Journal articles on the topic 'Workers' exposure model'
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Vested, Anne, Vivi Schlünssen, Alex Burdorf, Johan H. Andersen, Jens Christoffersen, Stine Daugaard, Esben M. Flachs, et al. "A Quantitative General Population Job Exposure Matrix for Occupational Daytime Light Exposure." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 6 (May 3, 2019): 666–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz031.
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AbstractHigh daytime light levels may reduce the risk of affective disorders. Outdoor workers are during daytime exposed to much higher light intensities than indoor workers. A way to study daytime light exposure and disease on a large scale is by use of a general population job exposure matrix (JEM) combined with national employment and health data. The objective of this study was to develop a JEM applicable for epidemiological studies of exposure response between daytime light exposure, affective disorders, and other health effects by combining expert scores and light measurements. We measured light intensity during daytime work hours 06:00–17:59 for 1–7 days with Philips Actiwatch Spectrum® light recorders (Actiwatch) among 695 workers representing 71 different jobs. Jobs were coded into DISCO-88, the Danish version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988. Daytime light measurements were collected all year round in Denmark (55–56°N). Arithmetic mean white light intensity (lux) was calculated for each hour of observation (n = 15,272), natural log-transformed, and used as the dependent variable in mixed effects linear regression models. Three experts rated probability and duration of outdoor work for all 372 jobs within DISCO-88. Their ratings were used to construct an expert score that was included together with month of the year and hour of the day as fixed effects in the model. Job, industry nested within job, and worker were included as random effects. The model estimated daytime light intensity levels specific for hour of the day and month of the year for all jobs with a DISCO-88 code in Denmark. The fixed effects explained 37% of the total variance: 83% of the between-jobs variance, 57% of the between industries nested in jobs variance, 43% of the between-workers variance, and 15% of the within-worker variance. Modeled daytime light intensity showed a monotonic increase with increasing expert score and a 30-fold ratio between the highest and lowest exposed jobs. Building construction laborers were based on the JEM estimates among the highest and medical equipment operators among the lowest exposed. This is the first quantitative JEM of daytime light exposure and will be used in epidemiological studies of affective disorders and other health effects potentially associated with light exposure.
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Stokholm, Zara Ann, Mogens Erlandsen, Vivi Schlünssen, Ioannis Basinas, Jens Peter Bonde, Susan Peters, Jens Brandt, Jesper Medom Vestergaard, and Henrik Albert Kolstad. "A Quantitative General Population Job Exposure Matrix for Occupational Noise Exposure." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 6 (April 21, 2020): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa034.
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Abstract Occupational noise exposure is a known risk factor for hearing loss and also adverse cardiovascular effects have been suggested. A job exposure matrix (JEM) would enable studies of noise and health on a large scale. The objective of this study was to create a quantitative JEM for occupational noise exposure assessment of the general working population. Between 2001–2003 and 2009–2010, we recruited workers from companies within the 10 industries with the highest reporting of noise-induced hearing loss according to the Danish Working Environment Authority and in addition workers of financial services and children day care to optimize the range in exposure levels. We obtained 1343 personal occupational noise dosimeter measurements among 1140 workers representing 100 different jobs according to the Danish version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (DISCO 88). Four experts used 35 of these jobs as benchmarks and rated noise levels for the remaining 337 jobs within DISCO 88. To estimate noise levels for all 372 jobs, we included expert ratings together with sex, age, occupational class, and calendar year as fixed effects, while job and worker were included as random effects in a linear mixed regression model. The fixed effects explained 40% of the total variance: 72% of the between-jobs variance, −6% of the between-workers variance and 4% of the within-worker variance. Modelled noise levels showed a monotonic increase with increasing expert score and a 20 dB difference between the highest and lowest exposed jobs. Based on the JEM estimates, metal wheel-grinders were among the highest and finance and sales professionals among the lowest exposed. This JEM of occupational noise exposure can be used to prioritize preventive efforts of occupational noise exposure and to provide quantitative estimates of contemporary exposure levels in epidemiological studies of health effects potentially associated with noise exposure.
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Peters, Cheryl, Joanne Kim, Chaojie Song, Calvin Ge, and Paul Demers. "O8A.1 Estimating the burden of lung cancer due to occupational exposure to radon gas." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A69.3—A70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.187.
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BackgroundRadon is a well-known cause of lung cancer. Our goal was to estimate the prevalence and level of occupational exposure to radon, and to estimate the current lung cancer burden caused by radon exposure in Canadian workplaces.MethodsHighly exposed (i.e. underground) workers were assigned exposure proportions at the national level using CAREX methodology. Exposure for the indoor working population was estimated using province-specific radon measurements from the Canadian federal building survey (n=12 870 samples). The proportion of workers exposed to specific ranges of radon (50–100, 100–150, 150–200, 200–400, 400–800,>800 Bq/m3) were calculated and we assigned the midpoint of the range as the average radon concentration for each exposure group. For the >800 Bq/m3 category, the province-specific mean of measurements>800 Bq/m3 was assigned. The above exposure assessment was applied to a population model of the historical Canadian labour force and exposures between 1961 and 2001 (the risk exposure period) were considered as contributing to cancer cases in 2011. The BEIR VI exposure-age-concentration model was used to assign relative risks by exposure category. The population attributable fraction was calculated using Levin’s equation.ResultsThere were an estimated 4.4 million indoor workers and 26 000 highly exposed workers exposed to radon during the risk exposure period. Nearly 80% of these workers were exposed below 50 Bq/m3 (half the WHO reference level). Combining the indoor and highly exposed workers, we calculated that 0.80% of lung cancers are attributable to occupational radon exposure; this equates to 188 lung cancer cases per year.ConclusionsOurs was the first study to use a data-driven approach to estimate radon exposure and lung cancer burden for indoor workers. Some of the attributable cases can be prevented by reducing workers’ exposure at workplace.
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Osei, Ernest, Faiza Nuru, and Michael Moore. "ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSES OF MEDICAL RADIATION WORKERS IN TWO COMMUNITY HOSPITALS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 192, no. 1 (October 2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa190.
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Abstract The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends the adoption of the linear, no-threshold model as a predictive risk model for radiation protection purposes since the relationship between low-dose radiation exposure and cancer risk is unclear. Medical radiation workers are subject to occupational exposures and differences in workload, area of work and types of exposure can lead to variations in exposures between different occupational groups. We investigated the occupational exposures of 572 workers from four departments in two community hospitals and stratified into 22 occupational groups in order to identify groups with the highest radiation exposure. The occupational doses from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed to identify the dose distribution of each occupational group, total number of monitored workers, annual and collective deep (Hp(10)), eye (Hp(3)) and shallow (Hp(0.07)) doses. We further determined the individual and occupational group lifetime doses as well as the probability that monitored workers’ lifetime doses will exceed a specified lifetime dose level. The occupational groups with the highest radiation exposures were the nuclear medicine technologists, diagnostic imaging radiologists and diagnostic cardiologists. Although our data suggest that occupational doses reported are low, it is essential that exposure of occupationally exposed personnel are always kept as low as reasonably achievable with an effective radiation protection program.
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Giacobbe, F., L. Monica, and D. Geraci. "Risk assessment model of occupational exposure to nanomaterials." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 6-7 (June 2009): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109105156.
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Recent development of nanotechnology allows precise assessment of the risks workers are exposed to. To assess the risks, a specific risk assessment model has been developed with reference to workplaces where nanoparticles are present. This model allows identification and quantification of the health hazards for workers. The use of nanomaterials presents some uncertainties regarding effective level of danger, and risk assessment takes this into consideration with the help of an appropriate index. An evaluation algorithm considers both normal work conditions and abnormal/emergency situations. Evaluation outcome consists of several risk levels with several subdivisions. For each single level, it is possible to develop specific behavioral guidelines. The present evaluation model has been implemented in research laboratories. The results are middle to high-level risks.
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Vochiţoiu, Haralambie, Lavinia Camelia Unguraş, Mădălin Andreica, Mărioara Benea, Evgheni Taschi, Anton Darcy, Nicolae Iliaş, and Gabriel Vasilescu. "Risk of Exposure for Workers to Professional Vibrations." Mining Revue 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minrv-2021-0007.
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Abstract The study focused on the model of estimating the risk of exposure of workers to global occupational vibrations / with local action on the hand-arm system. In order to estimate the risk of exposure to occupational vibrations, we developed a generalized mathematical model for estimating the risk of exposure to mechanical vibrations transmitted to the whole body / with action on the hand-arm system. This model is based on the statistical function of probability with exponential decrease (Gumbel function), and its argument is expressed either by the values of the weighted acceleration parameter or in the form of exposure points.
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Lee, Seokwon, Sangjun Choi, and Kyoungho Lee. "Evaluation of Stoffenmanager and a New Exposure Model for Estimating Occupational Exposure to Styrene in the Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Lamination Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124486.
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This study aims to evaluate occupational exposure models by comparing model estimations of Stoffenmanager, version 8.2, and exposure scores calculated using a new exposure model with personal exposure measurements for styrene used in the fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) lamination processes in Korea. Using the collected exposure measurements (n = 160) with detailed contextual information about the type of process, working conditions, local exhaust ventilation, respiratory protections, and task descriptions, we developed a new model algorithm to estimate the score for occupational exposures on situation level. We assumed that the source of exposure originates from the near field only (within the breathing zone of workers). The new model is designed as a simple formula of multiplying scores for job classification, exposure potential, engineering controls, chemical hazard, and exposure probability and then dividing the score for workplace size. The final score is log-transformed, ranging from 1 to 14, and the exposure category is divided into four ratings: no exposure (1), low (2), medium (3), and high (4) exposures. Using the contextual information, all the parameters and modifying factors are similarly entered into the two models through direct translation and coding processes with expert judgement, and the exposure estimations and scores using the two models are calculated for each situation. Overall bias and precision for Stoffenmanager are −1.00 ± 2.07 (50th) and −0.32 ± 2.32 (90th) for all situations (n = 36), indicating that Stoffenmanager slightly underestimated styrene exposures. Pearson’s correlation coefficients are significantly high for Stoffenmanager (r = 0.87) and the new model (r = 0.88), and the correlation between the two models is significantly high (r = 0.93) (p < 0.01). Therefore, the model estimations using Stoffenmanager and the new model are significantly correlated with the styrene exposures in the FRP lamination process. Further studies are needed to validate and calibrate the models using a larger number of exposure measurements for various substances in the future.
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Shezi, Busisiwe, Renee A. Street, Angela Mathee, Nokulunga Cele, Sipho Ndabandaba, and Rajen N. Naidoo. "Ergonomic Risk Assessment during an Informal Hand-Made Cookware Operation: Extending an Existing Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 9459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189459.
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The work conducted in the informal sector is highly variable within and between days. Characterizing ergonomic exposures remains a challenge because of unstructured work settings and schedules. The existing ergonomic risk assessment tools have been widely used in formal work settings with a narrow range of exposure, and for predefined tasks that primarily constitute a daily routine. There is limited information in the literature on how they have been applied in informal workplaces. The aim of this study was to extend an existing risk assessment tool and to evaluate the applicability of the extended tool by assessing ergonomic exposure related to hand-made cookware operations. Eighteen hand-made cookware makers were recruited from six sites. A walkthrough risk assessment questionnaire was used to collect information on workers, tasks, work stations and workplace structures. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) screening tool was extended by including duration and vibration. An action priority matrix was used to guide intervention. According to the RULA action levels, the workers required investigation and changes soon, and immediate investigation and changes. The use of an action priority matrix was appropriate, and indicated that all the workers assessed were within the high to very high exposure domain and required immediate corrective measures. The methodology used proved to be an effective and reliable strategy for identifying ergonomic exposure among hand-made cookware makers.
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Sripanidkulchai, Kantarida, Pinyo Rattanaumpawan, Winai Ratanasuwan, Nasikarn Angkasekwinai, Susan Assanasen, Peerawong Werarak, Oranich Navanukroh, Phatharajit Phatharodom, and Teerapong Tocharoenchok. "A Risk Prediction Model and Risk Score of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Following Healthcare-Related Exposure." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090248.
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Hospital workers are at high risk of contact with COVID-19 patients. Currently, there is no evidence-based, comprehensive risk assessment tool for healthcare-related exposure; so, we aimed to identify independent factors related to COVID-19 infection in hospital workers following workplace exposure(s) and construct a risk prediction model. We analyzed the COVID-19 contact tracing dataset from 15 July to 31 December 2021 using multiple logistic regression analysis, considering exposure details, demographics, and vaccination history. Of 7146 included exposures to confirmed COVID-19 patients, 229 (4.2%) had subsequently tested positive via RT-PCR. Independent risk factors for a positive test were having symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.94, 95%CI 3.83–6.39), participating in an unprotected aerosol-generating procedure (aOR 2.87, 1.66–4.96), duration of exposure >15 min (aOR 2.52, 1.82–3.49), personnel who did not wear a mask (aOR 2.49, 1.75–3.54), exposure to aerodigestive secretion (aOR 1.5, 1.03–2.17), index patient not wearing a mask (aOR 1.44, 1.01–2.07), and exposure distance <1 m without eye protection (aOR 1.39, 1.02–1.89). High-potency vaccines and high levels of education protected against infection. A risk model and scoring system with good discrimination power were built. Having symptoms, unprotected exposure, lower education level, and receiving low potency vaccines increased the risk of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 following healthcare-related exposure events.
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Guseva Canu, Irina, Alan Gaillen-Guedy, Pascal Wild, Kurt Straif, and Danièle Luce. "Lung cancer mortality in the French cohort of titanium dioxide workers: some aetiological insights." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 11 (July 31, 2020): 795–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106522.
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ObjectivesTitanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in construction, food, cosmetic and medical industry. The current evidence on TiO2 carcinogenicity in humans is considered inadequate. As French participants of the European cohort of TiO2 workers exhibited an increase in mortality from lung cancer, we aimed at investigating whether TiO2 exposure, co-exposures or smoking can explain this increase.MethodsWe reanalysed the data of 833 French male workers (follow-up period 1968–1997) and used multiple imputation to complete their smoking status. We considered respirable TiO2 dust as primary exposure of interest, estimated as continuous cumulative (mg/m3-year) and annual average (mg/m3) concentrations and binary and 4-class categorical variables, with cut-off values of 0.3 and 2.4 mg/m3 (the German and American occupational exposure limits, respectively). For each exposure metric, we estimated HRs and associated 95% CIs, using Cox regression models adjusted for calendar period, exposure duration and smoking.ResultsThe fully adjusted model yielded a HR=3.7 (95% CI=0.79 to 17.95) for TiO2-exposed workers vs unexposed and a HR=27.33 (95% CI=4.35 to 171.84) for those exposed to >2.4 mg/m3 as annual average concentration. Employment duration was negatively related with lung cancer mortality, therefore cumulative exposure had a small effect on mortality (HR=1.03 (95% CI=0.99 to 1.08) per mg/m3-year).ConclusionThis study suggests a positive relationship between TiO2 exposure and lung cancer mortality in TiO2 workers, whatever the exposure variable used, despite a limited statistical power in some models. The results question the current evidence on TiO2 carcinogenicity in humans but need to be confirmed in other cohorts, using different statistical approaches.
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Lemos, Janaína, Pedro D. Gaspar, and Tânia M. Lima. "Individual Environmental Risk Assessment and Management in Industry 4.0: An IoT-Based Model." Applied System Innovation 5, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5050088.
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This paper addresses the design of a system to facilitate individual environmental risk assessment and long-term risk management in the Industry 4.0 work context. The solution is based on IoT to provide data related to workers’ exposure to hazardous agents (dust, noise, ultraviolet radiation, poor lighting, and inappropriate temperature and humidity) through a simple interface for employees and employers. The system includes a monitoring device and a server and performs employee registration, receives secure messages from the monitoring devices, shows information about the workers’ exposure, and triggers alarms when the measures reach or exceed the limits established by applicable legislation and/or standards. The system was tested in a controlled environment, and the results are presented in this work. Our solution is still under development, and in future stages, it will include a smartphone app for employees to check their exposures and the use of artificial intelligence on the server, which is expected to enable long-term planning by companies based on the analysis of employees’ health history and their exposures to hazardous agents.
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DeMatteo, Robert, and Dale DeMatteo. "Workers’ Fight for Justice: A Retrospective Exposure Profile Study of the GE Factory in Peterborough, Ontario." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 29, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 138–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291119850779.
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Occupational disease recognition is often hampered by lack of historical exposure data. This paper describes research documenting major chemical exposures of Canadian General Electric workers in a plant in Peterborough between 1945 and 2000. Workers’ experiences with diseases over forty years, and their frustration with the continual denial that these were work-related, drove this study. Researchers used qualitative methods, participatory action research, hazard mapping, and risk assessment. A report that incorporates this study’s findings documents extremely toxic exposures that placed Canadian General Electric workers at a disproportionate risk of occupational diseases. Since the report’s release, the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board reconsidered 233 previously denied claims in the light of “new evidence” and overturned one half of those it reviewed. The retrospective exposure profile methods used in this study may serve as a useful model for workers and their organization when plants close.
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Bertke, Stephen J., Alexander P. Keil, and Robert D. Daniels. "Lung Cancer Mortality and Styrene Exposure in the Reinforced-Plastics Boatbuilding Industry: Evaluation of Healthy Worker Survivor Bias." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 9 (April 13, 2021): 1784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab108.
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Abstract The evidence for styrene’s being a human lung carcinogen has been inconclusive. Occupational cohorts within the reinforced-plastics industry are an ideal population in which to study this association because of their relatively high levels of exposure to styrene and lack of concomitant exposures to other known carcinogens. However, healthy worker survivor bias (HWSB), where healthier workers stay employed longer and thus have higher exposure potential, is a likely source of confounding bias for exposure-response associations, in part due to styrene’s acute effects. Through December 31, 2016, we studied a cohort of 5,163 boatbuilders exposed to styrene in Washington State who were employed between 1959 and 1978; prior regression analyses had demonstrated little evidence for an exposure-response relationship between styrene exposure and lung cancer mortality. Based on estimates of necessary components of HWSB, we found evidence for a potentially large HWSB. Using g-estimation of a structural nested model to account for HWSB, we estimated that 1 year of styrene exposure at more than 30 parts per million accelerated time to lung cancer death by 2.29 years (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 2.94). Our results suggest possibly strong HWSB in our small cohort and indicate that large, influential studies of styrene-exposed workers may suffer from similar biases, warranting a reassessment of the evidence of long-term health effects of styrene exposure.
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Carrasquillo, Vernnaliz, Thomas J. Armstrong, and S. Jack Hu. "Mixed-Model Assembly Lines and Their Effect on Worker Posture and Recovery Time." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601723.
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Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the relationship between cycle-to-cycle task variations in mixed-model assembly lines and workers’ exposure to poor posture and insufficient recovery time and provide guidelines for mixed-model assembly line (MMAL) design. Background: In the US, 17.6 out of 100,000 manufacturing workers suffer musculoskeletal injuries while conducting tasks in assembly lines which may be paced (e.g. continuously moving) or self-paced (e.g. asynchronous indexing). MMALs produce multiple products in the same line. Pacing must be carefully considered to achieve productivity targets while providing workers sufficient time to complete the tasks and recover. The effect of pacing on worker fatigue and exertions is not well understood. In MMALs, the complexity of completing multiple work methods may increase exposure to these risk factors. These concerns also affect hospital kitchens. While kitchen workers don’t have standardized work cycles, the work tasks (e.g. get, move, put) resemble the cyclic nature of manufacturing plants. Studies have been conducted to describe the effect of cycle-to-cycle task variations on worker posture and recovery time in MMALs (Carrasquillo, Armstrong, and Hu 2011, 2016, 2017). Methods: Three studies were conducted: (1) field observation of continuous moving assembly line - hospital kitchen, continuous moving conveyor; (2) conveyor type, product mix/sequence laboratory experiment - simulated assembly task conducted under 9 conveyor and product mix/sequence configurations; (3) field observation of on demand, self-paced assembly line with varying demand - hospital kitchen where patients placed orders at any time. Workers were video recorded and worker posture and recovery time were assessed. Posture tracking was used in laboratory study (2). Results: The self-paced assembly lines (asynchronous indexing, and manual), provided workers control over their work pace. They reached within the reach envelop more frequently than in the paced, continuous moving conveyor (43% vs. 86% –99%). The workers on the self-paced assembly line had the greatest average recovery time (31.8%), the worker on the continuous moving conveyor had 9.5% and the subjects on the asynchronous indexing conveyor had 0.7% recovery time. Discussion and conclusions: In study (1) increases in variations increased the frequency of workers reaching outside the reach envelope and reduced recovery time. In Study (2), the self-paced, asynchronous indexing mixed-model assembly line was the most effective configuration in reducing the frequency of reaching unnecessarily to complete the job. However, subjects didn’t reduce the pace to recover; instead, they worked continuously. The workers’ pace in the Study (3) assembly line was constrained by the process time. In it, workers, chose to reach outside the reach envelop 14% of the time; less frequently than in Study (1). The process time provided time for recovery. It exceeded 10%, more than in any of the other assembly line configurations. These findings demonstrate that as work variations increase, so does the frequency of reaching while the recovery time is. Self-pacing reduced but did not eliminate awkward postures. Participants reached ahead and completed the assigned tasks before the work objects were within the reach envelope. Ensuring that a minimum work time is maintained for each product type is essential to providing workers with sufficient time for recovery.
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Choi, Jinwoo, Hyuna Kang, Taehoon Hong, Hoyoung Baek, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Automated noise exposure assessment model for the health of construction workers." Automation in Construction 126 (June 2021): 103657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103657.
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Benarba, Bachir, and Adel Gouri. "Pre-exposure and Post-exposure new prophylactic treatments against COVID-19 in healthcare workers." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 7 (April 22, 2020): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.7.260-267.
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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 or novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection pandemic continues to spread. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 in Wuhan (China), healthcare workers have been infected and are considered at high risk of contamination. Moreover, in addition to the physical effects of COVID-19, the pandemic results in important mental health issues among healthcare workers such as anxiety, stress, depression, and further nervous or mental disorders. Despite the increasing number of clinical trials aiming to develop vaccines or test antiviral molecules, till now no efficient anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs have been validated. The COVID-19 pandemic led us to call for an urgent nutritional intervention model that should be established to prevent and/or reduce the negative impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. In the present paper, we suggest a safe nutritional supplementation of Mg-Zn- B vitamins (B1, B6, B9, and B12) in healthcare workers as pre-exposure and post-exposure new prophylactic treatments. Furthermore, the paper reports the scientific arguments and the possible mechanisms by which the Mg-Zn- B vitamins supplementation may exert its beneficial effects in the healthcare workers facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the Mg-Zn- B vitamins supplementation would enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV2, prevent inflammatory processes and oxidative stress, fight or alleviate the COVID-19-related mental health issues, or even reduce the replication. Each element of the supplementation possesses important and promising effects contributing to the possible efficiency of the suggested Mg-Zn- B vitamins supplementation in healthcare workers. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Supplementation, Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamins B.
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Ma, Li, Xinxin Huo, Aimin Yang, Shuxia Yu, Hongxia Ke, Mingxia Zhang, and Yana Bai. "Metal Exposure, Smoking, and the Risk of COPD: A Nested Case–Control Study in a Chinese Occupational Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 10896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710896.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2019, with a significant disease burden. We conducted a nested case–control study using data from the China Metal-Exposed Workers Cohort Study (Jinchang Cohort) and assessed the associations of exposure to metals and tobacco smoking with the risk of COPD. We used the logistic regression model and the interaction multiplication model to assess the independent and combined effects of heavy metal and smoke exposure on COPD. The cumulative incidence of COPD was 1.04% in 21,560 participants during a median of two years of follow-up. The risk of COPD was significantly elevated with an increase in the amount of tobacco smoked daily (p < 0.05), the number of years of smoking (ptrend < 0.05), and the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per year (ptrend < 0.01). Compared with the low metal exposure group, the adjusted OR was 1.22 (95% CI: 0.85–1.76) in the medium exposure group (mining/production workers) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.03–2.18) in the high exposure group; smoking and metal exposure had a combined effect on the incidence of COPD (pinteraction < 0.01), with an OR of 4.60 for those with >40 pack-years of smoking who also had the highest metal exposures. Both exposures to metals and smoking were associated with the risk of COPD, and there was an interaction between the two exposures for the risk of COPD.
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Lee, Kwan, Hyun-Sul Lim, and Heon Kim. "A study of the status of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in relation to its metabolites among workers in a Korean chemical factory." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 19, no. 12 (December 2014): 4809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320141912.19322013.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the status of worker exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through the measurement of urinary metabolites such as 1-hydroxypyrene (OHP) and 2-naphthol. A survey using a questionnaire involving 326 workers with measurement of urinary metabolites of 1-OHP and 2-naphthol was conducted. The differences in urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations, and changes in work, smoking habits and lifestyle were analyzed. The number of male subjects was 314 (96.3%), the largest age group was the fifth decade (170 cases, 52.1%). The urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were significantly higher in the production workers. The urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were significantly higher in smokers. In a multiple regression model, log (1-OHP) increased in smokers and production workers, while log (2-naphthol) only increased in smokers. Our results suggest that workers in this factory were exposed to PAHs from non-occupational as well as occupational sources. The occupational exposure to PAHs can be reduced through the improvement of the process, but the exposure due to smoking can be prevented only by giving up smoking.
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Crowe, Jennifer, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Marianela Rojas-Garbanzo, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, José Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, José Pablo Ledezma-Rojas, William Cabrera-Alpizar, et al. "Kidney Function in Rice Workers Exposed to Heat and Dehydration in Costa Rica." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 4962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094962.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate heat exposure, dehydration, and kidney function in rice workers over the course of three months, in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We collected biological and questionnaire data across a three-month-period in male field (n = 27) and other (n = 45) workers from a rice company where chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is endemic. We used stepwise forward regression to determine variables associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR at enrollment and/or change in eGFR, and Poisson regression to assess associations with incident kidney injury (IKI) over the course of three months. Participants were 20–62 years old (median = 40 in both groups). Dehydration was common (≥37%) in both groups, particularly among other workers at enrollment, but field workers were more exposed to heat and had higher workloads. Low eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was more prevalent in field workers at enrollment (19% vs. 4%) and follow-up (26% vs. 7%). Field workers experienced incident kidney injury (IKI) more frequently than other workers: 26% versus 2%, respectively. Age (β = −0.71, 95%CI: −1.1, −0.4), current position as a field worker (β = −2.75, 95%CI: −6.49, 0.99) and past work in construction (β = 3.8, 95%CI: −0.1, 7.6) were included in the multivariate regression model to explain eGFR at enrollment. The multivariate regression model for decreased in eGFR over three month included current field worker (β = −3.9, 95%CI: −8.2, 0.4), current smoking (β= −6.2, 95%CI: −13.7–1.3), dehydration (USG ≥ 1.025) at both visits (β= −3.19, 95%CI: −7.6, 1.2) and pain medication at follow-up (β= −3.2, 95%CI: −8.2, 1.95). Current fieldwork [IR (incidence rate) = 2.2, 95%CI 1.1, 5.8) and being diabetic (IR = 1.8, 95%CI 0.9, 3.6) were associated with IKI. Low eGFR was common in field workers from a rice company in Guanacaste, and being a field worker was a risk factor for IKI, consistent with the hypothesis that occupational heat exposure is a critical risk factor for CKDu in Mesoamerica.
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Gallagher, Patrick A., and Renata Miskeviciute-Austin. "Seven Impact Points Model: Better Management of an Employer's Workers' Compensation Exposure." Synergist 19, no. 3 (2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2905047.
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Barrero, Lope H., Manuel Cifuentes, Andrés C. Rodríguez, Estefany Rey-Becerra, Peter W. Johnson, Luz S. Marin, Hugo Piedrahita, and Jack T. Dennerlein. "Whole-body vibration and back pain-related work absence among heavy equipment vehicle mining operators." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 8 (July 12, 2019): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105914.
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ObjectiveTo determine the association between several whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure estimates and back pain-related work absence.MethodsExposures (based on the weighted daily root mean square acceleration, A(8); the daily vibration dose value, VDV(8); and the daily equivalent static compression dose, Sed(8)) of 2302 workers during 4 years were estimated using each worker’s monthly vehicle operation records and WBV measurements from 11 different types of heavy equipment vehicles in a large coal mine. Company payroll data provided work absence during the concurrent 4 years of exposure. Cox regression models estimated the associations between the different WBV metrics and time to first work absence related to back pain. An adjusted R2 statistic provided a measure of model fit.ResultsAll estimated metrics of WBV exposures were positively and significantly associated with back pain-related absence. HRs varied from 2.03 to 12.39 for every 0.21 m/s2 increase in the A(8)-based exposures; from 1.03 to 1.18 for every 1.72 m/s1.75 increase in VDV(8)-based exposures; and from 1.04 to 1.07 for every 0.06 MPa increase in Sed(8)-based exposures. Models using the estimated VDV(8) metric for the z axis fit the data best as measured by the R2 statistic.ConclusionHigher WBV exposures were associated with back pain-related absences in this population, which appears after a few years of follow-up. Introducing controls to lower exposure levels may help reduce back pain-related work absences.
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Dobson, Ruaraidh, Douglas Eadie, Rachel O’Donnell, Martine Stead, John W. Cherrie, and Sean Semple. "Changes in Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) during the Spring 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK: Results of a Simulation Model." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020273.
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Objectives: Policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to behaviour changes in the UK’s population, including a sudden shift towards working from home. These changes may have affected overall exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), an air pollutant and source of health harm. We report the results of a simulation model of a representative sample of the UK’s population, including workers and non-workers, to estimate PM2.5 exposure before and during the pandemic. Methods: PM2.5 exposure was simulated in April and August 2017–2020 for 10,000 individuals across the UK drawn from the 2011 nationwide census. These data were combined with data from the UK’s ambient PM2.5 monitoring network, time use data and data on relevant personal behaviour before and during the first stage of the pandemic (such as changes in smoking and cooking). Results: The simulated exposures were significantly different between each year. Changes in ambient PM2.5 resulted in regional and temporal variation. People living in homes where someone smoked experienced higher exposure than those in smoke-free homes, with an increase of 4 µg/m3 in PM2.5 exposure in 2020. Conclusions: Changes in PM2.5 exposure were minimal for most individuals despite the simulated increases in cooking activity. Those living in smoking homes (estimated to be around 11% of the UK population) experienced increased exposure to PM2.5 during COVID lockdown measures and this is likely to have increased mortality and morbidity among this group. Government policy should address the risk of increased exposure to second-hand smoke in the event of future COVID-19-related restrictions.
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Stoia, Mihaela. "Epidemiological model of COVID-19 in healthcare workers: occupational vs. environmental disease." Romanian Journal of Occupational Medicine 72, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjom-2021-0001.
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Abstract This study aims to estimate the occupational etiology of COVID-19 in the healthcare sector and obtain a risk matrix for the burden of disease across occupations and specific activities. The study population included 4515 cases and 133077 controls. We have used an epidemiological model that included data collected over one year from employed persons with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, age group 20-64, and residing in Sibiu County. We measured the incidence rate (IR), relative risk (RR), and risk of COVID-19 attributable to the occupational exposure (AR), respectively, statistical analysis based on frequency distribution and the portion of cases to compute the risk levels in social- and healthcare workers. According to this model, approximately 70.5% of COVID-19 risk could be attributable to occupational exposure. The workplace is a strong predictor of infection risk (RR 3.4), particularly in residential long-term care facilities, hospitals, and ambulance services. The highest-risk job functions are nurse, nursing assistant, ambulance worker, and dentist. In conclusion, we believe in having demonstrated that epidemiological modeling may be helpful for risk management and notification of COVID-19 as an occupational disease in frontline staff and essential healthcare personnel.
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Istianah, Euis Tia, Nendyah Roestijawati, and Joko Mulyanto. "Exploring the Association Between Air Pollutant Exposure and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL 6) Serum Levels in Outdoor and Indoor Workers in Banyumas District, Central Java." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 14, no. 3 (July 29, 2022): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v14i3.2022.171-177.
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Introduction: Indonesia ranks 8th globally in the air pollution index, with poor air quality causing premature deaths from lung ailments such as interstitial lung diseases. Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL 6) can be used to detect lung disease caused by air pollution. However, the number of studies investigating the link between air pollutant exposure and KL-6 levels is inadequate. The present study explores the association between air pollutant exposure and KL-6 levels in workers in different settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 70 individuals who were divided into two groups. Dust levels were measured using a particle counter as a proxy for air pollutant levels. KL-6 levels were measured with ELISA. The Spearman correlation test, Mann-Whitney test, and generalized linear model were used in statistical analyses. Results and Discussion: Air pollutant exposure differed significantly between outdoor and indoor settings (p = 0.000). A significant difference was found in KL-6 serum levels between outdoor and indoor workers (p = 0.000). Air pollutant levels were inversely associated with KL-6 serum levels in outdoor (r = -0.557, p < 0.05) and indoor workers (r = -0.360, p < 0.05). Working duration did not significantly correlate with KL-6 serum levels in either group. A tendency of linear association among air pollutant exposure, overall working duration, and KL-6 serum levels was found in the multivariable model. Conclusion: Work settings were associated with varying exposures to air pollutants and KL-6 serum levels. Higher exposure to pollutants may be associated with an increase in KL-6 serum levels.
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Ben-Porat, Anat. "Competence of Trauma Social Workers." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 8 (September 29, 2016): 1291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515588536.
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In recent years, there has been growing interest in examining role competence and the factors that can contribute to a sense of role competence among social workers. In the present study, we used the occupational competence model (OCM) as a basis for examining the contribution of the personal dimension (mastery, self-esteem, and secondary traumatization),environmental dimension (support systems),-and occupational dimension (exposure to the field of family violence) to the social worker’s subjective sense of role competence. Participants in the study were 214 social workers employed at centers for prevention of family violence, at shelters for victims of violence against women, and at social service bureaus. The findings indicate that in the occupational dimension, the contribution of exposure to work in the field of family violence contributed significantly to two components of the participants’ subjective sense of role competence: general sense of role competence and task knowledge/problem solving. In the personal dimension, the contribution of secondary traumatization and mastery to a sense of role competence was significant. In the environmental dimension (i.e., support systems), the specific contribution of managerial support to the participants’ sense of role competence was significant. In light of these findings, practical recommendations for developing a sense of role competence among social workers are provided.
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Akanbi, O. G., K. T. Oriolowo, K. A. Oladejo, R. Abu, A. O. Mogbojuri, and R. Ogunlana. "Models for Estimating the Hearing Threshold of Quarry Workers at High Frequencies." March 2021 5, no. 1 (March 2021): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.01.0254.
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It is widely known that quarry industry has great importance in developing countries, such as Nigeria. There is paucity of information regarding effects of noise experienced by quarry workers during their working time. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of age of workers, years of exposure of workers and noise level of the machine used in quarry on hearing threshold. A factorial design of experiment was employed for the investigation. Two hundred and four quarry workers volunteered for this study from four quarries in South western Nigeria. Emitted noise, which quarry workers were exposed to during machinery operation, was measured with a digital sound level meter and workers hearing threshold was measured in an audiogram sound proofing testing booth at standard conditions. Predicted models were established from experimental design to determine main and interactions effects towards the response (hearing threshold). These were statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). All terms of the models were significant at p<0.05. The best fitted model was at 4kHz (R2 = 0.639, p<0.05). The magnitudes of the main effect of the factors are in ascending order of noise level >years of exposure>age. The analysis of the experimental response indicated that there is no interaction of any factors on the hearing threshold. It can be concluded that age, years of exposure and noise level have main effects at various capacities at different frequency to predict the hearing threshold of the quarry workers. This work determined the factors and the predicted model to spell out safe hearing threshold of quarry workers that fitted for the job at a particular noisy workstation as well as ensuring comfortable, safe and effective workstation design.
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Kuo, Ching-Tang, Fen-Fen Chiu, Bo-Ying Bao, and Ta-Yuan Chang. "Determination and Prediction of Respirable Dust and Crystalline-Free Silica in the Taiwanese Foundry Industry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102105.
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Background: Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) has been recognized as a human carcinogen; however, the measurement and analysis of RCS in small-scale foundries is rare and difficult. This study aimed to measure respirable dust and RCS levels among 236 foundry workers in Taiwan and used these data to establish predictive models for personal exposure. Methods: Personal sampling of various production processes were measured gravimetrically and analyzed using the X-ray diffraction method. Multiple linear regression was used to establish predictive models. Results: Foundry workers were exposed to geometric means and geometric standard deviations of 0.52 ± 4.0 mg/m3 and 0.027 ± 15 mg/m3 for respirable dust and RCS, respectively. The highest exposure levels were observed among workers in the sand blasting process, with geometric means of 1.6 mg/m3 and 0.099 mg/m3 for respirable dust and RCS, respectively. The predictive exposure model for respirable dust fitted the data well (R2 = 0.75; adjusted R2 = 0.64), and the predictive capacity for RCS was higher (R2 = 0.89; adjusted R2 = 0.84). Conclusions: Foundry workers in the sand blasting process may be exposed to the highest levels of respirable dust and RCS. The developed models can be applied to predict respirable dust and RCS levels adequately in small-scale foundry workers for epidemiological studies.
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Koskimies, Kaija. "Hand Grip Force Among Forest Workers." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309239301200101.
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Maximal voluntary compression (MVC) of hand grip was measured among 177 forest workers. The occupational history and symptoms of upper limbs were surveyed. MVC was age and exposure dependent and correlated significantly with history of diminished hand grip force, numbness, vibration induced white finger (VWF), and pain in the upper limbs and neck. Asymmetric MVCs between the right and left hand was found in 46 forest workers. In an analysis of covariance, the most significant factor for reduced MVC was asymmetry of MVC followed by exposure to hand-arm vibration. The interaction of age and exposure was almost statistically significant. These factors explained 46.9% of the variation of MVC in the right hand and 35.4% in the left hand. In the model neither neck, NWF, numbness nor pain in the upper limb explained more significantly the variance in MVC. The study confirms the relationship of reduction in MVC and history of diminished hand grip force. This effect was ascribed to chain saw vibration confounded by ageing and certain overstrain symptoms of the upper limbs.
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Gardner, Melinda, Sue Reed, and Maggie Davidson. "Assessment of Worker Exposure to Occupational Organic Dust in a Hemp Processing Facility." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa065.
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Abstract The cultivation and processing of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is a developing industry in Australia. Exposure to hemp dust is demonstrated as producing reactive and respiratory health effects, potentially causing permanent lung disease or damage. The aim of this study was to assess the airborne organic dust concentrations generated in an Australian hemp processing facility. Personal sampling, in the breathing zone of exposed workers was undertaken for exposure to respirable dust, along with parallel static sampling for airborne concentrations of inhalable and respirable dust fractions. Both static and personal sampling showed that respirable dust concentrations (mg m−3) exceeded the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) recommended maximum exposure limit of 1 mg m−3 (respirable fraction) for dusts not otherwise specified, with mean exposures (mg m−3) of M = 1.33, standard deviation (SD) = 1.09 (range 0.07–3.67 mg m−3) and M = 4.49, SD = 4.49 (range 0.77–11.08 mg m−3). The results of the investigation indicate that workers in the hemp processing industry are at risk of developing permanent and disabling respiratory disease due to high dust exposure. There is no Australian occupational exposure limit specifically for hemp dust. It is recommended further research is needed and industry-specific guidance material or model code of practice developed to effectively control exposures.
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Marras, William S., Steven A. Lavender, A. Sue, Ferguson Riley E. Splittstoesser, and Gang Yang. "Dynamic Load Moment Exposure and Spine Function Impairment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, no. 14 (October 2009): 879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905301403.
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A prospective study was performed in distribution center environments in order to determine which physical exposure measures related to a reduction in low back function. Workers in 50 distribution jobs employed in 21 distribution centers were monitored over at least a 6 month period for changes in spine function. Job exposures were monitored with a sonic-based exposure tracking system (laboratory in a backpack) that captured 197 physical exposure metrics per lift. Based upon the database containing over 60,000 lifts, a multivariate model was developed capable of predicting jobs characteristics associated with a decrement in spine function over time. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 85% and 87.5%, respectively. These results provide valuable information for the control of risk in these environments and offer valuable insight regarding the biomechanical functioning of the spine.
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Greenlund, Kurt J., and Ray H. Elling. "Capital Sectors and Workers' Health and Safety in the United States." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2gp3-2d9r-dy90-hkub.
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The dual or segmented economy perspective suggests that the U.S. production system within a capitalist world-system can be divided into distinct sectors based on elements such as levels of industrial concentration, foreign involvement, and unionization. The differing organization of these sectors is argued to influence worker health and safety (WHS) outcomes. An economic segmentation model was applied to national occupational health data to examine the relationship between structural divisions in the economy and occupational hazard exposure, injury, and illness. Workers in more global industrial sectors had only average levels of hazardous exposure but a greater likelihood of occupational injury and illness than workers in other sectors of the economy. These differences are related to the structure of work in the various sectors. The findings suggest the need for (1) greater surveillance and reporting of WHS problems through the general health care system; (2) planning of economic and productive activity that takes WHS issues into account; and (3) greater worker organization and power within and between nations to improve WHS.
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Bogen, Kenneth T., Patrick J. Sheehan, Ciriaco Valdez-Flores, and Abby A. Li. "Reevaluation of Historical Exposures to Ethylene Oxide Among U.S. Sterilization Workers in the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Study Cohort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101738.
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The 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) assessment for ethylene oxide (EO) estimated a 10−6 increased inhalation cancer risk of 0.1 parts per trillion, based on National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) epidemiology studies of sterilization facility workers exposed to EO between 1938 and 1986. The worker exposure estimates were based on a NIOSH statistical regression (NSR) model “validated” with EO levels measured after 1978. Between 1938 and 1978, when EO data was unavailable, the NSR model predicts exposures lowest in 1938 increasing to peak levels in 1978. That increasing EO concentration trend arose, in part, because engineering/industrial-hygiene (E/IH) factors associated with evolving EO-sterilization equipment and operations before 1978 were not properly considered in the NSR model. To test the NSR model trend prediction, a new E/IH-based model was developed using historical data on EO kill concentrations, EO residue levels in sterilized materials, post-wash EO concentrations in a sterilization chamber, and information on facility characteristics and sterilizer operator practices from operators familiar with pre-1978 industry conditions. The E/IH 90th percentile of 8 h time-weighted average EO exposures (C90) for highly exposed sterilizer operators was calibrated to match 1978 C90 values from the NSR model. E/IH model C90 exposures were estimated to decrease over time from levels 16 and were four-fold greater than NSR-estimated exposures for workers during 1938–1954 and 1955–1964. This E/IH modeled trend is opposite to that of NSR model predictions of exposures before 1978, suggesting that EPA’s exclusive reliance on the NIOSH cohort to estimate EO cancer risk should be re-examined.
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Lev-Wiesel, Rachel, and Dov Friedlander. "Role perception among social workers living in politically uncertain areas." International Social Work 42, no. 1 (January 1999): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087289904200107.
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Social workers and residents in areas of political uncertainty are exposed to special demands which derive from three sources, residence in the area, exposure to the anxieties and conflicts of neighbors as clients, and being representatives of the establishment. The results of a survey in 1995 of social workers in Judea/Samaria and the Golan Heights show a positive correlation between feelings of surfeit of political issues and difficulty of coping with the role of social worker and state anxiety. Most of the social workers reported difficulties in role performance resulting from political positions held by themselves, their clients and the local leadership. We conclude with a suggestion for a debriefing team model.
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Huuskonen, Pasi, Spyros Karakitsios, Bernice Scholten, Joost Westerhout, Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis, and Tiina Santonen. "Health Risk Assessment of Ortho-Toluidine Utilising Human Biomonitoring Data of Workers and the General Population." Toxics 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050217.
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The aim of this work was to demonstrate how human biomonitoring (HBM) data can be used to assess cancer risks for workers and the general population. Ortho-toluidine, OT (CAS 95-53-4) is an aniline derivative which is an animal and human carcinogen and may cause methemoglobinemia. OT is used as a curing agent in epoxy resins and as intermediate in producing herbicides, dyes, and rubber chemicals. A risk assessment was performed for OT by using existing HBM studies. The urinary mass-balance methodology and generic exposure reconstruction PBPK modelling were both used for the estimation of the external intake levels corresponding to observed urinary levels. The external exposures were subsequently compared to cancer risk levels obtained from the evaluation by the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL). It was estimated that workers exposed to OT have a cancer risk of 60 to 90:106 in the worst-case scenario (0.9 mg/L in urine). The exposure levels and cancer risk of OT in the general population were orders of magnitude lower when compared to workers. The difference between the output of urinary mass-balance method and the general PBPK model was approximately 30%. The external exposure levels calculated based on HBM data were below the binding occupational exposure level (0.5 mg/m3) set under the EU Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive.
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Huuskonen, Pasi, Spyros Karakitsios, Bernice Scholten, Joost Westerhout, Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis, and Tiina Santonen. "Health Risk Assessment of Ortho-Toluidine Utilising Human Biomonitoring Data of Workers and the General Population." Toxics 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050217.
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The aim of this work was to demonstrate how human biomonitoring (HBM) data can be used to assess cancer risks for workers and the general population. Ortho-toluidine, OT (CAS 95-53-4) is an aniline derivative which is an animal and human carcinogen and may cause methemoglobinemia. OT is used as a curing agent in epoxy resins and as intermediate in producing herbicides, dyes, and rubber chemicals. A risk assessment was performed for OT by using existing HBM studies. The urinary mass-balance methodology and generic exposure reconstruction PBPK modelling were both used for the estimation of the external intake levels corresponding to observed urinary levels. The external exposures were subsequently compared to cancer risk levels obtained from the evaluation by the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL). It was estimated that workers exposed to OT have a cancer risk of 60 to 90:106 in the worst-case scenario (0.9 mg/L in urine). The exposure levels and cancer risk of OT in the general population were orders of magnitude lower when compared to workers. The difference between the output of urinary mass-balance method and the general PBPK model was approximately 30%. The external exposure levels calculated based on HBM data were below the binding occupational exposure level (0.5 mg/m3) set under the EU Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive.
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El Safty, Amal Mohamed Kamal, Aisha Mohamed Samir, Mona Kamal Mekkawy, and Marwa Mohamed Fouad. "Genotoxic Effects Due to Exposure to Chromium and Nickel Among Electroplating Workers." International Journal of Toxicology 37, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581818764084.
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Using chromium and nickel for electroplating is important in many industries. This process induces variable adverse health effects among exposed workers. The aim of this study is to detect the genotoxic effects of combined exposure to chromium and nickel among electroplating workers. This study was conducted on 41 male workers occupationally exposed to chromium and nickel in the electroplating section of a factory compared to 41 male nonexposed individuals, where full history and clinical examination were performed. Laboratory investigations included measurement of serum chromium, nickel, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and micronuclei were measured in buccal cells. In exposed workers, serum chromium ranged from 0.09 to 7.20 µg/L, serum nickel ranged from 1.20 to 28.00 µg/L, serum 8-OHdG ranged from 1.09 to12.60 ng/mL, and these results were statistically significantly increased compared to nonexposed group ( P < 0.001). Electroplaters showed higher frequencies of micronuclei in buccal cells when compared to nonexposed (ranged from 20.00 to 130.00 N/1,000 versus 2.00 to 28.00 N/1,000; P < 0.001). Linear regression models were done to detect independent predictors of 8-OHdG and micronucleus test by comparing exposed and nonexposed groups. The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases serum 8-OHdG by 4.754 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-5.96). The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases micronucleus by 35.927 (95% CI: 28.517-43.337). Serum 8-OHdG and micronucleus test in buccal cells were increased with combined exposure to chromium and nickel. The current research concluded that workers exposed to nickel and chromium in electroplating industry are at risk of significant cytogenetic damage.
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Girardi, Paolo, Enzo Merler, Daniela Ferrante, Stefano Silvestri, Elisabetta Chellini, Alessia Angelini, Ferdinando Luberto, et al. "Factors Affecting Asbestosis Mortality Among Asbestos-Cement Workers in Italy." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 6 (April 24, 2020): 622–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa037.
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Abstract Objectives This study was performed with the aim of investigating the temporal patterns and determinants associated with mortality from asbestosis among 21 cohorts of Asbestos-Cement (AC) workers who were heavily exposed to asbestos fibres. Methods Mortality for asbestosis was analysed for a cohort of 13 076 Italian AC workers (18.1% women). Individual cumulative asbestos exposure index was calculated by factory and period of work weighting by the different composition of asbestos used (crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile). Two different approaches to analysis, based on Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) and Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models were applied. Results Among the considered AC facilities, asbestos exposure was extremely high until the end of the 1970s and, due to the long latency, a peak of asbestosis mortality was observed after the 1990s. Mortality for asbestosis reached extremely high SMR values [SMR: males 508, 95% confidence interval (CI): 446–563; females 1027, 95% CI: 771–1336]. SMR increased steeply with the increasing values of cumulative asbestos exposure and with Time Since the First Exposure. APC analysis reported a clear age effect with a mortality peak at 75–80 years; the mortality for asbestosis increased in the last three quintiles of the cumulative exposure; calendar period did not have a significant temporal component while the cohort effect disappeared if we included in the model the cumulative exposure to asbestos. Conclusions Among heaviest exposed workers, mortality risk for asbestosis began to increase before 50 years of age. Mortality for asbestosis was mainly determined by cumulative exposure to asbestos.
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Ramos, Flávia Elisa Antunes Lemes de Oliveira, Adriana Bender Moreira de Lacerda, and Evelyn Joice Albizu. "Workers of the hospital maintenance sector: protection, hearing symptoms and noise exposure." Revista CEFAC 20, no. 4 (August 2018): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620182040117.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the use of hearing protection and symptoms in hospital maintenance workers and evaluate the noise level of the machines. Methods: a cross-sectional quantitative study held with workers from a public hospital maintenance service. A questionnaire related to personal, clinical and occupational history was used. Measurement of the noise level of the machines in the sector was carried out using a sound pressure level meter. Results: 57 male workers participated, mean age of 43.28 years, among the workers, carpentry prevailed (10.53%), length of time at the job averaged 8.9 years and 9.3 daily work hours; 45.76% did not know what could be done to reduce maintenance noise; 59.65% wore hearing protectors at work, ear plug model (47.37%), and 82.45% thought that the noise was reduced when they wore the hearing protector correctly. Auditory and non-auditory signs and symptoms were denied by most workers. Noise perception in the maintenance service was medium (53%) and high (44%), evidenced noise levels of 62.0 to 101dB (A). Conclusion: the hearing protector was worn by 59.7% of the workers, the plug model was the most used (47.4%) and 75.8% reported that occupational noise decreased with the use of hearing protectors. Most workers use hearing protection and have no hearing symptoms. However, the presence of symptoms such as otalgia (8.8%), otorrhea (5.3%), dizziness (14.0%), tinnitus (17.5%) and difficulty in speech comprehension (7, 0%) should be pointed out. Noise assessment showed high levels from some maintenance machinery, representing a risk for hearing. The sectors of the woodwork and metalwork were the noisiest.
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Agustiningsih, Denny, Meida Sofyana, Santosa Budiharjo, Sri Awalia Febriana, Hikmawati Nurokhmanti, Suhartini Suhartini, Dewanto Yusuf Priyambodo, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih, Roto Roto, and Rakhmat Ari Wibowo. "Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 12605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312605.
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(1) Background: Neglected occupational health and safety aspects in batik industries cause their workers to have an increased risk of lead exposure. The effect of occupational lead exposure on neurocognitive performance is inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted an observational study to examine the difference in simple reaction time between lead-exposed batik workers and non-exposed referents. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven batik enterprises in Lendah District, Indonesia, excluding workers with medical conditions impairing reaction time. Simple reaction time tests were conducted using an online tool. Two-way model ANCOVAs examined interactions between gender and job types on the mean differences in reaction time. (3) Results: After controlling for age and body mass index, we observed longer reaction times among lead-exposed batik workers than non-exposed referents with an adjusted mean difference of 0.19 (95% CI: 0.016–0.368) seconds. A more prominent detrimental effect of lead exposure on reaction time among female workers than among male workers was observed. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that occupational lead exposure could contribute to longer reaction time, notably among female workers. Thus, occupational health and safety precautions are vital to protect batik workers and preserve their important contributions to cultural heritage.
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Liu, Xiaomin, Steven J. Bowe, Allison Milner, Lin Li, Lay San Too, and Anthony D. Lamontagne. "Differential Exposure to Job Stressors: A Comparative Analysis Between Migrant and Australia-Born Workers." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 9 (October 17, 2019): 975–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz073.
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Abstract Aims Previous studies have suggested that migrants have higher exposures to psychosocial job stressors than native-born workers. We explored migrant status-related differences in skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority, and whether the differences varied by gender, age, and educational attainment. Methods Data were from Wave 14 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. A total number of 9031 persons were included in the analysis. Outcomes included skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority. Exposure included migrant status defined by (i) country of birth (COB), (ii) the combination of COB and English/Non-English dominant language of COB, and (iii) the combination of COB and years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and educational attainment. These covariates were also analysed as effect modifiers of the relationship between migrant status and job stressor exposure. Results In the unadjusted analysis, only migrant workers from Non-English-speaking countries (Non-ESC-born) had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (−0.29, 95% CI: −0.56; −0.01); however, results from fully adjusted models showed that all migrant groups, except migrant workers from Main-English-speaking countries, had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (overseas-born workers, −0.59, 95% CI: −0.79; −0.38; Non-ESC-born, −1.01, 95% CI: −1.27; −0.75; migrant workers who had arrived ≤5 years ago, −1.33, 95% CI: −1.94; −0.72; arrived 6–10 years ago, −0.92, 95% CI: −1.46; −0.39; and arrived ≥11 years ago, −0.45, 95% CI: −0.67; −0.22). On the contrary, the unadjusted model showed that migrant workers had higher decision authority than Australia-born workers, whereas in the fully adjusted model, no difference in decision authority was found between migrant workers and Australia-born workers. Effect modification results showed that as educational attainment increased, differences in skill discretion and job complexity between Australia-born workers and Non-ESC-born migrants progressively increased; whereas Non-ESC-born migrants with postgraduate degree showed significantly lower decision authority than Australia-born workers. Conclusions This study suggests that skill discretion and job complexity but not decision authority is associated with migrant status. Migrants with high educational attainment from Non-English-speaking countries appear to be most affected by lower skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority; however, differences in skill discretion and job complexity attenuate over time for Non-ESC-born migrants, consistent with an acculturation effect. Low skill discretion and job complexity, to the extent that it overlaps with underemployment, may adversely affect migrant workers’ well-being. Targeted language skill support could facilitate migrant integration into the Australian labour market.
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Oliveira, Marta, Sílvia Capelas, Cristina Delerue-Matos, and Simone Morais. "Grill Workers Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Levels and Excretion Profiles of the Urinary Biomarkers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010230.
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Grilling activities release large amounts of hazardous pollutants, but information on restaurant grill workers’ exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is almost inexistent. This study assessed the impact of grilling emissions on total workers’ exposure to PAHs by evaluating the concentrations of six urinary biomarkers of exposure (OHPAHs): naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene. Individual levels and excretion profiles of urinary OHPAHs were determined during working and nonworking periods. Urinary OHPAHs were quantified by high-performance liquid-chromatography with fluorescence detection. Levels of total OHPAHs (∑OHPAHs) were significantly increased (about nine times; p ≤ 0.001) during working comparatively with nonworking days. Urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene + 1-hydroxyacenapthene and 2-hydroxyfluorene presented the highest increments (ca. 23- and 6-fold increase, respectively), followed by 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (ca. 2.3 times) and 1-hydroxypyrene (ca. 1.8 times). Additionally, 1-hydroxypyrene levels were higher than the benchmark, 0.5 µmol/mol creatinine, in 5% of exposed workers. Moreover, 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, biomarker of exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, was detected in 13% of exposed workers. Individual excretion profiles showed a cumulative increase in ∑OHPAHs during consecutive working days. A principal component analysis model partially discriminated workers’ exposure during working and nonworking periods showing the impact of grilling activities. Urinary OHPAHs were increased in grill workers during working days.
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Stewart, Patricia, Caroline P. Groth, Tran B. Huynh, Melanie Gorman Ng, Gregory C. Pratt, Susan F. Arnold, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, et al. "Assessing Exposures from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response and Clean-up." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 66, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i3—i22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab107.
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Abstract The GuLF Study is investigating adverse health effects from work on the response and clean-up after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil release. An essential and necessary component of that study was the exposure assessment. Bayesian statistical methods and over 135 000 measurements of total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, and n-hexane (BTEX-H) were used to estimate inhalation exposures to these chemicals for >3400 exposure groups (EGs) formed from three exposure determinants: job/activity/task, location, and time period. Recognized deterministic models were used to estimate airborne exposures to particulate matter sized 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) and dispersant aerosols and vapors. Dermal exposures were estimated for these same oil-related substances using a model modified especially for this study from a previously published model. Exposures to oil mist were assessed using professional judgment. Estimated daily THC arithmetic means (AMs) were in the low ppm range (<25 ppm), whereas BTEX-H exposures estimates were generally <1000 ppb. Potential 1-h PM2.5 air concentrations experienced by some workers may have been as high as 550 µg m−3. Dispersant aerosol air concentrations were very low (maximum predicted 1-h concentrations were generally <50 µg m−3), but vapor concentrations may have exceeded occupational exposure excursion guidelines for 2-butoxyethanol under certain circumstances. The daily AMs of dermal exposure estimates showed large contrasts among the study participants. The estimates are being used to evaluate exposure–response relationships in the GuLF Study.
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Vasilescu, Gabriel Dragos, Emilian Ghicioi, Sorin Simion, and Vlad Pasculescu. "Model for Forecasting the Exposure Risk of Workers to Hand-Arm Occupational Vibrations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 430 (September 2013): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.430.276.
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This paper work presents the model for forecasting the exposure risk of workers to hand-arm occupational vibrations, which has been achieved in the PN 07 45 01 18 Project from within the framework of the NUCLEU/2012-2013 Program.This project is of national and European interest, in order to increase occupational health and safety level and to ensure sustainable environmental quality and comfort at work.
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Kuznetsova, I., and M. Gillies. "Industry Workers of Russia and Great Britain." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 65, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-4-74-86.
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Purpose: The estimation of the radiation risk of leukemia incidence and mortality for occupational exposure.
Material and methods: The study was conducted in the pooled cohort comprised 45,817 workers from the two enterprises; 23,443 radiation workers first employed in 1947–2002 from the Sellafield plant (Great Britain) and 22,774 workers from the Mayak PA (Russia) first employed at the main plants in 1948–1982. The period of follow-up was terminated at the end of 2008 for Mayak workers who were Ozyorsk city residents, and at the end of 2005 for Sellafield workers and Mayak workers who had migrated from Ozyorsk.
Results: Comparable radiation risk estimates of leukemia incidence and mortality were found among Mayak PA and Sellafield workers as for the whole dose range and separate dose intervals. Averaged by attained age estimate of excess relative risk per 1 Gy of external gamma-dose was 3.0 (95 % CI: 1.3–6.3) under the assumption of the linear dose–effect model. The quadratic model with attained age modification showed the best quality of fit. Risk estimates were statistically significant in the dose range 0.15–1.5 Gy. There was no evidence of any relationship between leukemia risks and accumulated red bone marrow dose of internal alpha-exposure due to incorporated Pu-239.
Conclusion: Preliminary analysis of the pooled cohort data has demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of a research project looking at leukemia risks in a joint cohort of Mayak and Sellafield workers. The current study provides further evidence about the already well established link between external-gamma exposure and leukemia risk. However, it fails to provide any firm further evidence about the absence or presence of relationship between plutonium exposure and leukemia risk.
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Rahman, Mohammad Sohelur, Aleya Begum, Md Rezaul Karim Khan, Md Ashraful Hoque, and M. M. Mahfuz Siraz. "Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Interventional Cardiology Practices in Bangladesh during 2010-2014." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v3i2.407.
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Objective: The objective of this study is to assess, analyze and discuss the occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in interventional cardiology practices in Bangladesh for the last 5-year periods.
Method: Each year, about 100 workers working in interventional cardiology departments of big hospitals in Dhaka City were monitored using Harshaw Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs) for quarterly basis. The effective dose of the occupational workers were measured using Two Harshaw TLD Readers (one is manual TLD reader, model-4500, and another is automatic TLD reader, model 6600 plus).
Finding: The average annual effective dose (about 80 % workers) in interventional cardiology practices were <2mSv in 2010-2014 and no monitored workers were found to have received an occupational exposure >50 mSv in a single year or >100 mSv in a 5 year period. The status and trends in occupational exposure demonstrate that radiation protection conditions at the majority of the workplace were adequate. Despite that, further optimization is necessary due to large variations observed in the maximum individual doses over the 5-year periods.
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Goldenberg, Shira M., Natalie Buglioni, Andrea Krüsi, Elizabeth Frost, Sarah Moreheart, Melissa Braschel, and Kate Shannon. "Housing Instability and Evictions Linked to Elevated Intimate Partner and Workplace Violence Among Women Sex Workers in Vancouver, Canada: Findings of a Prospective, Community-Based Cohort, 2010–2019." American Journal of Public Health 113, no. 4 (April 2023): 442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307207.
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Objectives. To model the relationship of unstable housing and evictions with physical and sexual violence perpetrated against women sex workers in intimate and workplace settings. Methods. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to model the association of unstable housing exposure and evictions with intimate partner violence (IPV) and workplace violence among a community-based longitudinal cohort of cisgender and transgender women sex workers in Vancouver, Canada, from 2010 through 2019. Results. Of 946 women, 85.9% experienced unstable housing, 11.1% eviction, 26.2% IPV, and 31.8% workplace violence. In multivariable generalized estimating equation models, recent exposure to unstable housing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45, 2.87) and evictions (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 0.99, 6.07) were associated with IPV, and exposure to unstable housing was associated with workplace violence (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.06, 2.00). Conclusions. Women sex workers face a high burden of unstable housing and evictions, which are linked to increased odds of intimate partner and workplace violence. Increased access to safe, women-centered, and nondiscriminatory housing is urgently needed. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(4):442–452. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307207 )
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Mohammadi, Saber, Yasser Labbafinejad, and Mirsaeed Attarchi. "Combined Effects of Ototoxic Solvents and Noise on Hearing in Automobile Plant Workers in Iran." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-2013.
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Combined Effects of Ototoxic Solvents and Noise on Hearing in Automobile Plant Workers in IranExposure of workers to mixtures of organic solvents and to occupational noise is frequent in a number of industries. Recent studies suggest that exposure to both can cause a more severe hearing loss than exposure to noise alone. Our cross-sectional study included 411 workers of a large automobile plant divided in three groups. The first group included assembly workers exposed to noise alone; the second included workers in a new paint shop, who were exposed to a mixture of organic solvents at a permissible level; and the third group included paint shop workers exposed to both noise and higher than permissible levels of organic solvents in an old paint shop. These groups were compared in terms of low-frequency hearing loss (model 1; average hearing threshold >25 dB at 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, and 2 kHz) and high-frequency hearing loss (model 2; average hearing threshold >25 dB at 3 kHz, 4 kHz, 6 kHz, and 8 kHz). High-frequency hearing loss was more common in workers exposed to a combination of noise and mixed organic solvents even at permissible levels than in workers exposed to noise alone even after correction for confounding variables. This study shows that combined exposure to mixed organic solvents and occupational noise can exacerbate hearing loss in workers. Therefore, an appropriate hearing protection programme is recommended, that would include short-interval audiometric examinations and efficient hearing protectors.
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Sohrabi, M. "UNIVERSAL RADIATION PROTECTION SYSTEM (URPS); A NATURAL GLOBAL STANDARDISED TREND FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE CONTROL IN 21st CENTURY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 3-4 (May 29, 2019): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz097.
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Abstract In order to address the many deficiencies with current radiological protection system worldwide, this paper proposes a new Universal Radiation Protection System (URPS) Hypothesis with novel philosophy, concepts and methodologies of applying principles of equal human health-effect risks of an individual per unit radiation dose either from environmental natural background (NBG) or man-made sources; a ‘standardised integrated dose system’ for integrating all individual doses with emphasis on national NBG doses; considering worker as a member of public; and a ‘cause–effect conservation principle’ for epidemiology risk estimation. The URPS also a radiation hypothesises fractionation weighting factors (WF); a ‘URPS Model’ for bridging ‘linear no-threshold and hormesis models’; example dose limit for workers; as well as new terms and definitions. State-of-the-art developments on URPS hypothesis are presented and discussed with simple global natural trends for standardised human exposure control in order to protect workers, patients, public and environment by standardised methods independent of source and country of origin in the 21st century.
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Hanafi Ali, Mohamad, Nor Azali Azmir, and Musli Nizam Yahya. "Prediction on Hand Arm Vibration Exposure Cause-Effect among Grass-Cutting Workers in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.24 (August 10, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.24.17300.
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Prolonged exposures to hand-transmitted vibrations from grass-cutting machines have been associated with increasing occurrences of signs of occupational diseases related to the hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). However, there are no specific processes available that cover the subjective and objective health cause-effects of the hand arm vibration risk factors during onsite operations. The objectives are (1) to measure the health subjective and objective risks during normal working conditions among hand-held grass-cutting workers and (2) to determine the significant correlation of the subjective and objective measurement variables of the Hand Arm Vibration Exposure Risk Assessment (HAVERA) on hand arm vibration symptoms and disorders. The study was conducted in two stages: evaluation of the HAVERA variables and development of the health prediction cause-effect model of the HAVERA process using multiple linear regressions and feed forward neural network programming. In the onsite measurement, the daily vibration value depicted an exceeded exposure action value of 2.5 m/s2 for both hands; and experiences of any finger colour change were claimed by 80% of the 204 subjects. This shows that HAVERA process provided a good indication of HAVS which are reported as vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. In the right and left hand prediction model development, the results demonstrated a higher reliability performance as compared to the linear model for hand grip strength and hand numerical scoring assessment. The prediction of the HAVERA model using the neural network method has been developed for monitoring health conditions due to hand-transmitted vibrations among hand-held grass-cutting workers in Malaysia.
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Cezar-Vaz, Marta Regina, Clarice Alves Bonow, Diéssica Roggia Piexak, Sirlei Kowalczyk, Jordana Cezar Vaz, and Anelise Miritz Borges. "Skin cancer in rural workers: nursing knowledge and intervention." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 49, no. 4 (August 2015): 0564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420150000400005.
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OBJECTIVETo identify the exposure of rural workers to the sun's ultraviolet radiation and pesticides; to identify previous cases of skin cancer; and to implement clinical and communicative nursing actions among rural workers with a previous diagnosis of skin cancer.METHODObservational-exploratory study conducted with rural workers exposed to ultraviolet radiation and pesticides in a rural area in the extreme south of Brazil. A clinical judgment and risk communication model properly adapted was used to develop interventions among workers with a previous history of skin cancer.RESULTSA total of 123 (97.7%) workers were identified under conditions of exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation and pesticides; seven (5.4%) were identified with a previous diagnosis of skin cancer; four (57.1%) of these presented potential skin cancer lesions.CONCLUSIONThis study's results enabled clarifying the combination of clinical knowledge and risk communication regarding skin cancer to rural workers.