Relevant bibliographies by topics / World Trade Organization

Academic literature on the topic 'World Trade Organization'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "World Trade Organization"

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Radhika, Radhika, and Dr Vazir Singh Nehra. "World Trade Organization and Indian Agriculture." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/27.

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Shah, Pankaj. "World Trade Organization." IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance 3, no. 2 (2014): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-03221115.

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Pakhomov, A. "World Trade Organization." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (1997): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-1997-7-137-140.

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Choi, Gyoung-Gyu. "China's Accession into the World Trade Organization." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2000): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps15107.

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This paper outlines the process of China's accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) with special focus given to the negotiations between the United States and China, and the European Union (EU) and China. Various economic and political issues behind the scene explain why the US refused to accept China into the WTO for the last 14 years. The economic and political changes in America coupled with the economic and political changes in China placed the two countries in a position where a U.S-China bilateral agreement could be made. The EU acted as a free rider in these negotiations such that it achieved most of its objectives from the conclusion of the Sino-US negotiation. Moreover, the EU could have topped China's concession to the US if it had taken advantage of the opportunity right before the PNTR vote carne to the US Congress.
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Wilkinson, Rorden. "The World Trade Organization." New Political Economy 7, no. 1 (March 2002): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563460120115552.

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Hafter, Naomi. "World Trade Organization (www.wto.org)." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 15, no. 2 (March 2, 2010): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08963560903557636.

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Großmann, Harald, Georg Koopmann, and Axel Michaelowa. "The new World Trade Organization: Pacemaker for world trade?" Intereconomics 29, no. 3 (May 1994): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02926347.

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Zhang, Yichi. "Research on Regional Trade Agreement Exceptions Under the World Trade Organization Law." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 4083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.14.3.290.

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Sutyrin, Sergei, Guan Xueling, Miroslav Jovanovic, Mina Mashayekhi, Jean-Marie Paugam, Alexey Portansky, and Maarten Smeets. "World Trade Organization: Quo vadis?" St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 4 (2020): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.401.

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During last couple of years, the academic community, national civil servants in charge of trade policies, and employees of international economic organizations have intensively discussed reforming the World Trade Organization. All participants of the debate tend to agree that the system of multilateral trade regulation in its present form does not match expectations and requirements. There is less unanimity regarding the reasons that have resulted in the poor performance of the institution under review. As for possible ways to solve the problem, existing opinions differ dramatically. Both expert views and official proposals of WTO members (Canada, EU, Japan, China and some others) deal with prospects for the Doha round, modalities of future agreements, decision-making process, and a range of other questions waiting for uneasy answers.
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Allahverdiyeva, Samira. "World trade organization and Azerbaijan." Scientific Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2020): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/ywuk9626.

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As we know, the interest of each state in joining the WTO is to succeed in foreign trade and in particular, to benefit more. To this end, the countries of the world are closely following the global foreign trade policy and trying to establish the right policy on the path of development. The main feature of the global economic system, on which we now focus more is the subject of discussion at the international level, is the implementation of systematic and rapid changes in the system of public administration. From this point of view, it is very important for Azerbaijan to gain the necessary position in the global sense, and, of course, if there are some delays in this area, rapid changes in the global arena increase the likelihood of negative effects for Azerbaijan. To this end, it is very important that the members of the WTO Preparatory Commission are fully trained and well-directed. As a final result, I would like to note that the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan should make extensive use of the experience of member states in the negotiation process and conduct a proper assessment. In addition, I think that special work should be done to inform the public about the WTO, and more productive events should be organized.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "World Trade Organization"

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Yurko, Darya. "Ukraine in the World Trade Organization." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16840.

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Nowadays, being a member of the World Trade Organization for a country means becoming an active participant of the world trade relations. On May 16, 2008, Ukraine officially became the 152th member-country of the WTO. The thesis describes the process of Ukraine's acceptance to the WTO that lasted for more than fourteen years. Moreover, in the work it is analyzed Ukraine's gains and losses after the two-year WTO membership. The study focuses on strength and weaknesses of the WTO membership in common and for Ukraine specifically.
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Voon, Tania Su Lien. "Cultural products in the World Trade Organization." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613858.

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Warida, Mokhtar Gamil. "Legalization in International Organizations : The Case of the World Trade Organization." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531462.

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McConnell, Irene Erika. "Trade and the environment, defining a role for the World Trade Organization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/NQ41085.pdf.

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Paterson, William B. "Altering world order : the alter-globalization movement and the World Trade Organization." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/186.

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This thesis analyses the relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the alter-globalization movement through the theoretical framework of Robert W. Cox. A Coxian perspective highlights that the WTO is a central international organization of the current nebuleuse, and one integral to enforcing, promoting and defending transnational corporate hegemony. The emergence of the protest movement inaccurately labelled the ‘anti-globalization movement’ can be described as a Coxian counter-hegemonic structure. From the plethora of protesters making up this ‘anti-globalization movement’ who dispute the legitimacy of the WTO, a distinct alter-globalization movement can be identified. It prescribes the alternative principles of public accountability, the rights of people and the protection of the environment as guides to reforming the WTO towards a Coxian ‘new multilateralism’. This thesis asks: to what extent has this alter-globalisation movement succeeded in altering the policies and processes of the WTO in accordance with these principles? In Coxian terms the questions of how far the campaign for ‘new multilateralism’ has successfully altered the hegemony of the current world order and avoided trasformismo are asserted. After illustrating corporate structural power within the WTO’s policies and procedures, the alter-globalisation movement is defined as an entity of overlapping social movements and Non-Governmental Organizations (Alter-NGOs). The thesis identifies and evaluates three strategies employed by the alter-globalisation movement to place its values at the heart of the WTO: demonstrations on the street; assisting developing states during negotiations; and submitting amicus briefs to the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The obstacles presented by the WTO’s policy of trasformismo are then detailed, namely: political elites coopting the alter-globalization movement’s principles into their own rhetoric; the cooption of NGOs by political elites from the developing world, and the cooption of NGOs and the fierce rejection of any NGO influence within the WTO. In its conclusions the thesis details the manner in which trasformismo is a significant tool in the armoury of corporate hegemony for resisting reform, and thereby informs existing literature on the problems faced by all social movements and NGOs engaging with reforming the world order.
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Roth, Jeremy. "The Political Economy of World Trade Organization Dispute Resolution." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/990.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
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Gascoigne, Catherine Elizabeth. "Causation in the law of the World Trade Organization." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284910.

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The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) both explicitly and implicitly requires that a determination of causation be made at a number of points. In several of the WTO covered agreements, an important part of making a determination about causation involves separating those factors that are causative from those that are immaterial to the outcome in question (this process of separation is known as a 'non-attribution analysis'). This thesis argues that there are six parts of the law of the WTO that require, either explicitly or implicitly, that a causation and non-attribution analysis be undertaken. These are: (1) Safeguard Measures (Articles 2.1 and 4.2(a) and (b) of the Agreement on Safeguards ); (2) Anti-Dumping measures (Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement ); (3) Countervailing Duties (Article 15.5 of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement (SCM Agreement)); (4) Serious prejudice (Articles 5(c) and 6.3 of the SCM Agreement); (5) the relationship between a measure and its policy objective (Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Article XIV of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ); and (6) the relationship between a responding Member's failure to comply with a DSB ruling and the complainant Member's level of nullification and impairment (Articles 22.6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes and 4.10 of the SCM Agreement). This thesis will first examine the current approach in the jurisprudence to analysing causation and non-attribution in these parts of the law of the WTO. To that end, it will suggest that there is a trend in the current jurisprudence to attempt to make an a priori inference about the effects of a cause from the nature of the cause itself. This thesis will suggest that this approach reflects a misconception of causation, and it will propose an alternative, three-part methodology for interrogating causation based on the use of econometric analysis, which has been developed from guidance given by the Appellate Body in US-Wheat Gluten.
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Chong, Wing-yi Elena, and 莊詠怡. "The impact of China's accession to the World Trade Organization on itstextile trade." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953426.

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Lucenti, Krista. "Essays on international trade: antidumping, competition, and trade facilitation." Berlin dissertation.de, 2006. http://d-nb.info/990430650/04.

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Tanaka, Yumiko. "The world trade organization and disputes over extraterritorial application : the effectiveness and function of the world trade organization dispute settlement body in international law." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32815.

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States have often applied their laws extraterritorially in order to force other states to comply with international interests such as human rights and environmental standards due to the absence of reliable enforcement and legislative bodies in international society. Many disputes caused by such extraterritorial application have been settled in dispute settlement procedures of the GATT and World Trade Organization (WTO). However, some argue that the WTO is not an appropriate forum to settle extraterritorial disputes since competence of the WTO is limited to "trade" issues and the legitimacy of extraterritorial measures should be assessed by applying all relevant international norms. This paper argues, by analyzing the nature of extraterritorial disputes and by comparing past approaches taken to extraterritorial disputes with the WTO procedures, that the WTO can provide effective solutions to extraterritorial disputes procedurally and substantially. This paper also argues that WTO can contribute to the development of the international legal system in the course of its resolution of extraterritorial disputes by examining state practices after the GATT/WTO dispute settlement.
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Books on the topic "World Trade Organization"

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Bohne, Eberhard. The World Trade Organization. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277380.

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Reis, Ronald A. The World Trade Organization. New York: Chelsea House, 2009.

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Margaret, Haerens, ed. The World Trade Organization. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Haerens, Margaret. The World Trade Organization. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Margaret, Haerens, ed. The World Trade Organization. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Cottier, Thomas, and Manfred Elsig, eds. Governing the World Trade Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511792502.

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Elsig, Manfred, Bernard Hoekman, and Joost Pauwelyn, eds. Assessing The World Trade Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108147644.

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Tika, Wihanasari, and Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Multilateral. Direktorat Perdagangan, Perindustrian, Investasi, dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual., eds. Sekilas WTO (World Trade Organization). 5th ed. Jakarta: Direktorat Perdagangan, Perindustrian, Investasi, dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual, Direktorat Jenderal Multilateral, Departemen Luar Negeri., 2007.

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Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Multilateral. Direktorat Perdagangan, Perindustrian, Investasi, dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual., ed. Sekilas WTO (World Trade Organization). 5th ed. Jakarta: Direktorat Perdagangan, Perindustrian, Investasi, dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual, Direktorat Jenderal Multilateral, Departemen Luar Negeri., 2007.

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Kern, Alexander, and Andenæs Mads Tønnesson 1957-, eds. The World Trade Organization and trade in services. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "World Trade Organization"

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Zelli, Fariborz. "World Trade Organization." In Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance, 294–97. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367816681-120.

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Staiger, Robert W. "World Trade Organization." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2050-1.

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Staiger, Robert W. "World Trade Organization." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 14654–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2050.

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Ragavan, Srividhya. "World Trade Organization." In Intellectual Property Law and Access to Medicines, 25–43. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176602-3.

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Bădărău, Domniţa Oana. "World Trade Organization." In Mental Health Practitioner's Guide to HIV/AIDS, 439–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5283-6_95.

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De Bièvre, Dirk, and Marcel Hanegraaff. "World Trade Organization (WTO)." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Affairs, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13895-0_61-1.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The World Trade Organization." In International Economic Institutions, 99–132. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5565-7_4.

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Chatterjee, Deen K. "World Trade Organization (WTO)." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 1167. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_1129.

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De Bièvre, Dirk, and Marcel Hanegraaff. "World Trade Organization (WTO)." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Affairs, 1503–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44556-0_61.

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Citaristi, Ileana. "World Trade Organization—WTO." In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2022, 408–14. 24th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292548-83.

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Conference papers on the topic "World Trade Organization"

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Tyurina, Nataliya. "THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION LAW : SYSTEM APPROACH." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b21/s5.123.

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Sholihah, Rakhma Putri, and Arie Afriansyah. "Regulation of Crypto Currency in World Trade Organization." In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.006.

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Makhov, Sergei Anatolievich. "Self-organisation in world dynamics." In Horizons of mathematical modeling and theory of self-organization. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/k95-7.

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The paper present a dynamic macro model of world dynamics. The world is divided into 19 geographic regions in the model. The internal development of the regions is described by regression equations for demographic and economic indicators (Population, Gross Domestic Product, Gross Capital Formation). The bilateral trade flows from region to region describes interregional interactions and represented the trade submodel. Four types and two types of functional dependence were considered, in total eight variants of the trading equation were studied. The quality of regression models is compared by the coefficient of determination. By calculations the model satisfactorily approximates the dynamics of monotonically changing indicators. The dynamics of non-monotonic trade flows is analyzed, three types of functional de-pendence on time are proposed for their approximation. The forecast of regional development and global dynamics up to 2040 is constructed.
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Kartal, Burak. "Examining the Turkish-Russian Trade Relations after Russia’s World Trade Organization Accession." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00817.

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Turkey and the Russian Federation (RF) have deep historical political and economic relations. The trade between the two countries have been growing since late 1980s when Turkey began to procure natural gas from Russia. The dissolution of USSR and the revival of Russian economy offered new opportunities for Turkish businessmen. During the last decade, Russia became one of the few major markets for Turkish construction and contractor companies whereas Turkey has been a favorable touristic destination for Russians. The agreements regarding Akkuyu nuclear power plant and natural gas pipelines have strengthened the ties between the two countries. In 2012, Russia became the 156th member of the WTO. Russia’s WTO accession, along with the country’s other economic cooperation and integration moves provide foreign companies interested in Russia with a better investment climate and business environment. Having competitive advantage in many goods and services categories needed by Russia, Turkish companies should benefit the new developments in RF and increase their business volumes in that country. This paper examines the current trade relations between RF and Turkey in detail considering the potential effects of RF’s WTO membership.
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Kumar, Surendra. "Telecommunication services and world trade organization: A developing economy's perspective." In 2014 International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indiacom.2014.6828110.

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Udalov, Andrey, Zoya Udalova, and Lyubov Postnikova. "The Analysis of the Consequences of Russia’s Accession to the World Trade Organization." In International Conference on Economics, Management and Technologies 2020 (ICEMT 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200509.069.

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Chen, Chanting. "Promoting Teaching Effectiveness by Diversification of Evaluation Methods: A Case Study of World Trade Organization Bilingual Course for International Trade Major." In 2017 World Conference on Management Science and Human Social Development (MSHSD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mshsd-17.2018.15.

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Cebotari, Daniela. "Digitalization of international trade." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359023.07.

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The beginning of the 21st century has been marked by a new technological era, an era of the digital economy based on the implementation and use of a complex of digital technologies. Technological innovations have always brought to major changes in the lifestyle of people and society, which has contributed to reduced costs and significant changes in the organization and structure of international trade. My purpose is to identify the importance of e-commerce for all countries in the world, including the Republic of Moldova. I will also present the advantages and disadvantages of digitizing international trade.
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Kharchenko, Ekaterina. "METHODS OF REGION TYPOLOGY IN TERMS OF THE CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP IN WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b23/s7.072.

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Murat, Sedat, Sefer Şener, and Burcu Kılınç Savrul. "The Role of Economic Integration in Trade Openness: The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00832.

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Trade liberalization is one of the greatest economic arguments of the economics and it is claimed that trade openness is a crucial phenomenon for the well-being of nations since Adam Smith. Although various practices have been seen in different parts of the world in the history, from 1980s trade liberalization movements have been the dominant trend. However liberalization of trade in developing countries brought debates in economic literature and it is argued that open trade can have catastrophic effects instead of providing growth and welfare to the practitioner countries. In this study if The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization had contributed the member states to liberalize their trade has been investigated. The changes in the rates of inward and outward investment, import, export, population and labour force of the member countries during the establishment period of the Organization has been evaluated. The data is collected from Worldbank National Accounts Database, IMF World Economic Outlook and Balance of Payments Database and UNCTAD. The results of the study has shown that although the establishment of the organization had positive effect on investment and trade flows of the countries, it had no effect on labour flows of the member states.
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Reports on the topic "World Trade Organization"

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Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert Staiger. What Do Trade Negotiators Negotiate About? Empirical Evidence from the World Trade Organization. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12727.

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Harmer, Toni. Biofuels Subsidies and the Law of the World Trade Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ag_ip_20090716a.

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Echols, Marsha A. Biofuels Certification and the Law of the World Trade Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ag_ip_20090901.

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Griffin, Gilbert A. What are the Consequences of China's Membership into the World Trade Organization? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400855.

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Uribe, Claudia. Aid for Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006739.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the 7th Hemispheric Meeting held on September 11th and 12th, 2006. This presentation discusses the creation of a task force to provide recommendations on how to operationalize Aid for Trade. The author is Claudia Uribe, the Colombian ambassador to the World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Pérez del Castillo, Carlos. Agricultural Negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Their Links to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Inter-American Development Bank, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012266.

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This paper was developed for the Regional Policy Dialogue on Trade and Integration Network in August of 2002. This paper is an in-depth discussion of how agriculture occupied a sideline position during the negotiations for the formation of the FTAA and WTO. Main topics in regards to the negotiation rounds include a discussion of export subsidies, export credits, food aid, state trading enterprises, and export restrictions and taxes. In addition, this paper reflects on the relationship between both negotiations and their differences as compared to Latin American countries' priorities in the sphere of negotiation.
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Pérez del Castillo, Carlos. Agricultural Negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Their Links to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Inter-American Development Bank, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006738.

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This presentation was presented in the 4th Hemispheric Meeting of the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the on September 17th and 18th, 2002. This brief presentation reflects on the links between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) during their agricultural negotiations, including the main topics and positions.
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8

Hart, Michael M. Implementing Freer Trade: The Canadian Experience 1986 - 1995. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008398.

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Between 1986 and 1995, the government of Canada negotiated and implemented three major international trade agreements: the 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA), the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the 1995 World Trade Organization Agreement (WTO). Individually, each marked a major venture; together, the three agreements constituted a revolution in Canadian trade policy making.
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9

Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio. Brazil's Trade Policy: Old and New Issues. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011061.

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This paper examines this agenda and argues that if Brazil really wants to fully enjoy the growth and welfare benefits of trade, it needs to further lower and rationalize its structure of protection; adopt a more aggressive, World Trade Organization-plus, policy to open markets abroad; design a regional integration strategy that makes sense to its smaller partners; and bring trade facilitation, particularly transport costs, to the core of its trade agenda
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10

Hicks, Jacqueline. Trade Facilitation for Environmental Goods and Services. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.038.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how reform in customs procedures can facilitate international trade in environmental goods and services. Overall, it finds that there is a general belief in the literature from the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Trade Center and World Bank, that streamlining customs procedures supports international trade in environmental goods. There is survey evidence that firms exporting environmental goods encounter difficulties with customs procedures at the point of entry. Previous trade facilitation projects have not considered trade in environmental goods, so provide no evidence about what has or has not worked well. The evidence base identified during this literature review was extremely small, and came largely from international trade institutions such as the WTO or World Bank, or research organisations working with them. Most of the references to trade in EGS and customs procedures were mentioned in passing as mutually compatible without going into further detail. One of the few documents to combine trade in EGS with trade facilitation is not available for public viewing.
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