Relevant bibliographies by topics / World Trade Organisation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'World Trade Organisation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "World Trade Organisation"

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Aboagye, Emmanuel Mensah, Nana Osei Owusu, Monica Yamoah, Richmond Ashiagbor, and Kwaku Obeng Effah. "World Trade Organisation System." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 13, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2022v13i1p32-43.

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In today’s world, sustainable development has become the consensus of the international community. With the development and progress of the world economy and the launch of the wave of environmental protection in the world, market trade and environmental protection issues have gradually gained the full attention of government departments and people in many countries around the world, and gradually developed into one of the core issues in the global political, economic and multi-industry fields. The laws and regulations on environmental protection adopted by international organizations and countries and the basic rules of market trade constitute the basis for applying environmental control supervision. The researchers adopted a systematic online search to identify journal articles, reports, and other relevant documents related to the market trade and environmental protection. The online search was done mainly on Google, Google Scholar and Bing to retrieve related documents on market trade and environmental protection. The study unraveled a complex relationship between market trade and environmental protection, and the international community has paid too much attention. Foreign trade policy aims to avoid the development of a new market trade restriction and implementation program, protect market trade, eliminate the existing barriers to the market trade, restrict market trade laws and regulations, and finally achieve the way to increase the effectiveness of market trade. Therefore, environmental protection and market trade are two systems, and it is a core contradiction to abide by which fundamental principles are observed. To solve and deal with the relationship between market trade and the environment, it must redefine the relevant influencing factors in these two systems. The researchers suggested that through the coordination of management, there should be a careful study from the experience of relevant organizations, such as the European Union, NAFTA, OECD and then put forward specific ideas for coordinated management.
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Siddiqui, Kalim. "World Trade Organisation, International Trade and Prosperity." International Journal of Social and Economic Research 6, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-6270.2016.00014.3.

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Schoenbaum, Thomas J. "The World Trade Organisation and agricultural trade reform." International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 4, no. 3/4 (2005): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2005.007455.

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Eglin, Richard. "Trade and Environment in the World Trade Organisation." World Economy 18, no. 6 (November 1995): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1995.tb00331.x.

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Walton, Paul. "Information Evolution and Organisations." Information 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10120393.

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In a changing digital world, organisations need to be effective information processing entities, in which people, processes, and technology together gather, process, and deliver the information that the organisation needs. However, like other information processing entities, organisations are subject to the limitations of information evolution. These limitations are caused by the combinatorial challenges associated with information processing, and by the trade-offs and shortcuts driven by selection pressures. This paper applies the principles of information evolution to organisations and uses them to derive principles about organisation design and organisation change. This analysis shows that information evolution can illuminate some of the seemingly intractable difficulties of organisations, including the effects of organisational silos and the difficulty of organisational change. The derived principles align with and connect different strands of current organisational thinking. In addition, they provide a framework for creating analytical tools to create more detailed organisational insights.
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Pant, Arati. "India and World Trade Organisation (WTO)." Quest-The Journal of UGC-ASC Nainital 6, no. 2 (2012): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0974-5041.6.2.015.

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Singh, Darshan. "World Trade Organisation – An Indian Perspective." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 56, no. 3-4 (July 2000): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492840005600310.

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Singh, Rakesh. "Agriculture, India and World Trade Organisation." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 6, no. 1 (January 2002): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290200600106.

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Chishti, Sumitra. "The World Trade Organisation and India." South Asian Survey 4, no. 2 (September 1997): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152319700400202.

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Sampson, Gary P. "The World Trade Organisation After Seattle." World Economy 23, no. 9 (September 2000): 1097–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00321.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "World Trade Organisation"

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Watson, James Kenneth Ryder. "The World Trade Organisation : development of competence beyond trade?" Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530814.

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Barfield, Scott. "Development, the World Trade Organisation and the 'Banana Trade War'." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289662.

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Greyling, Minette Ilse. "The World Trade Organisation : international trade, dispute settlement & the environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53695.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The norms governing international trade on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other, have both different origins and objectives. This is the central problem that will be addressed in this research assignment, by analysing the structure, functioning and future of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). Though there has been a significant shift from politics to legality, the dispute settlement system is still far from perfect. When looking at recent environmental trade disputes, the stress placed on the system is revealed. •• The focus is on the impact of environmental disputes on the nature and functioning of the DSM, and how these disputes have contributed to the development of international trade law, and the concept of sustainable development. These will all contribute to a greater understanding of the interaction of the World Trade Organisation and the multilateral trading system, and the future role the WTO should play on the agenda for sustainable development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die norme wat enersyds internasionale handel, en andersyds volhoubare ontwikkeling beheer, het uiteenlopende oorspronge en doelstellings. Hierdie is die sentrale probleem wat deur hierdie navorsingsverslag aangespreek word, te wete deur die struktuur, funksionering en toekoms van die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) te analiseer. Hierdie dispuutskikkingstelsel is nog steeds nie volmaak nie, ten spyte daarvan dat daar reeds 'n betekenisvolle verskuiwing van politiek tot wetlikheid plaasgevind het. As daar na onlangse omgewingshandelsdispute gekyk word, kom die druk wat op die stelsel geplaas word, duidelik na vore. Die fokus word dus met hierdie navorsingsverslag geplaas op die impak wat omgewingsdispute op die aard en funksionering van die DSM het, en hoe die dispute bygedra het tot die ontwikkeling van internasional handelswette asook op die konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Hierdie fokus behoort by te dra tot 'n groter begrip tot die interaksie tussen die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) en die multilaterale handelstelsels, asook op die toekomstige rol wat die WHO behoort te speel met betrekking tot die agenda vir volhoubare ontwikkeling.
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Maruyama, Takao. "The EU-Japan relationship in the World Trade Organisation." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1400.

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At the time when Japan was experiencing robust economic growth and Europe was accelerating its integration, a number of researchers noticed the importance of investing in their bilateral economic relationship, which was formerly obscured by their respective „special‟ relationships with the United States. When their trade frictions came to the surface, their trade relationship began to attract more attention. In the meantime, world trade entered a new phase with the creation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995. As the successor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the WTO became a new arena for member countries to make trade agreements and solve trade frictions with their trade partners. In this thesis, we will investigate the relationship between the EU and Japan in the WTO. The thesis will look closely at social forces and investigate how various social forces have influenced the position of the EU and Japan, as well as the WTO. On top of that, we will also analyse how the function of the WTO has influenced the EU and Japan, and their relationship in the multilateral trading system. Trade conflicts have often been seen as trade tensions between national states. In fact, the WTO deals only with member countries (with the exception of the EU). However, trade tensions may well break out not between national states but between individual sectors, such as agriculture and steel, which sectoral interests then turn to their national states for support. This indicates that even trade friction is not simply antagonism between national states, but between national and transnational fractions of classes. States have been utilised by transnationally oriented dominant groups which intend to integrate their countries into emergent global capitalist structures. This thesis therefore raises questions about liberal trade theory concerning its serious gap between theory and actual practices, and suggests an alternative approach to structural issues of the state-centric approach to world politics. While we consult neo-liberal institutionalist theory to investigate the role of the WTO and its influence upon the EU-Japan relationship, we will analyse the interaction of various social forces within the EU and Japan from a neo-Gramscian perspective. In this way, we will try to direct attention to relations between social interests in the struggle for consensual leadership rather than concentrating solely on state dominance. Focusing on the role of international organisations and social forces, the aim of this thesis is to investigate how the EU and Japan have developed „coordinated action‟ and „joint negotiating stances‟ on particular trade issues, notably on agriculture and steel trade. Furthermore, as our central research iii questions, this thesis investigates what has been the overall effect of the WTO on the development of the EU-Japan trade relationship, as well as how the WTO has provided an impetus to promote certain patterns in EU-Japan relations. Through this thesis, I aim to contribute to the understanding of the roles of social forces in the interaction in international organisations.
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Walters, Zeph. "Evaluating the enforcement of World Trade Organisation dispute settlement decisions." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7563.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements.1 Furthermore, it has implemented a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements. Ideally, all WTO member states have ‘a level playing field’ in terms of access and equal rights under the dispute settlement mechanism. Disputes should be resolved in a fair and impartial manner. However, the WTO’s DSS has been criticised for being undemocratic, non-transparent and accountable to none. 2
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Davies, Arwel. "The prospects for the World Trade Organisation Agreement on Government Procurement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14004/.

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This thesis questions the prospects for the World Trade Organisation, Agreement on Government Procurement. This is the most important international agreement seeking to promote cross-border trade in hitherto closed national procurement markets. For the above threshold goods, services and construction services contracts which it covers, the Agreement's principal objective is to require the non-discriminatory treatment of foreign suppliers. It is because of this general insistence on non-discriminatory treatment that the Agreement's membership is limited to 27 of the 134 World Trade Organisation Members. The first theme of this thesis is therefore devoted to explaining this problem of limited membership, and to proposing possible solutions. While the Agreement's limited membership means that it is not yet capable of liberalising international procurement markets among the general WTO membership, the thesis also considers the Agreement's prospects among the major trading partners which have acceded to date. Our second theme therefore explores two of the problematic areas presenting very different difficulties and challenges, which will impact on the Agreement's success among its present and prospective Members. These distinct areas are, firstly, the use of information technology in public contract awards, and, secondly, the need for an effective system of remedies and enforcement.
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Abida, Saleh Rajab. "The impact of the World Trade Organisation on Libyan banking sector." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6023/.

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The main aim of this study is to identify and analyse, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the potential effects of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Libyan Banking sector using DEA and Panel data regression methods. Libya has not gained its full membership of the WTO yet. However, Libya has gained observer status since 2004. Since Libya has not yet joined the WTO, it is not possible to know its impact by addressing the period pre and post joining the WTO. Therefore, to know the final expected impact of the WTO on the Libyan banking sector, two ways are selected. The first one is by assessing the rules of the WTO and review the existing literature regarding the impact of the WTO on banking sector to draw some conclusions on the Libyan banking sector. The other one is by using the efficiency of banks as a means to know the impact of the WTO on the Libyan banking sector. The efficiency was empirically measured using DEA method and two types of comparison: Common Efficient Frontier (CEF) and National Specific Frontier (NSF). The using of DEA method allows the comparison of efficiency of Libyan banks to those in existence in countries similar to Libya (Gulf countries) that have already gained membership of the WTO .Also, to check whether there have been any changes in the general trend of efficiency since these countries have joined the WTO. Finally, in order to find out how to improve the bank efficiency, the determinants of bank efficiency were investigated using panel data regression and the WTO was used as one of the determinants of bank efficiency. The main finding from a sample inclusive of GCCs banks with Iwithout Libyan banks under CEF comparison, reveal that the mean efficiency score of the Libyan banking industry is not dissimilar to the GCC country's mean. Since these results are different to those obtained in the existing literature and also to know the implication of WTO on GCC countries as more homogeneous countries, the analysis was repeated without Libya using the CEF comparison. However, the type of comparison (NSF) produced significantly different results, in particular the ranking of the countries. Overall, The results of DEA which were supported and complemented by using the Panel data regression method show that there is no clear evidence that the efficiency of Gulf countries has been improving since joining of the WTO. The reason behind this might be the decreasing level of efficiency in these countries relative to developed countries When the Gulf countries joined the WTO. Furthermore, the Gulf countries have not yet completely opened their banking sectors and still discriminate against foreign banks. Also, they still enjoy the exemption given to developing countries. Therefore, Libya's joining the WTO as a full member- at the present time -might affect the banking sector negatively. Regarding to the impact of banking reform on Libyan banks efficiency, although the results were ambiguous and depending on using CEF or NSF type, the results of NSF which is supported by previous literature showed that there was progress, therefore, efficiency was improved after the reform had started.
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Van, Rooyen Annelize. "Speculating WTO coverage and classification of emmission allowances created and generated by the Kyoto Protocol." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6593_1255613854.

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The study is based on the views of different world authorities on the Kyoto protocol. The current legal status regarding the different opinions and arguments are also considered. This study is limited to defining what allocation of allowances, units and credits as created by the Kyoto protocol can be defined as goods, products, services or subsidies under WTO body of rules .

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Marsden, Philip. "A competition policy for the WTO." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251483.

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Sumer, Vakur. "An Analysis Of The Actorness Of The Eu In The World Trade Organisation." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605314/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the European Union as an international actor in the context of World Trade Organisation. This thesis discusses the interaction between the EU and the WTO from several important dimensions. This thesis also examines different theoretical perspectives about concepts of actors and actorness, the evolution of trade policy of the EU, and the history of world multilateral trade system as well.
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Books on the topic "World Trade Organisation"

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World Trade Organisation, an Indian perspective. Calcutta: Eastern Law House, 2000.

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World Trade Organisation: Global business policies. New Delhi: Minerva Press, 2000.

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Organization, World Trade, ed. Trade and development issues and the World Trade Organisation. London: Zed Books, 1997.

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B, Lopi, Sapallo Patrick M, Zambia Association for Research and Development., and Association INZET, eds. World Trade Organisation: Which way for Zambia? [Lusaka]: ZARD, 2000.

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Chishti, Sumitra. Dispute settlement system under World Trade Organisation. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, 2001.

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1961-, Cameron James, Campbell Karen LL M, and World Trade Organization, eds. Dispute resolution in the World Trade Organisation. London: Cameron May, 1999.

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Prejean, Helen. China's Entry into the World Trade Organisation. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2000.

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Croome, John. The present outlook for trade negotiations in the World Trade Organisation. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998.

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Rachel, Rémond-Sadigh, and Viléo Jacques, eds. Organisation mondiale du commerce: La supercherie. Paris: Harmattan, 2007.

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European Parliament. Directorate-General for Research., ed. The World Trade Organisation and the European Community. Luxembourg: European Parliament, Directorate-General for Research, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "World Trade Organisation"

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Williams, Mariama. "Africa and the World Trade Organisation." In Africa and the World, 455–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_20.

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Cousin, Violaine. "Entry to the World Trade Organisation." In Banking in China, 191–208. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595842_17.

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Koul, Autar Krishen. "World Trade Organisation: Its Birth and Background." In Guide to the WTO and GATT, 1–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2089-7_1.

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Koul, Autar Krishen. "World Trade Organisation (WTO): The Structural Dimensions." In Guide to the WTO and GATT, 39–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2089-7_2.

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Lee, Donna. "South Africa in the World Trade Organisation." In The New Multilateralism in South African Diplomacy, 51–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503830_3.

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Frühbrodt, Lutz. "Die World Trade Organisation (WTO): Globale Liberalisierung und universelle Regulierungsprinzipien." In Die Liberalisierung der Telekommunikationsdienste, 311–76. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83438-6_7.

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Omuko-Jung, Lydia. "Designing Carbon Added Tax within the World Trade Organisation and European Union Legal Systems." In CO₂- und Umweltsteuern, 139–71. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205211013.139.

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Ruozzi, Elisa. "The Multilateral Trading System and Non-Trade Issues: How the World Trade Organisation Managed to Integrate Environmental Concerns without Integrating International Environmental Law." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2014, 141–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40913-4_7.

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Furtak, Florian T. "World Trade Organization (WTO) – Welthandelsorganisation." In Internationale Organisationen, 323–49. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-00177-3_12.

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Maciel, Carolina, and Bettina Bock. "Animal welfare measures and the WTO Post-EC - seal products case: a renewed debate and research agenda." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy, 156–72. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0156.

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Abstract For nearly 20 years trade officials and scholars debated whether a national measure restricting trade on the basis of animal welfare concerns could be deemed compliant with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In June 2014, the dispute settlement body of the WTO adopted the decision on the EC - Seal Products case confirming that trade-restrictive measures aimed at safeguarding the welfare of animals can be deemed necessary to protect citizens' moral concerns. While this decision provides long-awaited answers and insights, it does not exhaust the debate on the obstacles for justifying animal welfare trade restrictions. This paper provides an overview of controversies surrounding the topic of animal welfare from a WTO perspective and a brief review of the findings from the EC - Seal Products case. In addition, this chapter calls for further research on potential controversies that may rise in relation to trade measures in contexts beyond seal hunting; like, for instance, regulatory divergences over farm animal welfare measures. In doing so, it recommends that future research pays special attention to the potential controversies associated with the use of animal welfare recommendations elaborated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (OIE, 2019).
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Conference papers on the topic "World Trade Organisation"

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Van Der Borght, Kim, and Intan Soeparna. "THE CHANGING ROLE OF AMICUS-CURIAE IN THE RELATIONS BETWEEN NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION." In International Conference on Law, Governance and Globalization 2017 (ICLGG 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclgg-17.2018.20.

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Miryasova, Lyudmila I., Shi Yongxing, Natalia N. Muravyeva, and Olga V. Dymchenko. "Realisation of the Russian customs policy in the conditions of protection of the national market." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.yghb1113.

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The need to protect the national commodity producers and internal markets in general is well recognised in modern foreign trade policy worldwide. The goal of the research is to review the Russia’s customs policy aimed at protection of the internal market; to give consideration to the totality of measures used for protection of the national producers; to identify the shortcomings of the adopted protection tools, the problems faced in their adoption and use; to suggest certain directions for further improvement of the Russian Federation customs policy in the sphere of protection of the internal market. The methods involving analysis and synthesis were used to meet the objectives of the study. Its efficiency as a protective measure was thoroughly investigated, as well as the timeliness of its application, the potential for neutralisation of negative effects of external companies; compliance with the Russian legislation and the regulatory framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The decision-making mechanisms for introduction of protective measures in the EAEU were investigated as well as the attitude towards the relevant instruments of the member states’ governments. The following results were obtained in the course of the study: the key importance of the Russian customs service in implementing the state policy towards protection of interests of the internal market was unequivocally confirmed; the measures to protect the national market were classified, with demonstration of their importance and shortcomings; the difficulties in the work of EAEU’s supranational bodies related to the protection of the common economic market were identified; the most important vectors of further improvement of the customs regulation and customs administration, as concerns enforcement of measures towards protecting the Russian Federation domestic market, were identified.
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Niksic, Matej, and Jernej Cervek. "Changed precipitation patterns and the need for a novel approach to building plot planning." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ywza7963.

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The events related to climate change are recently challenging the Slovenian urban planning. One of them are the floods in urbanised areas that call for a radically new approaches to how the urban built structure is organised and managed. The continental (and largest) part of Slovenia has a subalpine climate which has been traditionally characterised by a moderate precipitation throughout the year. This is now being changed as the larger amounts of water fall on the ground in a shorter period. As the current urban structure is not shaped in accordance with these new circumstances, parts of the cities are getting flooded more often. Some mitigation measures have been implemented, however to address the issue comprehensively new urban planning approaches are needed too. The paper will present one of the tools that has been developed within the endeavours of the national Ministry of Spatial Planning to reform the urban planning system to better reflect the changes posed by the climate change. It is related to the urban design criteria for building plots planning. To allow the rainfall to penetrate the soil as soon as the precipitation reaches the ground, new measures in organisation of the building plots will be provided. The current system defines the percentage of the built-up area within the plot but does not consider the permitted percentage of the paved open spaces (which do not allow the water to penetrate into the grounds), therefor it will be supplemented by the new measures based on the ability of the plots to allow the penetration of the water. The paper firstly presents the current system of building plots regulation within the Slovenian planning system. It then reports the results of the extensive analyses that focused on the existing characteristics of building plots for different building typologies across the country (housing, production, trade, public services) with the aim to map the state of the art in terms of the potential of the existing building plots to allow the water to flow into the grounds. The third part explains the methodological framework for the new approach to the building plots regulation. The last part presents the newly proposed approach and relates it to other urban design tools that need to support the implementation in practice. The concluding section relates the lessons learnt in Slovenian case to the similar situations elsewhere and stress the responsibilities that the urban planning and design have in providing future urban environments that will ensure the environmentally just living conditions for all.
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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. "Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.
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5

Ciolomic, Ioana Andreea, and Ioana Natalia Beleiu. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS’ IN DEFINING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.83.

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owned enterprises (SOEs) have an essential role in national economies worldwide, but regardless of their acknowledged contribution to the global markets, divergent opinions and approaches can be observed when defining and characterizing these entities. On the other hand, international organizations such as OECD, International Monetary Fund, European Commission, United Nations, World Trade Organizations, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and professional organizations such as IPSASB and Chartered Institute of Management Accountants have an essential role in SOEs' activity. One of the biggest challenges that professional bodies have nowadays is to find a unique definition to match the need of practitioners and capture the complexity of SOEs. Even if there can be identified some common approaches between academicians, international, and professional organizations, there are some delicate areas that require substantial efforts for clarifications. The paper addresses this topic, aiming to clarify the main aspects concerning the definition of SOEs from international and professional organizations' points of view based on qualitative research methods.
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Velzing, Evert-Jan, Annemiek Van der Meijden, Kitty Vreeswijk, and Ruben Vrijhoef. "Circularity in value chains for building materials." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10196.

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AbstractThe urgency for developing a circular economy is growing, and more and more companies and organisations are concerned with the importance of adapting their business to fit a changing economy. However, many analyses on the circular economy are still rather abstract and there is a lack of understanding about what circularity would mean for specific industries. This insufficient insight especially seems to be apparent in the building and construction sector. Besides, the building and construction sector is responsible for a major part of energy use and emissions. To tackle the issue of insufficient insight into the business consequences of circular devlopments, further research is necessary. Therefore, we propose to collaborate on a research project that aims to provide a more detailed level of analysis. The goal is to identify drivers and barriers to make better use of materials in the building and construction sector. This further research would benefit from an international collaboration between universities of applied sciences and industry from different European countries. An additional benefit of the applied orientation would be the relevance for professional education programmes. References CBS, PBL & Wageningen UR. (2017). Vrijkomen en verwerking van afval per doelgroep, 1990-2014 (indicator 0206, versie 13, 26 janauri2017). Retrieved from: https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0206-vrijkomen-en-verwerking-van-afval-per-doelgroep Cuchí, A.; Arcas, J.; Casals, M. & Fobella, G. (2014). Building a common home Building sector – A global vision report. Produced by the Global Vision Area within the World SB14 Barcelona Conference. De Jesus, A. & Mendonça, S. (2018). Lost in Transition? Drivers and Barriers in the Eco-innovation Road to the Circular Economy. Ecological Economics, 145, 75-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001. EC. (2015). Closing the Loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. Brussels: European Commission. EC. (2019). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the Circualr Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Ghisellini, P; Cialini, C. & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007. Kirchherr, J., Pisciceli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. & Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264-272. Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-Oriented Research & Innovation in the European Union – A problem-solving approach to fuel innovation-led growth. Retrieved from: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/mazzucato_report_2018.pdf Nederland circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie (2016). Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu & Ministerie van Economische Zaken. Stahel, W.R. (2016) The Circular Economy. Nature, 531(7595), 435-438. UN. (2018). 2018 Global Status Report – Towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. United Nations Environment Programme. UNCTAD. (2018). Circular Economy: The New Normal (Policy Brief No. 61). Retrieved from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2017d10_en.pdf
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Reports on the topic "World Trade Organisation"

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ROUSIER, Aline. Implementation of WOAH standards: the Observatory Annual Report. First Edition, 2022. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/obs.3339.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) regularly updates its international standards in accordance with new scientific information and technological advances. These standards contribute to improving animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health, and facilitate the safe trade of animals and animal products. However, many WOAH Members face challenges in implementing them. It is important for WOAH to understand to what extent our standards are being implemented, and identify the barriers to their implementation. This knowledge will help us improve the standard-setting process and better support our Members in the future.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Trade Facilitation for Environmental Goods and Services. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.038.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how reform in customs procedures can facilitate international trade in environmental goods and services. Overall, it finds that there is a general belief in the literature from the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Trade Center and World Bank, that streamlining customs procedures supports international trade in environmental goods. There is survey evidence that firms exporting environmental goods encounter difficulties with customs procedures at the point of entry. Previous trade facilitation projects have not considered trade in environmental goods, so provide no evidence about what has or has not worked well. The evidence base identified during this literature review was extremely small, and came largely from international trade institutions such as the WTO or World Bank, or research organisations working with them. Most of the references to trade in EGS and customs procedures were mentioned in passing as mutually compatible without going into further detail. One of the few documents to combine trade in EGS with trade facilitation is not available for public viewing.
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Herbert, George, and Lucas Loudon. The Size and Growth Potential of the Digital Economy in ODA-eligible Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.016.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the current size of the digital market, the countries promoting development of digital business and their approach through Trade Policies or Incentive Frameworks, and the current and potential size of the market with the UK / China / US / other significant countries. It draws on a variety of sources, including reports by international organisations (such as the World Bank and OECD), grey literature produced by think tanks and the private sector, and peer reviewed academic papers. A high proportion of estimates of the size of the digital economy come from research conducted by or for corporations and industry bodies, such as Google and the GSMA (which represents the telecommunications industry). Their research may be influenced by their business interests, the methodologies and data sources they utilise are often opaque, and the information required to critically assess findings is sometimes missing. Given this, the estimates presented in this review are best seen as ballpark figures rather than precise measurements. A limitation of this rapid evidence review stems from the lack of consistent methodologies for estimating the size of the digital economy. The OECD is attempting to develop a standard approach to measuring the digital economy across the national accounts of the G20, but this has not yet been finalised. This makes comparing the results of different studies very challenging. The problem is particularly stark in low income countries, where there are frequently huge gaps in the relevant data.
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