the EU strategy in the DSB. EU policies are frequently attacked in front of the DSB. The EU uses recourse to international trade disputes as an instrument to promote to the international level its non trade values and essential interests and to defend its historical acquis according to main directions of its policies. These EU ambitions explain the specificity of its international trade disputes. The first part of the research analyses the particular nature of international trade disputes of the EU and intends to answer the question to know by what means the EU tries to impose its own experience of trade liberalization onto international level (Part I). In the second part we are analyzing the EU choice of modes of dispute settlement depending on different criteria. So, the dispute settlement means depends on the parties to the conflict and the stakes of the dispute. We also examine if institutional conditions for its participation to settlement of international trade disputes and special mechanisms of Common Commercial Policy existing in the EU are compliant with WTO law requirements, and if they are consequently profitable for efficient defense of the EU trade and non trade interests (Part II)
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Tměj, Jakub. "Vztah právního řádu Evropské unie k právu Světové obchodní organizace." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344677.
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Both, the European Union legal order and the World Trade Organization law represent important examples of the supranational legal system. This thesis focuses on their mutual relationship, in concrete through the perspective of the EU law. It aims to analyse how the European law approaches the WTO rules and which effects are granted to them. Introductory chapter provides the reader with a wider perspective of the examined topic dealing with relationship of the European law and the public international law in general. It presents the historical development as well as the current status of the relationship. Attention is brought to relevant provisions of the EU law and related case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It also outlines a theoretical background of the issue. Chapter Two focuses in a more specific way on the position of WTO norms in the EU legal order. Firstly, it briefly defines the WTO law while reflecting the specifics in regard of the EU. Afterwards, it is examined, which effects are granted to the WTO rules in the European law, particularly through the reasoning of the CJEU. The last chapter puts the results of the analysis into a wider context and sketches the background of the topic at hand. That provides inputs for a final evaluation of the current status and an...
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Numbi, Theresia Charles. "The implementation of countervailing measures in Tanzania: challenges and constraints." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3748_1380786678.
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Alves, Andreia Sofia Ventura. "Brexit." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/94331.
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The triggering of the Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, on March of 2017, officialised the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union and formalized it before the rest of the world. After that and given the current interdependence and interconnection among the world's economies, Brexit represents another economic shock, with a global contagion effect, extending it beyond British borders. This document is intended to clarify the likely impact of the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union in the Financial Markets Regulation and Supervision sector, taking into account the "special status" that the country has inside the common bloc and the particular characteristics that make the city the main financial center of Europe. The complexity of the subject and the slowness of the negotiation process have contributed to the successive postponements of the effective date of Brexit so that uncertainty still has a significant expression in the political discussion. Without exhausting the possible options for negotiating the exit agreement, three scenarios are presented which can be part of the final agreement along with the inevitable costs and potential benefits associated. As a result, none of the raw options - being part of the European Economic Area, negotiating a Free Trade Agreement with the EU or being subject to World Trade Organization laws - guarantee the same level of access to the single market as the one that the United Kingdom currently enjoys, nor even restores its full regulatory and economic sovereignty. The Brexit may have been the result of an old desire for the recovery of political independence, but perhaps it was only pointed as a momentary impetus that was miscalculated, since the result of a new referendum would be the opposite.<br>A invocação do artigo 50.º do Tratado da União Europeia, em março de 2017, tornou oficial a decisão de saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia e formalizou-a perante o resto do Mundo. Depois disso e, dada a atual interdependência e interconexão verificada entre as economias do mundo, o Brexit vem representar mais um choque económico, com um efeito de contágio a nível global, proliferando-se e expandindo-se para lá das fronteiras britânicas. O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar o provável impacto da saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia, no setor da Regulação e Supervisão dos Mercados Financeiros, considerando o “estatuto especial” que o país detém no bloco comum e as características particulares que tornam a cidade de Londres o principal centro financeiro da Europa. A complexidade do tema e a morosidade do processo de negociação têm contribuído para os sucessivos adiamentos da efetiva data do Brexit, pelo que a incerteza sobre a saída do Reino Unido e os moldes em que a mesma ocorrerá ainda têm uma expressão significativa na discussão política. Não pretendendo esgotar as opções possíveis para a negociação do acordo de saída, esta dissertação apresenta e explora três cenários que podem ser parte do acordo final, analisando os inevitáveis custos e potenciais benefícios a eles associados. Resulta que, nenhuma das opções, em bruto, - fazer parte do Espaço Económico Europeu, negociar um Acordo de Livre Comércio com a UE ou ficar subordinado às leis da Organização Mundial do Comércio – garante o mesmo nível de acesso ao mercado único de que o Reino Unido usufrui atualmente ou lhe devolve a total soberania regulatória e económica. O Brexit pode ter sido fruto de um velho desejo de restauração da independência política, mas talvez se tenha apenas consagrado num impulso momentâneo mal calculado, já que atualmente, o resultado de um novo referendo seria o oposto.
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Rei, Tânia Beatriz Freitas. "A lista de jurisdições não cooperantes e a proposta de medidas de reação : problemas de compatibilidade com o direito da OMC." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36762.
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O presente trabalho visa analisar um instrumento legal da União Europeia usado para combater o fenómeno dos paraísos fiscais. O seu primeiro objetivo é refletir sobre os danos causados numa economia globalizada pelos paraísos fiscais e o porquê de a existência de jurisdições que praticam taxas de imposto zero ou quase zero ser tão prejudicial. Em segundo lugar, pretendemos dar a conhecer um pouco dos fatores que presidiram à elaboração desta lista, o porquê da sua criação, os objetivos que pretende atingir e os critérios seguidos para a inclusão das jurisdições consideradas “não cooperantes” na lista. De seguida, iremos ver quais são as medidas defensivas que serão aplicadas no seguimento da aplicação desta lista e analisaremos o direito da Organização Mundial do Comércio, sobretudo os seus princípios. Neste âmbito, estudaremos os princípios e o seu escopo e, de seguida, como cerne deste trabalho, veremos da sua compatibilidade com as medidas defensivas da União Europeia. No final, incluiremos as conclusões obtidas ao longo deste trabalho e uma breve crítica à forma de elaboração da lista de jurisdições não colaborantes com a União Europeia.<br>The present work aims to analyze a legal instrument of the European Union used to combat the phenomenon of tax havens. The first objective is to reflect on the damage caused in a globalized economy by tax havens and why the existence of jurisdictions that practice zero or near zero tax rates is so harmful. Second, we intend to make known a little of the factors that led to the elaboration of this list, the reason for its creation, the objectives that it intends to achieve, and the criteria followed for the inclusion of jurisdictions considered “non-cooperative” in the list. Next, we will see which are the defensive measures that will be applied following the application of this list and we will analyze the law of the World Trade Organization, especially its principles. In this context, we will study the principles and their scope and then, as the core of this work, we will see their compatibility with the European Union's defensive measures. In the end, we will include the conclusions obtained in the course of this work and a brief critique to the construction of the list of non-cooperating jurisdictions with the European Union.
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Яременко, Діана Геннадіївна. "Правові проблеми захисту національного товаровиробника в умовах участі в СОТ". Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/2913.
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Яременко Д. Г. Правові проблеми захисту національного товаровиробника в умовах участі в СОТ : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 081 "Право" / наук. керівник Я. О. Сидоров. Зaпoріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 128 с.<br>UA : Квaліфікaційнa рoбoтa склaдaється зі 128 стoрінoк, містить 71 джерело використаної інформації.
Cтратегiчним пріоритетом зовнiшньоекономiчної полiтики України є вcтуп до Cвiтової організації торгiвлi (CОТ). Прагнення здобути повноправне членcтво у цiйорганiзацiї продиктоване реалiями cучаcного розвитку, домінуючою тенденцiєю якого протягом останніх деcятилiть є прогресуюча інтернаціоналізація економічних вiдноcин, що знаходить cвоєвтiлення не тiльки у поcиленнi взаємозв’язку та взаємозалежності національних економiк, зроcтаючiй маcштабноcтi та якicнiй змiнi характеру торгово-економiчнихвiдноcин країн, появi нових форм та методів міжнародної торгiвлi, а й актуалiзацiї проблеми захиcту національних економічних iнтереciв. Членами CОТ на cьогоднi є 164 країн, на якi припадає понад 98% обcягуcвiтовоїторгiвлi, ще 30 країн перебувають на рiзних етапах процеcувcтупу.
Членcтво в CОТ певною мiрою обмежує можливості реалізації національних економічних інтересів унаcлiдок скорочення спектра iнcтрументiв торгової полiтики, якi ранiше були виключно компетенцією національних урядiв. Заcоби захиcту торгiвлi та національного товаровиробника перебуваючи в центрi торговельної полiтики ЄвропейcькогоCоюзу (ЄC), є комплексом iнcтрументiв торговельного права та важливим механiзмом для забезпечення дотримання загальноприйнятих принципiв i правил мiжнародноїторгiвлi.
Актуальнicть проблеми i, водночаc, її недоcтатнярозробленicть зумовили вибiр теми нашого доcлiдження «Правовi проблеми захиcтунацiонального товаровиробника в умовах учаcтi в CОТ».
Метою квaлiфiкaцiйної роботи є нaуковеобґрунтувaння тa зaпропонувaння дослідження аналізу і розробки теоретичних засад правового регулювання інноваційної діяльності.
Об’єктом дослідження квaлiфiкaцiйної роботиє відносини, що виникають у процесі планування та здійснення інноваційної діяльності.
Предметомдослiдження є основні пріоритети правових засад інноваційного розвитку економіки України.
Методологічну основу рoбoти склaдaють сукупність загальнонаукових і спеціальних методів: Методологічною основою науковоїроботи є сукупністьметодів і прийом і внаукового пізнання. Під час написання роботи використовувалися загальнонаукові та спеціальніюридичні методи, застосування яких забезпечило досягнення сформульованих мети та завдань дослідження, для забезпечення повноти дослідження, об’єктивності та достовірності отриманих наукових результатів. Так за допомогою методу системно-структурного аналізу розкрито понятійний апарат. Спеціально-юридичний метод було використано для формулювання дефініцій і термінів, що склали понятійно-категоріальний апарат дослідження. Системний методдав можливість комплексно розглянути систему норм права ЄС у контексті предмета дослідження, а історико-правовийметод використано для дослідження становлення та розвитку правового забезпеченнязасобівзахисту товаровиробника.<br>EN : The qualifying work consists of 128 pages and contains 71 sources of information used.
The strategic priority of Ukraine's foreign economic policy is the introduction to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The desire to gain full chlenctvo in this organization dictated realiyamycuchacnoho development tendency which dominates over octannihdecyatylit is prohrecuyuchainternatsionalizatsiya economic vidnocyn that is cvoye realizing not only in the relationship and pocylennivzayemozalezhnocti national economy, zroctayuchiymacshtabnoctiyakicniy variation and nature of trade and economic vidnocyn countries, the emergence of new forms and methods of international trade, but also the updating of the problems of protection of national economic interests. Today, WTO members are 164 countries, accounting for more than 98% of world trade, and 30 more countries are at different stages of the process of accession.
Membership in the WTO to some extent limits the possibilities of realization of national economic interests due to the shortening of the spectrum of trade policy instruments, which were previously exclusively the competence of national governments. At the same time, at the global level, new regulatory and protective mechanisms and methods are being perfected and created, which are necessary to understand, master and use them for the effective implementation of national economic interventions in international conditions.
The urgency of the problem and, at the same time, its insufficient development, led to the choice of the topic of our study «Legal Problems of Protection of a National Commodity Producer in the Conditions of Participation in the WTO».
The purpose of the qualification work is to provide a scientific justification for the study of the analysis and development of the theoretical foundations of the legal regulation of innovative activity.
The object of the study of qualification work is the relationships that arise in the process of planning and implementation of innovation activities.
The subject of research is the main priorities of the legal foundations of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy.
The methodological basis of the work consists of a set of general scientific and special methods: The methodological basis of scientific work is a set of methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. During the writing of the paper, general scientific and special legal methods were used, the application of which ensured the achievement of the formulated goals and objectives of the research, to ensure the completeness of the research, objectivity and reliability of the obtained scientific results.Thus, using the method of system-structural analysis, the conceptual apparatus is disclosed. The special legal method was used to formulate definitions and terms that made up the conceptual categorical apparatus of the study.
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ROZMILEROVÁ, Monika. "Ochrana práv k duševnímu vlastnictví v mezinárodním obchodě." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-252087.
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The main topic of this diploma thesis is "Property of intellectual property rights in international trade. The aim is to provide complex view on intellectual property protection in international trade, afterwards more specifically focused on industrial property, trademarks and geographical indications. The crucial part of the thesis is dovoted to the analysis of individual steps of trademark registration.