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Working memory, the ability to transiently keep, process, and use information as part of ongoing mental processes is an essential feature of cognitive functioning. The largest number of items that people can hold in their working memory, referred to as the capacity of working memory, is limited and varies substantially among individuals. Uncovering the biological factors that underlie these two defining properties of working memory capacity remains a key undertaking of modern cognitive neuroscience since capacity strongly predicts how well we reason, learn, and even do math. In this work we review data that highlights the role white matter, which provides the wiring of the extensive neural networks that activate during working memory tasks, may play in interindividual variations in capacity. We also describe advanced diffusion imaging methods, which may be uniquely suited in capturing those white matter features that are most relevant to capacity. Finally, we discuss several possible mechanisms through which white matter may both contribute to and limit working memory.
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Baddeley, Alan. "Working memory." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de la Vie 321, no. 2-3 (February 1998): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0764-4469(97)89817-4.
Evidence is presented that supports the view that most models of short-term memory cannot account for the flexibility of the primary memory system. It is argued that the working memory model outlined by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) is, however, a potentially adequate model. Working memory, in this thesis, is depicted as a system that assembles 'constellations' consisting of the central executive and one or more sub-systems. This view suggests a formulation that is considerably more complex than the 1974 model. The empirical studies examine the role of the visuo-spatial scratch pad in the formation and maintenance of working memory constellations. It is concluded from these studies that the scratch pad is independent of the articulatory loop but is usually coupled to the central executive except during maintenance rehearsal. Furthermore, it can be used concurrently with the articulatory loop to process spatial aspects of highly verbal tasks. However a constellation consisting of the executive, the loop and the scratch pad is vulnerable to a wider range of interference effects than a simpler constellation. Paivio (1971) suggested that 'dual coding' leads to better memory performance, however, this is only the case when no distractors are present. The final two chapters present some speculations on how working memory research might proceed in the future. It is concluded that the current trend towards collecting convergent evidence and the emphasis on testing theory in applied situations should give us insights into memory that were not available to Ebbinghaus and other early memory researchers.
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Tsukahara, Jason Seiichi. "The Role of Working Memory Resources in Mind Wandering: The Difference Between Working Memory Capacity and Working Memory Load." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/81.
There is no consensus on the relationship between working memory resources and mind wandering. The purpose of the current study is to investigate whether mind wandering requires working memory resources to be sustained. The resource-demanding view is that mind wandering requires working memory resources to sustain an internal train of thought (Smallwood, 2010). The resource-free view is that mind wandering is a result of executive control failures and this internal train of thought proceeds in a resource-free manner (McVay & Kane, 2010). Participants were presented with thought probes while they performed a Simon task in single and dual task conditions. From the resource-demanding view, individuals with high WMC should experience more Task unrelated thought (TUT) in single and dual task conditions compared to those with low WMC. From the resource-free view, individuals with high WMC should experience fewer TUT compared to low WMC individuals. Results indicated that, WML eliminated the Simon effect for high WMC and reduced it for low WMC group. Mind wandering was decreased in dual task conditions however there was no effect of working memory capacity on mind wandering. Also, mind wandering correlated with task performance measures for the low WMC but not high WMC group. The results of the current study do not provide strong support for either a resource-demanding or resource-free view and are discussed in terms of a context dependent relationship between WMC and mind wandering
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Jin, Ya-shyuan. "Is working memory working in consecutive interpreting?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4451.
It is generally agreed that language interpreting is cognitively demanding; how- ever, to date there is little evidence to indicate how working memory is involved in the task, perhaps due to methodological limitations. Based on a full considera- tion of key components of interpreting, two series of experiments were conducted to explore how working memory might play a role in discourse and sentence inter- preting. If working memory is implicated both in grammatical encoding into the target language, and in temporary storage of the discourse content, then higher demand in one function might compromise the other. Thus discourses that di er in word orders between languages could increase the processing load and leave less resource for memory maintenance, a ecting recall performance. In Experiment 1, Chinese-English bilingual participants' memory performance was compared when they translated passages from Chinese to English and from English to Chinese, where the expected word order was either congruent or incongruent between source and target. Recall was not sensitive to word order or direction of translation. Per- haps surprisingly, memory for incongruent discourses was numerically better than that for congruent sentences. Experiment 2 showed that interpreting trainees per- formed just like the participants in Experiment 1 did, suggesting that memory performance was not modulated by translation direction in pro cient translators. Experiment 3 explored the relationship between surface form transformation and recall. As discourse paraphrasing did not result in better recall than verbatim recall, it was concluded that the better memory performance for incongruent discourse in- terpreting suggested by Experiment 1 was not the result of active manipulation of word form or word order in interpreting. Finally, a free recall task among native English speakers showed that the incongruent discourses tested in earlier experi- ments were intrinsically more memorable than congruent discourses (Experiment 4). Despite this confound, this series of experiments highlighted the importance of comprehension in interpreting, but it did not rule out the role of working memory in the task. The role of working memory in interpreting was further explored using on-line measures in Experiments 5-8. Experiment 5 replicated a self-paced reading study by Ruiz, Paredes, Macizo, and Bajo (2008), comparing participants’ times to read sentences for translation to those to read them normally. The data showed that participants accessed lexical and syntactic properties of a target language in the reading-for-translation condition when resources were available to them. In order to explore the role of working memory in sentence interpreting, a dual-task paradigm was used in Experiment 6. When participants' working memory was occupied by a secondary task (digit preload), reading times were only different numerically between congruent and incongruent sentences. Crucially, reading times decreased as digit preload increased. Since there were no differences in the interpretations produced or in digit recall, it appears that participants were flexible in their resource allocation, suggesting that processing can be tuned up to optimise performance for concurrent tasks. Experiment 7 refined the procedure in the order of responses for the dual tasks but replicated the results of Experiment 6. A closer examination of participants’ interpretation responses showed that devices that could reduce processing load in target language production may have been strategically employed. Finally, another set of sentences were used in Experiment 8 in an attempt to replicate Experiment 5. A failure to replicate the earlier findings suggested that working memory demand might differ for different syntactic structures in sentence interpreting. All in all, this thesis shows that research in language interpreting benefits by taking a full account of the key components of interpreting. The use of on-line measures allowed us to take a ne-grained approach to the investigation of interpretation processes. It is proposed in this thesis that interpreting research may gain more insight from the data by incorporating some of the theories and methods typically used in research into language production.
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DeFraine, William C. "Defining affective working memory." Winston-Salem, NC : Wake Forest University, 2009. http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/handle/10339/42598.
Visual working memory, a limited temporary storage system for relevant information, is a critical contributor to many essential cognitive functions. In this thesis, I aimed to investigate some of the mechanisms underlying working memory in healthy humans and neurological patients, as well as its modulation by processes attributed to attention and the neurotransmitter dopamine. There currently is an important controversy regarding models of working memory. I investigated whether a resource model of memory (which argues for a limited resource distributed amongst to-be-remembered items) might be extended to the domain of visual motion. The results suggest that this is indeed be the case, supporting the utility of this model as a general conceptual framework for understanding working memory across a range of visual features and modes of presentation (Chapter 2). A comprehensive model of working memory should consider its relationship with attention. My findings point to an intimate yet highly specific relationship between these two processes, demonstrating that attention is essential for maintenance of integrated features within working memory (Chapters 2 and 4). Further, evidence for a causal role of early visual areas in maintenance of items in focus of attention, compared to the full content of working memory, is provided using transcranial magnetic stimulation (Chapter 3). Finally, I investigated neuromodulation of working memory processes by dopamine in patients with dopamine dysfunction (Parkinson’s disease) and using the dopamine agonist, Cabergoline, in healthy controls. The results demonstrate that dopamine can modulate working memory precision (Chapter 5 and 6). Furthermore, deficits in working memory were also observed in individuals with glucocerebrosidase mutations who have a significantly raised risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (Chapter 7). I discuss the possibility that specific deficits in working memory might provide a cognitive marker of risk for neurodegeneration and development of Parkinson’s disease.
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Ralston, George Eastop. "Visuo-spatial working memory." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9595.
This study set out to investigate the visuo-spatial component of Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) Working Memory framework. The development of our understanding of this component has been less dramatic than that of its verbal counterpart, the Articulatory Loop. The primary reason for this can be said to be the lack of techniques for investigation (Logie, 1986). This thesis presents one attempt to try to explore the nature of this code and to reveal possible new techniques of investigation. The following are three possible areas of investigation : 1. Is the system spatially or visually based? 2. Does movement have a role in the system? 3. How is information stored? The latter two issues are investigated here. Experiments 1-4 set out to explore the possibility that movement may be involved in the code. These experiments supported the idea that movement has a role to play in spatial coding and more specifically demonstrated that arm movements which are not compatible with the presentation of spatial material can cause disruption. In addition it was shown that when movement identical to that involved in presentation is encouraged at recall subjects show marked improvement in performance. Together these results very strongly suggest that movement should be given prominent reference in the definition of spatial coding and in the description of the visuo-spatial slave system. Another development that came out of these experiments relates to the lack of investigative techniques in the field of visuo-spatial short term memory. The fact that movement has been shown to be important suggests that techniques employed to investigate kinaesthetic memory will aid us in exploring visuo-spatial coding. The second issue in this thesis explored further the nature of the internal code. Research into the nature of coding in visuo-spatial memory had previously argued for the presence of a sequential component. Experiments 1-4 in this thesis had shown that movement had an important role to play in coding. The fact that movement by its very nature would appear to be sequential suggested that there was a strong sequential element in coding within visuo-spatial memory. However, concern was expressed that the materials and presentation format used may have led to sequential coding. This was first explored in experiments 5-8. The results supported the view that the material and presentation format used had led to sequential coding. This was further explored by Experiments 9 and 10 which illustrated that while it may be important under certain conditions, sequentiality is not always a dominant element in coding within the Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad. This thesis has explored two of the central issues currently interesting theorists of Working Memory and has put forward suggestions for techniques which may in the future help us to advance our knowledge of the visuo-spatial component of the Working Memory framework.
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Klyn, Niall Andre Munson. "Working Memory for Rhythm." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1324305411.
Tuthill, Frank. "The Effects of Working Memory Training and Encoding Strategy on Working Memory Capacity." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/638.
Undergraduate students from California State University, San Bernardino were recruited to examine the effects of working memory training and encoding strategy upon working memory capacity. Participants will be prescreened for low working memory capacity, and then will be tested on a battery of complex span measures. Participants will be divided into several strategy conditions: rehearsal, visual, and control. Then participants will be tested on their verbal working memory both before and after the 20 session n-back working memory training program. Participants are predicted to do the same or worse with the strategy instruction before working memory training while they will improve after training in comparison to control groups. The effects of strategy and training upon working memory capacity were nonsignificant. However, the direction of group differences is consistent with the maximization of individual differences with strategy instruction while cognitive training minimizes individual differences.
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Eastwood, Adrienne E. "Memory or attention?, understanding working memory in children." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65235.pdf.
Christopher, Eddie A., and Thomas S. Redick. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 5816–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1039.
Ardila, Alfredo. "Working Memory." In Foundations of Bilingual Memory, 223–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9218-4_11.
Luciana, Monica. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 3082–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_21.
Monti, Jaime M., Stan Floresco, Rodrigo Andrade, Roshan Cools, Angela Roberts, Martine Cador, Stéphanie Caillé, Luis Stinus, and Anne Jackson. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1374. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_550.
Sweet, Lawrence H., and Beth A. Jerskey. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2729–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1339.
Campbell, Tavis S., Jillian A. Johnson, Kristin A. Zernicke, Christopher Shaw, Kazuo Hara, Kazuo Hara, Susan Folkman, et al. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 2066–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1185.
Shell, Duane F., David W. Brooks, Guy Trainin, Kathleen M. Wilson, Douglas F. Kauffman, and Lynne M. Herr. "Working Memory." In The Unified Learning Model, 19–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3215-7_3.
Sweet, Lawrence H., and Beth A. Jerskey. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1339-2.
Sweet, Lawrence H., and Beth A. Jerskey. "Working Memory." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3753–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1339.
Pulver, Andrew, and Siwei Lyu. "LSTM with working memory." In 2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2017.7965940.
Plumlee, Matthew, and Colin Ware. "Zooming, multiple windows, and visual working memory." In the Working Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1556262.1556270.
Broich, Kelsi, Felix Ishimwe, Sheldon Turner, and Julie C. Libarkin. "ERRORS AND GEOLOGIC WORKING MEMORY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-322358.
Cook, M. J., C. Cranmer, and K. Wilson. "Working memory in C3I tasks." In People in Control. Human Factors in Control Room Design. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20010446.
Sengul, Dr Ozden. "Understanding Working Memory through Argumentation." In The 6th International Academic Conference on Education. Acavent, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/6th.iaceducation.2023.03.100.
Cuenen, Ariane, Ellen M. M. Jongen, Tom Brijs, Kris Brijs, Katrijn Houben, and Geert Wets. "Training Working Memory of Older Drivers: The Effect on Working Memory and Simulated Driving Performance." In Driving Assessment Conference. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/drivingassessment.1565.
Weninger, Markus, Lukas Makor, and Hanspeter Mossenbock. "Memory Cities: Visualizing Heap Memory Evolution Using the Software City Metaphor." In 2020 Working Conference on Software Visualization (VISSOFT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vissoft51673.2020.00017.
Rizzo, Francesca, Florian Daniel, Maristella Matera, Sharon Albertario, and Anna Nibioli. "Evaluating the semantic memory of web interactions in the xMem project." In the working conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1133265.1133304.
Afrouzi, Hassan, Spencer Yongwook Kwon, Augustin Landier, Yueran Ma, and David Thesmar. Overreaction and Working Memory. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27947.
Radvansky, Gabriel A. Working Memory Influences on Long-Term Memory and Comprehension. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419467.
Lyon, Don R. Measuring Visuospatial Working Memory Using Path Visualization. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada488506.
Engle, Randall W. Working Memory Capacity: An Individual Differences Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207127.
Engle, Randall W. Working Memory Capacity: An Individual Differences Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada192359.
Engle, Randall W., and Michael J. Kane. Working Memory, Controlled Attention and Task Switching. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada375952.
Engle, Randall W. Role of Working Memory Limitations of Retrieval. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada280032.
Baddeley, A., J. Duncan, and H. Emslie. The Central Executive Component of Working Memory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada244916.
Engle, Randall W., and Michael J. Kane. Working Memory Capacity and Focused and Sustained Attention. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415469.
Engle, Randall W. Retrieval and Storage Consequences of Working Memory Limitations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada312121.
