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1
Lewert, George. "Children and AIDS." Social Casework 69, no. 6 (June 1988): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438948806900604.
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Children with AIDS are a small but growing population who present unique policy and practice challenges. Social workers must develop an understanding of the needs of this population and their families. Social supports must be created and worker skills must be developed.
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RAPČÍKOVÁ, Tatiana. "THE HEALTH CARE WORKERS’ ETHICAL APPROACH TO TERMINALLY ILL CHILDREN." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2018, no. 122 (2018): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2018.122.17.
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Mutambo, Chipo, and Khumbulani Hlongwana. "Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives on the Barriers to Providing HIV Services to Children in Sub-Saharan Africa." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8056382.
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Background. In order to accelerate the HIV response to meet the UNAIDS 90-90-90 indicators for children, healthcare workers need to lead a scale-up of HIV services in primary healthcare settings. Such a scale-up will require investigation into existing barriers that prevent healthcare workers from effectively providing those services to children. Furthermore, if the identified barriers are not well understood, designing context-specific and effective public health response programmes may prove difficult. Objective. This study reviews the current literature pertaining to healthcare workers' perspectives on the barriers to providing HIV services to children in the primary care setting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods. English articles published between 2010 and April 2018 were searched in electronic databases including Sabinet, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Key search words used during the search were “healthcare workers’ perspectives” and “barriers to providing HIV testing to children” OR “barriers to ART adherence AND children” and “barriers to HIV disclosure AND children.” Results. There are various barriers to provider-initiated counselling and testing (PICT) of children and disclosure of HIV status to children, including the following: lack of child-friendly infrastructure at clinics; lack of consensus on legal age of consent for both HIV testing and disclosure; healthcare worker unfamiliarity with HIV testing and disclosure guidelines; lack of training in child psychology; and confusion around the healthcare worker’s role, which most believed was only to provide health education and clinical services and to correct false information, but not to participate in disclosure. Additionally, primary caregivers were reported to be a barrier to care and treatment of children as they continue to refuse HIV testing for their children and delay disclosure. Conclusion. Training, mentoring, and providing healthcare workers with guidelines on how to provide child-focused HIV care have the potential to address the majority of the barriers to the provision of child-friendly HIV services to children. However, the need to educate primary caregivers on the importance of testing children and disclosing to them is equally important.
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Tanjung, Lifiana. "PERAN PEKERJA SOSIAL DALAM PENDAMPINGAN ANAK SEBAGAI SAKSI PADA PROSES PERADILAN PIDANA DI PENGADILAN NEGERI KLAS I A PADANG." UNES Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/law.v1i2.27.
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Professional Social Workers according to Article 1 paragraph (14) of Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Criminal Justice System of Children in the Class IA Court of Padang the child as a witness has been damping by social workers but in practice not all children who witnessed accompanied by social workers the. The problem discussed is how the role of Social Worker in Child assistant as Witness and constraint and optimization of social worker role in child assistance as witness to criminal justice process in Class Court of First Class A Padang Specification of this research is analytical descriptive research with sociological juridical approach. The data used are primary data and secondary data, The data obtained are analyzed qualitatively and presented in the form of analytical descriptive. Based on the research result, the role of social workers in assisting the child as witness in the judiciary is to make the child social report to be used as the guidance of the court hearing. Social workers should be able to make children express opinions and express themselves freely. Listen to the child's opinion of a criminal incident he / she has heard, seen and experienced by himself / herself. Social Workers should create an atmosphere of discussion that does not make children more cornered. The obstacles faced by social workers in their role as witness counselors are the limited number of social workers, scholarly backgrounds or non-supportive counselors, lack of cooperation network, time of implementation of assistance that is sometimes not in accordance with the plan, has no shelter for children so it should find a place of reference for the child. Optimizing the role of social workers in assisting children as witnesses is to equip judges on the understanding of social research
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Shah, Nasra M., Makhdoom A. Shah, Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury, and Indu Menon. "Foreign Domestic Workers in Kuwait: Who Employs How Many." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, no. 2 (June 2002): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100204.
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The percentage of Kuwaiti households with at least one foreign domestic worker increased from 13 percent in 1977/79 to 87 percent in 1999. This paper describes the workers' characteristics, their workload and attributes of the households they live in. Predictors of the number of domestic workers employed by households are examined by using multinomial logistic regression. Households that employ at least one domestic worker have a larger number of children than those who employ none. Households that employ two (or three) domestic workers have more children and older people and are significantly richer (i.e., have higher income, larger homes etc.) than those who do not employ any.
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Anggraini, Luvi Mei, Irawan Irawan, and Joan Hesti Gita Purwasih. "INTERNALISASI PENDIDIKAN SEKS TERHADAP ANAK PEKERJA MIGRAN DI KABUPATEN BLITAR." Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya 23, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v23.n1.p58-65.2021.
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Social changes that make society can influence the apparatus. Social changes have an impact on families in Indonesia. The narrower the workforce is coupled with the increasing needs of the family, the older the migrant worker works. As a result, the roles and functions of the family do not work properly. The impact is that the children commit juvenile delinquency. Like it or not, parents still guide their children and understand sexual education so that children do not engage in deviant behavior. This research method uses descriptive qualitative methods. The research focuses on how migrant workers instill sex education in children. There were six informants including 3 migrant workers and 3 migrant workers. Data techniques are observation and open interviews. The results of this study indicate that each migrant worker has a way of imparting sexual education to children. Differences in the cultivation of character education are motivated by several factors. One of them is the cultural factor of the country where the parents work. Furthermore, the acceptance of children in sex education and its application is almost similar. Children still maintain the limits of norms that apply in society.
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Gujral, Sunder, Rita Abbi, Rajni Mujoo, and Tara Gopaldas. "Determinants of Community Health Workers’ Performance in India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 13, no. 4 (December 1991): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659101300409.
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Forty-three anganwadi workers (community health workers) in Gujarat state, India, were interviewed to record their education level, evaluate their nutrition knowledge, and collect information on the number of visits made by the auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) in the preceding three months and the activities she performed for the anganwadi. The coverage of five services delivered or assisted by the anganwadi worker- supplementary feeding growth monitoring, vitamin A prophylaxis, health checkups, and immunization- was estimated by interviewing the mothers of 3,987 children 0–6 years old. The anganwadi worker's having at least a high school education, a nutrition knowledge score of more than 4 out of 7, more than one visit by the ANM in three months, and an ANM activity score of more than 2 out of 9 were significant determinants, individually or in combination, for the anganwadi worker's performance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that nutrition knowledge was the most powerful determinant of performance, followed by guidance from the ANM and education level. It is therefore concluded that anganwadi workers should receive nutrition health education and regular guidance from the ANMs, and their education level should be high school or above.
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Tilahun, Dejene, Abebaw Fekadu, Bethlehem Tekola, Mesfin Araya, Ilona Roth, Basiro Davey, Charlotte Hanlon, and Rosa A. Hoekstra. "Ethiopian community health workers’ beliefs and attitudes towards children with autism: Impact of a brief training intervention." Autism 23, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317730298.
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There is a severe shortage of services for children with autism in Ethiopia; access to services is further impeded by negative beliefs and stigmatising attitudes towards affected children and their families. To increase access to services, care provision is decentralised through task-shifted care by community health extension workers. This study aimed to examine the impact of a brief training (Health Education and Training; HEAT) for Ethiopian rural health extension workers and comprised three groups: (1) health extension workers who completed a basic mental health training module (HEAT group, N = 104); (2) health extension workers who received enhanced training, comprising basic HEAT as well as video-based training on developmental disorders and a mental health pocket guide (HEAT+ group, N = 97); and (3) health extension workers untrained in mental health (N = 108). All participants completed a questionnaire assessing beliefs and social distance towards children with autism. Both the HEAT and HEAT+ group showed fewer negative beliefs and decreased social distance towards children with autism compared to the untrained health extension worker group, with the HEAT+ group outperforming the HEAT group. However, HEAT+ trained health extension workers were less likely to have positive expectations about children with autism than untrained health extension workers. These findings have relevance for task-sharing and scale up of autism services in low-resource settings worldwide.
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King, Michael, and Clive Grace. "Social Workers, Children, and the Law." Journal of Law and Society 22, no. 2 (June 1995): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1410410.
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Benians, R. C. "Social workers and children in care." Journal of Medical Ethics 11, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.11.2.110.
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Susilowati, Ellya. "Knowledge and Skills of Social Workers in Handling Children in Conflict with Law in Indonesia." Asian Social Work Journal 3, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v3i4.51.
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This study aims to examine how the knowledge and skill of Social Workers in handling Children against Law (ABH) in Indonesia. Social Worker is a profession mandated by Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System has some duties, among others, such as assisting the recovery process and changes in Children behavior; giving consideration to law enforcement officers for handling children social rehabilitation; accompany the delivery of Children to their parents, government agencies or community institutions; and approach the community to be willing to accept the children in their social environment. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods for six social workers who carried out tasks in Cianjur regency, West Java. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation and documentation studies. The results indicated that the knowledge and skills of Social Workers in carrying out the tasks of handling ABH still had some limitations, especially in the application of working skills with ABH. The recommendations of this study are: 1) Education and Training Center in the ABH training for Social Workers needs to increase knowledge and skills about social rehabilitation; 2) Children social workers conduct regular discussions and sharing on the competence of social work related to the handling ABH.
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McLaughlin, Janet, Don Wells, Aaraón Díaz Mendiburo, André Lyn, and Biljana Vasilevska. "‘Temporary Workers’, Temporary Fathers: Transnational Family Impacts of Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program." Articles 72, no. 4 (January 11, 2018): 682–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043172ar.
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Summary Under Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP), migrant workers come to Canada for up to eight months each year, without their families, to work as temporary foreign workers in agriculture. Using a ‘whole worker’ industrial relations approach, which emphasizes intersections among work, family and community relations, this article assesses the impacts of these repeated separations on the wellbeing and cohesion of Mexican workers’ transnational families. The analysis is based primarily on 74 in-depth, semi-structured interviews that were conducted in Spanish with male workers, their spouses and children, and with the children’s teachers. Assessment criteria include effects on children’s health and educational success, children’s behaviour, mothers’ abilities to cope with added roles and work, and emotional relations among workers, children and spouses. The study findings suggest that families are often negatively impacted by these repeated separations, with particular consequences for the mental and physical health of children. Children’s behavioural challenges often include poor school performance, involvement in crime, drug and alcohol abuse (especially among sons), and early pregnancies among daughters. As temporary ‘single moms,’ wives often have difficulty coping with extra functions and burdens, and lack of support when their husbands are working in Canada. Typically, there are profound emotional consequences for workers and, frequently, strained family relations. The article concludes by offering practical policy recommendations to lessen negative impacts on SAWP workers and their families, including higher remittances; improved access to labour rights and standards; and new options for family reunification.
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Fair, Cynthia D., and Shelley Walker. "Pediatric HIV social workers." Qualitative Social Work 10, no. 4 (July 9, 2010): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325010373527.
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Research suggests that parents of HIV-infected children struggle with when and how to let their child know he or she is infected. To date, the literature has focused on the experiences of parents, children, and other service providers regarding issues of disclosure. However, the unique perspectives and practices of pediatric HIV social workers regarding disclosure to infected children have not been documented. A focus group was held with eight female workers to explore disclosure issues. Follow-up interviews were conducted to clarify and further explore topics. Analyses revealed four primary themes: (1) factors that influence disclosure, (2) outcomes of disclosure, (3) best practices of social workers regarding disclosure, and (4) the future of pediatric HIV social work. This project provides insight into the critical role social workers currently play in the field of pediatric HIV related to disclosure and how disclosure issues may shift in the future due to a maturing population of HIV-infected youth. Findings are also applied to uninfected children living with an HIV-infected parent.
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Moshammer, Hanns, Michael Poteser, and Hans-Peter Hutter. "More pesticides—less children?" Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 132, no. 7-8 (November 7, 2019): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-01566-z.
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Summary A previously presented study investigated the impact of recent pesticide exposure on cytological signs of genotoxicity and on symptoms of intoxication in 71 male coffee workers in the Dominican Republic. An unexpected finding of this study was that conventional farming workers, among other symptoms, reported fewer children than controls working in organic farms without pesticide use. This study set out to investigate possible reasons for the latter difference. One statistical problem of this analysis is that the age of the workers is a strong predictor for the number of children and available data on the exposure determinants “duration of pesticide exposure” as well as “age at first pesticide exposure” are correlated with age. To correctly control statistics for these confounding parameters, different approaches to best control for age were explored. After careful elimination of the age-related confounding factors, a reduced number of children was still observed in exposed workers. The clearest effect is seen in those workers that reported first exposure before the age of 20 years. Socioeconomic factors could still confound that finding, but a direct effect of early life pesticide exposure is the most likely explanation of the observation.
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Darmarastri, Hayu Adi. "PEKERJA ANAK DI SURAKARTA MASA KOLONIAL: DARI PEKERJA KELUARGA MENJADI PEKERJA UPAH." SASDAYA: Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities 2, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/sasdayajournal.31748.
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This article aims to explain about the alteration of the child labour which originally served as a family worker and later became a wage worker at the Surakarta’s during the colonial period. Children in Javanese rural community have been taught since an early age to help their parents, by doing house chores as well as work in the field. Those lessons transform child to be a family worker who helps their parent’s work without receiving any money. The position changed with the arrival of foreign capital who rented land in the Surakarta region to be used to grow cash crops that were sold in the world market, such as coffee, sugar cane and tobacco. Along with many plantations opened, more workers were needed. The limited number of existing workers is an entry point for women and children to work as wage workers in Surakarta’s plantations, one of which is the tobacco plantation.
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Suraya, Izza, Hidayati Hidayati, Rizka Ariesta Putranti, Apriyanto Apriyanto, and Julia Julia. "Peran Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Perilaku Imunisasi Dasar pada Peserta Didik PAUD Kelurahan Ciampea dan Kalibata." Jurnal Surya Medika 5, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v5i1.955.
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Immunization is effective way to reduce morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. However, there is only 59,2% early child in Indonesia is fully immunized. Health workers have an important role in that practice. Immunization status of children in Ciampea and Kalibata Early Childhood School has not known Their health worker�s role either. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the role of health worker in early childhood students in Ciampea and Kalibata Preschool. This study used a cross-sectional design. With quota as its sampling technique, there were 145 early child aged 12-59 months. multivariate. After multivariate analysis, the result of this study describes there is health worker advice is significantly associated with primary immunization with AOR 5,27 (95%CI: 1,05 � 26,32) dan p-value = 0,043. The mother who had to advise from health workers is 5,27 likely had fully immunized their children. Hence, health workers capacity should be increased to get more fully immunized early child.
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Sani, Serena. "The European legislation on the education of migrant workers’ children. A pedagogical reading." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v3i1.1732.
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Lawrence, Catherine K. "Building Caseworker Resilience through Engagement with Children, Families, and Peers." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 98, no. 4 (October 2017): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.39.
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Research on challenges in child welfare work can overshadow important strengths and resilience in its workforce. This study presents an analysis of child welfare workers' continued engagement in their work despite high levels of stress, relentless worker turnover, and poor organizational climates. It uses a parallel process, mixed method design to conduct an exploratory study of factors that keep workers engaged in their child welfare jobs. Findings include distinct storylines that center on outcomes for children, change and growth in families, and emotional and pragmatic support from coworkers. Results suggest that efforts to deepen the resilience of frontline caseworkers can build on the strengths they themselves express: their commitment to children and families and their support of each other.
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Bardauskiene, R., and J. Pivoriene. "The effectiveness of social work services for families whose children are in temporary custody." SHS Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184001003.
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Despite that there is an operating social support system for families, social workers are affected by factors that limit effectiveness of their activities in working with families whose children are taken into temporary custody. The article aims to uncover what hinders social worker to carry out effective work in providing social services for families whose children are in temporary custody. Qualitative research data shows that the research participants’ awareness of social work effectiveness is limited to its individual components. Putting together these components one can get a broad definition of effectivenessof social work though the research participants themselves donot use such a concept. The research data reveals that micro level factors influencing effectiveness of social workers’ activities working with families whose children are in temporary custody are as follows: absence of parental motivation to seek changes and unfavourable environment as well as negative community approach to social risk families. Macro level factors limiting social work effectiveness working with the families at social risk lie in the system of social services. Inadequate management of social work, limited social workers’ access to resources necessary to restore family functions; too high workload for social workers are essential factors limiting social work effectiveness.
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Mathews, John D. "Leukaemia risk in children of radiation workers." Medical Journal of Australia 153, no. 1 (July 1990): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125452.x.
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Carter, Bernie, and Megan Thomas. "Key Working for Families with Young Disabled Children." Nursing Research and Practice 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/397258.
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For families with a disabled child, the usual challenges of family life can be further complicated by the need to access a wide range of services provided by a plethora of professionals and agencies. Key working aims to support children and their families in navigating these complexities ensuring easy access to relevant, high quality, and coordinated care. The aim of this paper is to explore the key worker role in relation to “being a key worker” and “having a key worker”. The data within this paper draw on a larger evaluation study of the Blackpool Early Support Pilot Programme. The qualitative study used an appreciative and narrative approach and utilised mixed methods (interviews, surveys and a nominal group workshop). Data were collected from 43 participants (parents, key workers, and other stakeholders). All stakeholders who had been involved with the service were invited to participate. In the paper we present and discuss the ways in which key working made a difference to the lives of children and their families. We also consider how key working transformed the perspectives of the key workers creating a deeper and richer understanding of family lives and the ways in which other disciplines and agencies worked. Key working contributed to the shift to a much more family-centred approach, and enhanced communication and information sharing between professionals and agencies improved. This resulted in families feeling more informed. Key workers acted in an entrepreneurial fashion, forging new relationships with families and between families and other stakeholders. Parents of young disabled children and their service providers benefited from key working. Much of the benefit accrued came from strong, relational, and social-professional networking which facilitated the embedding of new ways of working into everyday practice. Using an appreciative inquiry approach provided an effective and relevant way of engaging with parents, professionals, and other stakeholders to explore what was working well with key working within an Early Support Pilot Programme.
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Shields, Glenn, and Judy Kiser. "Violence and Aggression Directed toward Human Service Workers: An Exploratory Study." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84, no. 1 (January 2003): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.83.
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This study examined the type and extent of psychological aggression and physical violence experienced by 171 human service workers in four Midwestern rural communities and an in urban children services agency. Worker interviewing skills were also studied since the authors believed that appropriate interviewing skills could influence worker–client relationships in a positive manner, thus reducing the potential for violence. Data showed that there were some differences in the amount and intensity of client violence between rural and urban settings, although all workers were routinely subjected to psychological aggression. In addition, some workers were physically assaulted. In spite of constant threats, workers displayed professional demeanor that may diminish threats and reduce violence. Implications for policy and training concerning workplace violence in social service agencies are discussed.
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Hayhoe, Benedict, Thomas E. Cowling, Virimchi Pillutla, Priya Garg, Azeem Majeed, and Matthew Harris. "Integrating a nationally scaled workforce of community health workers in primary care: a modelling study." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 111, no. 12 (October 4, 2018): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076818803443.
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Objective To model cost and benefit of a national community health worker workforce. Design Modelling exercise based on all general practices in England. Setting United Kingdom National Health Service Primary Care. Participants Not applicable. Data sources Publicly available data on general practice demographics, population density, household size, salary scales and screening and immunisation uptake. Main outcome measures We estimated numbers of community health workers needed, anticipated workload and likely benefits to patients. Results Conservative modelling suggests that 110,585 community health workers would be needed to cover the general practice registered population in England, costing £2.22bn annually. Assuming community health workerss could engage with and successfully refer 20% of eligible unscreened or unimmunised individuals, an additional 753,592 cervical cancer screenings, 365,166 breast cancer screenings and 482,924 bowel cancer screenings could be expected within respective review periods. A total of 16,398 additional children annually could receive their MMR1 at 12 months and 24,716 their MMR2 at five years of age. Community health workerss would also provide home-based health promotion and lifestyle support to patients with chronic disease. Conclusion A scaled community health worker workforce integrated into primary care may be a valuable policy alternative. Pilot studies are required to establish feasibility and impact in NHS primary care.
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Chang, Lerongrong, and Qingyun Bu. "Review on the Compulsory Education Status of Migrant Workers’ Children in Chinese Cities." Science Insights Education Frontiers 7, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 861–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.re022.
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With the advancement of China’s economic and social development and urbanization, the scale of out-of-town migrant workers has been expanding. Following this, migrant worker children’s education problem has become increasingly prominent and has gradually become a focus of education research. This paper reviews recent studies on migrant worker children’s acceptance of compulsory education, and summarizes its existing education problems, aiming to provide direction and support for further promoting education equity and sustainable development of urban and rural education.
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Nurhablisyah, Nurhablisyah. "BEHAVIOUR OF USER OF WOMEN WORKERS OF HERO SUPERMARKET JAKARTA IN FOSTER FAMILY PATTERN." ADI Journal on Recent Innovation (AJRI) 2, no. 1September (February 5, 2020): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34306/ajri.v2i1.67.
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Female workers have to face the reality in supporting family’s financial problem and taking care her children. This is not easy condition, they have to run their role as employee, mothers and wife. To run this decision,Female workers need support from family, parents and environment. The thing that can’t be avoided is, gadget usage as one of tools and gamess in family. The research methods use qualtitave with descriptive data analysis. The result was gained by distributing quesinare in Parenting Seminar which held by Hero Supermarket Workers Assocation in 16 th Mei 2016. The respondents were delegated Female Hero Supermarket workers from east Jakarta.The result showed From 39 responden, 92,3% or the respondent gave smartphone to their children. 35,9% respondent gave smartphone to their children to paly gamess, 20,5% to communicate with their children by whatsapp, message texting and telephone. The relationship and communication between respondents and their husband quite positive. 71,8% showed that they always discuss everything related to family’s matter to their husband, 51,3% don’t have any difficulties to communicate with their husband. Respondents understand that giving smartphone to toddlers will rise negative impact. That’s worry them, but they haven’t figure out the solution to this problem. Female workers in Hero Supermarket has limited access to parenting information. This encourage Hero Supermarket to held the seminar and balance the needs of the worker and make them feel comfort while working and raising their family.
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Vasudevan, Varathagowry, Osamu Kobayashi, and Kazue Kanno. "Practice of School Social Worker with Children for Facilitating Social Needs in Sri Lanka." Asian Review of Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2020.9.2.1625.
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School social workers adopt ecological perspectives to facilitate children with social needs. The purpose of this study is to explore school social work practice in Sri Lanka to cater the children with social needs. A semi structured interviews was conducted with selected five school social workers. The interview questions were about their practices as a school social worker, daily activities especially effective support activity for students with social needs, student’s school life and their home, especially difficulties for supporting their families. Findings reveal that School Children with social needs around social problems, social relationship problems, structural and systemic problems such as child poverty, mother labour migration, lack of housing, lack of love and affections, lack of acceptance, love and kindness, belongingness, lack or inadequate security for the children. These social needs related lack of emotional and social developmental needs lead to impact on children’s educational performance. School social workers are very proactive in applying social work generic skills in school context in Sri Lanka. This study provides evidences for professionalizing the social work profession and enhances school system to provide guidance and consultation to school administrators, policy makers and practitioners focusing the significance of fulfilling the social needs of children during each stages of life via school social work programmes.
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Mutluri, Dr Abraham. "Role of Professional Social Workers in Promotion of Quality of Life of Children Orphaned by AIDS: A Study." BSSS Journal of Social Work 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1308.
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This article discusses the role of professional social workers in promotion of quality of life of children orphaned by AIDS. Children orphaned by AIDS are the children, who have the age of below 18 years, and lost one or both biological parents due to AIDS. It is estimated that there are 13.8 million children worldwide had lost mother or father or both parents to AIDS as of 2020. Children orphaned by AIDS face economic, social, psychological, and health problems. It is very difficult for them to access the basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing as well as education. This study conducted in two states of India i.e. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana with 316 children orphaned by AIDS. The study found that women-headed, granny-headed and child-headed families are more in HIV affected families. Stigma and discrimination were faced by 64.2 per cent respondents. About 35 per cent of the children are not attending the schools regularly, 72.2 per cent respondents required psycho-social support. Social work is a practice-based profession and it believes that every child is unique. There is a lot of scope for the practice of social work profession with these children. Social workers work as a social case-worker, social group worker, community organizer, social activist, social welfare administrator, social researcher, counsellor, communicator, and educator etc. to promote the quality of life of children orphaned by AIDS. This study suggested a strategy to work with children orphaned by AIDS.
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Maybery, Darryl, and Andrea Reupert. "Workforce Capacity to Respond to Children Whose Parents have a Mental Illness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 8 (August 2006): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01865.x.
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Objective: The first of the three objectives of this study was to identify the core barriers that impede adult mental health and other clinicians from working with patients about parenting and child-related issues. The second and third objectives were to rate the importance of these barriers and to compare barriers for adult mental health workers with other workers. Method: There were two data collection phases; the first, qualitative phase involved collecting verbatim responses from 60 mental health and welfare workers, regarding barriers about working with mentally ill patients about their parenting role as well as with their children. The second involved 32 participants, including 20 adult mental health workers and 12 other workers, responding to the scaled questionnaire items based on the qualitative barriers identified at phase one. Results: The most important barriers highlighted by workers were patients not identifying their illness as a problem for their children and patients denying that they had a mental health problem. All workers reported that it was part of their role to get involved with issues regarding their patient's children. In comparison to other workers, adult mental health workers reported time and resource limitations, as well as skill and knowledge deficits regarding parenting and working with children. Conclusions: The findings are discussed in relation to adult mental health policy and ongoing professional development, particularly for adult mental health workers.
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Agrina, Agrina, Erika Erika, and Yesi Hasneli. "Peningkatan peran kelompok pendukung gizi balita di masyarakat di masa pandemi Covid-19." Unri Conference Series: Community Engagement 2 (December 30, 2020): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/unricsce.2.402-408.
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The underfive of children is a high-risk group of nutritional problems during the Covid-19 pandemic due to lack of nutritious eating intake, increasingly difficult economic conditions, and child health services (Posyandu) activities were closed. The community service objective was to increase the role of nutrition support groups (posyandu lay workers) in an effort to prevent and overcome nutritional problems for children. The community service targets are 4 posyandu lay workers in Sialang Mungu district, Pekanbaru as well as families with nutritional problems. The method used nutrition training for posyandu lay worker, screening the nutritional status, guidance to make the simple food (bento), providing nutrition packages and making aquaponic as an effort to endurance nutrition. The success of this activity is measured through the increase of posyandu lay workers to perform nutritional monitoring, the success of making bento, and the increase of weight of children between 500 to 1000 grams. Training and mentoring for nutrition support groups was able to provide the necessary understanding in detecting toddler nutrition during pandemic and making efforts to improve the nutrition of children. Nutrition support groups have the main role to prevent and solve the problem of nutrition of children in the community in Pekanbaru.
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ASTUTI, LINDA, and VETHY OCTAVIANI. "FAKTOR KENYAMANAN KERJA PEKERJA RUMAH TANGGA DI PERUMNAS BETUNGAN KOTA BENGKULU." Profesional: Jurnal Komunikasi dan Administrasi Publik 6, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37676/professional.v6i2.941.
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This study discusses the factors that determine the comfort of domestic workers in Bengkulu City's Betungan Housing. The aim to describe the behavior of the employer's family, wages, work activities and overview of social security to domestic workers working comfort. The research method used was a qualitative approach survey with data collection techniques of observation and interviews with informants of domestic workers residing in the RT. 12 PerumnasBetungan. The results obtained in the form of: (1) Employers in PerumnasBetungan have good behavior towards domestic workers, (2) The level of wages received by domestic workers in PerumnasBetungan is low between Rp. 500,000. up to Rp. 1,000,000, (3) Household activities carried out by domestic workers in PerumnasBetungan caring for children, cooking, washing, ironing and sweeping the house, (4) Social security received in the form of holiday bonuses, clothes and food.
Keywords: domestic workers, work comfort, worker activities.
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Modigliani, Kathy. "But who Will Take Care of the Children? Childcare, Women, and Devalued Labor." Journal of Education 168, no. 3 (October 1986): 46–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205748616800307.
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This paper considers the salaries, status, and working conditions of childcare employees. A survey of all childcare center workers in one community, and interviews with others from around the country, suggest that wages in this field are low and fringe benefits are rare. Workers' frustrations with compensation and lack of opportunity for advancement are balanced by their strong satisfaction gained from working with young children and their parents. But today's high demand for additional providers, together with new career options for women, has produced a teacher shortage that threatens the well-being of young children. Women's pay inequity, the devaluation of young children, and the privatization of the family are explored as social, economic and cultural factors which contribute to the problem. Alternative solutions are considered, including government subsidies for childcare wages and fees; fee increases for high-income parents-, unionization; comparable worth efforts-, and worker-parent-employer-community advocacy.
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Im, Jong-Ho. "Female Workers' Stress from Nurturing with Preschool Children." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 14, no. 5 (May 28, 2014): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2014.14.05.132.
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Dutta, Hemonta K., and Pradip Deori. "Anterior encephaloceles in children of Assamese tea workers." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (January 2010): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.8.peds0912.
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Object Anterior encephaloceles are rare congenital malformations. Most of the cases in the literature are reported from Southeast Asia. In India it is seen more frequently among manual laborers in the tea gardens of Assam. A brief background of the patients, clinical presentation, operative treatment, and outcome are discussed, with a review of the relevant literature. The causes and pathogenesis of anterior encephaloceles are discussed. The authors‘ surgical approach to repair of the defect, postoperative complications, and results are described. Methods Twenty-eight patients (mean age 38 months, range 1 month–12 years) with anterior encephaloceles who presented between 1998 and 2007 are included in the study. Patients were assessed for physical and psychological growth and development; any associated anomalies were noted. A detailed history of the patient‘s family, including the prenatal history, was obtained. Lesions were classified with the help of neuroimaging studies (skull x-ray, CT, ultrasonography, and MR imaging studies) and confirmed at surgery. Results Sixteen patients had nasofrontal, 9 had nasoethmoidal, and 3 had nasoorbital encephaloceles, and 12 patients had associated hydrocephalus. The modes of presentation were nasofrontal swelling, watering from the eyes, CSF leakage, fever, and vomiting. Parents of all the patients were ethnic tea garden workers. The average parental age at the time of marriage was 24 years for men and 18 years for women. Consanguinity was present in 6 patients. Alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing were a common practice in both parents. A total of 42 surgical procedures were done in 16 patients, one of whom died of postoperative meningitis. The mean follow-up duration was 38 months (1–92 months). Conclusions Anterior encephaloceles are rare in Western countries and other states in India, but this defect is more commonly seen among the ethnic tea garden workers in Assam. Transcranial repair is the treatment of choice. Unlike encephaloceles in other locations, anterior encephaloceles have a better clinical outcome after surgery.
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Jianrong, Yu, and Netizens. "Who Closed the Schools for Migrant Workers' Children?" Contemporary Chinese Thought 46, no. 1 (October 2014): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csp1097-1467460104.
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Ward, Tony, Marie Connolly, Julie McCormack, and Stephen M. Hudson. "Social Workers' Attributions for Sexual Offending Against Children." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 5, no. 3 (January 22, 1997): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j070v05n03_03.
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Vida, Patrizia, and Angelo Moretto. "Pesticide exposure pathways among children of agricultural workers." Journal of Public Health 15, no. 4 (June 16, 2007): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-007-0127-z.
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Hurley, Jill. "Left Behind: Nepali Migrant‐Workers Wives and Children." Student Anthropologist 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.sda2.20190601.0006.
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Agustina, Ikhda Maulida. "The socialization of the independence of migrant workers children." Indonesian Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijss.v12i2.22912.
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The family is the primary socialization agent that has the function to shape the character of children. The presence of both parents in a family is able to provide great opportunities for children to obtain their rights including children who live in migrant workers' families. The thing that caught the attention of the researchers was the process of parenting especially socialization regarding independence carried out by the caregivers, as an effort to form the character of an independent child and fulfillment of children's rights and minimize the label given to children in the family of migrant workers. This study uses qualitative methods. The data collection in this study used in-depth interviews, the determination of the informants in this study used snowball random selection of informants and rolled from one informant to another informant without limitation on the number, in the study there were 7 informants who were caregivers of the children of migrant workers' families, the age of the children cared for is 8-18 years. The theories used in this study are the theory of Symbolic Interactionism from Herbert Blumer and Theory of Socialization Patterns from Elizabeth B. Hurlock. The results obtained from this study are that foster parents have meaning about independence derived from parents, experience and the surrounding environment. The meaning that is owned by foster parents is then disseminated to the children of migrant workers' families. The meaning of independence inherent in foster parents has an impact on the pattern of socialization that is applied to migrant workers' children. Independence is interpreted as disciplinary learning using authoritarian socialization patterns, independence which is interpreted as encouraging children to apply democratic socialization patterns and independence which is interpreted as self-habituation for children using permissive socialization patterns.
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Kufeldt, Kathleen, Lucy McGilligan, Ross Klein, and Scott Rideout. "The Looking after Children Assessment Process: Promoting Resilient Children and Resilient Workers." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 87, no. 4 (October 2006): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3572.
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Yihan, Xiong. "Urbanized Children: Urban-Rural Awareness and Identity Consciousness of Migrant Workers’ Children." Chinese Education & Society 50, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 409–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611932.2017.1382164.
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Hall, Georgia S., Lisette DeSouza, Elizabeth Starr, Kathryn Wheeler, and Kathy Schleyer. "Sustaining Passion: Findings from an Exploratory Study of the OST Program Workforce." Journal of Youth Development 15, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.821.
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It has long been understood that high-quality staffing is a major contributor to achieving positive outcomes for children and youth in out-of-school time (OST) programs. Yet, information on the current OST program workforce is outdated and understudied. The purpose of this study was to explore, via a convenience sample of OST program workers, the perceived features of the OST field and the relative importance of these features to workers in the field. The researchers were particularly interested in OST worker perception of features that may typically be associated with longevity in a profession. Improving understanding of the perceptions of the OST workforce may help employers to foster the work environments, staffing structures, compensation approaches, and professional development experiences that influence high-quality workers to stay in the field. The study findings illuminate the significance that workers in the OST field attach to passion for a field of work, and the central importance to them of building relationships with and fostering positive and healthy development for children.
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Gudzinskienė, Vida, and Rita Raudeliūnaitė. "THE QUALIFICATION IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIAL WORKERS WORKING IN CHILDREN‘S CARE HOMES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR RESTRUCTURING." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 26, 2016): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol3.1455.
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The article analyses the qualification improvement of social workers, who work in children‘s care homes, in the context of their restructuring. A qualitative-empirical study has been conducted by using the method of a semi-structured interview. The study data were processed by using the method of content analysis. The results of the empirical study are based on the experience of 14 social workers, who work in care institutions, which participate in the restructuring, which consists of the changeover from institutional care to the services that are provided to children, who have become destitute of parental care, in a family and community. Internal (an aspiration for a continuous qualification improvement and the desire to share professional experience) and external (changes related to the restructuring, ever higher requirements for social workers, the encouragement and support of the administration of institutions to improve their qualification) stimuli to improve qualification have been highlighted. The most relevant topics of qualification improvement for social workers are the development of personal and social skills in children, the preparation of them for an independent life, the solution of behavioural and psychological problems in children and the preparedness of social workers themselves for the restructuring and the need for supervisions. The topics, which meet their needs, are: the development of social skills, the communication with children and the preparation of them for a family. According to the informants, there is a lack of trainings oriented towards the solution of practical problems which arise while organizing the restructuring. The following problems related to the improvement of qualification were highlighted: the mismatch between the teaching topics and the content, during the trainings for social worker, who work in children‘s care homes, the problems of other social groups, but not of children are analysed. During trainings, there is a lack of the detailed examination of the solution of practical problems. The social workers lack trainings related to the preparation for the restructuring.
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Wang, Jianhua, and Jia Wu. "Education of Left-Behind Children and Return Decisions of Migrant Workers in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 6 (April 27, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n6p36.
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This paper uses a dynamic survey data of China labor force to explore the impacts of child education on their parents’ return decisions by means of constructing an empirical model. The migration situation of children is the basis for us to distinguish the sample migrant workers. And those migrants who migrate with their children and those who leave their children behind in their hometowns are the two types of migrants among this model which we will analyze in urban areas. The results show that the probability for migrant workers in urban areas to return to hometowns will significantly increase when their children are left behind at home. While these parents tend to stay in the cities which they work and live in when their left-behind children enter the school age. The data we use is from the China Labor Force Dynamics Survey and we establish a model to analyze the effects of left-behind children. The empirical results show that the probability for migrants to return to their hometowns will decrease by 20.8 % when their left-behind children enter the school age. To a large extent, the emergence of such a huge contrast may be the result of the optimal decision-making of migrant workers. And the phenomenon of large-scale “migrant worker shortage” caused by such mechanism has intensified in the labor market of coastal cities. And most of these cities have implemented relevant stringent admission policies for migrant children to receive education in urban public schools and this break the intentions of the immigrant parents who plan to take the left-behind children to the cities to receive education in local schools. And these immigrants choose to return in the case of decline of the family net income.
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Connell, Tim, and Violetta Hodges. "Parents' Views of Psychological Services for Children With a Disability." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/aedp.26.2.127.
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AbstractThe greater risk of mental health issues for all members of a family when a child has a physical disability is well established. Families' views of the type of psychological services that will be most helpful were surveyed. Parents of 69 children with physical disabilities (primarily cerebral palsy) completed a postal survey of psychological issues they had experienced in the past, value of any help received, and their descriptions of experiences with support workers that were either helpful or unhelpful to their psychological coping. Parents indicated strongly that the help for the psychological issues was helpful. Of all categories of support worker identified, the percentage of psychologists being helpful was highest. One distinctive quality of the parent-identified features of effective support services reported in this study is their simplicity. Parents want to be supported by workers who are caring, do their jobs well, provide good information about the issues and help them connect with other families.
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Kondekar, Alpana Santosh, Ashni Dharia, Abhishek Mandal, Neeta Naik, and Bhumi Amod Gaikwad. "A brief about autism spectrum disorders for nurses and other peripheral health workers." IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology 7, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmpo.2021.018.
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Autism spectrum disorder encompasses a wide range of neurodevelopment disabilities which affect children and their families across all sections of the society both in rural and urban settings. The prevalence of autism is rising irrespective of the socioeconomic background of the children. Hence every health worker has to be aware of ways to suspect and diagnose this condition and decide the appropriate treatment. Earliest intervention in autism spectrum disorder gives better results due to neuroplasticity. This article is targeted to help Medical officers, auxiliary nurse midwifes, anganwadi workers and other peripheral health workers by providing information on basics of ASD, normal speech development, simple ways for diagnosis and treatment for the same.
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Bednar, Susan G. "Elements of Satisfying Organizational Climates in Child Welfare Agencies." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84, no. 1 (January 2003): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.70.
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The critical role played by child welfare workers in the protection of abused and neglected children is seriously undermined by rapid staff turnover and the impaired performance associated with burnout and job dissatisfaction. This review examines research on job satisfaction in child welfare systems and on factors that influence a worker's decision to leave a job or stay, as well as organizational climate factors which have been linked to job satisfaction, consumer satisfaction, and client outcomes. While ample information is available about what is needed to create satisfying work environments for child welfare workers, this knowledge has not been systematically applied. Incorporating existing knowledge into child welfare practice should be a priority, as should research that focuses on organizational variables that may impact service quality and outcomes as well as employee satisfaction. Questions remain about the long-term impact of increased job satisfaction and improved organizational climate on worker retention and client outcomes.
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Kondo Kunieda, Mika, Mahamane Laouali Manzo, Akira Shibanuma, and Masamine Jimba. "Rapidly modifiable factors associated with full vaccination status among children in Niamey, Niger: A cross-sectional, random cluster household survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0249026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249026.
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Background and objectives Vaccination status becomes more equitable when interventions are carried out to eliminate poverty or to improve levels in maternal education. Low-income countries need to identify interventions that would have a more immediate and equitable effect. The present study aimed to identify rapidly modifiable factors associated with full vaccination status among children in Niamey, Niger. Methods A cross-sectional, random cluster household survey was conducted in Niamey’s five health districts. Data on vaccination coverage and socioeconomic household characteristics were collected. Logistic regression analysis was conducted with data on 445 mothers and their children aged 12–23 months. Results Of 445 children, 38% were fully vaccinated. Mothers who were satisfied with their health worker’s attitude and had correct vaccination calendar knowledge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05–13.82) were more likely to have fully vaccinated children. Mothers who had completed secondary school (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.17–3.55) were also associated with having fully vaccinated children. Conclusions A higher rate of full vaccination among children could be achieved by relatively short-term modifiable factors. These modifiable factors are mothers’ satisfaction with health workers’ attitudes and knowledge of the vaccination calendar. Maternal satisfaction with health workers’ attitudes could be improved through better interpersonal communication between health workers and mothers. Specifically, mothers should be given specific information on time intervals between appointments. Strengthened communication interventions may be effective in improving both the acceptability of health services and low vaccination coverage.
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Tarkhanova, Irina, Olga Koryakovtseva, Lyudmila Zhedunova, and Irena Upeniece. "THE SPECIFICITY OF EMOTIONAL LABOR OF SOCIAL WORKERS HELPING CHILDREN." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 20, 2020): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol4.5025.
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The article presents the results of the study of the emotional perception of clients conducted among Russian social workers who help children. The research is based on the concept of the role of emotional labor in professional activities. At the same time, we proceed from the understanding that the content and volume of emotional labor depends on the type of clients of social workers: its specificity when working with children will not be the same as when working with adults. The results of the research show that social workers who help children have difficulties in regulating emotions when interacting with clients, and therefore in assessing children's actions and behavior. The results of the study show that the effectiveness of emotional labor of social workers helping children depends on the level of knowledge of the age characteristics of children and the pedagogical mechanisms of communicating with them. We conclude that we should pay more attention to the role of emotional labor in everyday social work with children.
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Shakya, Ajay, A. Rao, R. Shenoy, and M. Shrestha. "Oral Health Related Knowledge And Attitude Of Anganwadi of Mangalore City, India." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 3, no. 4 (January 11, 2014): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9545.
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Dental caries is a common childhood disease. Its prevalence can be reduced by integrating dental strategies into primary health care approach. Knowledge, attitude and practice of anganwadi workers in the subject of oral health is imperative in achieving this goal. This study was therefore conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards oral health among anganwadi workers of Mangalore city. A questionnaire study, using convenience samples was conducted among 159 anganwadi workers of Mangalore city. A close ended questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was used. Details of age and qualification were recorded. The data was analyzed using SPSS 11.5. Only 45.9% of the anganwadi workers knew that dental caries was a disease, 57.2% knew that the best time to eat sweets was during meal time, 58.5% workers stated dentists as their source of oral health information. Almost all of the Anganwadi workers were positive towards the importance of oral health education and expressed their willingness to teach children how to brush properly and obliged to advise a child needing dental care to go to dentist. An anganwadi worker can be a vital link in the health care delivery system. There is a need to educate them on oral health in order to reach children at an early and receptive age. It is very important on the part of the health department to carry out effective programmes on oral health for anganwadi workers. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 6-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9545
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Jaggers, Jeremiah W., Aurene Wilford, Ileana Anderson, and Joanna Bettmann. "Perceived Effectiveness of Parent Representation Social Workers by Legal Professionals Involved with Indigent Defendants." Advances in Social Work 21, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24249.
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The total number of children in the U.S. foster care system exceeds 428,000. Previous research indicates that when social workers and legal professionals work together, children and their families benefit significantly. Parents who effectively engage in the child welfare system are more likely to benefit from services and reunify with their children. The present study employed a phenomenological approach to explore how a parent representation pilot, which paired social workers with public defenders to better represent the needs of families in the child welfare system, was experienced by legal professionals. Judges and family court attorneys (n = 9) found the program to be helpful in reunifying families. Public defenders were able to leverage the social worker’s skills and experience to facilitate more positive outcomes, while reducing case burden. Challenges were also identified and included a lack of interdisciplinary training, potential overlap in ethical responsibilities, and role confusion. Structured intervention programs that encourage collaboration between social workers and legal professionals may improve case outcomes for indigent families involved in the child welfare system. It is advised that social work undertake a formal multidisciplinary approach in support of public defenders, which may serve to encourage positive case outcomes.