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1
Mahmood, Mohammed Khalid. "On the Phonetic Similarity of the Word ‘Tooth’ in Various World Languages: Linguistic Notes of a Dentist." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 4546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i10-18.
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Some languages come from historical common ancestors and they share similarity on the basis phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Some words resemble each other between remote and even unrelated languages. Apart from historical borrowing, this is mainly due to common ancestor language. Degree of lexical similarity is one of the methods to measure word and cognate resemblance between languages. For this purpose, some lists have been proposed by professionals that contain words with the slightest possibility of borrowing from another language and the highest durability throughout time. The word for ‘tooth’ is present in all these lists. This shows the stability of this word and accounts for its similitude among world languages.
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Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.
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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.
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SELIHEY, P. O. "INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL LANGUAGES: CRITERIA, RATINGS, FORECASTS." Movoznavstvo 320, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-320-2021-5-002.
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The article examines the criteria on the basis of which ratings of international languages are compiled and their future is predicted. Language’s chances of becoming international are not highly dependent on its demographic power, structural advantages or ease of learning. What matters most is the influence that speakers of the language have on other peoples. The criteria of «internationality» of the language actually coincide with the criteria of its influence, communicative value, social prestige, sociolinguistic weight. The ratings of the influence of national languages are based on various criteria: state status, communicative potential, economic power, the number of people studying it as a foreign language. These ratings reveal more essential criteria of an international language: prevalence on several continents, the status of an official language in international organizations, value as a source of modern knowledge, a large number of its speakers as a second. A specific feature that brings the international language to the class of world languages should be recognized as its worldwide prevalence. This language is used all over the world, it is spoken (as the first or second) by the majority of the world’s population, its world status is recognized in all countries. The composition of the club of leading languages is constantly changing: some languages come to it, others decrease — depending on the military-political, demographic, economic and cultural success of their speakers. Although the number of speakers of English as a second language is growing steadily, its dominance should be considered as temporary. A new hierarchy of languages may emerge in the middle of 21st century, with other major languages — Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, competing equally with English in their respective regions. Although state status of the Ukrainian language creates favorable preconditions for its development, it could spread much faster due to its informational value, intellectual power, cultural attractiveness and economic success of Ukraine.
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Guliyeva, Kubra. "A Number of Roots Found in the First Periods of Language Establishment and their Manifestation in the Languages of Other Systems." European Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p120-122.
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Turkic languages are of the distinguished languages in the world by the vocabulary richness. In these languages, the words and terms related to almost all areas of life and household are found; and the borrowed words have been included in the lexical fund of the Turkish languages only in order to enrich the language and to increase its synonyms. However, there exist such words in our language, that they have been accepted as the product of any foreign language, or presented as a lexical unit belonging to only one language in the case of belonging to many languages of the world. These include the roots such as pa-, ter- _ der-, id- _ iz.
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Djité, Paulin G. "Shifts in linguistic identities in a global world." Language Problems and Language Planning 30, no. 1 (February 20, 2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.30.1.02dji.
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Language diversity and the necessity of communicating across language boundaries have almost naturally fostered a desire to learn the languages of one’s neighbors, the languages of the playground and/or the languages of the market place. This process continues to increase with internal (rural exodus) and international migration, urbanization and exogamous marriages, leading to a changing language demography, where language shift and language learning are constant and ongoing processes. A cursory look at what people have always done and do with language(s) and an epistemological approach to their language repertoire(s) suggest that individuals and communities are very active agents, whose language practices show an incredible capacity and resourcefulness in empowering themselves where and when it matters most. And yet, the concept of “linguistic identity” tries to cast a mold around individuals and speech-communities, as if they are to belong to a given language or identity to the exclusion of (an) other(s). This paper explores the concept of “linguistic identity” and asks whether it is possible to argue that we actually have one identity, whether language is intricately tied to identity or whether language itself has an identity. It concludes with some considerations about language management.
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Jassem, Zaidan Ali. "THE ARABIC COGNATES OR ORIGINS OF PLURAL MARKERS IN WORLD LANGUAGES: A RADICAL LINGUISTIC THEORY APPROACH." Indonesian EFL Journal 1, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v1i2.623.
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This paper traces the Arabic origins of "plural markers" in world languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the main plural markers like cats/oxen in 60 world languages from 14 major and minor families- viz., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Turkic, Mayan, Altaic (Japonic), Niger-Congo, Bantu, Uto-Aztec, Tai-Kadai, Uralic, and Basque, which constitute 60% of world languages and whose speakers make up 96% of world population. The results clearly show that plural markers, which are limited to a few markers in all languages comprised of �s/-as/-at, -en, -im, -a/-e/-i/-o/-u, and �, have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change. Therefore, the results reject the traditional classification of the Comparative Method and/or Family Tree Model of such languages into separate, unrelated families, supporting instead the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which all world languages are related to one another, which eventually stemmed from a radical or root language which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic as the most conservative and productive language. In fact, Arabic can be safely said to be the radical language itself for, besides other linguistic features, sharing the plural cognates in this case with all the other languages alone.Keywords: Plurality, language families and relationships, radical world language, radical linguistic theory
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Loos, Eugène. "Language policy in an enacted world." Language Problems and Language Planning 31, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.1.04loo.
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Increasingly, foreign contacts are a daily fact of life for many companies. It is therefore remarkable that little to no empirical research has been conducted into the language policy applied by such organizations. Companies with transnational contacts are generally assumed to use English throughout the world as a “lingua franca,” yet whether this is actually the case is questionable. In a multicultural Europe that is striving to unite, there may well be other languages that could qualify as the international language of choice. Research is needed to investigate which language or languages are chosen, by whom the choice is made and why, in certain situations, speakers switch to different languages. This article focuses on the report of an empirical study addressing these aspects. A case study of a Dutch parent company that runs a holiday centre in Germany is presented in order to analyse micro-level interactions which can only be understood by considering the language choice as a result of the way in which the environment is “enacted.” For this analysis, use was made of an interview conducted with the Dutch head of the human resources department, along with transcripts of audio-recorded conversations, and also documents such as the mission statement.
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Mugamat Mursaliyeva, Khayala. "Principles of compiling artificial languages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 56, no. 07 (August 4, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/56/40-46.
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The explosion of information and the ever-increasing number of international languages make the modern language situation very difficult. The interaction of languages ultimately leads to the creation of international artificial languages that operate in parallel with the world`s languages. The expansion of interlinguistic issues is a natural consequence of the aggravation of the linguistic landscape of the modern world. The modern interlinguistic dialect, which is defined as a field of linguistics that studies international languages and international languages as a means of communication, deals with the importance of overcoming the barrier.The problem of international artificial languages is widely covered in the writings of I.A.Baudouin de Courtenay, V.P.Qrigorev, N.L.Gudskov, E.K.Drezen, A.D.Dulchenko, M.I.Isayev, S.N.Kuznechov, A.D.Melnikov and many other scientists. Key words:the concept of natural language, the concept of artificial language, the degree of artificiality of language, the authenticity of language
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Aziz, Zulfadli A., and Robert Amery. "The Effects of a Linguistic Tsunami on the Languages of Aceh." Studies in English Language and Education 3, no. 2 (September 10, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v3i2.4958.
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The languages throughout the world are in crisis and it is estimated that 50% to 90% will have disappeared by the end of this century (Grenoble, 2012). Colonisation, nationalism, urbanisation and globalisation have resulted in a linguistic tsunami being unleashed, with a few major world languages swamping others. The rate of language loss today is unprecedented as this small number of dominant languages expands rapidly. Small minority languages are mainly in danger, but even large regional languages, such as Acehnese with millions of speakers, are unsafe. Similar to the case of a tsunami triggered by an earthquake, it is generally too late before speakers are aware of what is happening. In most cases language shift will have already progressed and irreversible before people realize it. This paper examines the early warning signs of impending language shift and what can be done for minority languages to have the best chance of survival. We draw on the local situation in Aceh, as well as other parts of the Austronesian speaking world and Australia, where the record of language loss is the worst in the world. Language shift in Australia is well-progressed; in Indonesia it is more recent. Lessons learned from places such as Australia and Taiwan have relevance for Indonesia today.
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Malinov, Alexey. "V.I. Lamansky: Civilizations and the War of Languages." Chelovek 34, no. 1 (2023): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070024834-4.
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The article deals with the problems of language and war in the civilizational concept of the Slavist Academician V.I. Lamansky. Lamansky's attitude to the Crimean War and Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1879 is traced on the basis of archival documents. His assessments of military and political events are given. It is pointed out that Lamansky's political-geographical doctrine formulated in his treatise «The Three Worlds of the Asian-European Continent» (1892) and in his earlier works, was a development of the Slavophile ideas and included the provisions later developed by Eurasianists. It is pointed out that he gave not only a geographical but also a linguistic definition of civilizations, in particular, he believed that civilizational worlds are held together by a common language (world-historical language). According to Lamansky, who formulated the doctrine of linguistic hegemony, the competition between peoples and states, including military, is replaced by the competition of world-historical languages. In Europe, he believed, three Romance languages (French, Italian and Spanish) and two Germanic languages (English and German) are struggling with each other. Of these, only Spanish and English, thanks to the vast colonies of Great Britain and the former colonies of Spain, could retain their world-historical significance. In time, he suggested, even Spain's former colonies in South America might come under Anglo-Saxon rule, and the center of the Western world would shift to the New World. In the Middle World or the Greco-Slavic world, Russian has no competitors, so it should be a common literary, scientific and diplomatic language, uniting the peoples of the Middle World in a civilizational unity. Language is the main geopolitical force through which cultural and, in the long term, political unity is first formed. Based on the philosophical and historical analysis of the contradictions between the Romano-Germanic and the Greek-Slavic worlds, Lamansky concluded that the coming world war was inevitable.
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Tochon, Francois Victor. "The Key to Global Understanding: World Languages Education—Why Schools Need to Adapt." Review of Educational Research 79, no. 2 (June 2009): 650–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325898.
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This review article is a plea for the education community to reconsider the place of world languages teaching within the schools. With globalization, languages education should be one of the strategic goals of public as well as private education. The article reviews research on the best age level for learning a language, the assets of bilingualism, the problems that arise from lack of recognition for other languages and cultures, the ways to change current language education, and the integration of international language policies. The literature reviewed points at how the issues discussed can be resolved to increase global understanding.
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Selimović, Ena. "Balkan, Creole, Other: Dislocating Contemporary Multilingualisms." Journal of Literary Multilingualism 1, no. 1 (May 2023): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667324x-20230106.
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Abstract Reading the language memoirs of Jhumpa Lahiri and Dubravka Ugrešić, this article investigates what it means to know or not know a language, particularly when that language is marked ‘foreign.’ The texts under analysis attend to languages that often fall under the rubric of ‘other languages’ and underexamined contact zones. Approaching the sociopolitical dominance of so-called global English and the literary marketplace of world literature, this article reveals the need to elaborate the concept of multilingualism through multiscalar reading practices that show the inter-imperial history of contemporary multilingualism.
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Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.
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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics and in modern practice is associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. With all the advantages of this approach, it is not without a number of disadvantages. The theory of a unique linguistic world view leads to the sacralization of the language, conserving and ritualizing it, depriving it of vitality. The situation with the functioning of regional languages will change either with the revitalization of old language communities, or with the formation of new language communities in which the language can function as a real means of communication and will gain a new lease on life. Accepting the fact that it is hardly possible to return to traditional economic systems in which the languages of ethnic minorities were rooted, it seems interesting to study the experience of the functioning of communities of modern artifi cial languages. The network forms of organization of such communities are interesting, because in the context of globalization, the emergence and functioning of local linguistic communities based on a geographical principle becomes diffi cult. This turn makes us take a different look at the problems of the functioning of natural and artifi cial languages: it is not its internal structure, semantics and syntactics that comes to the fore but the conditions for its use and the reasons that make people turn to it, that is, pragmatics. In other words, the problem of the viability of a language is not so much a question of its morphology and syntax, and not even a question of its expressive possibilities and means, but a question of the motives of people’s linguistic behavior.
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Van der Walt, Christa. "Where are the new languages?" Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices 1, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmtp.17094.
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The use of the ecology metaphor is widespread in language studies, particularly in discussions about language policy and planning and minority language maintenance. Attributed to Haugen (1972), the metaphor emphasises the context in which languages are used, providing a holistic view of language and communication practices in a particular environment. Some authors link language diversity explicitly to environmental protection, noting that biodiversity coincides with language diversity (Krauss, 1992; Nettle and Romaine, 2000; Skutnab-Kangas, Maffi, and Harmon, 2003). The ecology metaphor seems to be linked mainly to the conservation of minoritized languages. In this article the argument is put forward that we need to recognise the limits of this metaphor where newly emerging languages are concerned. The implicit metaphor in the term ‘language ecology’ depends on an understanding of the natural world, so it can be argued that just as new species and new habitats are being discovered in the natural world, new languages should be acknowledged as part of the language landscape. Using the example of Sepitori and other urban varieties in South Africa, the article supports the recognition of newly emerging languages because it has important implications for education and for the potential of translanguaging classroom practices.
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Erlita, Yeni. "LANGUAGE FUNCTION IN SOCIAL LIFE AND ITS INFLUENCES." BAHAS 31, no. 4 (December 13, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/bhs.v31i4.21859.
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AbstractLanguage becomes a necessary thing because it helps the world having the interaction. In addition, a language is a structured system of communication used by humans. Languages consist of spoken sounds in spoken languages or written elements in written languages. There are some functions of language such as communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release. Additionally, a language may consist of other symbolic elements like hand gestures in sign languages. Language becomes a necessary thing because it helps the world having the interaction. There are some functions of language such as communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release. Human needs social life and social life need human. The functions of language give big impact to many aspects especially in social life. In this study, the use of language and how the function of language can give impact to society. Keywords: function of language, society, system
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Susiawati, Wati. "Kajian Bahasa Arab dari A Historis hingga Historis." Alfaz (Arabic Literatures for Academic Zealots) 7, no. 01 (June 18, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alfaz.vol7.iss01.1925.
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Language is essentially the sound, which is in the form of waves of air coming out of the lungs through sound pipes and across speech organs or sound devices. Arabic, as one of the Semitic languages, has special features in sound aspects that no other language has. Arabic is a language that has unique characteristics and is different from other languages in the world. The characteristics and uniqueness of the Arabic language between them is the language of derivation (ishtiqâq), rich in sound, language that is rich in form (ṣîghah), language of taṣrîf, i’râb, a language rich in expressions, various kinds of sentence techniques, languages that are rich in syntax (naḥw) and others.
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Stein-Smith, Kathleen. "Cosmopolitanism and Multilingualism in a Globalized World: Perspectives on the Lack of Foreign Language Learning in the US." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1108.01.
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Although cosmopolitanism has a long history, it has become even more relevant in the global era and, especially, since the COVID-19 global pandemic has made communication and understanding across cultures more important than ever. Multilingualism is the essential cosmopolitan skill and tool, empowering those who are proficient in one or more additional languages to understand, and to communicate and interact with others more effectively. The United States suffers from a foreign language deficit, and there is an urgent need to build both motivation and interest in other languages along with sustainable skills in other languages in the US. Steps to effectively address this deficit include prioritizing language learning and use, and providing the opportunity to all interested students to learn one or more additional languages.
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Bahauddin, Bahauddin. "اللغة العـربية في سياق اللغات السـامية." Al-Fusha : Arabic Language Education Journal 1, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/alfusha.v1i2.347.
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The birth of Arabic in the form of what is now started from a long civilization in the past. The scientists then classified the language, including the language revealed by Noah›s children who later spread in various languages in the world, especially Arabic. Sam language became the language of his Arabic ancestors. But what is the difference between these languages and other European languages? This needs to be known so that the horizon related to the language is wide open.
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Shuhrat Kuchimov and Nilufar Ochilova. "DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LANGUAGES." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 5(17) (August 31, 2019): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/31082019/6619.
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The article discusses the development of international and national languages, their historical period and role in modern society. Since Uzbekistan is an independent country it is trying to increase the place of Uzbek language among other languages in the world. Currently, there are many foreigners from different countries who are interested in the history of Uzbekistan and its language. We hope that the Uzbek language will develop in the same way as other international languages.
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Thompson, Amy S., and Emil Asanov. "“Nonnative? Next!” Native-speakerism in world language job advertisements." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 14, no. 1 (March 26, 2024): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.42371.
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Given the lack of research into native-speakerism among teachers of languages other than English (LOTEs), this qualitative study aims to bridge the gap by investigating the discriminatory and inclusive language employed in online recruitment for post-secondary institution instructors of LOTEs. The study also looks at how post-secondary institutions phrase language requirements and whether there is a difference in “native-speaker-teacher” bias depending on the language. For the purposes of this study, qualitative content analysis was used to examine 187 online job advertisements for teaching positions of different LOTEs that were posted by different post-secondary institutions across the United States. The findings of the study show that post-secondary institutions use discriminatory language such as “native” or “near-native” much more often than inclusive language such as “superior language skills,” regardless of the language(s) that the position advertises for. The findings, however, show that job candidates for teaching positions of LOTEs are often required to have “native” or “near-native” proficiency in at least two languages, most commonly English plus the target language of focus.
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Poshka, Agim. "UNESCO’s Atlas on Endangered Languages and the Local Context." SEEU Review 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2021-0021.
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Abstract This article analyses the overall development of the endangered language around the world in reference to UNESCO’s Atlas of World Endangered Languages and reflects on the local context. The focus to local context refers to the current territory of North Macedonia in which it is believed there are 7 endangered languages such as: Adyge, Aromanian, Gagauz (South Balkans), Megleno-Romanian, Judezmo, Romani and Torlak. These languages are classified as endangered but are still spoken in the country. The article also reflects on the status of the Albanian language in North Macedonia by drawing comparisons with two other language varieties such as Arberesh which spoken in Southern Italy and Arvanitika spoken in Greece. The challenges that these minority languages have faced in particular countries should serve as a guide in designing effective language policies in North Macedonia in order for the language not be endangered. In the last section the article report on the phenomena of Globalization in which English has become the global language and at the same time has accelerated the loss of many native languages around the globe.
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Mankeeva, Zh. "Continuity of the Kazakh language with the language of the runic inscriptions." Turkic Studies Journal 3, no. 3 (2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2021-3-47-54.
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Today, when the Republic of Kazakhstan at the turn of the century gained independence, the generalization of all historical and spiritual knowledge and their use for the good of the country is necessary for the formation and development of national consciousness. In this context, the language of the runic inscriptions as a source reflects the mentality of the ancient world and the archetypes of the historical evolution of the linguistic units of the Turkic languages. Consequently, the ancient linguistic data reveal the continuity of their historical development, the successive connection of the system of ancient Turkic languages with the system of modern Turkic languages, incl. modern Kazakh language. The above is confirmed by the results of scientific research of G. Aydarov, Doctor of Philology, professor, runologist, who managed to penetrate into the secrets of ancient inscriptions carved on stones and establish diachronic connections of ancient Turkic languages with Kypchak Turkic languages, with the Kazakh language and thereby prove, that the Kazakh language does not belong to the so-called «new» group of languages and that the history of the language is older than the history of the nation. Professor G. Aydarov is one of the first in Kazakh Turkic studies to investigate the heterogeneous linguistic system of the ancient Turkic and ancient Uighur languages, graphic, phonetic-phonological, lexical, morphemic-derivational and grammatical tiers of ancient languages, defining their features and successive ties with modern Turkic languages, including with the Kazakh language. As a confirmation, the author of the article considers the structural ontology of the Turkic word (monosyllabic and other models of the Turkic proto-root), in the study of which G. Aydarov made his invaluable contribution. It should also be noted: the assertion of the author of the article that the followers of G. Aydarov, in the study of the ancient Turkic languages, actively use the anthropocentric approach, which makes it possible to reveal new knowledge about the world and mentality of the ancient Turkic peoples, which are so necessary for understanding the historical development of the Turkic world.
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Schoonheim, Tanneke. "Words crossing borders." Lexicographica 37, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2021-0009.
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Abstract One of the characteristics of language contact is that words from one language are adopted into another language. These words we call loanwords. Often these loanwords travel through more than one language, sometimes even ending up in their original language again. During this journey the form and meaning of these words can change to such an extent that on their return they are hardly recognised in their country of origin. Loanwords can be found in all languages, but for practical reasons this contribution is limited to Dutch. Ever since the Old Dutch period (ca. 500–1200 AD) we see that words from other languages are included in Dutch and that words from Dutch are given a place in other languages. Using a number of examples from the Dutch vocabulary, this contribution discusses how words from other languages over time have acquired a place in the Dutch language and how the Dutch language has contributed to the vocabulary of other languages in the world.
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Gladkov, G. I. "Language Schools of MGIMO-University." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-197-202.
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In 1943, when the Department of International Relations at MSU was established to develop one year later into the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), the first task of the faculty was to teach future diplomats of foreign languages, which they for the most part simply did not know. Of course, in the midst of World War II, the most important foreign language seemed to be German. But the question was in providing for language support for the system of world diplomacy of the Soviet state. And pretty soon it became clear that proficiency in two foreign languages was the main advantage of MGIMO graduates over graduates of all other national universities. The language study at MGIMO is of applied nature: while studying languages students at the same time receive other professions - a diplomat, an economist, a lawyer, a journalist. Studying a language of profession became an academic niche of MGIMO. That is why today MGIMO entered the Guinness Book of Records for the number of foreign languages studied: 53 in 2014.
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Zhang, Wenjia, Jiancheng Zhu, and Pu Zhao. "Comparing World City Networks by Language: A Complex-Network Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040219.
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City networks are multiplex and diverse rather than being regarded as part of a single universal model that is valid worldwide. This study contributes to the debate on multiple globalizations by distinguishing multiscale structures of world city networks (WCNs) reflected in the Internet webpage content in English, German, and French. Using big data sets from web crawling, we adopted a complex-network approach with both macroscale and mesoscale analyses to compare global and grouping properties in varying WCNs, by using novel methods such as the weighted stochastic block model (WSBM). The results suggest that at the macro scale, the rankings of city centralities vary across languages due to the uneven geographic distribution of languages and the variant levels of globalization of cities perceived in different languages. At the meso scale, the WSBMs infer different grouping patterns in the WCNs by language, and the specific roles of many world cities vary with language. The probability-based comparative analyses reveal that the English WCN looks more globalized, while the French and German worlds appear more territorial. Using the mesoscale structure detected in the English WCN to comprehend the city networks in other languages may be biased. These findings demonstrate the importance of scrutinizing multiplex WCNs in different cultures and languages as well as discussing mesoscale structures in comparative WCN studies.
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JÄGER, GERHARD. "POWER LAWS AND OTHER HEAVY-TAILED DISTRIBUTIONS IN LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 03n04 (May 2012): 1150019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911500196.
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The paper investigates the quantitative distribution of language types across languages of the world. The studies are based on three large-scale typological data bases: The World Color Survey, the Automated Similarity Judgment Project data base, and the World Atlas of Language Structures. The main finding is that a surprisingly large and varied collection of linguistic typologies show power law behavior. The bulk of the paper deals with the statistical validation of these findings.
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Abdullah, Mahabad Kamil, and Peshkawt Majeed Mohamed. "Borrowing Patterns in Kurdish Language." Halabja University Journal 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10418.
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The study which is entitled (Borrowing Patterns in Kurdish Language) concentrates on the procedures which Kurdish language followed in borrowing from other languages. Due to the development and change in people's way of thinking, new concepts and constituents have been appearing. For their differentiation and identification, the borrowed concepts ought to be named. For the globalization reasons, they spread around the world very rapidly. To go in line with community change, language also takes various methods to name and identify the new constituents and new ideas. On the one hand, it depends on coining new words for the new concepts and constituent. On the other hand, it borrows words from other languages. Like any other languages, Kurdish language, apart from coining new words, borrowed words from other languages in various ways, with respect to form, meaning, social view and the relationship among languages, such as (imported, translation, loan interpretation, loan blending, substituted, compounding, loan shift, re-borrowing, loan exchange, direct and indirect borrowing).
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Pandarangga, Salmon. "THE TRANSFORMATION OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE IN THE FUTURE." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v10i2.3132.
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<p align="left">Abstract: It is argued that English as a global language has some advantages to people around the world. One of the advantages is that English language is used as a tool of communication, empowerment and unification of people in the global community. In other words, English plays a very important role to unite all the people around the globe regardless their nationalities, cultural backgrounds, or races. However, for some scholars, English is seen as a potential threat to linguistic diversity in the world (Florey, 2010; Graddol, 1997; Tsuda, 2008; Phillipson, 2008). These scholars strongly believed that the dominant and powerful of English use in the global community has destroyed and killed most of the languages in the world. Some of the languages, as Florey claimed, become death languages. These scholars thus believed that English is responsible for the loss and death of thousands of minority native languages around the world. Instead of debating and taking side, it is argued that non-native speakers will use their own English teaching materials with their own context culturally , English will share the role as a global language with other languages e.g. Arabic, Spanish, Bahasa Indonesia, Mandarin, and there will be more new and various of English (es) forms around the world. </p><p align="left"><em> </em></p><strong>Keywords:</strong><em> </em>a global language, English, communication, linguistic diversity, transformation.<em> </em>
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Hammad, Osama Khaled Mohammed. "Arabic Is Not Mankind’s First Language: An Analytical Study." International Journal for Arabic Linguistics and Literature Studies 4, no. 3 (September 2022): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/jalls2022.4.3.2.
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Scholars from different times and places have debated over man’s first language. While some assumed it was Arabic, others said it was Hebrew, Persian, etc. Some scholars concluded that looking into this topic was meaningless and invited others not to examine it. This paper aims to address this controversial issue and to dismiss the fallacious arguments and misconceptions that Adam’s first language was Arabic. The analysis argues that Adam did not really speak any modern-day languages; not Arabic or any other. Any person who has looked into the nature of languages and comprehended their secrets knows that languages are continuously changing which is a distinctive feature of language. Adam did speak a language, and it is the mother of all languages. However, his language is not classified as one of these languages we know in much the way that Adam himself is the father of mankind, but does not look like one of them. Adam brought his offspring to the world, and his language brought other languages. So long as people continue to breed, languages, too, develop and change. Just as it is impossible for Adam to be one of today’s humans, so it is impossible for his language to exist in modern time.
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Genidze, N. K. "Vocalic Ratio as One of the Most Important Criteria of Phonetic Classification of World Languages." Discourse 6, no. 5 (November 30, 2020): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-5-87-96.
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Introduction. The article analyses the vowel-consonant ratio as one of the most important criteria of phonetic typology in the world languages. Scientific relevance of the research is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of grammar and phonetics in typologically, genetically and historically different languages.Methodology and sources. Certain language is determined by vocalic ratio – a concept introduced to identify the vowels-consonant relation and measured through vk = V/C. Thus, all the languages can be either vocalic (vk > 1.3), consonantal (vk < 0.7) or mixed (0.7 > vk > 1.3). The article concerns the ideas by Ferdinand de Saussure (Indo-European root’s structure) and Aleksander V. Isachenko (phonetic typology).Results and discussion. The author conducts a comparative analysis of phonological systems and phonetic analysis of text fragments in several languages of different families and different historical periods: Gothic, old English, old Icelandic, English, Danish, French, and Finnish. The research reveals how the language’s structure matches its vowel-consonant ratio, i. e. disclose a link between its phonetic and morphology-syntactic classifications.Conclusion. The research has proved the fact that analytic trends in phonemes, on the one hand, depend on the vowel-consonant distribution in the language and speech, and on historically determined difference between the phonemes’ function – on the other. Inevitably, too, the language’s evolution from inflectional-synthetic to analytic or agglutinative (analytic-agglutinative) type affects all language levels, including the phonetic one. Consonants are stronger and almost resistible to changes; they function to distinguish the sense, making relative words so similar. The development of vowel system triggers the development of analytic functions, which are bound to impact the language system. Increasing number of vowels, emerging diphthongs and triphthongs are the result of analytic abilities of the language.
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A, Godwin Sudharsan, and Ravi S. "Is the Tamil language Conjugation or Grafting." Indian Journal of Tamil 5, no. 1 (February 13, 2024): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijot2413.
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Language is the main tool that helps people to communicate their thoughts, emotions, likes and dislikes to others. Research about the origin of the language are often biased. Hence the origin of the language cannot be determined. In order to understand the language, linguists classify it in various ways based on its nature, character, usage, number of users etc. Among these, the languages of the world are divided into independent, conjunctive, and so on. Although many languages have appeared in the world, only a few languages have survived. Among the languages that have survived, some have lost its value as spoken language and living only as literary languages. Among the languages that appear, grow and disappear, Tamil is the most important language that appeared in ancient times and has grown with influence and is still alive today. This Tamil language, which has an ancient grammatical and literary richness and the unique feature of adapting itself according to the times, has two different linguistic elements in itself, grafting and conjugation. Pointing to the interdisciplinary nature of Tamil, which is often labeled as a hybrid language, this article is to analyse whether Tamil is a conjugation or grafting.
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Lavanya, S., and R. Elangovan. "Factors Influencing the Teaching & Learning Outcomes of Tamil Language." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v8i1.6626.
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Language has been a primary communication tool for mankind for years. There are more than 6000 languages being spoken around the world. Only very few languages like Tamil have the history of centuries and are still renewing themselves to survive in the world. Tamil Nadu is the prominent place where the Tamil speaking community lives. Other than that there are few countries like Sri Lanka where Tamil is one of the national languages. But nowadays, due to so many factors like globalization, global village and international trading,etc. People move all around the world leaving their native places. Despite their different livelihood, people want to learn their mother tongue Tamil either as a second language or as a third language. Language learning is an inevitable part of the teaching& learning process. There are some important factors besides individual intelligence which influence the teaching & learning outcomes of Tamil language. This article anlayses those factors in detail.
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Sze, Felix, Silva Isma, Adhika Irlang Suwiryo, Laura Lesmana Wijaya, Adhi Kusumo Bharato, and Iwan Satryawan. "Differentiating ‘dialect’ and ‘language’ in sign languages." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 190–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.1.2.04sze.
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The distinction between languages and dialects has remained a controversial issue in literature. When such a distinction is made, it often has far-reaching implications in top-down language promotion and preservation policies that tend to favor only those varieties that are labelled as ‘languages’. This issue is of critical importance for the survival of most sign language varieties in the world from a socio-political point of view. Against this background, this paper discusses how the notions of ‘dialect’ and ‘language’ have been applied in classifying sign languages in the past few decades. In particular, the paper reports on two recent studies which provide linguistic evidence that the signing varieties used by Deaf signers in Jakarta and Yogyakarta in Indonesia should be regarded as distinct sign languages rather than mutually intelligible dialects of Indonesian Sign Language. The evidence comes from significant differences in the lexicon, preferred word order for encoding transitive events, and use of mouth actions. Our result suggests that signing varieties within a country can be significantly different from each other, thus calling for more concerted efforts in documenting and recognizing these differences if the linguistic needs of the signing communities are to be met.
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Gu, Junlin, and Marina Pimenova. "Translation: Mapping and Reconfiguration of the Language World." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(1).74-83.
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The article discusses using the tenets of the linguistic world picture theory in terms of translation by analyzing the methods of interpreting the inscription on a public sign in a Chinese forest park. When the original and translated fragments of the language pictures of the world are the same or similar, the word-based translation is justified from the standpoint of conveying the pragmatic, semantic and grammatical value of the text. When the language pictures of the world are different and do not correspond to each other, the word combinations phrases of the source language cannot be literally translated into the target language. The word-based translation in such cases is a dead translation that will cause translational errors. Using the semantics of the source language, the translator must reconstruct the picture of the world in the target language in order to convey the pragmatic value of the original. The difference between languages is the manner they reflect the picture of the world. Various languages fix various worldviews. The characteristics of each particular language are limited by the linguistic consciousness of people who use the language. This individual worldview is also a unique view of the world. The theory of the language picture of the world contains a linguistic study of the relationship between the language, the thinking and the reality from a cognitive point of view. It begins with linguistic facts and refers to the cultural characteristics of peoples and differences in their thinking, expressed in the linguistic facts. Its essence lies in the cognitive reproduction of the objective world in the human mind, which is the subject of knowledge based on his own perceptual experience and the language of his national culture. The theory of the language picture of the world lies in the fact that it interprets the cultural heritage of the certain people from the point of view of the language. The characteristics of each particular language are limited by the language consciousness of people. Different languages are, in fact, different worldviews, which is an expression of the unique language pictures of the world.
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Pérez Montoya, Luis Miguel, and Francisco Javier Moreno Arboleda. "Comparing two spatio-temporal query languages: SQLST and Güting’s language." Ingeniería e Investigación 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v28n3.15133.
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Spatio-temporal databases allow us to represent objects and phenomena from the real world which change position or shape as time elapses. Several query languages have been proposed during the last decade to deal with this type of database. Two of these languages have been compared in this paper: SQLST and Güting’s language. The comparison was based on criteria which have been applied to programming languages; however, they were adapted here to evaluate database query languages. The results led to concluding that both languages high degree of expressiveness may affect other criteria such as readability and simplicity, especially in the case of Güting’s language.
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Beheydt, Ludovic. "Onderwijsbeleid en Praktijk in de Meertalige Samenleving." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 74 (January 1, 2005): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.74.10beh.
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The multilingual society is a fact, both in Belgium and in the Netherlands. Minority languages like Arab, Turkish or Hindi have a strong position, even though they are not officially supported. English and the major European languages, on the other hand, have a protected status in education. The European modern languages are being promoted by the official European language policy. The minority languages, however, do not have an official status in education in Flanders and the Netherlands. The academic world asks for more official recognition of the minority languages and resists the idea that all efforts should go into majority standard language education. The official policy, on the other hand, gives absolute priority to the learning of the majority Dutch standard language, as a means to integration of minority groups. Officially, multilingualism is fostered only in so far as the modern European languages are concerned. In Belgium the multilingual language policy is hampered by the existence of a series of language laws that complicate multilingual education.
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R, Ms Nandhini, and Dr T. V. S. Padmaja. "Pandemic and Virtual Learning: The Fourth Era in the Growth of English as a Global Language." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i6.11096.
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The status of English language among all other languages is always a topic of interest for many centuries. It appears that no other language ever created a colossal impact on other cultures, languages and world history. Statements like “English is today a truly global language” (Rubdy 2006: 5) affirms that English Language indeed has obtained a global status. This paper will investigate the question of what defines a language as a global language and what factors are the factors that determine the status and the present state of English during the Covid 19 crisis.
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Tokmenko, O. P. "European Union and Council of Europe’s language trends." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 36 (2019): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2019.36.01.
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It is estimated that in a few years, 1.5 billion people – a quarter of the total world population – will speak English. And majority will speak a second or third language (only for 400000000 English becomes in their native language). Three quarters of world correspondence and 80 % of e-mail on the Internet are now in English. However, the study of one language does not take place at the expense of another national, regional or minority language, which are equally important in the conditions of development and enrichment. The article highlights the peculiarities of introducing language policy trends of the European Union and the Council of Europe in globalization context at maintaining and protecting European linguistic diversity, not only acquiring the English language as linguafranca in international communication. The Council of Europe and the European Union emphasize the importance of linguistic diversity and plurilingual skills at all levels of education, and the mass media should be the source of informal language learning via entertaining and educational programs and movies with subtitles. The media are important for shaping people's attitudes towards other languages and cultures. The documents of the European Union and the Council of Europe determine that the media should provide people who do not speak many languages with newtechnologies and translation. In a globalized world, cultural diversity will become even more important as means of preserving human values. Learning a language means learning how to get closer to others. Learning a foreign language means equipping oneself with intellectual means to meet the real and the unknown, personal enrichment for knowing other cultures and their worldview. Therefore, the fundamental principles of the European Union and the Council of Europe in the field of language policy are the preservation and protection of European diversity, which should lead not only to the acquisition of English, but also to other European and world languages by all the inhabitants of Europe, simultaneously studying different regional languages.
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Schneider, Britta. "Language and Publics in a Global Digital World. What Is Linguistic Citizenship in the 21st Century?" Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 65, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.03.
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"In this article, I discuss language from a linguistic anthropological perspective, where the existence of standardised languages is understood as an outcome of socio-political discourses in the age of nationalism, in which the technologies of print literacy enabled national public spaces – and with it, national language standards – to emerge. What happens to language standards and public spaces in the era of digital technologies and transnational interaction? I introduce some examples and develop ideas on language policing in settings where monolingual national ideals exist besides other emerging linguistic authorities. Keywords: languages, nationalism, public spaces, standardization, late modernity "
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Ŭusink-Nagata, Akiko. "Portugala lingvo en Ǔnesko?" Language Problems and Language Planning 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1985): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.9.2.07uus.
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Portuguese in Unesco? Recommendation 73 of the World Conference on Cultural Policies (Mexico City, 1982) dealt with Portuguese and other languages, calling on the director-general of Unesco to promote study of the possible use of Portuguese as a working language in the organization. Six reasons were given, including the fact that Portuguese is now the official language of seven member-states, that it is used also in various forms in other parts of the world, that it is a language that bridges cultural and racial diversity, and that it is already an official language of the Organization of American States. At the Unesco General Conference in 1983, representatives of three Portuguese-speaking countries addressed the session in Portuguese, and the representative of Portugal specifically called for the introduction of Portuguese as a working language. Currently there are three categories of languages at Unesco: the official languages of the General Conference, eight in number; the working languages of the General Conference and the Executive Board, of which there are six; and the working languages of the offices (English and French are those of headquarters). A recent Unesco document dealing with the introduction of Portuguese and other working languages calculates the cost of introducing a new working language at between $4,421,000 and $6,521,100 per biennium for limited use (i.e., translation of certain documents and provision of interpretation in certain meetings) and between $13,889,500 and $18,520,600 for use on a par with the other working languages. While the Joint Inspection Unit of the United Nations has warned against the costs involved in introducing further languages into the UN system, the director-general has tended to favor a somewhat more egalitarian approach to the problem, emphasizing the necessity to weigh such considerations as cultural values against the purely utilitarian question of cost.
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Dzhusupov, Mahabet. "Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language — heritage of the Russian and world linguistics (pro-Fasmer)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2019): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-19.068.
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The article deals with the problem of culture of scientific discussion on the material of antifasmer content of V.L. Pisanov’s article in the “Literaturnaya gazeta” “The mine, which was planted by Max Fasmer”. The author of the article attributes antirussism, adherence to fascist ideology, extensive to Indo-European bias of M. Fasmer in the process of creating four-volume Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language. All topics above do not content in the Dictionary. Compliance with a culture of the scientific discussion is the basis of a scientific development. It is observed in all works, including in V.V. Ivanov’s, O.O. Suleymenov’s investigations of the ancient origin of a word and script. The Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language is the unique work, which was created by the great scientist, humanitarian scientist, who stands on a fundamental platform of objectivity and verity of science. M. Fasmer considers a science as supranational, supraindividual, supraideological occurrence of an attitude reality and its relation to humanity on the whole. M. Fasmer appeals to living and dead languages: Slavic, German, Roman, Turkic, Latin, Greek etc. to define an ethymon of a word. Ethymon of a word could be found not only in the Russian or another Slavic languages, but also in languages of other families (Indo-European, Ural-Altai etc.). Such objective scientific analysis, scientific search of M. Fasmer is necessity for carry outing an ethymological investigavtion, thus mutual action, mutual influence of languages and cultures rest indelible mark from the ancient times in modern national languages and cultures. Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language of M. Fasmer is a model for creating ethymological dictionaries on the material of other languages. Antifamerity of V.L. Pisanov in scientific terms is antiobjective, antievidential, anticultural, antihumane statement. M. Fasmer and his four-volume Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language is pro-Fasmer, pro-ethymology, pro-scientifity, pro-humanity.
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Demon, Yosef. "Morphophonemics in the Lamalera Dialect of Lamaholot." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 3, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v3i1.414.
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Every language has differences and similarities in its linguistic systems. This is based on the assumption that the languages used by humans around the world come from one common ancestor. However, there are phenomena which are peculiar to each language. Morphophonemic alternation is a universal phenomenon. This means that all languages have this phenomenon. However, there are interesting peculiarities, for example, the morphophonemic alternations in agglutinative languages differ from isolating languages, tonal languages and inflecting languages. Lamaholot language is is not agglutinative, nor is it anlative (?) nor is it tonal. As a language characterized by neither agglutination, isolation nor tone, Lamaholot language has interesting morphophonemic phenomena to study. There is an elision or elimination of sounds, there is the addition or insertion of sounds, there is the preservation of sounds and certain sounds that are altered due to the addition of other sounds. This uniqueness occurs because Lamaholot Language does not have verb affixes as a strategy for morphophonemic change.
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Versteegh, Kees. "Can a Language be Islamic?" Eurasian Studies 18, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340081.
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Abstract In a number of publications Alessandro Bausani employed the label ‘Islamic/Muslim language’ to characterize languages that were profoundly influenced by Arabic and/or Persian. In this paper I investigate the analytical usefulness of such a label from a linguistic perspective. In particular, I deal with loanwords from Arabic and the use of Arabic script for other languages and compare the interaction between religion and language in the Islamic world with that in Jewish languages. I conclude that what Bausani was actually referring to was the deep sense of religio-cultural relationship between speakers of diverse languages who had adopted Islam. Labels such as ‘Islamic/Muslim’ should therefore be applied to these speakers, rather than to their languages.
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Porter, Alison, Florence Myles, Angela Tellier, and Bernardette Holmes. "Supporting foreign languages in an Anglophone world." Language Teaching for Young Learners 2, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.19013.por.
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Abstract Foreign language (FL) learning in English primary schools, statutory provision for most schools since 2014, has been characterised by distinct challenges. The first issue, peculiar to Anglophone settings, concerns how language learning is valued when ubiquitous English learning rationales of economic and social capital are unhelpful. Other challenges, shared globally, relate to provision and practice such as: the importance of progression, motivation, age-appropriate pedagogy and contextual factors. Successful policy implementation in England remains elusive and continues to be characterised by a lack of cohesion, coordination and forward planning. Provision and practice are problematic and linked to deficits in curriculum time, teacher linguistic expertise, planning and progression. This article will explore how both language and broader education policy in England have created conflicting forces for the sustainability of the foreign languages initiative in primary schools. It will examine how networks of researchers, teachers, educationalists and policy makers are supporting implementation through national and local education stakeholder engagement. Through collaboration and co-construction, research-informed practical suggestions are promoted, coupled with the development of solution-focused research agendas.
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Habib, Khalid Ahmad. "Use of Professional Language in Media." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 1, no. 3 (July 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc1313.
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Every language in the world has its own basics, goals and characteristics, but all are harmonious in communicative value, this means that every language transmits communication, knowledge, ideas, culture, feeling, purpose and many other things. On the other hand, languages are the names that are specific to the power of speech of certain nations and people around the world, such as: Pashto is the language of the Pashteens tribe, Hindi is the language of the Hindu tribes, and English is the language of the English tribes and so on. It is not important for a person to understand many languages, even if, one speaks only in one's native language , one is able to share one's thoughts, desires and feelings with others. Since, every language in the world has its own terminology, which includes academic, professional vocabulary and information. This article is written by taking references from different books, experiences and instructions in regard to my profession or journalism about the origin of language, communicative value, characteristics of language, function of language, linguistic problem and language of media. Scholar’s views are mentioned and the use of professional language, guidance, and its impact on professional language especially in media is also discussed. And in appropriate places, practical examples are also incorporated from across the country, the region and the world, for better explanation of the subject to readers.
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Ruslan Kh., Kasimov. "Caucasian Xenoglossary in Modern Russian and Image of “Caucasian World”." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 2 (April 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-2-137-143.
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The Caucasus has always been of interest for Russia. Russian-Caucasian contacts are being studied in political, economic, religious and social aspects. But linguistic horizon has not got enough treatment. The Caucasian loanwords in Russian are examined as a specific semantic field – xenoglossary. The method of intentional analysis is used for its highlighting. Хenoglossary is a lexical corpus borrowed from a definite cultural area. Dictionaries of contemporary Russian language are used as a sample. All lexicon is topically divided in household, military and gastronomic spheres. Only last one has nowadays actual usage. Such situation could be explained by different ways of the Russian-Caucasian cultural contact history. The war was a form of contact with Muslim Adyghe people (Circassians). So, this can explain the borrowed military glossary from the Abkhazo-Adyghean languages into Russian. And vice versa, Georgia was annexed to the Russian Empire in peace. Borrowed Kartvelian glossary is the consequence of that fact. It is stated that the borrowing process is still in progress. The main sources of loanwords are Northwest and South Caucasian languages. It is argued that the Caucasian loanwords are being assimilated. The Caucasian loanwords reflect the objects of culture, not natural ones. The loanwords passed in Russian orally and have low usage frequency. Stylistically, these words are neutral. It indicates the fact of axiological equivalence of “Caucasian” and “Russian” cultural areas in Russian language imagination. Penetration of some Caucasian lexemes in other Slavic languages are occurred by means of Russian. Caucasian borrowings have very limited spread in West European languages. Keywords: Caucasian loanwords, Caucasian languages, xenoglossary, semantic field, language contacts
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Salam, Mahdi Wahyuni. "نشأة اللغة العربية ولهجاتها." 'ARABIYYA: JURNAL STUDI BAHASA ARAB 10, no. 02 (December 31, 2021): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.47498/.v10i02.686.
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This study aims to determine the origin of Arabic and its dialects. Arabic is considered one of the most sacred languages for Muslims, and they consider learning it a religious obligation. It is the language of belief and the language of civilization, which unites Muslim nations from various countries in the world. This is the language of the Qur’an and the language spoken by the prophet Muhammad. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world today. This language belongs to the Hamitic and Semitic languages, and in particular the South Semitic language family. They come from the Southwestern part of the Peninsula, namely the countries of Najd, Hejaz, Yemen and so on. There are several reasons that cause the emergence of dialects in Arabic, those are: geographical and social reasons, language friction and mixing as a result of invasion, migration of proximity, individual reasons, political and natural factors. There are many dialects among Arabs, some dialects are considered more fluent than other dialects, namely the Quraysh, Hijaz, Najd and Asad dialects. Then the Quraysh dialect mastered all the languages of the Arab tribes for various reasons, including:geographical, religious, cultural, economic and political factors.
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Khalikov, M. M. "MULTILINGUALISM OF F.M.DOSTOEVSKY’S ARTISTIC WORLD." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23 (2021): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-76-98-109.
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The article attempts to lay a foundation for highlighting the problem of artistically determined functioning of foreignlanguage elements in the narrative-text space of Dostoevsky's works as a special aspect of studying the writer's literary system. The processes of integration and interaction of languages and literary-artistic discourses are highly conditioned by the spatial-cultural interplay of countries and the dominant vector of their development, so the presence of a significant amount of material borrowed from French and German languages in the texts of Dostoevsky is quite expected to correlate with the idea of national-ideological and cultural priorities of Russian society of that time. The intensity of the creative reception of the material of other languages as one of the moments determining the individual originality of the artistic-speech semiosis, is also explained by the autobiographical factor – long stay of the writer in a foreignspeaking cultural environment and saturation of emotional-intellectual experience in the process of intercultural communication. On the basis of the study of Dostoevsky's creative heritage from this angle, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the diverse range of his use of foreign-language elements in his texts to solve artistic and narrative problems. The article analyzes the most relevant aspects of the writer's artistic and linguistic element in the application of foreign-language inserts in interaction with the material and the traditional system of expressive means of native language: the role in the construction of narrative discourse, intertextuality, reverse interference, occasional word formation, font transposition iconism. In view of the scientific and empirical significance of the problem, it seems necessary to continue its research on a broader theoretical and methodological basis, in particular – through interdisciplinary integration of the potential of linguistics and poetics.
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Zheleznova, E. G. "TO THE QUESTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2017-1-75-79.
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He necessity of language that would be spoken by all the people in the world, has existed in all times. As a common language that has developed naturally, does not exist, then the world developed the idea of creating an artificial international language, which, among other things, could perform a unifying function. The article discusses the concept of “language" and “artificial language", provides definitions of these concepts, also considers the causes of these concepts and provides an overview of the various artificial languages. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that at the moment of development of our society there is a need to create common language, the purpose of which would be international negotiations or settlement of international conflicts and other political, economic and cultural activities. It is also possible to increase interest in such science of language as interlinguistics, and as a result, further development of linguistics as a whole thing. At the moment there are about five hundred artificial languages, but only a few of them are more or less suitable for real communication. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of artificial international languages within the framework of modern culture and modern society. The objectives of this article: to reveal the very notion of language; to select the types of artificial languages; to give the description of each of the most well-known international artificial languages. In the article we have used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, and abstracting.
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Al-Dabbagh, Abdulla. "Globalism and the universal language." English Today 21, no. 2 (April 2005): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078405002026.
Full textAbstract:
Like so many other innovations, the idea of one common language for all mankind appeared for the first time, in European thought, during the Renaissance. It has been estimated that since then nearly ‘seven hundred such artificial languages’ have been tried. Undoubtedly, this had to do with the collapse of Latin as the common language of education, soon to be replaced by the various, rising national languages. Europe's great expansion overseas, in this epoch, also created the need for a unified vehicle of communication.In many ways, the world, and not just Europe, is now facing a similar challenge. While English has become the Latin of the contemporary world, such a position, one can say in the light of historical experience, has always been precarious. Whether English will be unanimously accepted as the one unifying, international language of the globe, whether it will share this role with one or more other languages, or whether an artificial language will be adopted for that purpose is the question that sooner or later we will all be facing.