Journal articles on the topic 'World ORT Union (Lithuania)'
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Ivanov, Alexander. "Activities of the ORT-OZE Committees: from the history of Jewish transnational philanthropy in 1920s – 1940s." Judaic-Slavic Journal, no. 2 (6) (2021): 200–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2021.2.10.
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The article examines activities of two large Jewish philanthropic organizations – the Union of Societies of Handicraft and Agricultural Work among Jews (ORT Union) and the Union of Societies for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish (OZE Union), that actively cooperated in the period between the First and Second World Wars. The main goal of cooperation between these organizations was to provide urgently needed assistance to the Jewish population of Eastern Europe, which was in a state of permanent crisis and therefore sought to emigrate to the more prosperous countries of Western Europe and to the United States. The author analyzes of previously unpublished archival sources and limited editions of the 1920s – 1930s shows how the ORT-OZE transnational network, which included the local branches, regional public committees, financial corporations, vocational and medical institutions, was able to function successfully, to mobilize all available resources for its constructive work and to conduct a number of social and educational programs directed toward rehabilitation of the Jewish emigrants, despite the difficult political situation in the world. The institutional ideologies of ORT and OZE played an important role in the success of these activities, due to which it was possible to overcome the mistrust between emancipated and religious Jews, between Westjuden and Ostjuden.
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Butkus, Zenonas. "Attitudes of the Soviet Union and Germany Towards the Question of Vilnius Between the World Wars." Lithuanian Historical Studies 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2000): 131–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00501008.
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The aim of this article is to examine the attitudes of the Soviet Union and Germany towards the problem of Vilnius in the period between the First and Second World Wars. The article is based mainly on unpublished documents from Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, German and Soviet archives. The problem under review emerged after the First World War, when Poland occupied the capital of Lithuania, Vilnius, and kept it under its control almost until the Second World War. Lithuania refused to recognize the situation, and between the two countries there arose a conflict, which was instigated by the Soviet Union and Germany, as they did not want the Baltic States and Poland to create a defence union. The Soviet Union and Germany worked hand in hand in dealing with this conflict. In the process of its regulation they acquired quite an extensive experience in diplomatic co-operation, which they applied successfully in establishing the spheres of their influence in the Baltic States in 1939.
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Bakanauskas, Edvinas. "Protection of minority shareholders’ rights in group of companies: Lithuania and EU company law perspectives." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.law.2020.1.
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Just as in the entire European Union, in Lithuania company groups are an integral part of the modern business world. It is the companies that are part of company groups are leading both in Lithuania and in the European Union in terms of a number of economic indicators: revenues, number of employees, amounts of taxes paid and other contributions. Despite being an integral part of modern business, regulation of company groups has not yet attracted sufficient attention both at the European Union or the national level. Such absence of a consistent regulation may lead to or cause, inter alia, infringements of rights of minority shareholders. Accordingly, the purpose of the present article is to assess whether the effective Lithuanian or European Union regulation is sufficient to protect minority shareholders’ rights in group of companies.
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Krutulys, Titas. "Cultural memory in Lithuanian periodical press during World War II." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 45 (July 21, 2020): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2020.45.8.
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During World War II Lithuania was ruled by three completely different political regimes. In the first year Lithuania was authoritarian state ruled by group of nationalists, in 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union and in 1941 State was occupied by Nazi Germany. All these political powers was undemocratic and propagated their ideologies. One of the most important aspect of every ideology is to suggest new concept of time. This change of perception of time could be seen in the change of cultural memory. Article try to analyze this change using the most popular Lithuanian periodical press of the period. This research analyzed main historical periods and the most popular themes represented in the main newspapers. Using theories of Anthony D. Smith and Raoul Girardet research showed what historical periods was seen positively and what negatively, what was main historical heroes and enemies; also how foreign history was represented in the periodical press. The quantitative content analysis showed that while representations of history in the so called independent Lithuania and in Lithuania occupied by Nazis was quite similar, historical representations during first Soviet occupation was unique. Qualitative content analysis showed that there was three very different paradigms of cultural memories, represented in periodical press. Lithuanian nationalist mostly tried to promote Lithuanian medieval times and especially Lithuanian dukes and historical capital Vilnius, also they tried to justify their politics creating myth of great welfare during their rule. They praised Soviet history, criticized Poland and poles, but wrote about most of the countries quite neutral. During Soviet occupation all Lithuanian history was harshly criticized and showed as negative times, this regime promoted only few Lithuanian heroes who died young or was known for their left wing politics. Main historical past represented in the newspapers was history of Soviet Union, other countries was ignored. Main enemies of Soviets was Lithuanian gentry, and Lithuanian rulers of the past. During Nazi occupation there was more Lithuanian national history than German history, but the main appreciable historical periods was Lithuanian prehistory and the 19th Century. Regime promoted history of Lithuanian culture and language, but tried to ignore Lithuanian state. Foreign history was mostly binary – propaganda criticized Soviet Union as well as Tsarist Russia, USA and United Kingdom, but appreciated history of Italy, Japan, Finland, Turkey, Spain etc. Main historical enemies were of course Bolsheviks and Jews.
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Moskvina, Julija. "Digital Education: Lithuania among Other European Union States." Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia 47 (December 30, 2021): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/actpaed.2021.47.4.
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Digital learning has become an everyday experience for a significant part of the population during a pandemic, regardless of their technical and psychological readiness. Both the more and less technologically advanced countries have faced the inevitable need for large-scale deployment of digital learning. This paper presents an assessment of the development of digital learning in Lithuania and the EU countries in 2019, i.e., before the pandemic began. The evaluation is carried out using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, developed by the Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS) using official indicators and expert evaluation.Despite the growing number of studies aimed at assessing the digital divide in modern society and in education in particular, there is still a lack of empirical material to shed light on the link between the extent of digitalization, its determinants (such as national governance in promoting digitalization), and changes in learning outcomes caused by digitalization. The findings from the CEPS study presented in the paper are the first attempt to move beyond the assessment of the prevalence of learning digitalization in different European countries, taking a holistic view of digitalisation-induced changes in learning outcomes and participation with a special focus on digital learning policy as an important component of digitalisation development.The aim of this article is to assess the digital learning situation in Lithuania using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, which was developed before the pandemic in 2019. The progress of European Union countries in developing digital learning is reviewed in the paper, based on the results of CEPS (2019) research. The Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning and the results of Lithuania’s assessment using the methodology developed by CEPS are presented here. The description of the situation in Lithuania is based on the second component of the Index titled “Institutions and policies for digital learning”.In order to qualitatively assess the country’s strategic provisions for digital learning, the method of analysis of the country’s strategic documents was applied. Public expert opinions were included into the analysis of the situation in Lithuania. An interpretation of the comparative analysis of the obtained index values is presented.Standard indicators from the Eurostat, Eurobarometer, OECD, Bertelsmann Stiftung, World Bank, and expert surveys were used to create the combined Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning. The index is constructed as a weighted average of indicators divided into three categories: learning participation and outcomes, institutions and policies for digital learning, and availability of digital learning. The assessment of the situation in the EU countries, carried out according to the developed methodology, allowed to calculate the value of the Index for each country. Lithuania ranks 11th in the overall EU-27 ranking with an Index value of 0.623.A more detailed analysis allowed us to see that the countries’ ratings can differ significantly according to the different categories of the Index. The Scandinavian countries lead in terms of learning participation and outcomes and, together with the Netherlands and Austria, in terms of availability of digital learning. Southern European countries received relatively high ratings in the Index category “institutions and policies for digital learning”, which reflects their determination to strengthen their position in the digital world. Estonia and the Netherlands also found themselves among the leaders in this category. Lithuania’s relatively high position in the list is also based on positive evaluations of the indicators of the second component of the Index (i.e., policies and institutions), while participation and learning outcomes were assessed modestly. Using the example of Lithuania, the article provides arguments in favor of why the second component of the Index should not be given.
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Bukelevičiūtė, Dalia. "The Little Entente and Romania from the perspective of Lithuanian diplomacy in the 1930s." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2011): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v3i2_5.
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The first diplomatic contacts between Lithuanian and Romanian representatives started in the aftermath of World War I when Lithuania was looking for the protection of her inhabitants who were still refugees in Russia. As Russia became entrenched with Bolshevism and Civil War, the Lithuanian citizens were evacuated through Romanian territory from South Ukraine and Crimea. Lithuania and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations in December 1919 and eventually an attempt was made to set up ties also with Romania. As a member of the Little Entente and an ally of Poland, Romania attracted the attention of the Lithuanian government. Romania recognized Lithuania de jure on August 21, 1924 and Dovas Zaunius was appointed as the first Lithuanian envoy to Bucharest. Nevertheless, during the next decade no political or diplomatic contacts between Lithuania and Romania were recorded. With the growing influence of Germany, the Soviet Union and the Little Entente on the international arena, Edvardas Turauskas was appointed on August 27, 1935 as envoy to Romania residing in Prague and later in the year Romania accredited Constantin Vallimarescu for the position of envoy to Lithuania residing in Riga. The dialogue between the two parties remained, however, occasional. When on July 21, 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union, Turauskas visited the Romanian Legation in Bern and presented a note of protest in this respect. Romania did not acknowledge Lithuanian occupation and annexation.
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Bukelevičiūtė, Dalia. "The political and diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Romania (1935-1940)." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 2, no. 1 (August 15, 2010): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v2i1_3.
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The first contacts between Lithuanian and Romanian representatives started after the World War I when Lithuania was looking for the protection of her inhabitants who were still refugees in Russia. As Russia became entrenched with Bolshevism, the Lithuanian citizens were evacuated through Romanian territory from South Ukraine and Crimea. Lithuania and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations in December 1919 and eventually an attempt was made to set up ties also with Romania. As a member of the Little Entente and an ally of Poland, Romania drew the attention of the Lithuanian government. Romania recognized Lithuania de jure on August 21, 1924 and Dovas Zaunius was appointed the first Lithuanian envoy to Bucharest. Nevertheless, during the next decade no political or diplomatic contacts between Lithuania and Romania existed. With the growing influence of Germany, the Soviet Union and the Little Entente on the international arena, Edvardas Turauskas was appointed on August 27, 1935 as envoy to Romania residing in Prague and later in the year Romania accredited ConstantinValimarescu for the position of envoy to Lithuania residing in Riga. The dialogue between the two parties remained, however, occasional. When on July 21, 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union, Turauskas visited the Romanian Legation in Bern and presented a note of protest in this respect. Romania did not acknowledge Lithuanian occupation and annexation.
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Šikšnianas, Mantas. "Dėmėtosios šiltinės epidemija Lietuvoje Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais (1941–1944 m.)." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2021/1 (June 7, 2021): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202101005.
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ANNOTATION. The article dwells on cases of typhus in Lithuania in 1941–1944, offers an analysis of the spread of the disease, the number of cases, and the preventive measures applied by German and Lithuanian officials. It was established that during the German occupation, typhus spread in Lithuania in two ways. The disease was first spread by Soviet prisoners of war, and later by civilians who were evacuated from the Soviet Union. The largest number of cases was recorded in parts of Lithuania where typhus was most often detected before the Second World War. KEYWORDS: typhus, epidemic, prisoners of war, evacuated civilians, sanitation, prevention.
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Z, Zhalsabilah, and Sadli Syam. "Comparative Study of Tobacco Control Policy in Smoking Behaviour Between Lithuania and Indonesia." International Journal of Social Health 2, no. 12 (December 25, 2023): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.58860/ijsh.v2i12.132.
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Indonesia is one of the countries that have a large number of smokers in the world and it keeps increasing every year. Lithuania compared to other European Union countries, is slightly bigger than the European Union average of smoking prevalence. Both of these countries have implemented Tobacco Control Policies for quite a long time. Three research objectives in this research are to review and compare Lithuania and Indonesia’s Tobacco Control Policies; to analyze the situation of smoking behavior in Lithuania and Indonesia; and to analyze the implementation and its impact on smoking behavior of Tobacco Control Policy in Lithuania and Indonesia. Qualitative methods are used to analyze the document for the policy and literature analysis to acquire information about the situation of smoking cases and the implementation of the policy in both countries. This study aims to accomplish a comparative analysis of the Tobacco Control Policy between Lithuania and Indonesia and its impact on the rise of smoking cases. The Indonesian government has set a good Tobacco Control Policy but the implementation of the policy it’s not strict and there are a lot of tobacco product advertisements in Indonesia, this could be the reason why Indonesia has so many smokers and increasing every year. Lithuania has stricter regulations and implementation, and the smokers are decreasing every year, but they have a new group of smoker which is youth smoker that growing rapidly nowadays.
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Miszewski, Dariusz. "Belarus in Polish eastern policy during the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1920)." Review of Nationalities 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2022-0014.
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Abstract The late 19th century saw a national awakening of the Belarusian people. During World War I, under German occupation, the Catholic Belarusian national movement intended to create a sovereign Belarusian state (the Belarusian People;s Republic) or in union with Lithuania (a revived Grand Duchy of Lithuania). After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Orthodox national activists wanted a sovereign Belarus within a federal and democratic Russia. The Belarusian People’s Republic, established in March 1918, was not recognized by any state. Poland, Lithuania and Soviet Russia intended to incorporate the Belarusian lands on an autonomous basis. As a result of the Riga Peace Treaty (1921), the Belarusian lands were divided between Poland and Soviet Russia.
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Wołkonowski, Jarosław. "„Neutralność” Litwy podczas Bitwy Warszawskiej." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6862.
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After the First World War, three concepts clashed in Eastern Europe: the model of the nation state, the expansion of the Bolshevik revolution implemented by Russia and the union of nation-states (Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and Latvia) according to Piłsudski resulting from the threat. Russia in the years 1920-1921 signed five peace treaties, but only the treaty with Lithuania contained secret arrangements regarding the neutrality of Lithuania in the Bolshevik-Polish war. The analysis of the source material shows that Russia used the secret provisions of the peace treaty in its plans for the expansion of bolshevism, and after the defeat of the Polish army, it was to carry out a Bolshevik coup in Lithuania. Despite the proclaimed neutrality, Lithuania turned out to be on the side of Russia in this conflict, causing additional difficulties for Polish troops in the Battle of Warsaw. The Polish victory over the Vistula impeded the expansion of Bolshevism to Europe.
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Ivanov, Alexander. "Facing east: the World ORT Union and the Jewish refugee problem in Europe, 1933–38." East European Jewish Affairs 39, no. 3 (December 2009): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501670903298278.
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Mickevičiūtė, Gabrielė Velta, and Vytautas Pasvenskas. "Children right to data protection: challenges in digital world." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.tmp.2020.3.
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This article analyses child data protection on the Internet and in the context of modern technology. Article discusses Problems of legal regulation in Lithuania and other European Union countries. The protection of children’s data faces the following challenges: 1) how and what form the consent, which is obligatory under the GDPR, of the child to the processing of his or her data should be provided; 2) the issue of parents’ virtual consent to process their child’s data; 3) processing of the child’s data on the Internet; 4) problematic aspects of facial recognition technologies, examples.
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Kėvelaittienė, Greta. "Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų liberalioji spauda apie tris ultimatumus Lietuvai (1938–1940 m.)." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2022/1 (August 16, 2022): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202201007.
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THE US LIBERAL PRESS ABOUT THREE ULTIMATUMS TO LITHUANIA (1938–1940) The article seeks to reveal how the information about the ultimatums served to Lithuania (by Poland in 1938, by Germany in 1939, and by the Soviet Union in 1940) was reflected in the US press, how it used Lithuania’s official sources, how the American press evaluated the information, and whether the US press was on the side of Lithuania or not. Four American newspapers (The New York Times, The New York Herald Tribune, The Washington Post, and The Chicago Daily Tribune) and two American Lithuanian newspapers (Vienybė and Dirva) were selected for the study. Although the information provided in the US press was accurate, it avoided assessments of the events. Like the US government, the press pursued more isolationist policy towards Lithuania. Although the events in Lithuania received considerable attention from the local press, the US newspapers hardly ever used Lithuanian information sources officially. KEYWORDS: Polish ultimatum, German ultimatum, Soviet ultimatum, World War II, USA, press, newspapers, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New York Herald Tribune, The Chicago Daily Tribune, Vienybė, Dirva.
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Crowe, David. "Bibliographic Article: Baltic Émigré Publishing and Scholarship in the Western World." Nationalities Papers 16, no. 2 (1988): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408084.
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The Soviet absorption of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania during World War II caused hundreds of thousands of Baltic immigrants to come to the West, where they established strong, viable ethnic communities, often in league with groups that had left the region earlier. At first, Baltic publishing and publications centered almost exclusively on nationalistic themes that decried the loss of Baltic independence and attacked the Soviet Union for its role in this matter. In time, however, serious scholarship began to replace some of the passionate outpourings, and a strong, academic field of Baltic scholarship emerged in the West that dealt with all aspects of Baltic history, politics, culture, language, and other matters, regardless of its political or nationalistic implications. Over the past sixteen years, these efforts have produced a new body of Baltic publishing that has revived a strong interest in Baltic studies and has insured that regardless of the continued Soviet-domination of the region, the study of the culture and history of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania will remain a set fixture in Western scholarship on Eastern Europe.
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Penskoy, Vitaly V., and Tatyana M. Penskaya. "The post-Horde world and the union of Ivan III and Mengli-Girey I: An attempt to create a “bipolar” political system." Golden Horde Review 10, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 868–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.868-898.
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The purpose of the study: To trace the evolution of interstate relations in Eastern Europe at the beginning of the “long 16th century” as a political system, to characterize its main trends, stages, and the factors that influenced its course of development. Research materials: Messages recorded in chronicles, embassy reports and diplomatic correspondence, legal act materials, and secondary historical literature. Results and scientific novelty of the study: The study of sources allows us to conclude that the great turmoil that engulfed in North-Eastern Rus’, Lithuania, and the Horde in the 1430s–1440s led to the final disintegration of the “Horde world,” launching the process of the formation of the “post-Horde” reality although, at first, this process was not obvious. The Tatar elite believed that the “Three Kingdoms” that had developed in the former Horde would bring around another round of strife, after which the status quo would be restored. In Vilnius, they considered it possible to return to a situation in which Lithuania was the dominant force in the region. The first step towards the restoration of “antiquity” was made by the “king” of the Horde, Sidi-Akhmet, who unleashed a huge war against the Crimea, Lithuania and Moscow in the 1440s. However, he overestimated his strength and was defeated. Coinciding with his departure from the political scene, the Horde world also became a thing of the past. The formation of a new political reality in the region turned out to be connected with the struggle between Lithuania and Moscow for Novgorod. During this confrontation, the former allies in the coalition against Sidi Akhmet disengaged. The Moscow-Crimean Union became the axis of a new “post-Horde” system. A counter to it would have been the alliance of the Great Horde and Lithuania, but Vilnius, in an effort to maintain a free hand, made a fatal mistake by refusing any close alliance with the Horde. The Horde came into conflict with Moscow and Kyrkor, counting on Lithuanian support and did not receive it. As a result, it broke up at the beginning of the 16th century. The formation of the “bipolar” post-Horde political system was not accomplished and a new stage of transformation began.
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Juozapaviciene, Aldona, and Agne Montvidaite. "Peculiarities of Economics Recovery After Worldwide Economic Crisis in 2008–2009." Equilibrium 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2012.010.
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Variation analysis of several main procyclic indicators (leading and coincident) was carried out in this article. The results of the analysis showed that the economies of Lithuania and the European Union are slowly recovering. The attempts of European countries to struggle against deep recession caused by the world economic crisis have led to a new - sovereign debt crisis. It manifested in increasing differences between government bond yields and premiums of Credit Default Swap (CDS) between PIIGS countries and other EU members, notably Germany. Accordingly to this, CDS was examined as the leading indicator of the economic cycle. During the period of the economic crisis, the government of Lithuania borrowed in international markets very expensively and the accumulated debt can become a heavy burden on the country's future economy. The situation of public finance in Lithuania was analyzed by adopting the mathematical model of Zamkov. The performed simulation showed that the debt of Lithuanian public sector will press the country for a long period of time.
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Volynets, O. "National and religious self-identification of Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Poland." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 22 (May 21, 2002): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2002.22.1338.
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Appearance in the political arena of the world in the XVI century. of the new state, the Commonwealth, had a significant impact on the development of the Ukrainian civilization process. The Ukrainian nobility, merged with the mass of Polish nobility, still lived under Polish law and was easily colonized. This process was especially rapid in the Kholm region and Podlasie. He was greatly influenced by the small Polish gentry from Mazovia and Lesser Poland, who settled in Ukrainian lands before the signing of the Union of Lublin, Ukraine, united with Poland and Lithuania, gradually losing its ancient customs and rights. The Union destroyed the remnants of Ukrainian state traditions that took the form of autonomy in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ukrainians were forced to adapt to the new socio-political conditions in which they found themselves. National-political life no longer connects with the state, but begins to create new organizational forms. The national organization, at the time of the threat of total national destruction, is largely becoming defensive.
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Denisenko, Viktor. "The basic concepts of the Baltic States image in the Russian periodical press after the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991–2009)." Žurnalistikos Tyrimai 8 (December 7, 2015): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/zt/jr.2015.8.8845.
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The Russian Federation and the Baltic States region are neighbors belonging to different geopolitical paradigms. Since 2004, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are members of the European Union and NATO. Russia after a short period of pseudo-democratization after the collapse of the Soviet Union came back to imperial discourse in so-called Putin’s era. The new imperial discourse is based on concepts of the “Russian world”, “compatriots” as well as on the specific strategy in relations with states from “near abroad”. Periodical press and another media (especially, TV) are involved in political processes of the Russian Federation. Research of the Baltic States’ image in the Russian periodical press shows how this particular geopolitical region (of the Baltic States) is represented in the Russian media in different periods after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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Yeboah, Evans. "Does Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness Support Economic Development? Evidence from Four European Countries." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 70, no. 4 (December 5, 2023): 585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2023-0033.
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The European Union (EU) as a political and economic union has provided many benefits to its member states through the single market and common tariffs that serves as a platform for internal trade and international trade with third-world countries. The study aimed to investigate the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness on economic development in four selected countries including the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, and Slovakia using panel data from 1995 to 2021. The data was obtained from the World Bank and analyzed through econometric methods such as pooled model, fixed effect model, random effect model, and the dynamic panel model. The between transformation results using the pooled ordinary least squares indicated that the Czech Republic had the highest intercept coefficient, followed by Slovakia, Lithuania, and Estonia, respectively. The panel specification test discovered that the pooled model was inadequate, and the random effect model is the most appropriate to be used. The results from the random and fixed effects models displayed that FDI and trade openness have a positive impact on economic growth in these countries. Additionally, the dynamic panel outcome proved a positive effect of FDI and trade openness. The study recommends that governments in these countries improve their business environment to attract more FDI and trade relations with other countries.
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Biukovic, Ljiljana. "The Lithuania-China Row: The European Union’s Search for a Strategy and Instruments to Deal With China." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 50, Issue 4 (November 1, 2023): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2023025.
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The increasing use of measures of economic coercion by China has caused its trading partners to review their close trade ties with that country as well as their ability to resist such pressure. In December 2022, the European Union (EU) requested that the World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudicate its dispute with China regarding restrictive trade measures China had imposed on Lithuania in response to its foreign policy actions that were not to China’s liking. The EU also drafted new legislation – the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of the Union and its Member States from Economic Coercion by Third Countries – to deter third countries from applying coercive measures that target the EU and its Member States. This paper considers the new instrument in the context of the EU’s evolving ‘economic de-risking’ strategy on China and a wide range of measures aimed at protecting the common market from the unfair behaviour of China and other states and reducing the EU vulnerability vis-à-vis economic and security threats. The EU’s ability to deter states from applying coercive measures against it hinges upon its ability to strengthen its market power and to use the new instrument when necessary. economic coercion, countermeasures, EU Anti-coercion Instrument, China, World Trade Organization, European Union, economic ‘de-risking’ strategy, regulatory sovereignty, selfreliance, international law
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Masyk, Yu. "Analysis of the European integration process Baltic countries: experience for Ukraine." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(46) (December 14, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.2(46).226606.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the integration of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia into the European Union. The stages are highlighted, the principles and mechanisms of the European integration policy of the Baltic States are clarified. The problems of Ukraine's adaptation to the requirements of the European Union, in particular the conditions of the Copenhagen criteria, ways to use the relevant experience of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are revealed. Recommendations for further rapprochement of Ukraine with the EU are considered.
The accession of dozens of new countries to the EU in May 2004 marked a qualitatively new stage in the integration process both in Europe and in the world. As a result of the largest enlargement of the European Union, the state of the economy in the old member states has changed significantly, but rather it has had decisive consequences in all areas of the economy for the new member states. Analysis of the positive and negative phenomena that accompanied the enlargement of the EU is important for countries that have or are considering joining the EU in the future, in the formation of long-term economic policy and deciding on the directions of their integration. The closest to Ukraine in terms of development in the EU are the countries of Central Europe and the Baltics, so their experience will be useful for our country.
Integration with the European Union was less difficult for the three Baltic states than for many other accessing countries, due to their strong social impetus to join Western political, economic and legal culture after they regained their independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. However, the accession of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had several distinctive features related to constitutional origin and institutions, which had a strong impact on the resolution of problems between the government and the EU institutions. The path taken by the Baltic countries upon accession to the EU was difficult and their role in the EU was not easy. Today, the EU-related agenda requires more skills than ever before in finding allies and choosing partners.
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Lonska, Jeļena. "SUSTAINABLE VALUE CREATION IN LATVIA, LITHUANIA AND ESTONIA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC RETURN FROM THE USE OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 15, 2017): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2628.
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Baltic neighbouring countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia all over the world are considered as brotherly nations that have similar historical events and political economic system. However, for the period of 25 years after gaining their independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, these countries have been implementing different socio-economic development models. It can be concluded on the achieved development results by the world recognized and widely used index indicators as Human Development Index (HDI), Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), Doing Business Index (DBI), revealing a trend that Estonia according to the socio-economic indicators is a step ahead of both Latvia and Lithuania. However, the above-mentioned indices calculation does not include the environmental indicators (HDI report includes Environmental Sustainability subindex, which is calculated separately) that cannot take account of national sustainable development which is becoming increasingly important under the conditions of global resource scarcity. The aim of the research is to determine sustainability of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, using the Sustainable Value (SV) approach, calculating how efficiently and with what return (Country's Gross Domestic Product) their economic, social and environmental resources are consumed. SV is a value-based assessment that measures contributions to sustainability in monetary terms while being able to use non-monetary environmental and social input variables. Calculating SV of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the author has used 10 indicators of 2014 that cover the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability, using the average efficiency of these countries as benchmark. As a result the author concluded that, overall, Latvia and Lithuania have almost equal footing with the Return to Cost Ratio (RCR) results, respectively 1.41 and 1.32 (>1 means that resources are used more efficiently than the benchmark), while Estonia's RCR value is 0.52 (
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Myroniuk, Olena. "ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINIAN COMMUNITY IN LITHUANIA." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 43, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4313.
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The study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the Ukrainian diaspora’s life in Lithuania. The Ukrainian community in this country has deep historical roots, but as in other countries of the former Soviet Union, it became more active in the late 1980s. From that time community organizations began to be formed, and become important centers of diaspora. They conduct powerful cultural-educational work. They have been spreading and popularizing our cultural traditions for quite some time. Ethnic Ukrainians constantly help their homeland and maintain a positive image of Ukraine in the world. It should also be noted that Ukrainian communities in Lithuania actively influence the transparent coverage of events in Ukraine. But Ukrainians in Lithuania are quickly assimilated and lose their identity. One of the reasons for this is that in the Republic of Lithuania after the restoration of independence, almost all Ukrainians received the citizenship of this state, in contrast to other Baltic countries. Also, the integration of newly arrived Ukrainians into the previously larger Russian community in the country. And according to the latest data, there is a much larger influx of Ukrainians over the last few years, even compared to the Russians. This gives hope that the development of the Ukrainian community will not be pretended. Currently, there is no single research that would compare the life of the Ukrainian community in Lithuania in the modern period. Thus, the systematization and analysis of information about the activities of the Ukrainian community in Lithuania are incredibly relevant.
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Worthington, Svaja Vansauskas. "State as Transgressor: Šilingas versus the State—A Case Study." Nationalities Papers 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990701848473.
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The usually cheerful Insight Travel Guide to the Baltic States offers this synopsis of the Baltic situation:Their independence was sentenced to death by the Nazi–Soviet Pact [the secret 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact] just before World War II. The pact envisaged the Baltic States would be parceled out between them, but it was overtaken by events with Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. The three states were incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 … Among few other people did the Soviet mill grind finer than in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania … The final injustice was the permanent imposition of Soviet rule and Stalinist terror. Anyone a visitor meets today in the Baltics is likely to have a relation who was sent to Siberia or simply shot.
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Donskis, Leonidas. "Aleksandras Shtromas." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 18, no. 1 (2006): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2006181/24.
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Aleksandras Shtromas (1931-1999), a British-American scholar, became an eminent figure in his native Lithuania, yet Westem social scientists have yet to discover this human rights activist, Soviet dissident, and political thinker. Shtromas had no doubts about the inexorable collapse of the Soviet Union, resting his analysis on the assumption that communism was unable to provide any viable social and moral order. The vast majority of the Soviet intelligentsia had become skilled at the ideological cat-and-mouse games, wrestling wth Soviet Newspeak and censorship, and employing an Aesopian language in order to survive and remain as decent as possible in a world of brainwashing and lies. A gifted prophet of post-communism, Shtromas was the only political scientist in the world who took the disintegration of the Soviet Union as early as the late 1970s as an ongoing process. This essay links Shtromas' legacy to the great East European dissenters.
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Ilmjarv, Magnus. "Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Communists in the Transnational World of the Comintern before the Great Purge." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017636-8.
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The Comintern represented in the international relations of the inter-war period a transnational global force. It has been rightly described as an organisation with political program ambitions extending beyond national boundaries. Its sections were active in most countries of the globe. The involvement of the Comintern with the Baltic states and the activities of Baltic communists in the transnational framework of the organisation has remained almost unexplored. This article deals with the period from 1918 to 1935 and looks at the Baltic communists’ activities in the Comintern before the Great Purges in the USSR.Estonian and Latvian Communism grew out of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, Lithuanian Communism out of Polish Social Democracy and the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party. At the time of the Comintern’s I Congress, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Bolsheviks had congregated into the national sections subject to RKP(b). The Soviet Balticum Project and the founding of the Comintern were reasons for a part of the Baltic bolsheviks belonging to the national sections of RKP(b) to declare that they had formed independent communist parties. The annulment of the Brest peace treaty in November of 1918 and the subsequent emergence of the Estonian Workers’ Commune, Soviet Latvia and Soviet Lithuania-Belarus Republic, or in other words, the soviet project’s duration in the Baltic provinces of the former Russian empire proved to be short-lived. The peace treaties between Soviet Russia and Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania signed in 1920 which became the foundation for the emergence of three independent states evoked sharp disagreements and demoralization in the ranks of the Baltic Bolsheviks. One part of them saw the Soviet Russia’s agreement to the peace treaty as treason, while the other justified the act with a comparison to the Brest peace treaty: Considering the existing power relationships and the Comintern-led international revolutionary movement, the peace agreements reached by the Soviet government are temporary and they will certainly encounter the same fate as the Brest peace treaty. The Stalin-led Peoples’ Commissariat of Nationalities played a decisive role in making it possible that bolsheviks of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian extraction were among the founders and afterwards in the leadership of the Comintern as a transnational organization. A similar role played the Zinoviev-led Peoples’ Commissariat of Nationalities of the Union of the Commune of the Nordic Region. In the first of these Commissariats worked Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Alexa-Angaretis, Gailis and Pöögelmamm, in the latter Anvelt and Giedrys. The Latvian bolshevik/communist Stučka was a part of Lenin’s retinue, while his countryman, one of the most transnational Balts in the Comintern and the top level of AUCP(b), Knoriņš, was allied with Stalin. Becoming members of the Comintern, the Baltic communists declared that the leadership of the revolutionary movement in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania would belong wholly to the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian communist parties. Ties to the Comintern were justified as follows: the communist party as an independent organization forms a direct tie with the Comintern; having gained the recognition of the Comintern, the communist party joins as an independent member the transnational union of communist parties and starts with the internationalism of the working class, which allows the globalization, together with Soviet Russia/Soviet Union, of the results of the October Revolution. The question of what were the Baltic communists’ relations with the RKP(b) received this declaration as answer: the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian proletariat can proudly point to traditions and cooperation that has connected them to the Russian proletariat. Having joined the Comintern and directing from Soviet Russia / Soviet Union illegal communist activity in their homelands, the Baltic communist leaders remained members of RCP(b)/AUCP(b) and were in their actions subject to the direction of both that organization and of Comintern. They declared that they did not recognize the bourgeois Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and would greet the day when the bourgeois order was ended in these countries and union with Soviet Union took place. A role played here also the rhetoric about the internationalism of the working class and the dictatorship of the proletariat. The latter was to be achieved by taking part in the Comintern’s transnational campaigns. Among such campaigns were the peace movement, the fight against social democracy, the creation of joint and peoples’ fronts etc. The varied ideas and wishful thinking of the Baltic Bolsheviks came to an end with the start of repressions in 1936—1937 or the Great Purge.
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Rėklaitytė, Akvilė. "The poetry of Atgimimas. Who Called the Nation and Who Led it?" Colloquia 47 (June 1, 2021): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/coll.21.47.06.
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The author of the article focuses on the time of the Reform Movement of Lithuania, Sąjūdis, when around 1987-1990 the Soviet Union began to fall apart and Lithuania was granted an opportune moment to seek political independence. In Lithuania, the Soviet ruling elite tried to exclude dissidents, who were more active in politics; therefore intellectuals, writers, and artists formed the vanguard of the movement for freedom. A review of documentary material from the time has revealed the important role of poetry. The article explores the poetic discourse of the years of Atgimimas, i.e. poems published in official and illegal publications, and analyses their poetics (themes, stylistics, and imagery). It aims to verify whether poetry was the “leader” of the Sąjūdis discourse, as many people who remember the movement testify. The research shows that during the political liberation of the state, poetry as an independent field of art had been in crisis. Instead of creating a distinctive aesthetic world and language, it illustrated the changes taking place in society, trying to keep up with historical events. Memoirs and journalism, which satisfied the public’s need for the direct talk about the realities, became the real leader of the discourse.
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Studinski, Volodymyr. "The Lublin triangle in Europe’s economic security system in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014-2022." University Economic Bulletin, no. 53 (June 25, 2022): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-53-132-138.
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Formulation of the problem. At the present historical stage, the issue of European continental security is becoming especially relevant against the background of Russian aggression. This is obvious and hardly questionable. Ukraine has always played the role of a defender of Western civilization in European history. Apart from Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania have performed and continue to perform the same function. Speaking in the language of historical analogies and comparisons, it is impossible in this aspect not to mention such a large and powerful state formation as the Commonwealth. Ironically, this state also emerged against the background of Muscovy's expansion in the east. The need for common security in Central Europe has always been and remains relevant. Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine are at the forefront of Europe's sustainable development. Today it is the forefront of the entire civilized world. Therefore, the formation of the Lublin Triangle between Kyiv, Warsaw and Vilnius is a historical, political, economic, humanitarian necessity. In fact, the Lublin Triangle is a tripartite regional alliance for political, economic, cultural and social cooperation between Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine, aimed at strengthening dialogue between countries, supporting Ukraine's integration into the European Union and NATO and jointly countering Russian aggression in Ukraine. The idea of such a union belonged to Vyacheslav Chornovil and Adam Czartoryski. The economic component of this association is extremely important, as it is the basis for the formation of a system of sustainable development of the region. European aggression is contrasted with European balance and economic stability. Analysis of recent research and publications. The theme of the Lublin Triangle and the importance of this organization in the modern development of Europe is becoming increasingly important. However, this issue is still more in the political and journalistic sphere of consideration. Economic research on this topic has not yet been developed. Although some attempts are being made. Rather, the scientific issues themselves are determined, which in the future will have different areas of research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state and prospects of the unification of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine as a stabilizing economic factor in the security system of Europe within the framework of the Lublin Triangle. Results of the research. The analysis of this issue proves that the unification of the three states - Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, within the Lublin Triangle has serious prospects and can act as a powerful formation in the economic security of Europe, especially in the context of Russian military expansion. Conclusions. The Lublin Triangle, as an intergovernmental union, is primarily designed to counter Russian aggression and pressure on the European Union. The role of Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland for many centuries has been to protect the European continent from Russia's imperial advance on Europe and to slow down the development of European countries. At the present time, this problem has become very acute and significant. The countries of the Lublin Triangle have a strong economic potential, are of serious trade and communication interest in the North-South, West-East directions, and are a kind of outpost in defense of Western civilization. The Lublin Triangle political union is quite capable of economically protecting Europe from the negative impact of Russia's expansion on the EU.
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Kasekamp, Andres. "Survival against the Odds: The Baltic States at 100." Slavic Review 78, no. 3 (2019): 640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2019.225.
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This essay examines how Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have managed to secure their independence and analyzes how they have dealt with the internal and external challenges to their state-building efforts. It compares the first period of statehood between the two world wars with the current period of independence beginning with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Among the critical external tasks they have faced were deterring former imperial powers, fostering regional cooperation and gaining a voice in international organizations. Internally, consolidating democratic systems and integration of ethnic minorities have been the two most significant challenges.
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Barinov, Igor I. "The Russification Policy in Lithuania: The Case of Kazys Škirpa." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 1-2 (2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.1-2.03.
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This article sheds some light on the early life of Kazys Škirpa (1895–1979), a prominent military offi cer and statesman of interwar Lithuania. Škirpa was best known for his efforts to re-establish Lithuanian independence with the support of Nazi Germany after his country was annexed by the Soviet Union during the Second World War. For this reason, evaluation of his personal biography has previously been neglected by scholars. Striving to fi ll this research and knowledge gap, this paper hypothesises that the formation of the future politician was deeply infl uenced by processes that took place during his youth in Russia. Škirpa’s biography offers a fascinating insight into changes in the Russian Empire. The changes included the two trajectories of Russifi cation; “from above” and “from below” and the transformation of the loyalty principles as well – social- religious loyalty became ethnonational. Russian governmental policy was to categorise its population on the basis of formal criteria. Škirpa’s biography demonstrates how the representatives of various ethnic groups (including Lithuanians) bypassed bureaucratic peculiarities to develop their national identity, which worked against the raison d’être of the empire. However, at the same time these representatives of the various ethnic groups remained “ideal subjects” of the Tzar. It was the First World War that contributed to the realisation of the national and political aspirations of such ethnic communities. The article also includes some of Škirpa’s previously undiscovered personal documents, which were found in the Russian archives.
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Juodis, D. "CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE UNIFICATION OF LITHUANIAN ANTI-SOVIET PARTISANS DURING 1946-1949." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 141 (2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.10.
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In 2019 comes the 70th anniversary of the founding of LLKS – the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdi). This underground organization had been founded in February of 1949. It united the people, who had been fighting against the Soviet power in Lithuania. Heads of the LLKS were active partisans and they called themselves freedom fighters. In the same time, other people called partisans ‘forest men’, ‘greens’ etc. The main purpose of this article – to consider the process of unification of the forces of Lithuanian partisans under unified command and to highlight the main circumstances of this process. The article is based on the archival materials and modern research writings. So far, very few research papers about Lithuanian anti-Soviet struggle have been published outside Lithuania. That’s why one of the goals of the author – to provide the information about this episode of the modern history of Lithuania to Ukrainian readers. Perhaps, the similarity with Ukrainian national insurgent movement during the 2nd World War will be found. The final ambition of the armed struggle of Lithuanian partisans was the creation of free democratic Lithuania. Partisans considered the mistakes of Lithuanian state-building during the interwar period, such as authoritarian regime and weak social politics. Freedom fighters hoped to get help from the West countries – Great Britain of the USA – through the mediation of Lithuanian emigrants. The unification of partisans was difficult because of the activity of infiltrated Soviet security agents. The chronological framework of the article covers the period of 1946-1949, when where held the main events of the unification of partisans. Active partisan struggle against the Soviet in Lithuania power lasted to 1953.
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Gonța, Victoria, and Elena Roșcan. "Criza cunoașterii de sine." Psihologia. Revista științifico-practică = Psychology. Scientific-practical journal 39, no. 2 (December 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/pspj.2021.v39.i2.p66-74.
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This article addresses the subject of self-knowledge as a necessity for the personaldevelopment process in achieving the own life ideal. We have set out to consider whether the self-knowledge process is an approach that occurs naturally, as a trend towards the integrity of a human being or synergy with the surrounding world, up to the union with transcendence or a preoccupation, a conscious, eff ervescent search, that requires interest and eff ort in developing the potentialities until the fulfi lment of the achieved self at the highest level. Is this process a component part of motivation in achieving success within profession, our relations with others or our development actions, from intuitive structures of individual thinking and primary conduct of group and society integration, to elements of metacognition, creativity and society integration through high moral values?
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Wafa, Hatem A., Charles D. A. Wolfe, Eva Emmett, Gregory A. Roth, Catherine O. Johnson, and Yanzhong Wang. "Burden of Stroke in Europe." Stroke 51, no. 8 (August 2020): 2418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.029606.
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Background and purpose: Prediction of stroke impact provides essential information for healthcare planning and priority setting. We aim to estimate 30-year projections of stroke epidemiology in the European Union using multiple modeling approaches. Methods: Data on stroke incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years in the European Union between 1990 and 2017 were obtained from the global burden of disease study. Their trends over time were modeled using 3 modeling strategies: linear, Poisson, and exponential regressions―adjusted for the gross domestic product per capita, which reflects the impact of economic development on health status. We used the Akaike information criterion for model selection. The 30-year projections up to 2047 were estimated using the best fitting models, with inputs on population projections from the United Nations and gross domestic product per capita prospects from the World Bank. The technique was applied separately by age-sex-country groups for each stroke measure. Results: In 2017, there were 1.12 million incident strokes in the European Union, 9.53 million stroke survivors, 0.46 million deaths, and 7.06 million disability-adjusted life years lost because of stroke. By 2047, we estimated an additional 40 000 incident strokes (+3%) and 2.58 million prevalent cases (+27%). Conversely, 80 000 fewer deaths (–17%) and 2.31 million fewer disability-adjusted life years lost (–33%) are projected. The largest increase in the age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates are expected in Lithuania (average annual percentage change, 0.48% and 0.7% respectively), and the greatest reductions in Portugal (–1.57% and –1.3%). Average annual percentage change in mortality rates will range from −2.86% (Estonia) to −0.08% (Lithuania), and disability-adjusted life years’ from −2.77% (Estonia) to −0.23% (Romania). Conclusions: The number of people living with stroke is estimated to increase by 27% between 2017 and 2047 in the European Union, mainly because of population ageing and improved survival rates. Variations are expected to persist between countries showing opportunities for improvements in prevention and case management particularly in Eastern Europe.
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Makštutis, Antanas. "FORECASTING THREATS TO THE BALTIC SEA REGION COOPERATION SECURITY IN THE PERIOD OF LITHUANIA INTEGRATING INTO NATO AND THE EU." Journal of Business Economics and Management 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2004): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2004.9636067.
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The work deals with the global economic factors of the world that have an impact on the development of the country's economy and national market as well as on the regional cooperation security under the conditions of Lithuania's integration into NATO and the European Union (EU). Methodological principles of research of internal threats of the regional cooperation security, methodics and methods of their implementation are provided. Forecast is made of the tendencies of human activity efficiency in dependence upon which a description is given of the human life quality and the rational use of resources, the GDP changes and tendencies of competitiveness in the national, EU and world markets. The internal environment for the regional cooperation security in time and space is modelled.
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Tinerella, Vincent P. "Secret Sisters: Women Religious under European Communism Collection at the Catholic Theological Union." Theological Librarianship 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2010): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31046/tl.v3i2.154.
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After the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, Pope John Paul II asked Catholics around the world to assist members of the Church who had suffered under the yoke of communist oppression as a result of their commitment to Catholicism. Sr. Margaret Savoie, and Sr. Margaret Nacke, Sisters of St. Joseph, Concordia, Kansas, decided that the experiences of Catholic women in religious communities – “surviving sisters” – was an important story that needed to be documented, preserved, and made available for future generations and researchers. In 2003, Sisters Mary and Margaret began their research, recording the plight of Catholic sisters in eight countries, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and the Ukraine, from the rise of Stalin until the collapse of European communism. Over 200 testimonials now reside at the Paul Bechtold Library at the Catholic Theological Union in Chicago under the auspices of the library’s archivist, Dr. Kenneth O’Malley, C.P. , and their work has been made into a national and award-winning documentary film.
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Borkowska Osu, Urszula. "From Royal Prayer Books to Common Prayers: Religious Practices in Late Medieval and Early Modern Poland." Studies in Church History 42 (2006): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003934.
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The Union between Poland and Lithuania, whose foundations were laid in 1386 with the baptism of Jagiello, the pagan grand duke of Lithuania, and his marriage to Queen Jadwiga (Hedwig), daughter of the last king of Poland, marked the beginning of a systematic Christianization to which the pagan Lithuanians offered remarkably little resistance. Recent research on religious practice under the ruling Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania (1386–1572) shows that royal piety was often designed to elicit participation at a popular level, cementing both the diffusion of Christian involvement across the newly unified kingdom, and in turn the role of the royal family at its centre. Surviving royal accounts and prayer books can offer a privileged insight into the personal religion of the monarchs and their relatives. These accounts, although only partially extant, constitute an objective source by which religious practices may be understood. Created for bureaucratic reasons, to keep order in the Treasurer’s Chancery, rather than to present the king as pious, they detail expenses for masses and other opera pia of the king and his family, recording the rhythm of royal religious practices – for the day, the week and the whole liturgical year. The accounts also provide evidence of sacramental practices and royal almsgiving. Pious literature composed at the behest of the Jagiellons, combined with extant pedagogical treatises and didactic sermons delivered in the presence of the monarch, is particularly valuable in admitting us into the world of royal Christian education.
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Chlivickas, Eugenijus, and Laura Leščinskaitė. "INTERNATIONAL MARKETING DEVELOPING PUBLISHING BUSINESS / TARPTAUTINIS MARKETINGAS PLĖTOJANT LEIDYBOS VERSLĄ." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.743.
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Lithuanian integration in the financial Eurozone and Lithuanian publishing business development in the European Union and outside it, becomes an important problem requiring a solution. Promoting the dissemination of printed books and literacy in Lithuania and beyond, to properly introduce the achievements of Lithuania in foreign countries, it is important to ensure Lithuanian letter, educational and scientific book publishing development. The article examines the characteristics of the international marketing publishing, the world and Lithuanian state publishing houses on the basis of foreign and Lithuanian scientists theoretical insights about the instruments of international marketing opportunities, developing proposals for publishing business integration of new economic conditions. Lietuvai integruojantis į finansinę euro zoną, Lietuvos leidybos verslo plėtra Europos Sąjungoje bei už jos ribų tampa svarbia problema, kurią reikia spręsti. Skatinant spausdintų knygų sklaidą ir raštingumą Lietuvoje bei už jos ribų, siekiant tinkamai pristatyti Lietuvos pasiekimus užsienio šalyse, svarbu užtikrinti Lietuvos rašto, švietimo ir mokslo knygų leidybos plėtrą. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos leidybos verslo ypatybės, pasaulio bei Lietuvos leidyklų būklė, remiantis užsienio ir Lietuvos mokslininkų teorinėmis įžvalgomis apie tarptautinio marketingo instrumentų panaudojimo galimybes, pateikti siūlymai dėl leidybos verslo plėtros naujomis ekonominės integracijos sąlygomis.
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Czaja, Jaroslaw, and Arūnas Dulkys. "THE EUROIZATION OF LITHUANIA AND POLAND: A COMPARISON." Ekonomika 91, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2012.0.888.
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Usually, euroization is connected with the necessity of passing through not easy to fulfil and to maintain the Maastricht Treaty criteria and to accept (à) priori a definite course of resigning from the national currency. Upon fulfilling the required adjustment periods of euro adoption, the European law forces a total departure from the national currency. This process is subjected to a solid supervision and control of the EU organs. Additionally, the Maastricht Treaty obliges to introduce the euro when a country is in a good economic condition, confirmed by the fulfilment of nominal convergence criteria. In such a situation, the common currency adoption must be (or should be) always interpreted as a proof of a stable economic development and abilities of keeping such parameters in the future. However, in case of euroization accomplished with omission (or even with infringing) the Treaty, there is no necessity of complementing any European law duties, and especially there is no obligation of totally resigning the national currency. Such kind of euro adoption means not a full but a partial euroization, which can appear in a very difficult situation in country`s economy or when currency independence is not safe and profitable. Resignation from the national currency is like an act of desperation, or at least it is forced by the lack of the abilities to manage the economic problems. The purpose of this publication is to show euroization as state (partly also as process), particularly on the examples of Lithuania and Poland. It obviously it does not seem new, but many changes in the world economy (with special regard to the crisis hurting the European Union) and the lower enthusiasm for joining the Euroland (euro zone) show the need to consider such a problem.
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Grybaitė, Virginija. "ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO GENDER PAY GAP." Journal of Business Economics and Management 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2006.9636127.
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The number of women in the world labour force is growing. Nevertheless, in spite of women's large share in the labour force, many gender inequities in the labour market, such as gender specific jobs, pay inequities are observed. Women and men do not receive equal pay for equal work. Wage discrimination is reality. Women on average have lower incomes, lower wages and less advantageous terms of employment than men. The purpose of this article is to review main theoretical approaches to the basic economic question about the gender pay gap: why do, women, on average earn less than men. Attention has been focused on basic theoretical approaches: human capital model, labour market discrimination and theory of occupational segregation. The paper is based on empirical data from Lithuania and other European Union countries.
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Gailienė, Danutė. "UŽBURTAME RATE: SAVIŽUDYBIŲ PAPLITIMAS LIETUVOJE PO NEPRIKLAUSOMYBĖS ATKŪRIMO." Psichologija 31 (January 1, 2005): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2005..4341.
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Lietuvos savižudybių rodiklis jau dešimti metai (nuo 1996 m.) yra didžiausias pasaulyje. Straipsnyje pateikiami duomenys apie savižudybių rodiklių dinamiką Lietuvoje 1990–2002 m. ir, pasiremiant naujausiais tyrimų duomenimis, aptariami veiksniai, kurie gali lemti ilgalaikius aukštus savižudybių rodiklius. Lietuvoje iki šiol vyrauja „sovietinis“ mirtingumo modelis (jam būdingas labai aukštas priešlaikinio mirtingumo lygis bei miesto ir kaimo gyventojų mirtingumo skirtumų didėjimas), o psichikos sveikatos pagalbos sistema nepakankama. Susidaro užburtas ratas: savižudybių labai daug, jokių racionalių priemonių jų sumažinti valstybėje nėra, stiprėja ne tik pasyvi, bet ir savižudybėms palanki nuostata, o tai savo ruožtu didina suicidinę riziką.
VICIOUS CIRCLE: SUICIDES IN LITHUANIA AFTER THE INDEPENDENCEDanutė Gailienė
SummaryDuring the last 80 years suicide mortality in Lithuania has shown great variation. Nowadays Lithuania has the highest registered suicide rate in the world besides the other Baltic countries and Russia. After the sharp decrease in the mid-80’s, since 1991 the suicide rates start to rise again. In 2002 1551 suicide occurred in Lithuania (44.7 per 100.000 persons). The ratio of male to female rates was 4.5–6.1 in 1990–2002, in the young and middle age it reached 8–10. The suicides are more widespread in rural areas. Among rural men they occur twice as often as among the urban and among women – 1.4 times. By age the highest suicide risk is for middle-aged men. Among the males aged 45–54 years suicide rate reaches 154.6. The most common method of suicide remains hanging, both for males and females.The dramatic increase in suicide rates of the early 1990s corresponds to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the regaining of the independence of Lithuania and other Baltic states. Heavy transition from the system based on communist ideology to the open society and market economy was ensuing. However analysis of the trends of suicide mortality in Eastern Europe and in the „newly independent states“ of the former Soviet Union showed that rapid transformations of society do not per se necessarily produce more suicides. Neither the absolute economic changes, nor the level of prosperity in itself correlates significantly with the changes in suicide rates. Intermediate role of culture should be also taken into consideration.The undercurrent reasons of the incredible suicide spread in Lithuania lie in the long lasting effects of the 50 years under the communist regime on the ability of individuals and groups to manage psychosocial stress and changes. „Soviet“ mortality pattern, which is characterized by very high level of premature mortality and growth of urban-rural mortality differences, has not changed during transition period. This leads to vicious circle when the spread of suicides and helpless, indifferent attitude towards suicide prevention, causes the suicide approving attitudes, which increases the risk of suicidal behaviour. The approving attitude towards suicide among Lithuanian schoolchildren increased almost twice over the last decade. The media also „contributes“ to this process, but attempts to change the presentation of suicide in the mass media in 1996–2000 were rather unsuccessful.The national plan of suicide prevention is required to break off the vicious circle.
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Shindo, Rikako. "EAST PRUSSIA, LITHUANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR: THE FOREIGN STRATEGY OF A GERMAN EXCLAVE DURING THE 1920S." Problems of World History, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-8.
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This paper deals with the foreign strategy of East Prussia after World War I. Special consideration is given to the ways in which East Prussia tried to overcome the political and economic difficulties that had arisen when it found itself surrounded on all sides by foreign countries during the 1920s. After the World War I, East Prussia aimed to re-establish its previous trade relations with the regions of the former Russian Empire. The intensive struggle for survival in which the local and regional governments of Königsberg and its economic representatives were involved resulted from the fact that the province now formed an exclave – a unique situation not only in the history of Prussia, but also in the history of Germany. Owing to the unsolvable territorial conflicts in Eastern Europe, all attempts to come to terms with the situation and its implications were doomed to have only very limited success.
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Stasytytė, Viktorija, Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas, and Eglė Celiešienė. "Selection of markets for textile export using the adequate portfolio." Management 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30924/mjcmi.26.2.15.
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Textiles is one of the largest industries in the world, creating significant volumes of trade, export, and jobs. In the European Union, this industry is essential and attempts to retain and increase competitiveness. Most of the textile and clothing sector production is exported; thus, adequate orientation to export markets is essential. The paper’s objective is to determine the countries suitable for exporting the textile production of Lithuania and similar countries using the adequate portfolio model. The adequate portfolio treats the export possibilities according to three parameters: return, reliability, and risk. Clothing annual average index data across countries obtained from the Eurostat database were used for calculations. After performing the research, three portfolio cases were proposed, and the most profitable export countries and their given return were determined. Research results can be applied to the whole country and for individual textile exporting enterprises.
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Riabokon, Ievgen, Yevhen Fursa, Olha Tsybulska, Alina Goncharova, and Olena Kryzhevska. "The concept of non-contractual obligations in inheritance law: international legal experience." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 45 (October 29, 2021): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.45.09.22.
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The article is devoted to the study and analysis of such areas of civil law as non-contractual structures, within the inheritance law of individual European Union countries, the emergence, development and implementation of such structures in regulations governing the inheritance procedures of countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Latvia. The purpose of the study in the monograph is a comprehensive analysis of the nature and specifics of legal and doctrinal bases of regulation and practice of non-contractual constructions in the inheritance law of individual EU countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Latvia). As a result of the study the concept of non-contractual constructions of inheritance law is formed in the work. The types of non-contractual constructions, first of all their dialectical classification, architecture and place in the system of inheritance law are singled out and analyzed. An analysis of their identification and separation in different states, depending on the legal family, traces the integrity of the fundamental structure of knowledge about the obligatory rights of the testator within the will, heirs and beneficiaries in their biocentric expression and in the context of social ties. Emphasis is placed on rethinking and solving some problems in inheritance law, from the point of view of new world realities.
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Krpan, Mira, Margareta Gardijan Kedžo, and Berislav Žmuk. "Exploring the Link Between Education Length and Employment Outcomes among Youth in Europe: A Hierarchical Clustering Approach." Business Systems Research Journal 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2023-0019.
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Abstract Background As the world rapidly evolves, digitalisation continues, and artificial intelligence is used, it is crucial to understand how education systems are preparing future generations to succeed in this very dynamic environment where there is a tremendous demand for skilled workers. Objectives This paper analyses similarities and differences between European Union Member States regarding the educational attainment of young adults and their performance in the labour market. Methods/Approach Ward’s cluster method in hierarchical cluster analysis for output and outcome indicators of young adult education systems is used for two selected years: 2012 and 2021. Results Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands have the highest average percentage of young adults with tertiary education in 2021. On the other hand, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, and Romania have the highest average employment and income benefits of tertiary education for young adults. Conclusions The average share of 25-to 34-year-olds with tertiary education increased significantly in the EU-27 between 2012 and 2021, partly due to higher demand for skilled workers in labour markets. Higher levels of education are generally associated with better employment opportunities and higher wages. However, there are large differences across EU economies. The results can help governments and education policymakers design future policies and provide insights into cross-country comparisons.
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Budrys, Eduardas. "Who is a Lithuanian? In Search of Władysław Mickiewicz’s Motherland." Bibliotheca Lituana 6 (December 20, 2019): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2018.vi.2.
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Władysław Mickiewicz (1838–1926) was one of most active members of the Polish-Lithuanian diaspora: biographer, journalist, librarian, translator, political, social activist, and prolific publicist. Despite all this, he was mainly known as a son and a follower of his father, the great poet Adam Mickiewicz. The lives of these two men intertwined in many ways: both of their youth years were marked by great rebellions, and both had missed them, both having spent most of their adult lives in Paris, writing and dreaming about their motherland. However, while for Adam the motherland was the land of his childhood and youth, for Władysław, it was not that easy to define. For him, Lithuania, Poland, and his great Father had formed a certain ideal – an ideal to live for. Władysław Mickiewicz was a servant of this ideal all his life, constantly pre-serving, popularizing, and sometimes interpreting it – the legacy of his father. These ideals of an eternal Union between Poland and Lithuania, of an archaic Lithuanian Arcadia somewhere in a secluded part of the world, looked so natural in the Romantic days of the poet. It had grown less and less clear at the second part of the 19th century, and especially during the turbulent years of the First World War and the beginning of the interbellum, which brought such a sharp division between Polish and Lithuanian identities, making old ideals appear strange and antiquated. Yet despite this, Władysław Mickiewicz never renounced them. This article explores his life, writings, and the interpretations of the works of his father with the hope of finding his true motherland.
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Harboe Knudsen, Ida. ""The lonely cows"." Focaal 2012, no. 62 (March 1, 2012): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2012.620108.
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This article focuses on small-scale farming in Lithuania in light of the country's European Union (EU) entrance in 2004. Although the EU, together with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, had encouraged a rapid privatization of the former collective farms, the result was not an economically viable farming sector, but a multitude of unspecialized farms run by ageing farmers with but a single cow. These farmers are now viewed as the main obstacle to further development and are encouraged to retire. However, the farmers have proven reluctant to do so. Looking at different attempts to reduce the number of small farms, the article analyzes how the outcomes of the EU programs often are quite different from what was originally intended. Such processes are coined as EUropeanization: a term that embraces how the EU is interpreted and implemented in daily life by the farmers.
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Romanchuk, Protopriest Alexander. "The Worldview of Metropolitan Joseph (Semashko) and Its Origin." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (August 1, 2020): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-331-345.
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he article examines the world outlook of the outstanding church hierarch - Metropolitan of Lithuania and Vilnius Joseph (Semashko) who is considered to be the founder of the ideology of Westrussism which was the basis of the Russian Empire policy in the Western provinces in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The article traces the origin of His Grace’s views that determined his activity aimed at disbanding the Brest Church Union and reestablishing the position of the Orthodox Church in Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that Metropolitan Joseph’s views formed an integral outlook system. In part his views were ahead of his time, and in part they were in line with the epoch. The revealed views of the Metropolitan “the Reunitor” show that the overcoming of the Uniat problem in Russia in the 19th century was well-grounded.
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Dencheva Tsonkova, Vanya. "THE SOVEREIGN GREEN BONDS MARKET IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: ANALYSIS AND GOOD PRACTICES." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3001165d.
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In a world facing the growing problems of climate change and social differentiation, the so-called ―sustainable finance‖ increases its importance and popularity. The object of this field of study is the transfer of capital flows to projects with clearly defined environmental and social benefits. Key instruments are Green bonds, Social bonds and Sustainability bonds. The article is dedicated to green bonds, focusing on sovereign issues. It is widely known that the green bond market begins its development with the so-called ―supranational‖ issues – the bonds of the international financial institutions – the European Investment Bank in 2007 and the World Bank in 2008, for financing renewable energy projects. The real boom in the market starts in 2014 when new issues reach nearly $ 40 billion – four times more than in 2013. Exponential growth continues in the coming years, reaching $ 155 billion in 2017. Sovereign green bonds make a relatively late debut on the market – in the end of 2016, in a member state of the European Union – Poland. However, in 2018 government issues have already had a significant appearance on the market and are a strong signal of the state's commitment to environmental problems. The article analyzes the state of the European market in the context of the global market for sovereign green bonds. Review of international regulations and adopted standards, as well as of the legislative changes within the European Union related to sustainable financing, are made. The other focus is on the particularities in the methodology for issuing Climate Financial Instruments. The good practices for issuing sovereign green bonds in the European Union are also being considered and an attempt to outline the challenges to market development is made. The basis of the analysis is the sovereign bonds, issued from Poland, France, Belgium, Ireland and Lithuania.
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Glinkowska‑Krauze, Beata, Viacheslav Chebotarov, and Iegor Chebotarov. "National Business Cultures as a System‑forming Factor of the “Lublin Triangle”." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.09.
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Considering the evolution of the scientific knowledge on the topic the authors define “national business cultures” as a complex interdisciplinary basic phenomenon of modern comparative studies and international entrepreneurship. Using the accepted in the world comparative studies methodology – indicative parameters of national business cultures and considering the authors’ corresponding empirical developments a systematic comparative analysis of the national business cultures of the founding countries of the new cooperation platform in Central and Eastern Europe – the “Lublin Triangle” (Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine) – is carried out. The close similarity and wide complementarity of the national business cultures of these countries are revealed. This is largely predetermined not only by their common, centuries‑old history, but also by a number of other institutional and economic factors, as well as natural conditions. The priority sectors and spheres of integration of the three countries are determined both at the interstate level and at the level of the interaction of their business structures. Implementing this approach will ensure an increase in the competitive positions of Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine and, as a result, the Lublin Triangle as a whole, in the system of the modern international division of labor. Based on the similarity and complementarity of the national business cultures, a group of other countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria) was selected. Under certain conditions, they could also become members of the Lublin Triangle, which would further strengthen and develop the European Union.