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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Working-class history

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Academic literature on the topic 'Working-class history'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Working-class history"

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Datta, Partho, and Dipesh Chakrabarty. "Working Class History." Social Scientist 18, no. 1/2 (January 1990): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517333.

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Edgren, Lars, and Lars Olsson. "Swedish Working-Class History." International Labor and Working-Class History 35 (1989): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790000908x.

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Malefakis, Edward. "Spanish Working-Class History." International Labor and Working-Class History 41 (1992): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790001053x.

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Strangleman, Tim. "Remembering Working-Class Life: History, Sociology and Working-Class Studies." Sociology 48, no. 6 (December 2014): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038514547801.

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Smith, J. E. "Gender and Class in Working-Class History." Radical History Review 1989, no. 44 (April 1, 1989): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1989-44-152.

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Montgomery, David. "Trends in Working-Class History." Labour / Le Travail 19 (1987): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25142762.

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DAVIS, JOHN. "Working-Class Life." Twentieth Century British History 6, no. 2 (1995): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/6.2.244.

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Ramirez, Bruno. "Ethnic Studies and Working-Class History." Labour / Le Travail 19 (1987): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25142764.

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Sterne, Evelyn Savidge. "Bringing Religion into Working-Class History." Social Science History 24, no. 1 (2000): 149–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010105.

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In August 1927, the Virgin Mary made a surprise appearance in Providence, Rhode Island. Her image mysteriously hovered on the wall of a building on Federal Hill, the city’s central Italian American neighborhood. Streets were filled and businesses disrupted as crowds assembled to regard the phenomenon. When the Narragansett Electric Company removed the bulb from a nearby street lamp, the image disappeared, but thousands of believers continued to assemble nonetheless.TheProvidence Journalfinally sent a reporter to Federal Hill to get to the bottom of the mystery. Several onlookers told the reporter that Mary had appeared in Providence because God was unhappy about the impending execution of Italian radicals Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (Providence Journal[PJ] 10 August 1927).

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Eynon, B. "The American Working Class History Project." Radical History Review 1985, no. 32 (January 1, 1985): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1985-32-113.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Working-class history"

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Charlton, John Douglas. "Working class structure and working class politics in Britain 1950." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303518.

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Quinney, Nigel Peter. "Edwardian militarism and working class youth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385630.

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Guha, Ray Siddhartha. "Calcutta tramwaymen : a study of working class history /." Kolkata : Progressive, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41066944d.

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Wilson, Karen. "Aspects of solidarity between middle-class and working-class women 1880-1903." Thesis, Keele University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293991.

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Childs, Michael James 1956. "Working class youth in late Victorian and Edwardian England." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74015.

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Franklin, Adrian. "Privatism, the home and working class culture : a life history approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310274.

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Scott, Gillian. "The working class women's most active and democratic movement." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236239.

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Bloodworth, Jeff. "Farewell to the vital center : a history of American liberalism, 1968-1980 /." View abstract, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3214003.

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Cherry, Janet. "The making of an African working class: Port Elizabeth 1925-1963." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17243.

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Bibliography: pages 231-239.
The thesis examines the 'making' of an african working class in Port Elizabeth. It offers an alternative interpretation to conventional histories which emphasize continuity both in the idea of a strong industrial working class and in a tradition of militant and effective worker organisation. At the same time, it posits the idea that there was a working-class movement which developed among Port Elizabeth's african community in the late 1940's and 1950's. Chapter 1 examines population growth in Port Elizabeth, the growth of secondary industry, and employment opportunities for africans. It is argued that limited opportunities for african employment in secondary industry affected the forms of working-class organisation that emerged. Chapter 2 examines the situation of the urban african population in the 1920's and 1930's, looking at factors which influenced its organisation and consciousness. The low wages paid to african workers were not challenged effectively in this period by the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union which had declined by the mid-1920's, or the Trades and Labour Council which did not organise african workers. However, the permanently urbanised status of the majority of the african population laid the basis for a militant community consciousness. Chapter 3 analyses attempts to organise african workers during the Second World War. It focusses on Wage Board determinations. the first african trade unions formed by the Ballingers and Max Gordon, the organisation of the Council of Non-European Trade Unions and the Trades and Labour Council, and the organisation of railway workers. It is argued that these attempts at organising african labour were largely unsuccessful in building strong industrial unions with an african leadership. Chapter 4 looks at the rise of the 'new unions' in the post-war period, when african workers were drawn into manufacturing on a large scale, and an african working-class leadership began to emerge. The response to this from the state, capital and other trade unions is examined through looking at the struggles of workers in four sectors: stevedoring, laundry, textiles and food. These sectors are contrasted with the tertiary sector where organisation of african workers was weak. Chapter 5 examines the politics of reproduction of the african working class between 1 945 and 1960. It looks at changes in the nature of the African National Congress and the Communist Party of South Africa, and at innovative strategies around issues of reproduction. The role of women's organisation and their struggle against the extension of pass laws is highlighted, and it is posited that a working class movement developed in this period. Chapter 6 analyses the application of influx control in Port Elizabeth in the 1950's, and the conflict of interests over the implementation of the labour bureau system. It examines the divisions in the african working class between migrants and non-migrants, and the response of different sections of the working class. Chapter 7 looks at the role of the South African Congress of Trade Unions. It is argued that the integration of point-of-production struggles with community and political struggles was the outcome of the position of african workers in industry combined with strong political organisation in the 'sphere of reproduction'. Changes in the structural position of african workers combined with political repression led to the collapse of this working class movement in the early 1960's.

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Segars, Terry. "The fire service : the social history of a uniformed working-class occupation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235631.

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Books on the topic "Working-class history"

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1947-, MacDowell Laurel Sefton, and Radforth Ian Walter 1952-, eds. Canadian working class history: Selected readings. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1992.

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Goodridge, John, and Bridget Keegan, eds. A History Of British Working Class Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108105392.

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Coles, Nicholas, and Paul Lauter, eds. A History of American Working-Class Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316216439.

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Tremayne, Peter. A history of the Irish working class. London: Pluto, 1985.

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Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Rethinking working-class history: Bengal, 1890-1940. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

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Joshi, Chitra. Labour history and the question of culture. Noida: V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, 2003.

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Davis, Dennis. Apartheid and the working class. London: Zwan, 1989.

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Stephen, Roberts, ed. The Victorian working-class writer. London: Cassell, 1999.

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Irving, Bernstein. The turbulent years: A history of the American worker, 1933/1941. Chicago, Ill: Haymarket Books, 2010.

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Freund, Bill. The African worker. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Working-class history"

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Taylor, David. "Working-Class Movements." In Mastering Economic and Social History, 368–414. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19377-6_21.

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Mason, S. "Working-class Movements." In Work Out Social and Economic History GCSE, 107–28. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10295-2_6.

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Williams, Gwyn A. "Locating a Welsh Working Class: The Frontier Years*." In The Welsh in their History, 65–93. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292883-4.

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Boos, Florence S. "Memoir and People’s History in Janet Hamilton’s Sketches of Village Life." In Memoirs of Victorian Working-Class Women, 85–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64215-4_4.

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Hughes, Arnold, and Robin Cohen. "An Emerging Nigerian Working Class: The Lagos Experience 1897-1939." In African Labor History, 31–55. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003474210-2.

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Sangster, Joan. "Politics and Praxis in Canadian Working-Class Oral History." In Oral History Off the Record, 59–75. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137339652_4.

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"Working Class." In Encyclopedia of Social History, 1120–27. Routledge, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203306352-113.

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Heron, Craig. "Working-Class History." In Canadian History: A Reader's Guide, edited by Doug Owram. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442672222-005.

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Hall, Edith, and Henry Stead. "Working-class readers." In A People’s History of Classics, 45–72. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315446608-4.

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"Working-class domestic life." In British Women’s History. I.B.Tauris, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755632145.ch-005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Working-class history"

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Chiessa, Dennis Antonio. "Nonconforming Housing: Housing the Working Class." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.18.

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As cities struggle to provide enough adequate housing for their residents, there is a need to develop new ideas and typologies that address the housing crisis directly. Growth in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex [1] continues to provide challenges in addressing housing shortages [2], particularly for cost-burdened communities and those in danger of gentrification, displacement, or chronic homelessness [3]. This project focused on developing contextual infill housing typologies by analyzing the housing stock and context of a neighborhood in Fort Worth, TX. The central question driving the project was: How to design infill housing to increase density in existing single-family urban areas with an aging housing stock, a history of community marginalization, and inadequate zoning that deems many properties as nonconforming or unbuildable?

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Lauritano, Steven. "The Case for Survey Eclecticism." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.95.

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Imagine an architectural history survey course in which the diversity of interpretive approaches takes precedence over any attempted comprehensiveness of content. This paper examines the merits, and possible pitfalls, of such a class. Instead of asking students to work through a single textbook, an “eclectic survey” presents a chapter from a different book every week with each chapter carefully selected to highlight a distinctive interpretive tradition: Sigfried Giedion on Paleolithic Europe, Vibhuti Sachdev on Ancient South Asia, George Kubler on Ancient America . . . and so on. Together with the relevant details of buildings and artifacts, lectures in an “eclectic survey” course unpack the contexts and strategies that shaped each author’s approach to history. Working through such historiographical variety poses challenges for students and instructors alike, but the difficulties created by this “eclectic” approach are worth embracing – or so this paper argues – to the extent that they escape the expansionist mode of today’s global surveys, many of which are fueled by the misguided belief that an ever-more-granular expertise will one day deliver an all-encompassing picture of historical reality. If history has taught us anything, it is that its own interpretation remains perpetually in flux. Historians’ methodologies shift, often seismically, from one generation to the next. Why not equip architectural students to understand such changes and their motivations? Ultimately, an architectural survey guided by an ethos of eclecticism creates a better framework to discuss the consequences of choices historians have made and are still making.

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Perreault, Simon, Philippe Cardou, and Cle´ment Gosselin. "Towards Parallel Cable-Driven Pantographs." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47751.

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We propose a new class of pantographs, i.e., of mechanisms that allow the reproduction of the displacements of an input link, the master, with an output link, the slave. The application we envision for these devices is the telemanipulation of objects from small distances, at low cost, where magnetic fields or other design constraints prohibit the use of electromechanical systems. Despite the long history of pantographs, which were invented in the 17th century, the class of pantographs proposed here is new, as it relies on parallel cable-driven mechanisms to transmit the motion. This allows the reproduction of rigid-body displacements, while previous pantographs were limited to point displacements. This important characteristic and others are described in the paper. One important challenge in the design of the proposed systems is that the cables must remain taut at all time. We address this issue by introducing nonlinear springs that passively maintain a minimum tension in the cables, while approximating static balancing of the mechanism over its workspace. Approximating static balancing allows the forces applied at the slave to reflect more accurately at the master, and vice versa. As a preliminary validation, a two-degree-of-freedom parallel cable-driven pantograph is designed. A prototype of this apparatus that does not include approximate static balancing is built, which demonstrates the working principle of these mechanisms.

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Lubis, Michael Binsar, and Mehrdad Kimiaei. "Experimental Wave Flume Tests in ROV-Wave Interaction Effects on the Line Tension for a Work Class ROV in Splash Zone." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-61098.

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Abstract Integrity and stability of Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) when passing through the splash zone is one of the main concerns in the design of an ROV-umbilical system. Due to the lightweight nature of ROV in water, the umbilical experiences repetitive rapid transitions between slack and taut as the ROV travels through the splash zone. These rapid transitions induce tension spikes in the umbilical, namely snap forces, that can endanger the launch and recovery of an ROV. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the tension spikes do not exceed the safe working load of the umbilical. In this study, launch and recovery of a deep-water work class ROV are experimentally investigated using a 1:10 scaled ROV model through a series of wave flume tests. Different regular and irregular waves are generated in the flume while the ROV model is hung over the flume in four different positions. The tension time-history in the line is measured and recorded using a load cell at the top-end of the line. A simplified numerical model for launch and recovery of the ROV is developed and the numerical results are compared with the experimental ones. It is shown that the presented simplified model can be accurately used for analysis of launch and recovery of the ROV.

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Xinting, Liang. "The Trajectory of Collective Life: The Ideal and Practice of New Village in Tianjin, 1920s-1950s." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4026pt85d.

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Originated from New Village Ideal in Japan, New Village was introduced to China in the early 1920s and became a byword for social reform program. Many residential designs or projects whose name includes the term “Village” or “New Village” had been completed in China since that time. This paper uses the Textual Criticism method to sort out the introduction and translation of New Village Ideal theory in China, and to compare the physical space, life organization and concepts of the New Village practices in ROC with in early PRC of Tianjin. It is found that the term “New Village” continued to be used across several historical periods, showing very similar spatial images. But the construction and usage of New Village and the meaning of collective life changed somewhat under different political positions and social circumstances: New Village gradually became an urban collective residential area which only bore the living function since it was introduced into modern China. The goal of its practice changed from building an equal autonomy to building a new field of power operation, a new discourse of social improvement and a new way for profit-seeking capital. With the change of state regime, the construction had entered a climax stage. New Village then became the symbol of the rising political and social status of the working class, and the link between the change of urban nature and spatial development. Socialism collective life and the temporal and spatial separation or combination between production and live constructed the collective conscience and identity of residents. The above findings highlight the independence of architecture history from general history, help to examine the complexity of China’s localization New Village practice and the uniqueness of Tianjin’s urban history, and provide new ideas for the study of China’s modern urban housing development from the perspective of changes in daily life organization.

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Mazzara, Bill, and Yuanbo Guo. "Cybersecurity by Agile Design." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0035.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">ISO/SAE 21434 [1] Final International Standard was released September 2021 to great fanfare and is the most prominent standard in Automotive Cybersecurity. As members of the Joint Working Group (JWG) the authors spent 5 years developing the 84 pages of precise wording acceptable to hundreds of contributors. At the same time the auto industry had been undergoing a metamorphosis probably unmatched in its hundred-year history. A centerpiece of the metamorphosis is the adoption of the Agile development method to meet market demands for time-to-market and flexibility of design. Unfortunately, a strategic decision was made by the JWG to focus ISO/SAE 21434 on the V-Model method.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Agile does not break ISO/SAE 21434. Agile is a framework that can be adapted to suit any process. In the end the goals are the same regardless of development method; security by design must be achieved. This paper will outline the work products of ISO/SAE 21434 and discuss how the work products required by the standard can be achieved using Agile. The application to Agile may require interpreting the standard from another angle, which could involve reordering the sequence of activities and work products, breaking down the acceptable criteria of some work products to allow rapid iterations, and verifications of meta data or intermediate work products. In cybersecurity engineering, Agile has its unique strength compared to the V-model method, as its cyclical nature is better aligned with best practices for Cybersecurity Frameworks.</div></div>

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Credo, Giuseppe, Vincent Taddeo, and Filippo Aglietti. "Artificial Neural Network for Airborne Noise Prediction of a Diesel Engine." In 13th International Styrian Noise, Vibration & Harshness Congress: The European Automotive Noise Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2929.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Throughout its history, the engine acoustic character has been emblematic of the product essence, owing to its robust correlation of factors like in-cylinder pressure gradients, components design, and perceived quality. Best practice for engine acoustic characterization requires the employment of a hemi-anechoic chamber, a significant number of sensors and special acoustic insulation for engine ancillaries and transmission. This process is highly demanding in terms of cost and time due to multiple engine working points to be tested and consequent data post-processing. Given the apparent underutilization of Neural Networks (NN) predictive capabilities in this research area, the following paper introduces a tool capable of estimation of engine acoustic performance by processing system inputs (e.g., Injected Fuel, Rail Pressure). This is achieved through the application of a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), which operates as a feedforward network functioning at stationary points. In particular, the investigation addresses the estimation of direct Combustion Noise (CN), Sound Power (PWL) averaged over the main radiating surfaces, Loudness and Modulation. The Neural Network was trained and tested under low and medium load/speed operating conditions of an inline 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. The models achieve less than 0.5% of Test Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the estimation of CN and Sound Power, less than 2% Test RMSE for Loudness and less than 4% for Modulation. In addition, the same training procedure and network architectures were used to predict the third of octaves quantities (CN, Sound Power and Loudness) with a slightly decrease of model accuracy.</div></div>

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Monzillo de Oliveira, Luciana. "A OBSOLESCÊNCIA DOS PARQUES INFANTIS E A DESTINAÇÃO DOS EQUIPAMENTOS: dois exemplares de Santo Amaro, São Paulo." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12169.

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This article discusses the relationship between children's educational equipment and the urban context of the city of São Paulo between 1935 and 1985, a period in which public institutions called parks and children's corners lasted. The equipment was intended for the care of working-class children and young people and was designed by Mário de Andrade during his participation as São Paulo's Secretary of Culture. The objective is to recover the history of playgrounds and illustrate how the equipment distributed in the different areas of the city, mainly in places with an industrial vocation, implanted in large lots, in strategically located points and with relative visual permeability between the interior and the exterior, contributed to the appropriation and participation of the population in the social activities promoted by the municipality. The historiographic-based research is based on the argument that the deactivation of playgrounds due to the modernization of educational policies in the children's and youth area reflected in changes not only in pedagogical and social parameters, but also impacted urban relations and their articulation. with the immediate surroundings. The two case studies selected in Santo Amaro represent two distinct examples of uses after their deactivation. Keywords: Children's playground, working class neighborhood, Santo Amaro, public policy. O presente artigo aborda a relação entre equipamento educacional infanto-juvenil e o contexto urbano da cidade de São Paulo entre os anos de 1935 e 1985, período em que perduraram as instituições públicas denominadas de parques e recantos infanto-juvenis. Os equipamentos eram destinados ao atendimento das crianças e jovens das classes operárias e foram idealizados por Mário de Andrade durante sua participação como Secretário da Cultura de São Paulo. O objetivo é recuperar a história dos parques infantis e ilustrar como os equipamentos distribuídos nas diversas zonas da cidade, principalmente em locais com vocação industrial, implantados em grandes lotes, em pontos estrategicamente localizados e com relativa permeabilidade visual entre o interior e o exterior contribuíram para a apropriação e participação da população nas atividades sociais promovidas pela municipalidade. A pesquisa de base historiográfica apoia-se sobre o argumento de que a desativação dos parques infantis em função da modernização das políticas educacionais na área infanto-juvenil refletiu em alterações não apenas nos parâmetros pedagógicos e sociais, como também impactou as relações urbanísticas e sua articulação com o entorno imediato. Os dois estudos de casos selecionados em Santo Amaro, representam dois exemplos distintos de destinações de uso após a desativação dos mesmos. Palavras-chave: Parque infantil, bairro operário, Santo Amaro, política pública.

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Ponce Gregorio, Pedro. "La forme du temps à Moscou." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.582.

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Resumen: Sería el 2 de septiembre de 1931, mediante carta privada remitida por un tal B. Breslow en calidad de Representante Comercial de la URSS en Francia, cuando Le Corbusier recibe la invitación a participar en el concurso del que sería para muchos el edificio esencial del país, el Palacio de los Soviets de Moscú. Un edificio que en consecuencia, además de encarnar la voluntad de las masas trabajadoras rusas, debía convertirse de manera análoga, allí donde ya se hallaba construida la catedral de El Salvador, en el monumento artístico-arquitectónico de la todavía maltrecha capital soviética. Este y no otro es el punto en el que la presente «forma del tiempo» se inscribe: en el continuo devenir que el proyecto desarrolla dentro del número 35 de la rue de Sèvres de París, a fin de desempolvar parte de aquel rastro creativo velado por la historia, esto es, desandar la línea de los Soviets. Abstract: It was around september the second, 1931, on a private letter dispatched by some B. Breslow acting as Comercial Representative of the URSS in France, when Le Corbusier received the invitation to participate in the contest of the one that would be for many the essential building of the country, the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow. A building that for that matter would not only enbodies russian´s working class will, but also should become in the same way, there where the El Salvador cathedral was built, the artistic-architectural monument of the still struggling soviet capital. This and not else is the point in which the actual "shape of the time" it is enrolled: on the developed by the project inside the number 35 of the rue de Sèvres in Paris, in order to dust off part of that creative trace veiled by history, this is, to walk back along the line of the Soviets. Palabras clave: Tiempo; composición; simbología; circulación; técnica; Palacio de los Soviets. Keywords: Time; composition; symbology; circulation; technique; Palace of the Soviets. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.582

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Kaperick, Joseph, Dr Gareth Fish, Chuck Coe, Bradley Cosgrove, David Turner, Wayne Mackwood, Kuldeep Mistry, et al. "Supporting the Transportation Industry: Creating the GC-LB and High-Performance Multiuse (HPM) Grease Certification Programs." In Energy & Propulsion Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1652.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper outlines the history and background of the NLGI (formerly known as the National Lubricating Grease Institute) lubricating grease specifications, GC-LB classification of Automotive Service Greases as well as details on the development of new requirements for their High-Performance Multiuse (HPM) grease certification program.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance of commercial lubricating grease formulations through NLGI's Certification Mark using the GC-LB Classification system and the recently introduced HPM grease certification program will be discussed. These certification programs have provided an internationally recognized specification for lubricating grease and automotive manufacturers, users and consumers since 1989. Although originally conceived as a specification for greases for the re-lubrication of automotive chassis and wheel bearings, GC-LB is today recognized as a mark of quality for a variety of different applications. The main driving force to upgrade GC-LB was that six of the 12 property test methods utilized in ASTM D4950 had major issues, requiring either revised, alternative or new test methods. In addition to the issues associated with the test methods, NLGI recognized that advancements in materials, technologies and applications would be better served by newer specifications. The initiative that began as an update to the GC-LB specification then led to the introduction of the HPM specifications.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Analysis of GC-LB certified greases showed that most commercial greases also claimed other enhanced properties such as high load carrying, saltwater rust resistance, water resistance and long life in addition to meeting the GC-LB requirements. By 2019, NLGI’s Specification Working Group had developed a draft specification with proposed changes to upgrade the GC-LB classification. This draft was further modified through interviews, surveys and in-depth discussion with members of the lubricating grease industry. The initial focus was on updated specifications for a High-Performance Multiuse grease that could be used in a variety of bearings and applications which require similar lubricating properties. Additional specifications were defined as part of the HPM specification for all these properties except long life. Long life (+LL) and High Temperature (+HT) properties are currently being addressed in Phase 2 of the HPM Grease Certification Program. Additionally, the low temperature specification was added to the HPM specification after interest was shown during the interview and feedback process.</div></div>

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Reports on the topic "Working-class history"

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Panwar, Nalin Singh. Decentralized Political Institution in Madhya Pradesh (India). Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.23.

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The change through grassroots democratic processes in the Indian political system is the result of a growing conviction that the big government cannot achieve growth and development in a society without people's direct participation and initiative. The decentralized political institutions have been more participatory and inclusive ensuring equality of political opportunity. Social exclusion in India is not a new phenomenon. History bears witness to exclusion of social groups on the bases of caste, class, gender and religion. Most notable is the category of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women who were denied the access and control over economic and social opportunities as a result they were relegated to the categories of excluded groups. It is true that the problems of the excluded classes were addressed by the state through the enactment of anti-discriminatory laws and policies to foster their social inclusion and empowerment. Despite these provisions, exclusion and discrimination of these excluded groups continued. Therefore, there was a need to address issues of ‘inclusion’ in a more direct manner. Madhya Pradesh has made a big headway in the working for the inclusion of these excluded groups. The leadership role played by the under privileged, poor and the marginalized people of the society at the grassroots level is indeed remarkable because two decade earlier these people were excluded from public life and political participation for them was a distant dream. Against this backdrop, the paper attempts to unfold the changes that have taken place in the rural power structure after 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent the decentralized political institutions have been successful in the inclusion of the marginalized section of the society in the state of Madhya Pradesh [India].

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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