Journal articles on the topic 'Works concession'
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1
Vassallo, José M., and Juan Gallego. "Risk Sharing in the New Public Works Concession Law in Spain." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1932, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193200101.
Abstract:
Budgetary constraints are forcing transport infrastructure authorities to raise private funds to finance the construction of new projects and the maintenance of existing ones by using concession contracts. One of the key elements in correctly defining a concession scheme is to establish an adequate risk-sharing mechanism among the stakeholders that take part in the process. This paper describes and analyzes the effect of the new Spanish Concession Law on risk sharing, in particular, the effect of the so-called progress clause on the calculation of risk held by the concessionaire. This law was designed both to reinforce private financing of public facilities and to improve the legal framework by defining a new risk-sharing approach, particularly in relation to the risks involved in estimating traffic demand. The paper finishes with an analysis of a specific application of the traffic risk-sharing approach for highway concessions in Spain.
2
Erokhina, Ol’ga. "Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.
Abstract:
Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.
3
Wu, Jingyao. "Concession in Chinese proverbs." Thélème. Revista Complutense de Estudios Franceses 34, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/thel.63860.
Abstract:
This article studies concession in Chinese proverbs from three different points of view: syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. It is based on several previous works that focus on concession and proverbs both in French and in Chinese. To our knowledge, no research has been done on the concession in proverbs. Proverbs possess several peculiar linguistic traits that condition the expression of concession. The objective of this paper is to examine the realization of this notion under proverbial syntactic constraints as well as to highlight their logico-semantic basis and to assess their pragmatic effects. Based on our corpus of Chinese proverbs, the article not only concludes with the most common syntactic structures, universal logical formula, but also points out the argumentative force and the politeness present in concessive Chinese proverbs.
4
Vodă, O., and D. C. Dragoș. "Public Land Lease vs Works Concession:." European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 16, no. 4 (2021): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2021/4/4.
5
Manguel, Alberto. "2 Concision or Concession?" Canadian Theatre Review 57 (December 1988): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.57.007.
Abstract:
The strength of a good radio broadcast is the weakness of a threatre review. What “works” on radio – that which is remembered by listeners – is, above all, the tone of voice, the rhythm, the accent on certain words, a general sense of charm or wit or anger or delight. General is the key word: nothing must demand pause for thought. The piece must glide on, uninterrupted by reflection, because radio – sound – exists only in time and cannot be retraced or re-examined. What matters is that which the listener feels – the details of the piece that has provoked the feeling are of no consequence because no one, except the technician who can rewind the tape, can go back and analyze them.
6
Zhang, Xueqing, and Simaan M. AbouRizk. "Determining a reasonable concession period for private sector provision of public works and service." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-010.
Abstract:
The concession period is one of the most important issues to be addressed in private sector provision of public works and services through concession arrangements as it, to some extent, demarcates the rights and responsibilities between public and private sectors in a project's life cycle, and it is also critical to the project's sustainable development. This paper proposes a methodology for the determination of an appropriate length of the concession based on a win–win principle for parties involved and exercises simulation techniques in measuring and evaluating construction and economic uncertainties and risks. A case study of a hypothetical infrastructure project is provided to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology, mathematical model, and simulation techniques.Key words: build–own–transfer, concession, critical path method, financial management, infrastructure, Monte Carlo simulation, partnerships, procurement, risk analysis.
7
Zabashtanskyi, Maksum Mykolayovych, and Andrii Vitaliyovych Rogovyi. "MODERN ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA, no. 2(21) (2020): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2020-2(21)-121-128.
Abstract:
Abstract.The article considers modern aspects of financial support of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership. The expediency of using one of the key forms of public-private partnership -concessions in the process of financial support of investment activities of state and communal economic entities is substantiated. The existence of a significant impact of the mechanism of transformation of the movement of financial resources as a result of concession relations, the practical implementationof which allows to obtain a significant economic effect for the national economy and the state budget. Financial support of their investment and innovation development. The extremely important role of the state in the process of financialsupport of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership is emphasized. Taking into account the existing approaches of scientists and practitioners to the interpretation of the essence of the categories "state regulation", "state regulation of innovation development" the author's interpretation of the definition "state regulation of innovative development of concession activity" is proposed as a component of concession management system. Increasing financial and economic security.The necessity to singleout among the main tasks of the mechanism of state regulation of financial support of investment and innovation development of concession activity such tasks as: development of financial and economic relations of concession subjects is substantiated; providing practical orientation of research works; innovative renewal of production facilities of concession facilities.The existence of a systemic impact of financial support of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership on the trajectory of future socio-economic development of the country is proved.
8
Dewi, Sofiana, Made Dwi Cahaya Permana, Muhammad Iqbal, and Amrie Firmansyah. "Implementasi ISAK 16: Aset Keuangan Atau Aset Tak Berwujud?" Jurnal Riset Akuntansi (JUARA) 12, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/juara.v12i2.4774.
Abstract:
This study aims to review the implementation and disclosure of concession rights in the company's financial statements in 4 (four) business sectors. In addition, this study reviews the extent to which service concessions are recognized as intangible or financial assets. This study uses a qualitative method with a content analysis technique. The data used in this content analysis are journals, theses, and internship reports with ten works of literature. This study concluded that the application of service concession accounting had been carried out following the provisions of ISAK 16 (2014), starting from the recognition, measurement, disclosure, and impact of its application. The company can disclose assets using financial and intangible assets according to an agreement between the government as the grantor and the private sector as the operator.
9
Dos Santos, Rosemárcia Ribeiro, and Fátima Priscila Morela Edra. "The before and after of the airport concession at the International Airport of Rio de Janeiro: a survey of tourist demand." International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2023): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/ijsmtv9n1-022.
Abstract:
Airport concessions in Brazil began in 2011 due to the need to improve passenger services and adapt airports to international standards. Physical and managerial transformations were adopted and, among the concessioned airports is the Tom Jobim International Airport - AIRJ, located in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, which is the object of study of this work, which aims to understand the perception of passengers of the AIRJ in relation to the changes through quali-quantitative, bibliographical and explanatory research. Data were collected through interviews and online questionnaire. Respondents were people who used the AIRJ service before and after the concession process, covering the period prior to August 2014, when there was no intervention by the concessionaire, and from 2016, when most of the works were completed for the Rio de Janeiro Olympics. As a result, it was understood that passengers have perceived the AIRJ changes in a positive way, although some negative aspects are still signaled.
10
Stoian, Alexandru. "Capitalization on the Public Property of the State and of the Administrative-Territorial Units by Means of Concession." Scientific Bulletin 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2019-0020.
Abstract:
Abstract Traditional modality of using public property, the concession has played a significant role in the development of the modern state by capitalizing on those goods that by their legal nature have an inalienable character as well as by entrusting some works or public services to legal entities of private law which can execute them or make them more efficient.The economic development of the last decades of the states of the European Union, the acceleration of the commercial exchanges and the extension of the forms of circulation of the goods and services at community level have determined the reconsideration of the concession contract as a legal instrument for the capitalization of the public property goods, of the works and services that the state owns.The consolidation, at national level, of some legal norms meant to regulate concession and its forms was significantly influenced by the provisions of Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts. Thus, Law no. 100/2016 regarding the concession of works and services as well as the recent Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2019 on the Administrative Code implement the new European vision.
11
Akbasheva, Z. Kh. "About key deficiencies legislation on concession agreements." Russian competition law and economy, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2018-1-50-53.
Abstract:
The article gives a critical analysis of the shortcomings of the Federal Law of July 21,2005 No. 115-FZ "On concession agreements" in comparison with the comparable provi- sions of Federal Law No. 44-FZ of 05.04.2013 "On the contract system in the procure- ment of goods, works, services to ensure state and municipal needs ", taking into account the practice of concluding concession agreements in the Republic of Bashkortostan.A proposal is made to bring the legislation on concession agreements in line with general procurement legislation.
12
Maksimova, Olga V., and Iosif Z. Aronov. "Study of Factors Influence on the Variability of Time for Consensus Building in Coalitions Based on Regular Markov Chains." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 4 (July 18, 2021): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.4.063.
Abstract:
Draft standard is approved if and only if consensus of the technical committee for standardization (TC) is ensured before its approval by the standardization body at the national, regional and international level. Previously published works of authors dedicated to the construction of a mathematical model of time to build a consensus (number of negotiations) in terms of variation in the number of TC members and their level of authoritarianism. The present study is a continuation of these works for the case of the formation of coalitions in TC. The mathematical model is constructed to ensure consensus on the work of technical standardization committees in terms of coalitions, which are overcome during the negotiation process by concessions. This paper analyzes the factors, which influence the time for consensus building in this case: the value of the assignment and an index of the effect of the coalition. It is proved that the time to build a consensus signifi-cantly depends on the value of unilateral concessions coalition and weakly depends on the size of coalitions with a fixed number of TC members. Built regression model of dependence of the average number of approvals from the value of the assignment. It was revealed that even a small concession leads to the onset of consensus, increasing the size of the as-signment results (with other factors being equal) to a sharp decline in time before the consensus. It is shown that the as-signment of a larger coalition against small coalitions takes on average more time before building a consensus. The factors influencing the variability of the number of concessions were investigated. The change in the root-mean-square deviation (RMS) of the time to build a consensus varies nonlinearly from small concessions Y=10% to large Y=75%, regardless of the ratio of the number of members between coalitions. In the simulations, at concessions Y=10% there is the largest variation among the number of consensuses in the experiments. Concession of the authoritarian leader in group reduces the number of negotiations and increases the quality of consensus. The results obtained are of practical value for all structures where the emergence of coalitions entails the impossibility of consensual decision-making and requires consideration of different ways to build a consensual solution.
13
Цао, Лина. "ON THE VARIATION OF THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCESSIVE RELATIONSHIPS (ON THE MATERIAL OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES)." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 6(224) (November 18, 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2022-6-34-44.
Abstract:
Введение. Исследование выполнено в рамках теории функциональной грамматики и направлено на изучение семантических особенностей уступительных отношений и специализированных средств их выражения в русском языке. Отмечается формальная и содержательная вариативность уступительных конструкций, высказывается предположение о стилистической неоднородности языковых единиц, выражающих семантику уступки. Материал и методы. Несмотря на представленные в русистике исследования уступительности, в том числе как составной части поля обусловленности, семантика уступки и средства ее выражения не рассматривались ранее в функционально-стилистическом аспекте. В работе изучается формальное, семантическое и стилистическое варьирование уступительных единиц, обусловленное коммуникативными установками и языковыми особенностями научного стиля. В качестве материала использовались тексты ядерного жанра научного дискурса – 3 708 научных статей разной тематической направленности, опубликованные в рейтинговых российских журналах. Результаты и обсуждение. Научные работы, посвященные языковому выражению уступительных отношений в русском языке, демонстрируют сложность и неоднородность данного типа семантики и разные способы ее выражения. Проведенный анализ уступительных конструкций в научных статьях по филологии, истории, биологии, технике и информатике, экономике демонстрирует, что специализированными средствами выражения данных значений для научного стиля можно считать сложные предложения с союзами несмотря/невзирая на то что, но, однако, хотя, а также простые предложения с сочетаниями с предлогами несмотря/невзирая на, вопреки, независимо от и др. На основе полученных количественных данных в статье представлено процентное соотношение уступительных единиц по научным статьям разной тематики, выявлены продуктивные средства выражения уступки для каждой тематики. С точки зрения содержания поля уступительности отмечены наиболее характерные для научного стиля частные значения уступки (уступительно-противительное, уступительно-ограничительное и реально-уступительное) и практически отсутствие иных значений, реализующихся в текстах других стилей русского языка (уступительно-предположительное, уступительно-возместительное и усилительно-уступительное значения). Заключение. В результате проведенного исследования установлен средний показатель проявления уступительных отношений в статьях по разным тематикам научного стиля, отмечено содержательное, формальное и стилистическое варьирование уступительных единиц, выявлена корреляция между тематической направленностью рассматриваемых статей и определенными средствами выражения уступки, требующая дальнейшего изучения. Introduction. The research is carried out within the framework of the theory of functional grammar and is aimed at studying semantic features of concessive relations and specialized means of their expression in Russian. The formal and substantial variability of concessionary constructions is noted, and an assumption of stylistic heterogeneity of language units expressing the semantics of concession is suggested. Material and methods. In spite of the research of concessionality, including its representation as a constituent part of the conditionality field, the semantics of concession and its expressive means have not been previously examined from the aspect of functional and stylistic usage. The formal, semantic and stylistic variation of concessionary units, conditioned by communicative settings and linguistic features of scientific style, are studied. The texts of the nuclear genre of scientific discourse – 3708 scientific articles of different thematic orientation, published in ranked Russian journals – were used as the material. Results and discussion. Scientific works devoted to the linguistic expression of concessive relations in Russian demonstrate the complexity and heterogeneity of this type of semantics and different ways of its expression. The analysis of concessive constructions in scientific articles on philology, history, biology, engineering and information science and economics shows that complex sentences with the conjunctions despite/disregarding that, but, however, although, as well as simple sentences with the prepositions despite/disregarding, despite, regardless of, etc., can be considered as special means of expressing these meanings in scientific language. On the basis of the quantitative data obtained, the article presents the percentage ratio of concessionary units in scientific articles on different topics and reveals the productive means of expressing the concession for each topic. From the point of view of the concession field, the most typical particular meanings of the concession (concessive-predicative, concessive-restrictive and real-concessive) and the absence of other meanings realized in other styles of the Russian language (concessive-predicative, concessive-retributive and reinforced-concessive meanings) were revealed. Conclusion. As a result of the study the average indicator of concessionary relations in the articles on different topics of scientific style was established, the substantive, formal and stylistic variation of concessionary units was noted, the correlation between the thematic focus of the articles under consideration and certain means of expressing concession was revealed, which requires further study.
14
Belousov, V. N. "Contract of a Commercial Concession in Russian Law: Issues of Theory and Practice." Siberian Law Herald 1 (2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2021.1.31.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis and resolution of problems arising during the conclusion and execution of a commercial concession agreement. The article substantiates the consideration of a commercial concession agreement as an independent type of civil contract. The criterion for the independence of this type of agreement is the presence of its own subject matter (the rightholder performing actions to grant the user the right to use a set of exclusive rights), as well as othertractors are differentiated. It is concluded that quality control of goods (works, services) produced (performed, rendered) by the user must be considered as a duty of the copyright holder, which cannot be excluded by agreement of the parties. The reasons for the absence of the legal obligation of the copyright holder to offer the user to conclude a contract for a new term are established. Special rules on termination of a commercial concession agreement are studied. The cases for motivated and unmotivated unilateral refusal of the contract are named. Specific proposals have been developed to improve the rules on a commercial concession agreement.
15
Rakhaev, V. A. "Modernizing the lending facility under concession agreements." Finance and Credit 26, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 1590–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.7.1590.
Abstract:
Subject. The article addresses modernization of lending facilities under concession agreements. It is important for evaluating the terms of credit transactions, effectiveness of credit projects, and the concessionaire's ability to repay the loan. Objectives. The purpose is to review the current financing mechanism and underpin approaches to improving the credit facilities within concession agreements. Methods. The study rests on general scientific methods, like the systems and logical analysis and synthesis, principles of induction and deduction, financial calculation techniques. The analytical part employs the balance method, methods of financial coefficients and the method of technical and economic estimates. Results. I analyzed the financial structure and special characteristics of concession agreements, parameters of concessionaires’ activities; considered the types of risks inherent in bank lending under concession agreements, methods for their identification and mitigation; offered a mechanism of lending, including the structure of credit transactions, restrictions for the financial condition of concessionaires, additional requirements and penalties for their non-fulfillment. The findings can help banks define lending parameters for concession agreements. The provided recommendations may be useful for consideration by the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. It is possible to reduce the risks of lending under concession contracts, if their terms and conditions are stable, and if the lost income of concessionaires is compensated in the event of early termination. Reasonable tariffs for works and services and increased revenue collection will promote this type of lending.
16
Feoktistova, Oksana, Elena Akimova, Lubov Chaykovskaya, and Alexey Chaykovskiy. "Use of the concession agreements for the attraction of investments into the urban improvement." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 10030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124410030.
Abstract:
The objective of this research is to develop some recommendations on the creation of comfortable public vacation spots (parks, etc.), which would be attractive to inhabitants and at the same time could attract investments of small business through cooperation of the authorities and entrepreneurs. The paper supports the idea about the possibility of the use of the concession mechanism for this purpose. Though such projects are still rare in the Russian Federation at the moment, the authors study few successful projects, implemented, proving their viability. The schemes of implementation of the projects of the urban improvement due to concessions, works sharing, responsibility sharing as well as the allocation of project risks between the participants are considered in this paper. The principles, which make the projects effective, are formulated. The results, received within this research, can be useful both for the authorities during drawing up the regional and municipal programmes of urban improvement and development, and for the private investors, interested in such investments.
17
Duarte, Isabel Margarida, Alexandra Guedes Pinto, and Sónia Valente Rodrigues. "Contraste, concessão e contra-argumentação em textos académicos uma análise exploratória." Linguística: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto 2 (2022): 149–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16466195/ling2022v2a7.
Abstract:
The present study takes an integrated approach of grammatical elements and structures from the perspective of their functioning in texts/discourses. It focusses the semantic-pragmatic and argumentative-discursive values of utterances represented by the conceptual scheme Yes... But..., in academic writing, in particular master’s theses and reports. Its object are discursive sequences with a composite argumentative movement comprising concession and contrast /counter-argumentation. From a wide universe of works, made up of final reports from FLUP Master’s students, from the years 2020-2022, five works were selected in which the discursive sequences in focus frequently occur. The set of clipped sequences constituted the corpus of this study. After the theoretical framework, an exploratory analysis of qualitative and interpretative nature was carried out, based on procedures such as: the segmentation of utterances with movements of concession and contrast, starting from the identification of linguistic elements related to the conceptual scheme Yes..., But...; the categorization and description of these segments, taking into account syntactic-semantic and pragmatic-discursive dimensions; the comparison of the values displayed by the sequences of the different categories; the explanation of the occurrences in the academic genre in question; the articulation of the linguistic elements with the enunciative, interactional and contextual dimensions of discourse production. The results show that contrastive constructions, such as adversative and concessive, acquire, in discourse, very similar semantic-pragmatic and discursive-argumentative functions, serving to mark mitigated discordant polyphony and a confrontational strategy that combines agreement (even if partial) with disagreement, a strategy that proves to be particularly appropriate in the discursive genre under analysis. They also demonstrate that this movement is present in academic works with higher classifications, in the final assessment of the course, working as evidence of the author’s capacity for problematization and critical, divergent thinking. In this way, it may come to function as a specific marker to improve the academic writing competence.
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Seroklyn, Lyudmyla Viacheslavivna. "IMPLEMENTATION OF PARTNERSHIP RELATIONS IN CONCESSION AGREEMENTS IN CONDITIONS OF RECOVERY OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA, no. 2(21) (2020): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2020-2(21)-163-169.
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Abstract. The practicalimplementation of the partnership will allow to resolve issues related to the support of public-private partnership (PPP), creating conditions for its development, attracting and effective use of investments, forming a positive investment image of Ukraineand accelerating integration into the world economic system. At the same time, the nature of the partnership determines the emergence of many specific tasks, the emergence of new forms of interaction and new mechanisms of state regulation of partnerships,among which the concession becomes increasingly important.The question of the essence of the partnership between business and government is an important part of research, which is mostly disclosed by public-private partnership, mechanisms for its implementation, forms and types of implementation, in particular the feasibility of concession relations.The issues of partnership between private business and state institutions are revealed in the works of a large number of modern researchers. In particular, the essence and purpose of partnership, features of public-private partnership are identified in the works of Pavlyuk K., Varnavsky V., Klimenko A. The main motives and reasons for accelerating cooperation between government and business given the limited budget and the need to expand investment activities revealed in the works of Vdovenko Yu., Grishchenko S., Nadolishny P., Neykova I. and others. Effective economic development, in terms of transformation of social processes involves in-depth study of state regulation of partnerships in Ukraine in terms of generalization of experience in the implementation of public-private partnership between government and private sectors, and necessitates further development in this area. The purpose of the article is to deepen the study of the formation of organizational and economic conditions for the intensification of concession activities in the economy of Ukraine, which gives the authorities the right to solve important problems, while reducing the cost of maintaining assets.The main forms of practical implementation of the partnership and features of the concession as a form of public-private partnership by public authorities are considered. The article presents practical achievements of experience in implementing partnerships in Ukraine in the main areas of application. Proposals for improving the regulation of partnership for the development of the national economy of Ukraine have been developed.
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Otieno, Isack Achiela, and Dr Julius Miroga. "Effect of Public Private Partnership on Financial Sustainability of Nzoia Water Services Projects in Kenya." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 10 (November 1, 2022): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20221045.
Abstract:
The study sought to determine the effect of Public Private Partnership on Financial Sustainability of Nzoia Water Services Projects in Kenya. The general objective of the study was to assess the effect of Public Private Partnership on Financial Sustainability of Nzoia Water Services Projects in Kenya. Specific objectives included to determine the effect of Leasing finance on Financial Sustainability of Nzoia Water Services Projects in Kenya and to determine the effect of Concessions finance on Financial Sustainability of Nzoia Water Services Projects in Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey research design, through the administration of semi- structured questionnaires. The target population was one finance respondent in Nzoia Water Services Company (Finance Manager, Senior Accountant, Finance Officer, Accounts Clerk and Internal Audit Manager) from each water treatment works namely Nabuyole, Matisi, Kapkateny, Chesikaki, Terem and Nzoia. The total target population for the study was 30 Finance respondents. The instrument was piloted to water projects implemented in Trans Nzoia County for the period 2016- 2021. Data collected was coded, keyed in the computer and analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 26) computer software for Windows. Leasing Finance had a positive correlation of 0.724 The p value (0.000) < 0.01 indicating an increase in PPP if maintained while Concessions Finance had a positive correlation of 0.527 with p value (0.000) < 0.0. The findings showed that leasing was statistically and positively significant in determining financial sustainability of Nzoia Water Service Projects in Kenya while Concession was negatively significant. The results depicted that there was no multicollinearity because the VIF values were less than 10. The researcher recommended that management of water bodies in Kenya need to adhere to policies concerning water project enactments to increase water supply in regions. The financial aspect should keenly be audited to avoid the problems of water projects failure. Further, the study recommends that the Nzoia water project boards should ensure the implementation of the PPP reforms that will help in enhancing concessions and greater cooperative arrangements among water projects in Kenya. Finally, area for further research can be conducted using the adoption of PPP in other geographical areas especially in the Northern part of Kenya Keywords: [Financial Sustainability, Public Private Partnership, Leasing Finance, Concession Finance]
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Llerena-Montoya, Sergio, Andrés Velastegui-Montoya, Bryan Zhirzhan-Azanza, Viviana Herrera-Matamoros, Marcos Adami, Aline de Lima, Francisco Moscoso-Silva, and Luis Encalada. "Multitemporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover within an Oil Block in the Ecuadorian Amazon." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030191.
Abstract:
The Ecuadorian Amazon is considered a biodiverse region, and at the same time contains the largest number of oil blocks and oilfields in the country. Oil exploitation requires the implementation of oil facilities and related infrastructure, such as roads, water, and energy supply, for operation. These large engineering works can alter the dynamics of the Amazonian natural ecosystems. This paper analyzes the land use and land cover (LULC) change and relates spatial patterns within an oil block located in the province of Orellana, Ecuador. The study was processed in two phases, the first corresponding to the collection and classification of LULC classes within the oil block. The second phase concerned the calculation of landscape metrics, with the purpose of quantitatively characterizing each class. This analysis was carried out for the pre-concession, post-concession scenarios of the oil block and the current scenario of the region. The results revealed that the low predominance of forest cover within the study region is not directly associated with the beginning of the Block 47 concession. On the other hand, a significant reduction of the Coca River was evidenced for the 2018 scenario.
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Williams, Avery. "Is Progress Possible? Moral Improvement in Kant’s Renewed Attempt." History of Political Thought 45, no. 2 (May 31, 2024): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512988.45.2.327.
Abstract:
This article seeks to understand the possibility of moral improvement in human social history through a close interpretation of Kant’s A Renewed Attempt to Answer the Question: Is the Human Race Continually Improving? The article examines the ways in which Kant’s arguments in this final piece, while often overlooked, complicate his philosophy of history as put forward in earlier works. Through this comparison, one sees important complications in Kant’s thoughts on the philosophy of history at the end of his career, conceding that rightful progress towards a global republicanism is the most we can be sure of. This concession is striking considering Kant’s ambitious goal at the outset to demonstrate the theoretical certainty of moral progress, going well beyond the practical optimism he advocates in earlier works. Yet, despite this concession, Kant is still optimistic about the possibility of moral progress at the end of the piece. This article suggests that Kant’s Renewed Attempt is best understood as a window into Kant’s grappling with the difficulties of constructing a philosophy of history that is consistent with his moral philosophy. By doing so, the text reveals underappreciated complexities of Kant’s practical thought.
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Negrych, Mykola. "Evolution of Theoretical Approaches to the Analysis of State and Business Cooperation in the Infrastructure Sphere." State Formation, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-2337-2023-2-17.
Abstract:
The classification of historical periods in the evolution of cooperation between the state and business in the infrastructural sphere by stages and forms of cooperation has been improved: antiquity (use of buyouts; competitive construction of post offices with cities, ports and harbors (manceps); infrastructural construction (precarium)) of the Middle Ages ("casual » application of PPPs; buyouts; concessions; "regalia"); the period of colonization (use of concessions for the development of new land colonies and international trade; involvement of private armed ships with their owners to solve military and trade "tasks" at sea); the origin and development of capitalism, industrialization (systematic concession legislation; capital-intensive projects; attraction of private capital in the form of concessions for the development of the utility sector); the modern stage from the middle of the 20th century. (transition from the policy of "public administration" to the "new public administration" model; "private financial initiative"; development of public-private partnership (PPP) regulation worldwide (in more than 120 countries); launch of cross-border PPP projects and projects with attracting direct foreign investment). It was determined that in France during the Middle Ages and the reign of mercantilism, the predominant role of the state in economic development, including infrastructure development, was emphasized. The state attracted private business and financed the works. Unlike mercantilists, representatives of the school of physiocrats believed that the state should not interfere in the field of entrepreneurship at all. The idea of state cooperation with private business in the development of industry by means of optimal regulation and protection from foreign competition, especially at the initial stage, was also reflected in the works of the German scientist F. List. Implementation of projects through the transfer of infrastructure objects under concession conditions to private companies allows to significantly increase their efficiency. The example of the railways of Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland shows that this form of PPP is quite competitive during the implementation of large infrastructure projects. At the same time, in order to achieve economic efficiency, such projects must be accompanied by strict state control. After the Second World War, the doctrine of a socially oriented model and a concerted strategy of economic development (concerted economy) came to the fore in economic thought. The positions of J. Keynes and moderate supporters of state intervention in the economy were dominant until the 70s. 20th century, when the ideas of "state capitalism" reached their peak. It is also necessary to note the role played by the theory of the public sector in justifying the role of the state in the economy at various stages of economic development. The state takes an active role in areas that are not attractive to private actors and are related to the generation of "public goods" to increase the level of well-being.
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Sorano, Enrico, Alessandro Rizzi, Guido Giovando, and Alberto Sardi. "In-house award of concession contracts: Assessment of economic and social adequacy." Corporate Ownership and Control 20, no. 3 (2023): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv20i3art13.
Abstract:
The Directive 2014/23/EU established the principle of free administration by national, regional and local authorities in conformity with national and the European Union law. According to the principle, the authorities can decide how to manage the works or services to ensure a high level of quality, safety, affordability, equal opportunity access and user rights. This principle allows an in-house award of concession contracts that requires an economic assessment of the adequacy of the offer and the benefits of the chosen management for the community. Given the complexity of the assessment, the scientific literature requires an address to define economic fairness and the benefits of the chosen management for the community. The paper aims to define an approach useful for establishing the economic congruity and community benefits for direct awards to in-house companies. This paper conducts a systematic legislation review of a European country, Italy. This research reviews the main Italian legislation following the systematic review proposed by Tranfield et al. (2003), which is one of the most recognized, tested and validated methods for literature review used in scientific studies. The results highlight an integrated approach for establishing and reporting the economic adequacy and benefits of the chosen management as well as for comparing the pricing and benefits of the works or services directly awarded. The study gives a practical contribution to public authorities developing a guideline useful for an integrated assessment of the economic congruity and community benefits for direct awards to in-house companies; furthermore, this study supports the scientific literature through a framework that summarizes the main legislation.
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Cisneros-Herrera, Diego, Antonio Lara-Galera, Vicente Alcaraz Carrillo de Albornoz, and Belén Muñoz-Medina. "Driving Peru’s Road Infrastructure: An Analysis of Public–Private Partnerships, Challenges, and Critical Success Factors." Buildings 14, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010230.
Abstract:
Peru has experienced significant growth but faces challenges with its infrastructure. Despite economic and population growth, competitiveness has not risen at the same pace. The importance of proper roads for economic development and the lack of planning have led the country to confront an infrastructure deficit. This deficit affects connectivity and the quality of the road networks, thereby influencing competitiveness. To bridge this gap, the PPP modality had been used, but challenges were encountered, ranging from the execution of works to maintenance issues. This research study pursues three main objectives: to describe the current landscape of road infrastructure in Peru; to present the Peruvian PPP system and the experience gained through implemented concession contracts; and to identify the critical success factors of Peruvian concessions and propose an evaluation methodology for future contracts. To achieve this, an empirical study of 16 operational road PPPs and a literature review of the most relevant international experiences on success variables for such contracts were conducted. The primary contribution of this study lies in presenting the Peruvian experience and identifying key success factors for this type of contracts in Peru.
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Kraśniewska, Urszula. "Restoration Work in the Main Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.03.
Abstract:
The Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari was, starting from the early 18th century, gradually discovered, and has been analyzed by many researchers and scientists. In the late 19th century E. Naville was the first to concentrate to an significant extent on the Sanctuary rooms, which resulted in the elaboration of a vast architectural description prepared by Somers Clarke, his cooperator. In the early 20th century, Herbert Winlock conducted studies and analyses of the Sanctuary rooms. In 1961, a concession for conducting works was assigned to the Polish Station of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, directed by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski. Since that time, Polish Missions have conducted numerous architectural and conservation as well as epigraphic works, gradually ordering and reconstructing the Sanctuary.
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DONATI, SABINA. "ITALY'S INFORMAL IMPERIALISM IN TIANJIN DURING THE LIBERAL EPOCH, 1902–1922." Historical Journal 59, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000461.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThis article examines the notion of ‘informal imperialism’ in East Asia and extends the related historiographical debate to the Italian case-study by focusing on liberal Italy's concession at Tianjin city port from 1902 through 1922. By doing so, it provides a fresh perspective on Italy's sole concession in China as well as offering specific theoretical insights and historical details that have not been sufficiently discussed in the literature pertaining to Italian expansionism in the liberal years. Within the context of an Italian informal imperial structure at its inception, the study carries out an historical investigation by using the economic lens on the one hand, and the political-administrative one on the other. In this way, it advances the current discussion about informal imperialism(s) in Tianjin by surveying issues pertaining not only to Italian trade, finance, and investments in imperial settings but also to foreign self-government and the establishment of an Italian Municipal Council as tools of imperial power relations. Based on a variety of Italian-language historical sources, archival material, and related academic works, the analysis is further enriched with comparisons drawn from the English-language scholarship on the British and the Japanese informal empires.
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Shufran, Lauren. "“Till I in hand her yet halfe trembling tooke”: Doctrines of Justification in Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti." Renaissance and Reformation 41, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 89–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v41i1.29522.
Abstract:
This article claims there is an underlying soteriological conceit in Spenser’s Amoretti (1595) concerning the roles that “works” and “grace” play in the beloved’s requital: roles with theological analogues in justification, the means by which people were declared righteous before God. I show how Spenser’s lover struggles with works-righteousness, and how Spenser betrays “Protestant” thought about the inadequacy of works even as his lover insists upon them. Spenser’s lover fails repeatedly in his labours until grace comes to him, unwilled, in a moment of concession. His “works” afterward become meaningful—but only according to the reformed understanding by which good works come after faith. Still, a doctrinal line cannot be perfectly drawn, since requital is effected through poetic labour. I propose this irresolution is a consequence of Spenser’s attention to Paul’s Epistles, and their occasional affirmations of the usefulness of law despite their overwhelming insistence on grace. It also stems from the lack of a reformed doctrinal consensus about the role of works after justification.
Cet article avance qu’il y a une dimension sotériologique sous-jacente dans l’Amoretti de Spenser (1595), en se basant sur le rôle des « oeuvres » et de la « grâce » dans la recompense du bien-aimé, rôle trouvant des correspondances théologiques dans la justification et les moyens par lesquels on est déclaré juste devant Dieu. On montre comment l’amoureux de Spenser lutte avec la notion de vertu par les oeuvres, et comment Spenser lui-même fait paraître des idées protestantes au sujet de l’insuffisance des oeuvres, même lorsque son personnage insiste sur leur utilité. Ainsi, le personnage de l’amoureux échoue systématiquement dans ses oeuvres, jusqu’à ce que la grâce lui soit octroyée, sans qu’il l’ait cherchée, et dans un moment de concession. Ce n’est qu’après cela que ses oeuvres trouvent une signification, mais seulement selon l’idée réformée que les bonnes oeuvres sont une conséquence de la foi. Toutefois, on ne peut déduire une ligne doctrinale parfaitement claire de l’oeuvre de Spenser, puisque la récompense y passe par le travail poétique. On propose d’expliquer cette ambivalence par l’attention que Spenser prête aux épîtres de Paul, lesquelles affirment occasionnellement l’utilité de la Loi malgré leur insistance répétée sur l’importance de la grâce. On peut également l’expliquer par l’absence de consensus doctrinal chez les Réformés quant au rôle des oeuvres après le salut par la foi.
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Barbir, Iryna. "Improvement of Regulatory and Legal Environment of Public-private Partnership in the Field of Road Transport of Ukraine." Democratic governance 29, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/dg2022.01.112.
Abstract:
Problem setting. Economic development is very important in the processes of positive transformations of the country, a large part of ensuring economic growth is transport infrastructure, one of the main types of which is road transport. Recently, the Ukrainian economy has been weakened by the global crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the worst thing that has happened so far is the extremely difficult martial law and the Russian invasion with a full-scale war against Ukraine. The time of recovery in the post- war period will raise the issue of infrastructure development, especially in the field of transport and renovation of all modes of transport and their ergonomic combination, finding new, alternative sources of funding for the transport system. The main criteria for the proper development and functioning of this area are proper regulatory support. Recent research and publications analysis. Research and development of legislation in the field of public-private partnership, investment activities and legislation in the field of concession legislation in Ukraine not enough attention is focused, because by domestic and foreign researchers, certain topics were not a priority in professional journals. However, such scientists as V. Bodelan, V. Varnavsky, V. Goshovska, E. Romanenko, I. Lopushins- ky, L. Hrytsenko, S. Linder, O. Nikiforuk, S. Ovcharenko, N. Drahomyretska, N. Piro- zhenko, O. Pukhkal, V. Skurativsky, P. Shylepnytsky and others, study public-private partnership in political, economic, legal aspects. The analysis of the current state of investment activity is covered in the works of such scientists as: A. Kolevatova, V. Kozyk, Danilova, I. Zapatrina, I. Moiseenko and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The importance of analysis of scientific sources in the field of regulatory and legal support, as well as substantiation of legal aspects and effective mechanism for improving public-private partnership and investment activities in road transport in Ukraine, as well as the importance of legal mechanisms in the real state economy especially during crisis phenomena, an important unresolved problem should be noted that as of today remains imperfect direction of formation and development of regulatory and legal support and application of the mechanism of public-private partnership and attracting investment activities in the field of road transport and its infrastructure. There is a need for scientific substantiation of ways to develop the legal mechanism of public-private partnership, concession legislation in specific areas of infrastructure, in particular in the field of road transport. Paper main body. The normative-legal provision of public-private partnership, concession legislation and legislation on investment activity is considered. The need to improve legislation in the field of public-private partnership, their relevance and effectiveness are analyzed. Transparency and risks in the field of application of legislative acts on public-private partnership, concessions and investment activities in the field of road transport and its infrastructure in Ukraine are analyzed. It is determined that the legislation in the field of public-private partnership, concession and investment activities contains significant issues that need to be improved by amending these regulations. Such an imbalance is particularly clear in the field of road transport, where regulations need to be adjusted in accordance with concession and investment legislation. The main criteria for improving the regulatory framework in these areas are to bring into line with the electronic trading system regulations on the subject, which will give a significant impetus to improve legislation to involve public-private partnerships in road transport in Ukraine. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Road transport and its infrastructure directly affect the development of all sectors of the economy of Ukraine, the state of road transport in terms of rolling stock to provide quality new social services requires new approaches to improve in improving its effective development. It has been found that the forms of public-private partnership are the best and, accordingly, increase the efficiency and quality of road transport, including its infrastructure. Analyzed that the main criterion for improving the legislation in the field of road transport, concession legislation and legislation on investment activities is to amend existing regulations in terms of bringing them into line with the electronic trading system. Such a mechanism will introduce transparent and competitive dynamics for the high-quality and rapid development of Ukraine’s transport infrastructure and road transport.
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Topchiy, Oleksiy О. "Modeling the relationship between utilities and partners." Economies' Horizons, no. 2(13) (November 23, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.2(13).2020.213482.
Abstract:
The purpose of the article is to study the features of modelling the relationship between utilities and partners. Methodology. General scientific methods are used in the research, in particular, generalizations, comparisons – to analyse the views of scientists on modelling the relationship between utilities and partners, indicating the main forms of public-private partnership, the advantages and disadvantages of their use. Results. It is proved that the relationship between the state and business today is extremely strategically important for the state in the formation of sustainable development goals. Building effective relationships in housing and communal services will be a success for effective activities and will satisfy all participants: the state, business and the population. It is proved that in modern conditions, housing and communal services is a complex hierarchical system that combines many separate subsystems and has the characteristics of a spatial economy, i.e. regional structure and scale. The analysis of the legal and regulatory framework shows that there are only three players in the market of housing and communal services: managers, service providers and consumers. Also, there are various opportunities to establish partnerships with most existing stakeholders, including the use of public-private partnerships in housing and communal services. It is investigated that among the widespread variants of private capital raising in the communal sphere the following basic forms are identified: contract for works, contract for enterprise management, lease, concession, privatization. Thus, local public authorities have the opportunity to transfer utilities in concession or lease to private investors. However, this has not become a common practice due to the complexity of their organizational mechanism. Practical meaning. It is proved that the most effective form of public-private partnership for housing and communal services is a concession – the process of granting, in order to meet public needs by an authorized executive body or local government, concluding a contract on a paid and fixed basis, the concessionaire ) management of the concession object, on the terms of property liability by the concessionaire and possible division of business risk. Prospects for further research. The need to study the advantages and disadvantages of other forms of public-private partnership in housing and communal services.
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Tsimoshynska, O., M. Koval, H. Kryshtal, L. Filipishyna, W. E. Arsawan, and V. Koval. "Investing in road construction infrastructure projects under public-private partnership in the form of concession." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (2021): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-2/184.
Abstract:
Purpose. To substantiate an approach to road development investment management in Ukraine in compliance with the principle of syncretism and the use of Quality Function Deployment methodology, to improve the methodological approach to calculating the concession fee for brown-field and green-field road concession projects. Methodology. The study used a set of general and special methods of cognition: the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method, the environmental approach, multimodal analysis, Decoupling Index, Decoupling Factor, logical generalization, quantitative and qualitative comparison, scientific abstraction and systematization. Findings. According to the results of research on interrelation of cost of an investment project and volumes of works by their types, an economic-mathematical model of estimation of need for investments in projects for construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of public motor roads is offered. The proposed model, unlike the existing ones, is based on lateral understanding of the clarity of delineation of capital needs by type of road construction, which will provide taking management decisions on investment projects with model and information tools that will help obtain the most realistic assessment of need for capital needed to improve the transport operation condition of motor roads in Ukraine. Originality. The organizational-economic mechanism of management of investment activity of road economy and the estimation of efficiency of co-financing investment projects under programs on construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of motor roads is advanced. The diagnostics of efficiency of investment of construction of public motor roads under public-private partnership in the form of concession is improved. Practical value. The results of the study can be used in the activities of road industry of Ukraine for the development and implementation of investment projects under motor road development programs.
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Glazkova, Valeria V., and Catherine G. Gospodarik. "Development of public-private collaboration on the basis of heat supply concessions." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2023): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2023.5.798-807.
Abstract:
Introduction. The decrease in the efficiency of the heat supply industry, caused by a high degree of deterioration of the main production assets, creates the necessity to modernize the sphere, which requires the involvement of a significant amount of investment resources. One of the effective tools contributing to this process is public-private partnership (PPP), which includes positive aspects both for state and municipal authorities as well as for business representatives.
Materials and methods. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study was provided by the works of domestic researchers on the implementation of capital investments in the development of heat supply. Methods of theoretical research were used to analyze the practice of implementation of projects to modernize the heat supply using PPP, modeling stages of the concession agreements, as well as methods of empirical research in terms of comparing the forms of interaction between government and business in the joint implementation of projects for the development and modernization of the heat supply.
Results. The study of professional opinions of Russian researchers on the issue of insufficient effectiveness ofthe implementation of the public-private partnership instrument in the field of housing and communal services and energy, including heat supply, has enabled the formation of a list of problem areas in order to identify areas for their solutions.
Conclusions. The presented successfully implemented cases of modernization of heat supply systems in the Russian regions, which have been implemented through concession agreements between the authorities and business representatives, allowed to confirm the thesis that the concession is one of the best forms of PPP implementation in the field of heat supply. According to the prospective estimates of the National PPP Centre, about 130 PPP projects in the housing and utilities sector may be launched already by 2024, and the value of investments may exceed RUR 230 billion.
32
JIA, Zhihao. "An Aesthetic Research into the Contrastive Styles on the Translations of Shakespeare’s Works." Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2023.0301.015.p.
Abstract:
There exist debates about “poetry” and “prose” styles in the translations of Shakespeare’s works continuously, and there are the circumstances of one sticking to its own style, partializing and belittling the other. The “verse” school of Shakespeare translation maintains that Shakespeare’s original plays are verse, unique to 16th and 17th-century English poetic dramas (blank verse), which does not rhyme but has a distinct rhythm different from that of prose, typically an iambic five steps per line, capable of both impounding and crooning. Even the prose part of Shakespeare’s plays is also rhythmless verse, which can go into the realm that prose cannot go into. But some point out that translating Shakespeare’s works should base on the principle that “there is no fixed style, but a general style” the “general style” can have different expression styles under the concession of a certain style and the subjects, contents and the different characters of the translators. Besides, the early Shakespearean works were written in blank verse, and in the middle and late periods, they were written in prose. There are also other styles and variants, for example, the “prose-verse-couplet” in Timon of Athens and “syneathetic rhyme” in Winter’s Tale. Consequently, the translations of Shakespeare’s works should be “there is the beauty of poetry and fluency of the prose; meanwhile, poetry and prose should be combined.” Poetry and prose should permeate and converge. “The translations should not hold shape and lose the true conditions, mud the skin and misplace the temperament.”
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POP, SERGIU, CRISTINA POCOL, TUDOR SĂLĂGEAN, and NICOLAE POP. "ANALYSIS OF THE STAGES NECESSARY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN OBJECTIVE TAKEN OVER IN CONCESSION, FROM A TOPOCADASTRAL POINT OF VIEW." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 51, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.2021.02.55.
Abstract:
Within the present work, a study was carried out regarding the concession of a building belonging to the Municipality of Cluj-Napoca, in order to dismantle it resulting in 32 plots and the access road to them, in order to authorize the construction works of 32 dwellings for young people. The notion of drawing represents the application on the field of the topographical elements known or extracted by calculation from the construction projects, elements that define a projected construction to be transposed or executed in the field. The field application of construction projects is aimed at ensuring compliance with the design and size of constructions and their components, as well as their absolute position, in a coordinate system. From the succession of constructive stages necessary for the construction of an objective, the materialization on the ground of the basic, main, and secondary axes of the construction and the materialization of the ±0.00 m elevation are detached. The law provides that the execution of construction works is allowed only on the basis of a building permit that is issued following a project called a Topographic Plan for obtaining the building permit.
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Sayoga, Radhian Fiqi. "Alternatif Model Kerjasama Build Operate Transfer Pada Pengelolaan Rest Area Jalan Tol." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i5.29829.
Abstract:
AbstractThe construction of the toll road itself must be based on the Toll Road Concession Agreement which is handled by the Toll Road Regulatory Agency (BPJT) and the Toll Road Business Entity (BUJT). BPJT gives the authority to BUJT to work on toll roads and the section of toll roads. In every toll road construction it is required for BUJT to build a toll road rest area in accordance with what is mandated in Government Regulation No. 15/2005 concerning Toll Roads. BUJT in managing the Rest Area can be done by self-management or by collaborating with partners or investors. In collaborating with partners there are alternative methods of collaboration, namely with Build Operate Transfer and Build Operate Own. This method of cooperation will later be outlined in the Toll Road Rest Management Cooperation Agreement which must refer to Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 concerning toll roads and Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No.1 / PRT / M / 2017 Regarding Procedures for Implementing Agency Procurement Business for concession of toll roads and refers to the legal requirements of the agreement.Keywords: Toll Road Concession; Build Operate Transfer; Toll Road Rest Management Agreement.AbstrakPembangunan jalan tol sendiri harus berdasar pada Perjanjian Pengusahaan Jalan Tol yang ditantangani oleh Badan Pengatur Jalan Tol (BPJT) dan Badan Usaha Jalan Tol (BUJT). BPJT memberi kewenangan kepada BUJT untuk mengusahaakan jalan tol dan ruas jalan tol. Dalam setiap pembangunan Jalan Tol di haruskan bagi BUJT untuk membangun Rest Area jalan tol sesuai dengan apa yang diamanatkan dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 15 Tahun 2005 Tentang Jalan Tol. BUJT dalam melakukan Pengelolaan Rest Area tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan swakelola maupun dengan cara melakukan kerjasama dengan mitra atau investor. Dalam melakukan kerjasama dengan mitra terdapat alternatif metode kerjasama yaitu dengan Build Operate Transfer dan Build Operate Own. Metode kerjasama ini nantinya akan dituangkan dalam Perjanjian Kerjasama Pengelolaan Rest Area Jalan Tol yang harus berpedoman pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 15 Tahun 2005 tentang jalan tol dan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat No.1/PRT/M/2017 Tentang Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Pengadaan Badan Usaha Untuk Pengusahaan Jalan Tol serta mengacu pada syarat sah perjanjian. Kata Kunci: Pengusahaan Jalan Tol; Build Operate Transfer; Perjanjian Pengelolaan Rest Area Jalan Tol.
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Giannelli, Annalaura, Salvatore Giuffrida, and Maria Rosa Trovato. "The beautiful city and the rent from information. Monetary axiology of the shape surplus [La città bella e la rendita d’informazione. Assiologia monetaria dell’eccedenza di forma]." Valori e Valutazioni 27 (December 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20202706.
Abstract:
This contribution is part of a larger study concerning the Cost Benefit Analysis of the Madrid-Rio Park, one of the main public works in the field of urban redevelopment in Europe over the last twenty years. The scale of the intervention and its effects on the urban arrangement of the Manzanares River area encourage reflections on some issues of the wealth redistribution in the face of such a huge investment amount; in this experimentation we try to stress some fundamental categories of them. The paper focuses on the monetary quantification of secondary benefits coming from the commercial, accommodation, spor ts and catering businesses located in the large areas made free after the burial of the stretch of the motorway once flanking the river. According to the logic of the business plan, a Discounted Cash Flow Analysis was carried out by transforming all items of the income statement into annual revenue and expenditure streams; therefore, the components of the secondary benefit generated, and their composition were analysed in terms of relevance with respect to the possible earners. At the same time, these results were compared with the data on concession fees charged by the Madrid administration and some hypotheses were made regarding the fees applicable to current and future business, by applying the residual value, as a result of risk and scenario analyses, carried out on the strategic variables of the investments. Finally, the overall result – related to all businesses comprised in the area, with regard to the differentiated concession fees applicable for each class of business – was compared with the current management costs of the park, providing one of the possible measurements of the efficiency of the current concessionary policy and indicating any other further potential.
36
Postnikov, Alexey V., and Mikhail V. Konstantinov. "History of a Geopolitical Choice of the Russian Empire." Crossroads 20, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2022): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10008.
Abstract:
Abstract This article analyses the cession of Russian America (Alaska) to the United States (1867), the role of American geopolitical plans and dreams, and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky’s strategic decision to concentrate Russia’s resources on its continental regions. He considered Russia’s main task to be the development of the Amur and its consolidation at its mouth and on the Pacific Ocean coast to head off the clear aspirations of Britain and France. The East Asian achievements of Nikolay N. Muravyov-Amursky are recognized, while his personal authorship of the original political plan linking Alaska’s peaceful concession to the United States was a hidden consequence of subsequent events. The undeclared but real connection between the development of the Amur and the cession of Alaska was no mystery to contemporaries in Europe, but in Russia itself, due to the censorship, this issue has not entered the public consciousness, remaining the topic of basic historical works alone.
37
Tomaszewska, Barbara, Anna Sowiżdżał, and Anna Chmielowska. "Selected technical aspects of well construction for geothermal energy utilization in Poland." Contemporary Trends in Geoscience 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2018-0013.
Abstract:
Abstract Geothermal resources have been used in Poland since the 90s of the last century. Since then, several geothermal heating plants, recreation and balneological centers have been operated. Accessing geothermal resources is possible due to deep boreholes that are either brand-new wells or old but revitalized petroleum and/or exploratory wells. In this case, the construction of production and injection wells is of significant importance. The utilization of deep geothermal energy resources is strongly dependent on the binding domestic law regulations – primarily in case of acquiring the concession enabling an execution of geological and drilling works, and subsequently a proper exploitation. The paper presents the current state of development of the geothermal energy sector in Poland, indicating examples of exploitation systems based on deep boreholes. Furthermore, the constructions of existing wells are discussed extensively. The existing examples of old but reconstructed wells in Poland, are characterized. The importance of national law and its influence on the development of a geothermal investment is highlighted, as well.
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Georgievski, Saso. "The new Macedonian Concessions and Public-Private Partnerships Act: A Need for Further Improvement?" Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 2 (September 8, 2009): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/79.
Abstract:
Public-private partnership was not unknown in Macedonia prior to the adoption of the latest legislation on concessions and PPP in 2007. Many infrastructure and other public interest projects have been developed or tried in the form of concessions mainly at the state level over the past few years. The Concession and Other Forms of Public-Private Partnerships Act marks an important step towards stimulating more intensive use of public-private partnerships, particularly in developing infrastructure and public services at the local self-government level. One has to welcome the introduction of this very concept of the Public-Private Partnerships Act into the Macedonian legal system because it brings this form of financing local development closer to both public and private partners, and it makes the whole process of structuring and awarding PPP projects more transparent and clear.
KEY WORDS: • public service delivery • public-private partnership • concession • Macedonia
39
Bagus, Monika Fatmawati, Yuslim Yuslim, and Zefrizal Nurdin. "Procurement of Land for the Development of Pekanbaru-Kandis-Dumai Toll Road on the Land of Oil and Gulta Business Concession in Riau Province." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i2.1504.
Abstract:
National development is an effort to improve all aspects of the life of the people, nation and state. Land Procurement for public interest is an activity of providing land for public / public interests for the implementation of development projects carried out by the government or agencies that require land. Riau Province is one of the provinces in Sumatra which is very strategic. The movement of goods and services greatly affects the amount of traffic in the province, especially in the cities of Pekanbaru and Dumai. To overcome and accelerate the movement of goods and services, access is needed to anticipate traffic burdens. One alternative solution is to build the Pekanbaru-Kandis-Dumai Toll Road that connects the movement from Pekanbaru to Dumai. There are problems in the implementation of land acquisition, Commitment Making Officers and the Land Acquisition Committee encounter obstacles in providing compensation because the land / land owned is the land / concession area of PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia is listed as an asset of the State Property, so the releasing party is the Directorate General of State Assets. The State Property and has been submitted to the Ministry of Finance the Director General of State Assets to be transferred for use of the toll road by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing.The method used is analytical descriptive, which reveals laws and regulations relating to Land Acquisition and law in its implementation in the community regarding the resolution of the Land Acquisition problem. This research uses an empirical juridical approach that is conducting research with emphasis on the application of paying land acquisition law in the form of laws, PPs, Permen, Perkaban and other regulations on Land Procurement. Data collected in the form of primary data, obtained from relevant parties in the Land Acquisition in the research location, secondary data obtained from secondary legal materials, primary legal materials and linear legal materials.From the research it was found that the concessionaire PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia (PT.CPI) based on Decree of the Head of the Riau Level I Swatantra Region in Tanjung Pinang dated June 5, 1959 Number: 091/48/59. The status of land such as the concession must be converted by the concession holder into a Land Right in accordance with the conversion provisions regulated in the Basic Agrarian Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Rules Article IV. But based on DJKN letter No. S-884 / KN.4 / 2017 dated November 7, 2017 concerning the Statement of State Property, the land has been registered as State Property.
40
Alhasani, Yousuf Rashid Mohammed, and Noor Awanis Bte Muslim. "Are Negotiation Strategies Worthwhile for Digital Public Relations and Effectiveness of Communication? A Conceptual Paradigm." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.7.8.
Abstract:
Negotiation strategies are the backbone of effective communication, also prompted by digital public relations. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework based on the relationship between negotiation strategies, digital public relations, and communication effectiveness. Past empirical works and industrial insights catalyzed the proposed paradigm in the post-Covid-19 era, where digital public relations mediated the negotiation strategies-communication effectiveness relationship. This paradigm complemented the negotiation theory, which described the correlation between negotiation strategies, digital public relations, and communication effectiveness. Rigorous scientific methodologies were incorporated from the social science domain for model development. Based on the study finding, a paradigm on communication effectiveness was associated with negotiation strategies. Academic and industry stakeholders would benefit from this model by thoroughly analyzing the implications of negotiation strategy types (structural negotiation strategies, strategic negotiation strategies, behavioral negotiation strategies, concession exchange negotiation strategies, and integrative negotiation strategies) in emerging technologies. In terms of study novelty, the recommended paradigm corroborated with the digital public relations mediation relationship while simultaneously considering the post-pandemic environment.
41
Jefferies, Marcus, and Swee Eng Chen. "Identifying Risk Factors of Boot Procurement: A Case Study of Stadium Australia." Construction Economics and Building 4, no. 1 (November 19, 2012): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v4i1.2935.
Abstract:
Private sector input into the procurement of public works and services is continuing to increase. This has partly arisen out of a requirement for infrastructure development to be undertaken at a rate that maintains and allows growth. This has become a major challange for the construction industry that cannot be met by government alone. The emergence of Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) schemes as a response to this challange provides a means for developing the infrastructure of a country without directly impacting on the governments budgetary constraints. The concepts of BOOT are without doubt extremely complex arrangements, which bring to the construction sector risks not experienced previously. Many of the infrastructure partnerships between public and private sector in the pastare yet to provide evidence of successful completion, since few of the concession periods have expired. This paper provides an identified list of risk factors to a case study of Stadium Australia. The most significant risk associated with Stadium Australia include the bidding process, the high level of public scrutiny, post-Olympic Games facility revenue and the complicated nature of the consortium structure.
42
Anderson, Gary. "Celibacy or Consummation in the Garden? Reflections on Early Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the Garden of Eden." Harvard Theological Review 82, no. 2 (April 1989): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000016084.
Abstract:
The interpretation of Adam and Eve's sexual life was a matter of some concern for early Jewish and Christian exegetes. As Louis Ginzberg observed, several Jewish pseudepigraphical works as well as the writings of many of the early Church Fathers “presuppose that not only the birth of the children of Adam and Eve took place after the explusion from paradise (Gen 4:1ff), but that the first ‘human pair’ lived in paradise without sexual intercourse.” The reasons for such an exegesis are not difficult to discern. The Garden of Eden was not simply a story about the primeval world; it could also function as a metaphor for the world-to-come. Hence the Garden was a paradigm for the ideal world of the eschaton, a world one should attempt to actualize or bring into existence now. Because Christians believed that the next world was devoid of marriage (Luke 20:27–40), it followed that the Garden was as well. In addition to this reason, Christians were also exhorted to abstain from marriage as a concession to the apocalyptic ferment of the present world (1 Corinthians 7).
43
Callahan, Allen Dwight. "Paul's Epistle to Philemon: Toward an Alternative Argumentum." Harvard Theological Review 86, no. 4 (October 1993): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000030625.
Abstract:
In 1964, the Elenchus Bibliographicus Biblicus, which until that time had listed together works treating Colossians and Philemon, provided Colossians with its own heading and introduced a new rubric: “Philemon; Slavery in the NT.” So firmly established is the interpretation of the epistle as a “cover letter” addressed to the master of a repentant runaway slave that any discussion of slavery in the New Testament invariably alludes to Paul's Epistle to Philemon; all recent commentators on the epistle include in their treatments at least a brief disquisition or excursus on ancient slavery. Even in his methodologically sophisticated study of the “narrative world” of Philemon, Norman Petersen began his summary of the “story” behind the letter as follows: “Once upon a time there was a runaway slave named Onesimus.…” Furthermore, the epistle is universally construed as a delicate and canny intervention on the part of the apostle Paul into the problematic of Christian relations under the Roman slave regime, despite the concession on the part of modern exegetes that Philemon fails to elucidate Paul's attitudes toward either slaves in particular or the institution of slavery in general.
44
Lebedev, M. A. "G. B. CAVIGLIA AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF ROCK-CUT TOMBS OF THE EASTERN ESCARPMENT OF GIZA." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-63-76.
Abstract:
The paper continues a series of publications dealing with early explorers who contributed to the study of the eastern escarpment of the Giza Necropolis. Its protagonist is the Italian antiquarian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, the author of the first documented archaeological works in rock-cut tombs on the territory of the modern-day Russian concession at the pyramids. The paper argues that the Italian researcher had access to many burial complexes both in the southern and in the northern parts of the necropolis area currently studied by specialists from the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Contemporary reports demonstrate that Caviglia not only excavated ancient tombs, but also lived in one of the rock-cut complexes and used rock-cut chapels as storerooms for his finds. In 1835, the British officer Howard Vyse, who hired Caviglia for his excavations at Giza, built a large camp at the eastern escarpment of the necropolis. The author locates the camp in front of the tombs of Perinendju, Tjenty I, Tjenty II, and Khufuhotep and examines its fate: After the end of British excavations in 1837, the camp was converted into the first hotel at the foot of the pyramids. Narrative and visual materials presented in works of explorers of the first half of the 19th century correspond neatly with the material culture artifacts retrieved in Giza during contemporary Russian excavations. Despite the disappearance of the camp built by Vyse, the occupation layer preserved in the rock-cut tombs contains numerous finds and complexes that can be dated to the 18th–19th centuries. A thorough study of the activities and field practices of early explorers in the age of antiquarianism contributes to the better understanding of the general stratigraphy of the Giza Necropolis and works toward more accurate interpretation of the archaeological evidence obtained by contemporary specialists at the foot of the pyramids.
45
Utomo, Marcellinus Mandira Budi. "Menyelaraskan Kebijakan dan Sistem Manajemen Hutan Ramin (Gonystylus spp.) untuk Perbaikan Ekosistem Rawa Gambut di Indonesia." ULIN: Jurnal Hutan Tropis 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32522/ujht.v4i2.3900.
Abstract:
Recently, Indonesian peatland has become global attention regarding several forest fire events, which are seemingly caused by the improper ecosystem management system. Through literature review, this paper discusses one of specific forest formations in peat swamp, namely ramin forest (Gonystylus spp.). An assessment is performed for ramin forest management system from time to time using a framework developed by Indonesian Eco-Labelling Organisation. The criteria applied are sustainability of production, ecological, and social functions. Several recommendation to refine ramin forests are (1) assure new concession permit in any peat swamp areas stops and (2) hasten the implementation of one-map policy as a baseline for further planning and calculating current potency of ramin. For the new regulation, activities can be carried out are (1) to rehabilitate the degraded peat-peat swamp forests, (2) to strictly protect the last pristine ramin forests, (3) to establish seed orchard from seed resources to conserve the germ plasma, (4) to support research into ramin degraded forest restoration and the ecological relationship in pristine ramin forests to better understand how the system works, (5) to recalculate the current diameter increment and to use that to calculate the harvesting rotation, and (6) to uphold forestry law more firmly.
46
Ritchi, Hamzah, and Dini Rosdini. "Review on Process Representation in Accounting Information System." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2015.3.1(1).
Abstract:
Objective - Understanding business processes is becoming increasingly critical. In light of the understanding of business process, the notion of understandability has received much attention in accounting information system (AIS). The current study focuses on the comparison of different representation format, namely diagram-oriented and textual-oriented. Type the brief purpose of the paper and illustrate the direction that is taken, whether it is empirical or theoretical testing in analyzing the research subject. Methodology/Technique - The paper looks at, through systematic approach the collection of prior research papers relevant to the use of representation format depicting business processes and/or other information artifacts. Findings - Observable differences have been studied between different representation modes in which understandability serves as part of a dimension of interest. Experimental works It appeared that here is also inconclusive concession with regard to the review. Such a comparison is highly relevant, as business process is attributed with risks that may affect the organization at different level of exposures. This paper strives to contribute to the body of knowledge by focusing on the current state of the relationship between different process representation formats with a user utilizes in relation with a process perspective of accounting and information system. Type of Paper - Conceptual Keywords: Business Process; Accounting information system; Diagrammatic; Textual; Process Representation; Experimental.
47
D’Andreamatteo, Antonio, Francesca Neri, and Massimo Sargiacomo. "Successes and crises in the joint-stock rail company Ferrovie Elettriche Abruzzesi (1929-1956)." CONTABILITÀ E CULTURA AZIENDALE 23, no. 1 (June 2023): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cca2023-001004.
Abstract:
Introduction. This study analyses the economic and management trends of the company Ferrovie Elettriche Abruzzesi SA (FEA), the owner of the concession granted to build and use the Tavo railway from Penne to Pescara, and the tramway service in the city of Pescara from 1925 to 1956. Aim of the work. This study highlights how the management of concessionary companies of secondary railway lines is interconnected with the more general Italian problems of passenger and freight railway traffic management. Methodological approach. An analysis of the company's financial statements, the content of the reports by the technical bodies and the Internal Works Com- mittee, and the company's correspondence with stakeholders facilitated the reconstruction of all the internal and external causes of the crisis. Main findings. The common denominator of the crisis was the associated and growing competition from road traffic and bus services, which led to increas- ingly poor operating results for FEA. The Penne-Pescara line had a low volume of traffic, which was part of the more general ‘rail problem' that characterised Italy. Originality. Delving into the interface of accounting and the history of local pub- lic transport, this study provides a case study of ‘bad practice', which is rarely available in the scientific literature on corporate crises.
48
Galkina, Natalja P. "SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC SYNCRETISM OF THE WORD ВЕДЬ AT THE LEVEL OF HYPOTAXIS." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 22, no. 3 (2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2020-3-22-81-88.
Abstract:
The paper is devoted to the role of the word ведь in the organization of a subordinate syntactic connection between sentences. The work is carried out within the study of the expression of relations of conditioning through complex sentences in works of the book style – scientific and publicistic. The word ведь has a variety of shades of meaning, it features polyfunctionality and syntactic variability. Most grammatical descriptions qualify it as both a particle and a conjunction. Given the polysemy and variety of uses of this word, modern researchers who study discourse classify it as a discoursive word/discourse marker. It is noted that polysemy and syntactic variability of the modern word ведь result from its historical origin and development. The method of interpretation based on the etymologically inherent meaning of this word and transformation method are proposed as a way to concretize relations marked by this linking device. According to observations on the material of journalism ведь often acts as a linking word for causal constructions both within a complex sentence and between separate, semantically related sentences. In certain cases, there is a combination of causal and conventional meanings. In addition, the combination of ведь with adversative conjunctions a, но adds the seme of concession. The observation results are illustrated with examples from journalism materials with their subsequent analysis. It is shown that replacing ведь with categorical causal, conditional, concessive conjunctions confirms the corresponding relationships, however, it cannot provide a full disclosure of the meaning of the statement, since with such a transformation the seme of presence, complicity, and the author's assessment observed in the original statements is lost. One should say about the stylistic marking of the structures under study, which contribute to the implementation of the evaluative and influencing function of the journalistic style. In other cases, the word ведь acts as a particle, contributing to the actualization of the utterance as something known, obviously expedient. Although there is a causal relationship in such constructions, the connecting function is not paramount there. Thus, the polyfunctionality of a polysemantic word ведь ensures the variability of its use by the authors and a multidimensional approach to its linguistic description.
49
Citra, Dita Parasayu, and Anastasia Pudjitriherwanti. "Les conjonctions de subordinations des causes dans la langue française." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2019): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.43292.
Abstract:
<p class="Keyword"><span lang="FR">The
French conjunction is an invariable French word that serves to link words or
propositions. This conjunction consists of seven types, that is: conjunction of
time, conjunction of concession, conjunction of goal, conjunction of
consequence, conjunction of cause, conjunction of condition, conjunction of
comparison. This research speaks only of the conjunctions of the subordinations
of the causes. The purpose of this
research is to know and describe the form, meaning, and use of conjunctions of
subordinations of causes in the French language. According to Grevisse (2008),
the form of subordinate conjunctions of causes consists of two, that is: The
simple form and conjunctive locution. The meaning of the conjunctions of
subordinations of the causes according to Delatour (1991) consists of two, that
is: certainty and uncertainty. Grevisse (2008) also says that the use of
conjunctions of subordinations of the causes differentiated by the position of
conjunctions. The data sources used in this research consist of three parts:
French manuals, French literary works, and also the newspaper and online
magazines. From the search result, there are 42 data using the form of
conjunctive locutions, 36 data using the indicative mode and have a sense of
certainty, 33 data can be used either at the beginning of the sentence or in
the middle of the sentence. Therefore, we can conclude that conjunctions which
are conjunctive locutions, have a sense of certainty and can be used either at
the beginning or in the middle of the sentence are the conjunctions most often
found in this research.</span></p>
50
Suroto, Suroto, and Gunarto Gunarto. "Mining Investment Legal Certainty Under The Terms of Act No. 4 Of 2009 Concerning Mineral and Coal Mining and Act No. 25 of 2007 on Investment." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i3.3352.
Abstract:
In this study the issues to be discussed in are: Mining Investment Legal Certainty According to provisions of Act No. 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal and Act No. 25 of 2007 on Investment. Based on the results of this study are Legality exploitation of minerals statutory number number 4 Legality exploitation of minerals statutory number number 4 of 2009 substantially only in a form that permit, in contrast to the legality of the concession at the time of the enactment of Act No. 1, 1967, consists of a wide variety of forms namely mining Authority (KP) contract of work (COW), mineral and agreements coal mining works (PKP2B) and SIPDs for extractive industry and artisanal mining licenses for artisanal mining. Various legality at the time of the enactment of Act No. 11 of 1967, led to the coordination, supervision and control of less than the maximum, because every legality issued to a mining business activity carried out not in a good coordination. Prior to the issuance of Act No. 25 of 2007 is still a very significant difference between foreign investors and domestic investors. This is evident from the provisions of legislation. Foreign investment is regulated in Act No. 1 of 1967 concerning Foreign Investment whereas domestic investment stipulated in Act No. 6 of 1968 on Domestic Investment.Keywords: Rule of Law; Mining; Investment.